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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Social classes – race relations"
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Sears, Laurie J. "Racial Slurs and Whispers in Situated Testimonies of Dutch Imperial Fiction". positions: asia critique 29, nr 1 (1.02.2021): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10679847-8722784.
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Storytelling brings into vivid focus the emotions and affects that different classes and races of people experienced in the imperial Dutch Indies island worlds. The storyteller explored in this article is Maria Dermoût (1888–1962), a mixed-race Dutch woman (Indo) who was born and raised on Java in the Dutch East Indies and who spent more than thirty years there. This article argues that Dermoût is a key writer for understanding affective economies, because she devotes significant time and effort in her fiction to fleshing out Native characters, something that few writers of her time did. The novella Toetie, one of Dermoût’s last works, uncovers Indies and Dutch attitudes toward race and color, moving her work from the genre of Indies Letters, or Dutch colonial literature, to that of postcolonial critique, with an exploration of forms of servitude, affect, and the social relations of her time.
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Burcar, Lilijana. "Social Ills of (Global) Capitalism under Scrutiny in American Literature Classes: "Teaching to Transgress"". ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 14, nr 1 (12.06.2017): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.14.1.25-38.
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The article foregrounds the importance of honing critical literacy through socially engaged literature. Dealing with literature in an engaged and critical way can help students to develop critical thinking skills and a systemic understanding of burning social issues that inform their own living realities. Critical literary pedagogy and socially engaged literature play a key role in developing students’ understanding of why and how institutional racism and institutional patriarchy constitute key operating mechanisms of capitalist social relations, which is why constructs of race and gender should never be looked upon as mere add-ons, let alone as a matter of mere culture and hence individual prejudice. In this sense, the article directly challenges the prevailing postmodernist approach in mainstream studies and teachings of literature. It calls instead for the restoration of socially engaged literature to school curricula and for a return to the contextually analytical and systemic (materialist) approach towards literature.
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Paz, Rosangela Dias Oliveira da, Jussara Francisca de Assis dos Santos i Raquel Santos Sant’Ana. "Serviço Social e as relações sociais de classe, gênero, raça/etnia e a perspectiva decolonial". Serviço Social & Sociedade 146, nr 1 (2023): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0101-6628.300.
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Schmidt, Ingo. "The Populist Race: Neoliberalism Falling Behind, New Right Forging Ahead, the Left Stumbling Along". Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 18, nr 1-2 (18.01.2019): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341505.
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Abstract This article starts from the observation that recurrent economic crises, deepening social divisions, and rising levels of insecurity undermine the persuasiveness of market populism, which had accompanied, and, indeed, contributed to, the rise of neoliberal capitalism. It goes on to explain left- and right-wing populisms that draw on different aspect of liberal ideas, and can therefore be understood as transformations of market populism to some degree. Politically, right-wing populism, the article argues, thrives because the left is divided along several lines that make it difficult to attract much of today’s discontent. The article looks at the divisions between globalists and sovereigntists, cosmopolitans and communitarians, and identity and class politics, respectively. It concludes with the idea that these divisions reflect different aspects of the unmaking of old working classes advanced by neoliberal restructuring, but also aspects of a possible making of new working classes. To further this, the left should put identity back into class politics, or highlight the presence of class divisions within identity politics.
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Piquemal, Nathalie, Md Nazim Mahmud, Cintia Damasceno i Rebeca Heringer. "Classroom Incivility, Gender, Race, and Indigeneity in Higher Education: Faculty Perspectives on Social Factors and Identity Markers". Alberta Journal of Educational Research 67, nr 4 (2.12.2021): 483–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.55016/ojs/ajer.v67i4.70478.
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Based on 20 semi-structured interviews with faculty members from a mid-sized university in Western Canada, this paper offers an examination of research participants’ experiences and perceptions of classroom incivility, particularly those that are shaped by social factors such as identity markers (race, ethnicity, gender) as well as cultural beliefs regarding what is considered politically sensitive subject-matter (in this case, indigeneity). Data analysis reveals that when research participants detect instances of incivility expressed as resentment around race, gender, and indigeneity, they struggle to find a balance between taking up the teaching moment and maintaining safe space. This paper offers a reflection on the extent to which research participants choose to assume intellectual candor when making sense of incivility. Pedagogical responses are highlighted in an effort to recognize the importance of a critical consciousness about social positioning, race relations, power, and privilege. Key words: Incivility, Race, Gender, Indigeneity, Higher Education. Reposant sur 20 entrevues semi-structurées avec des membres du corps professoral d'une université de taille moyenne dans l'Ouest canadien, cet article propose un examen des expériences et des perceptions des participants à la recherche en matière d'incivilité en classe, particulièrement celles qui sont façonnées par des facteurs sociaux tels que les marqueurs d'identité (race, ethnicité, sexe) ainsi que les croyances culturelles concernant ce qui est considéré comme un sujet politiquement sensible (dans ce cas, l'indigénéité). L'analyse des données révèle que lorsque les participants à la recherche détectent des cas d'incivilité exprimés sous forme de ressentiment autour de la race, du genre et de l'indigénéité, ils luttent pour trouver un équilibre entre la prise en charge du moment d'enseignement et le maintien d'un espace sûr. Cet article propose une réflexion sur la mesure dans laquelle les participants à la recherche choisissent d'assumer la franchise intellectuelle lorsqu'ils donnent un sens à l'incivilité. Les réponses pédagogiques sont mises en évidence dans le but de reconnaître l'importance d'une conscience critique du positionnement social, des relations raciales, du pouvoir et des privilèges. Mots clés : incivilité, race, genre, indigénéité, éducation supérieur
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Eisenberg-Guyot, Jerzy, i Seth J. Prins. "Relational Social Class, Self-Rated Health, and Mortality in the United States". International Journal of Health Services 50, nr 1 (7.11.2019): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731419886194.
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Applying a relational class theory based on property ownership, authority, and credentials/skill, we analyzed the relationship between class, self-rated health (SRH), and mortality using the 1972–2016 General Social Survey. In a simple measure of class, we assigned respondents to worker, manager, petty bourgeois, or capitalist classes. In a complex measure, we subdivided workers (less-skilled/more-skilled), managers (low/high), and capitalists (small/large). Next, we estimated trends in class structure. Finally, after gender-stratification, we estimated the relationships between class, SRH, and mortality and, in sensitivity analyses, tested for class-by-race interaction. Class structure changed little over time, with workers constituting over half the population each decade. Concerning SRH, for the simple measure, managers, petty bourgeoisie, and capitalists reported better health than workers. For the complex measure, patterns were similar, although skilled workers reported better health than less-skilled workers, low managers, and petty bourgeoisie. Concerning mortality, for the simple measure, inequities were small among women; among men, only capitalists’ hazard was lower than workers’ hazard. For the complex measure, across genders, the hazards of less-skilled workers and petty bourgeoisie were highest, while skilled workers’ hazard resembled that of managers and capitalists. Finally, we found some evidence that the relationship between class and mortality varied by race, although the estimates were imprecise.
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Blokland, Talja. "Neighbourhood Social Capital: Does an Urban Gentry Help? Some Stories of Defining Shared Interests, Collective Action and Mutual Support". Sociological Research Online 7, nr 3 (sierpień 2002): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.748.
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In European and American cities alike, politicians and policymakers have developed a strong believe in ‘mixture’. They believe that mixed neighbourhoods have the critical mass of an urban middle class whose economic, human and social capital benefits the whole neighbourhood. If middle classes have the social network contacts to access politicians and policymakers in ways that residents without such contact cannot, is it enough for the poor simply to rub shoulders in the same neighbourhood with the better-off? Does such social capital as individual asset become available to all? Or do the social networks within the neighbourhood, across the lines of class and race, need certain characteristics as meant by Putnam and Coleman for Portes’ and Bourdieu's social capital to become transferable? This paper discusses these questions through a case study in a mixed neighbourhood in a New England college town. The case study suggests that the help of an urban gentry in collective action might depend on how inclusively and fluidly such a gentry defines ‘shared interests’, how power relations determine what ‘collective’ in collective action means, and how difficulties to speak with those the gentry might want to speak for can be overcome. For residents with limited resources, the case suggests that whether or not they can use an urban elite in their neighbourhood to access new resources depends on the quality and nature of informal rather than institutional relationships, and on specific characteristics of reciprocity and mutuality of neighbourhood networks across race and class.
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Wang, Hui. "We Are Not Free to Choose: Class Determinism in Zadie Smith’s NW". arcadia 51, nr 2 (1.11.2016): 385–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arcadia-2016-0029.
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AbstractNW by Zadie Smith opens with a multicultural and multiracial scene and revolves around the crises in the lives of four people with longstanding connection to Northwest London. The Northwest London in NW is a besieged city, and the people therein could not see any possibility of getting out because the gate has been latched with the concept of social class. In NW, the social class is materialized as space, economic position and race. Geographically NW features the main areas of London, and considers the role of that city in shaping the consciousness of the major characters, a partly spatial configuring of identity. In addition, the major characters in NW also suffer from occupational exclusion and economic exploitation, which then lead to their lower-class position since social class is constructed in such a way that agents are distributed according to their positions in the statistical distribution based on the economic and cultural capital. Finally the racial discrimination encountered by the characters in NW shows that class relations shape the form that racial oppression takes. The racialization of class issues becomes a politically effective tool for the wealthy to divide and rule the lower classes. In NW, Smith thus has adopted a more political attitude than in her previous books, so the relatively new perspective of her fiction might be the attention she draws to the persistent obstacles to class crossing and the acknowledgment of the rigid lines that still define the social classes.
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wa Muiu, Mueni. "The African National Congress' Economic and Social Policy Changes in South Africa (1994-2004): Another African Straightjacket Independence?" African and Asian Studies 3, nr 3-4 (2004): 273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569209332643656.
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Abstract In this article I argue that Liberal democracy in South Africa accommodated and left unresolved the contradictions of South African capitalism and the ANC's multiracial nationalist discourse. More specifically, the delivery of equal political rights in the new democracy is premised on the acceptance of the unequal economic relations among different classes, gender and race. Second, the multi-racial and multi-ethnic middle class is threatened from above and below. Popular demands from below sometimes lead it to partially satisfy the people's economic and social demands. Pressure from economic interests and the business community limits the middle class' room for maneuver and forces it to make compromises at the expense of the people's interests, priorities and needs (especially economic ones). Apartheid's inequality can only be addressed by a radical program based on the majority's economic and social needs. Liberal democracy does not allow for radical changes because it privileges the market rather than peoples' needs. Consequently, the ANC cannot meet its overseers' (business, bilateral institutions, white minority) interests as well as transform the economy. These realities will continue to inform ANC's economic and social policies as it tries to transform South Africa for the foreseeable future.
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Leresche, Frédérique. "SAVOIRS ANTHROPOLOGIQUE ET RAPPORTS DE POUVOIR". Swiss Journal of Sociocultural Anthropology 28 (22.02.2023): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/sjsca.2022.28.8950.
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Ce dossier thématique propose de réfléchir aux conditions de production du savoir à partir d’une lecture du monde social qui tente de rendre compte de l’imbrication des rapports de domination. Il s’inscrit ainsi dans le prolongement des recherches qui explicitent la dimension située des savoirs et de leur production et rassemble des travaux qui mettent en lumière, en prenant en compte de manière réflexive le lieu d’énonciation, comment la recherche est façonnée par les relations de pouvoir – y compris dans une perspective intersectionnelle qui considère, entre autres, les imbrications des systèmes de sexe, de classe, de race, de validisme, d’âge – et comment les individus questionnent, acceptent et / ou subvertissent les relations de pouvoir.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Social classes – race relations"
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Zhong, Weifeng. "Identity, racial confrontation, and the decline of class". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42664494.
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Thomas, Melvin E. "Race, class and the quality of life of black people". Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87664.
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Wilson (1980) argued that social class has superseded race as the most important determinant of life chances for black Americans. His statements have sparked a heated debate in the sociology of race relations. This dissertation is an empirical test of the “declining significance of race" thesis in relation to the quality of life of black Americans. It assumes that "life chances” include not only economic criteria but also the possibility of attaining a happy, satisfying, and healthy life. Two perspectives on the relationship between race and well-being were distinguished. The “class" perspective identifies the source of the problems blacks face as increasingly a class phenomena rather than one of race. The “race” perspective sees race as increasingly the source of the problems blacks face. These two perspectives were tested using data from three different sources: the NORC General Social Survey; the Quality of American Life, 1971 and 1978 (Campbell and Converse, 1971, 1978); and Americans View Their Mental Health, 1957 and 1976: Selected Variables (Veroff, Douvan and Kulka, 1978). The effects of race and class (and other demographic variables) were compared across the years of each survey on selected measures of subjective well-being. The results revealed a persistent race effect on all of the quality of life measures except for the scales measuring psychiatric symptoms. Most of the race effects persisted even when controlling for social class, sex, marital status, and age across all the years examined. These results support the "race" perspective that “being black" is detrimental to the psychological well-being of blacks regardless of their social class status. There was, however, no discernible trend of race increasing or declining in significance--only its continuing significance.Ph. D.
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Boda, Zsófia. "Friendship based on race or race based on friendship? : the co-evolution of friendships, negative ties and ethnic perceptions in Hungarian school classes". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1b8543cc-486c-4f2d-a89f-2982f21dd32f.
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This thesis focuses on the dynamic interplay between race and social ties. Even though in sociological studies, race is usually treated as a cause of social segregation, we argue that this is a two-way process. Our approach distinguishes between racial self-identifications and racial perceptions. In the first part of the thesis, we focus on the joint effects of these aspects on the prevalence and emergence of social ties in secondary school communities. The second part investigates social effects on racial perceptions. For the analyses, we take a social networks approach, estimating exponential random graph and stochastic actor-oriented models. First, we take a look at the state of racial segregation in friendships and negative ties within communities, and we investigate the dynamic processes that have led to the described state. We also take endogenous network mechanisms into account. We provide evidence that given an initial state of segregation, reciprocity and clustering can maintain the relative infrequency of cross-race friendships in the group, even without (additional) same-race preference. Further, we find that negative ties describe interracial segregation better than friendships: majority students tend to dislike their minority peers, but no such tendencies were found for friendships. Second, we find that minority students tend to overperceive their friends' similarity to themselves in terms of race. Moreover, there is evidence for social influence: classmates tend to accept each other's, especially their friends', opinions about their peer's race. Altogether, both empirical parts of the thesis suggest a hierarchical relationship between the majority and the minority groups: besides majority students' tendency to exclude their minority peers, those who try befriending majorities - but get rejected by them - are more likely to be perceived as minorities. There are also indications of some minority students showing outgroup preference, while others seem to compete against the majority group. This can contribute to the observed emergence of enmity between minority students.
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Poata-Smith, E. S. Te Ahu, i n/a. "The political economy of Maori protest politics, 1968-1995 : a Marxist analysis of the roots of Maori oppression and the politics of resistance". University of Otago. Department of Political Studies, 2002. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070508.153703.
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This thesis provides a Marxist analysis of the political economy of contemporary Maori protest politics in the years from 1968 to 1995. It is argued that Maori protest politics embraces a range of competing political ideologies, which are informed by different assumptions about the causes of Maori inequality in wider society, and in turn, different sets of strategies for ameliorating and transcending that inequality.
Overall, the thesis has two central concerns: firstly, it identifies the critical economic, political and ideological conditions and context that have allowed particular competing political ideologies and strategies to dominate contemporary Maori protest politics. This involves a particular focus on understanding and explaining the rise of identity politics and cultural nationalism as the dominant political strategy within Maori protest politics. This involves a particular focus on understanding and explaining the rise of identity politics and cultural nationalism as the dominant political strategy within Maori protest politics. Secondly, the thesis critically assesses the effectiveness of contemporary Maori struggles against racism and oppression on the basis of whether they involve, or are likely to contribute towards, the transformation of the generative structures that give rise to manifest inequalities between Maori and non-Maori. It is argued that the systematic alienation of land and the inequality that exists between Maori and non-Maori are not simply the result of the underlying cultural values of individual non-Maori but are rather the result of the historical process of capitalist development in Aotearoa and the economic, political and ideological requirements necessary for the generalised commodification of indigenous labour-power.
The thesis explores how the politics and practice of Maori protest has been shaped and influenced to a large extent by the underlying social, economic, political and ideological forces of global capitalism. It is argued that the international collapse of the long boom, the global upturn in class struggle and the emergence of the New Left internationally from the late 1960s had an enormous influence on the political direction of Maori protest in the New Zealand context. The success of the working class offensive and the growing political influence of rank and file Maori workers ensured that Maori protest groups formed part of the progressive social movements of the time. Indeed, although some were explicitly nationalist in their orientation, these movements were consciously part of the Left.
The balance of political forces within the Maori protest movement changed considerably during the late 1970s and early 1980s with the rise of the New Right as a political force internationally together with the rise of employer militancy, the defeat and demoralization of the working class movement internationally, the decline of the social movements and the absence of mass struggle. This had important implications for the influence of the various ideological factions that co-existed uneasily in the Maori political milieu from the early 1970s onwards. The downturn in militant mass struggle saw the rise in the influence of identity politics as cultural nationalist strategies came to dominate Maori protest politics, representing a fundamental retreat from Left-wing ideas. In practice this entailed a rejection of the class politics and mass struggle that had informed the politics and strategies of Maori protest groups from the late 1960s, and its replacement with a politics of cross-class alliances and a personal rejection of �Pakeha society�. In practice this was a recipe for passivity and divisiveness within the Maori protest movement itself.
The politics of cultural nationalism left Maori ill-equipped to resist the ruling class counter-offensive and the anti-working class policies that successive governments introduced to restore the conditions for profitable capital accumulation. In particular, the rejection of a class analysis of Maori inequality in capitalist society has undermined the capacity of working class Maori to resist the neo-liberal agenda and a Treaty of Waitangi settlement process that has resulted in a substantial shift in resources to those sections of Maori society already wealthy and powerful. Although the settlement process represented an important concession by the state, it has never compensated for the anti-working class policies of governments since 1984, which have widened the social and economic inequalities in New Zealand society. In this way, the emphasis on cultural identity alone as the determining factor in Maori oppression has been counter-productive for working class Maori as successive governments shifted the costs of the economic crisis on to the weakest sections of the community.
As New Zealand entered a new period of economic and social crisis in the 1990s, the commercial interests of Maori tribal executives, Maori corporate enterprises, and the Maori bureaucracy were clearly at odds with the material interests of the vast majority of working class Maori families. This fundamental conflict in class interests was to set the scene for a revival of militancy on scale not seen since the 1970s.
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Marko, Tamera Lynn. "When they became the nation's children : the foundations of pediatrics and its raced, classed, and gendered (re)inventions of childhood in Rio de Janeiro, 1870-1930 /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF formate. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3208809.
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Zhong, Weifeng, i 鐘偉鋒. "Identity, racial confrontation, and the decline of class". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42664494.
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Kellow, Alexa. "Refugee community organisations : a social capital analysis". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/192895/.
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This thesis considers how refugee-led community organisations generate social capital for their service users. The concept of social capital has become popular in policy debates in recent years, and previous research has attributed social capital creation for their service users to refugee community organisations (RCOs). This research aimed to analyse the process by which social capital is created by refugee community organisations, and what this means for the members of these organisations in terms of resources. The potential of the current political and economic climate to affect individual asylum-seekers and refugees, and refugee community organisations is considered, with particular emphasis on the funding situation for RCOs. Data was collected via an eight-month case study with an RCO for ethnic-Albanians in London. Interviews and focus groups with staff, volunteers and service users were held. To further understand the broader context in which RCOs are operating, interviews were also held with professionals that work with refugee community organisations, either as representatives of funding bodies, or as capacity-builders. A questionnaire survey of refugee community organisations with income over a certain threshold in London was also carried out in order to further contextualise the findings from the case study. Data from the researcher’s observation journal, the interviews and focus groups was analysed using software Nvivo 8 software. Woolcock’s work on social capital was used in combination with Rex’s typology of immigrant association functions. It was found that in the case study there was strong evidence of bonding and linking social capital. These social capital connections enabled service users to access a wide range of resources. There was less clear evidence of bridging social capital creation. Data from interviews with professionals and the survey revealed that other RCOs work, or at least, aspire to work, in the same way as the case study RCO to create social capital for their service users. The case study also revealed that working in partnership with specialist agencies was key to the success of the RCO, a finding that was also supported by the other data. Finally, the research found that funding uncertainty is an ongoing difficulty for many RCOs.
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Alam, Fazlul. "Social relations and migration : a study of post-war migration with particular reference to migration from Bangladesh to Britain". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1995. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/585/.
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The objective of this thesis is to study the phenomenon of postwar migration both theoretically and empirically with a view to establishing relationships between social relations and migration. Migration is studied here within a conceptual framework of mode of production, relations of production, hegemony, and cash nexus. The historical aspects of migration are acknowledged throughout. The thesis then studies the theories of migration that are available and traces their developments. In this process, the thesis discovers ideology in many migration theories and literature. It selects three specific problematics of the postwar migration, named as 'zonal imbalance', 'mother country' migration, heavy representation of people who form lower SEGs. By examining these three closely, the thesis reveals many erroneous conception and notions about the postwar migration. In this process, the thesis rejects 'individualistic' and 'voluntary' actions in postwar migration. For the empirical part, Bangalee migration from Bangladesh to Britain has been chosen for its typicality and other reasons. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods have been used. Two control groups, one in Britain, (migrants) and another in Bangladesh (non-migrants, who had had the opportunity to migrate at some point in time, but did not) have been studied in as much depth as possible. The findings of the experience of the respondents are offered in relation to the historical evidence, particularly the relations of production in Bangladesh, and migration history of Bangladesh. Despite the basis of a small universe used in this research, international and historical persepectives have always been borne in mind. The objective remained the study of the totality of migration. Having taken the views of those who did not migrate (non-migrants) at a time when 'everyone was going', this research can claim to be a unique way of exploring a sociological phenomenon by negative investigation. The concluding part is in two chapters. In the first, the thesis has attempted to develop four new categories of migration to end the debate who can or cannot be called a migrant. It then exposes the myths of migration. Having established that socio-cultural transition migration, which is one of the four categories developed in this chapter, is the major concern of most migration studies, the thesis argues that a subtle process of 'branding' exists in the matters of encouraging migration to a country, whether the country is situated in the 'First World' or in the NICs. In fact, since '90s, the trends in the global population movements have changed so rapidly and radically that all older theories fail to explain the new phenomenon. The thesis argues that in order to understand 'migration', one has to study the changes that have occured in the social relations, emanating from changes in their relations of production. Finally, the thesis asserts that the phenomenon of human migration can possibly be explained within the conceptual framework chosen. It concludes that social relations play a major role in migration and offers a definition towards developing a sociological theory of migration.
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Cornwell, Gareth. "Ambiguous contagion the discourse of race in South African English writing, 1890-1930". Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002269.
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This study explores representations of race and racial difference in the writing of white South Africans in English, between the years, approximately, of 1890 and 1930. The first chapter essays a theoretical and historical investigation of the concept of race and offers a narrative of the rise of Western racialism. Its conclusion, that race has functioned as a vehicle of displacement for other forms of difference in the competition for advantage among social groups, is qualified in Chapter Two by the postulate of an anthropologial absolute, the "ethnic imperative", to help account for the strategic emergence of racialism in specific historical circumstances. The role of the ethnic imperative in the moral economy of colonial South Africa in the years 1890-1930 is examined through the analysis of three representative texts. In Chapter Three, a wide range of primary material is canvassed for prevailing views on the "Native Question", the perceived social threat posed by the half-caste, and the "Black Peril", culminating in the detailed examination of a fictional text. A particular concern in both Chapters Two and Three is the imagery of disease and contagion in terms of which racial contact is typically represented. The following chapter situates the literary works discussed in the study in the context of the South African literary tradition, then uses the example of selected short stories to indicate some narratological problems encountered by the writer with a racialist agenda within the medium of realist fiction. Chapters Five and Six investigate, through the close reading of selected novels, thematic concerns rooted in the intersection of the discourse of race with those of gender and social class. The final chapter reveals how William Plomer's novel, Turbott Wolfe, represents a volatile synthesis of a standard discourse on social class, an acknowledgement of the ethnic imperative, the imagery of contagion, and a principled repudiation of racialism, in a multi-faceted, modernist, and partially self-aware fashion. The more salient conclusions reached by this study concern the inadequacy of purely materialist analysis to account for the phenomenon of racialism, the historically determined link between racial attitudes and sexuality, and the manifest incompatibility of racial ideology with the liberal humanism inscribed in the formal requirements of the realist work of fiction.
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Tanyanyiwa, Precious. "Race, class and inequality: an exploration of the scholarship of Professor Bernard Magubane". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003112.
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This thesis begins with the assumption that the theory of academic dependency provides an adequate framework within which the relationship between social science communities in the North and South can be understood. Present problems of social scientists in the South have very often been attributed to this dependence and it has been concluded that academic dependence has resulted in an uncritical and imitative approach to ideas and concepts from the West (Alatas, 2000). This dependence has also resulted in the general regression among social scientists based in the South and in a marginalisation of their works within the social science community no matter how significant and original they may be. The problematic invisibility of the works of prominent South African scholars is a dimension of a wider crisis of academic dependence, if unchecked this current trend will also reinforce academic dependence. From the nature of the problems generated by academic dependence, it is obvious that there is a need for an intellectual emancipation movement. This movement may take different forms that may range from but are not limited to a commitment to endogeneity which involves among other things, knowledge production that takes South African local conditions seriously enough to be the basis for the development of distinct conceptual ideas and theories. This requires transcending the tendency to use ‘the local’ primarily as a tool for data collection and theoretical framing done from the global north. Secondly, there is a need to take the local, indigenous, ontological narratives seriously enough to serve as source codes for works of distinct epistemological value and exemplary ideas within the global project of knowledge production. Endogeneity in the context of African knowledge production should also involve an intellectual standpoint derived from a rootedness in the African conditions; a centring of African ontological discourses and experiences as the basis of intellectual work (Adesina, 2008: 135). In this study, it is suggested that the recommendations highlighted above can only succeed if scholars make an effort to actually engage with locally produced knowledge. There is therefore a need to make greater efforts to know each other’s work on Africa. This demand is not to appease individual egos but it is essential for progress in scientific work. African communities will benefit from drawing with greater catholicity from the well–spring of knowledge about Africa generated by Africans. In the South African context, transcending academic dependence in the new generation of young academics requires engagement with the work of our local scholars who have devoted their lives to knowledge production. This thesis explores the scholarship of Professor Bernard Magubane by engaging with his works on race, class and inequality by locating his works within the wider debates on race, class and inequality in South Africa. The specific contributions of Professor Magubane to the enterprise of knowledge production are identified and discussed in relation to his critique of Western social science in its application to Africa. The making of Professor Magubane’s life, his career, scholarship and biography details are analysed with the intention of showing their influence on Magubane as a Scholar. The examination of Professor Magubane’s intellectual and biographical accounts help to explain the details, contexts and implications of his theoretical paradigm shifts. This helps prove that Professor Magubane’s experiences and theoretical positions were socially and historically constituted. The research from which this thesis derives is part of an NRF-funded project, on Endogeneity and Modern Sociology in South Africa, under the direction of Professor Jimi Adesina.
Książki na temat "Social classes – race relations"
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Dill, Bonnie Thornton. Race and gender: Re-visioning social relations. Memphis, Tenn: Center for Research on Women, Memphis State University, 1990.
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Dill, Bonnie Thornton. Race and gender: Re-visioning social relations. Memphis, Tenn: Center for Research on Women, Memphis State University, 1990.
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Cox, Oliver Cromwell. Race: A study in social dynamics. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2000.
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Ianni, Octávio. Raças e classes sociais no Brasil. Wyd. 3. São Paulo: Editora Brasiliense, 1987.
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Ianni, Octávio. Raças e classes sociais no Brasil. Wyd. 3. São Paulo, SP: Editora Brasiliense, 1987.
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Boston, Thomas D. Race, class, and conservatism. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988.
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Jesse, Vorst, i Society for Socialist Studies, red. Race, class, gender: Bonds and barriers. Toronto: Published by Between the Lines in co-operation with the Society for Socialist studies = Société d'études socialistes, 1989.
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Didier, Fassin, i Fassin Eric, red. De la question sociale à la question raciale?: Représenter la société française. Paris: La Découverte, 2006.
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Hiè̂n, Vũ. Vá̂n đè̂ dân tộc, giai cá̂p và toàn nhân loại. Hà Nội: Chính trị quó̂c gia, 1995.
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1930-, Wallerstein Immanuel Maurice, red. Race, nation, class: Ambiguous identities. London: Verso, 1991.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Social classes – race relations"
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Eick, Caroline. "Bridging Social Divides Through Peer-Groups: A Socially Tolerant but Politically Inactive Student Body (1970–1985)". W Race-Class Relations and Integration in Secondary Education, 87–99. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230114425_5.
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Eick, Caroline. "Cautiously Negotiating Social Divides: A Conservative Student Body (1950–1969)". W Race-Class Relations and Integration in Secondary Education, 45–57. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230114425_3.
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Novacich, Samuel. "Makeup and marquinha: aesthetics of the bodily surface in Rio de Janeiro". W Embodying Peripheries, 52–73. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-661-2.03.
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This chapter focuses on two aesthetic practices on the urban periphery of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. First, I discuss applications of bright, deliberately eye-catching makeup in the context of professional makeup salons, among amateur enthusiasts, and in relation to women’s empowerment classes at a community center in a small favela located in Rio’s downtown. Second, I describe a tanning practice known as marquinha (little mark), in which strips of tape are applied to the body and used to create precise tan lines. Taking as a starting point the assertion that aesthetics and political dynamics are inextricably entwined, I draw comparisons between these aesthetic practices and their relation to questions of sexuality and desire, power and self-empowerment, and to questions of race. In Rio de Janeiro, as elsewhere, aesthetics are particularly important to the politics of inequality that define the urban landscape. And while aesthetics may often express ideas and indeed “say something” about their practitioners, they are hardly just passive reflections of society. This chapter focuses instead on the pragmatic power of makeup and marquinha to “causar” (to cause) and make real material impacts on viewers. In describing these practices as pragmatic, I call attention to aesthetics as a relational practice that mediates between the self and other, and invites new social possibilities. As such, makeup and marquinha are understood as co-constitutive of the contexts within which they are found, shaping not only relations between individuals and things, but also, one’s understanding of the self.
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Reid, Alastair J. "Social Relations". W Social Classes and Social Relations in Britain, 1850–1914, 37–59. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09412-7_4.
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Solomos, John. "Race and social relations". W Race, Ethnicity and Social Theory, 53–80. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203519141-3.
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Reid, Alastair J. "The Ruling Classes". W Social Classes and Social Relations in Britain, 1850–1914, 12–24. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09412-7_2.
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Reid, Alastair J. "The Working Classes". W Social Classes and Social Relations in Britain, 1850–1914, 25–36. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09412-7_3.
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Christou, Anastasia, i Eleonore Kofman. "Gender and Migration: An Introduction". W IMISCOE Research Series, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91971-9_1.
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AbstractWhy has it been important to incorporate gender relations into our understanding of migration processes and to engender migration research? The need to do so does not only stem from the fact that women globally make up just under half of international migrants. Gender is one of the key forms of differentiation within societies which interacts with other social divisions such as age, class, ethnicity, nationality, race, disability and sexual orientation. The drivers of migration impact on women and men differently. Women and men circulate distinctively, whether it be between rural and urban areas, intra-regionally or globally. Labour markets are often highly segregated and the possibility of women and men crossing borders may also be restricted or opened up through gendered discourses, practices, and regulations governing the right to move and under what conditions. Migration may in turn change gender relations within households and in the community and impact on gendered and sexual identities.
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Fitch, Kate. "Public relations, race and reconciliation". W Popular Culture and Social Change, 82–101. New York : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge new directions in PR & comm research: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315203515-7.
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Solomos, John. "Race Relations Policies and Social Justice". W Race and Racism in Britain, 135–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11843-2_6.
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Pimenta, Jucilane Costa, i Pablo Yuri Ferreira Silva. "Race relations in Brazil and the construction of black identity in the educational scenario". W III SEVEN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/seveniiimulti2023-139.
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In this article we present some reflections on racial issues that permeate society in the 21st century, after 134 years of the abolition of slavery. In view of recent statistical data that prove how unequal the paths experienced by black people are compared to the paths of white people in political, economic and social circles. The problematization of racial relations has progressively expanded in Brazilian society in the last decade, as well as debates on the subject. This problematization involves both the daily practices of these relationships, clashes and political actions, and the conceptual constructions related to them. We experience several social differences, and racism is the basis for understanding the social inequalities that still embarrass Brazilian society. The unacceptable distances that still separate blacks from whites, in the middle of the 21st century, which reflect on unequal access to goods and services, the job market, higher education, as well as the enjoyment of civil, social and economic rights. The racial practice affects the subjectivity of human beings, that is, in the construction of their identity. Dialogue about racism or any racial issue is still a challenge. Seeking to discuss, demystify white cultural attitudes, which are factually rationalized by a dominant and oppressive group, which nowadays have undergone modifications, is an obstacle to be faced, since, for the most part, discrimination is camouflaged.
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Johner, Kenia, i Cristina Fioreze. "Work and intersectionality: a study with elderly women living in the rurban space of a small municipality". W II INTERNATIONAL SEVEN MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/homeinternationalanais-067.
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Abstract The article aims to understand, from the narratives of elderly women who live in the rurban context of a small town, which are the different social markers that intersect with the marker work, and how these intersections are expressed in the lives of these women. This is a qualitative, descriptive, field research, which was developed in the municipality of Coxilha, state of Rio Grande do Sul. The methodology adopted for data collection was the application of 10 semi-structured interviews with elderly women residents of the municipality, preceded by a literature review on the theme. As an analytical concept, intersectionality is used to explore how gender, generation, and territory create fundamentally different experiences, but also inequalities. The main axes for grouping the data are the sexual division of labor, care as work, and rural work. According to the results, we can assess the singularity that the territory creates in the formation of the work experiences of the group of elderly women. Despite being a group where different social markers are present (such as race, social class), rural work, care work and the sexual division of labor are expressed in the same way in this group of women. There is the permanence of asymmetrical relations between men and women (gender) in relation to work, which are configured through their relationship with the studied territory. The findings indicate that the social markers identified (gender, generation, race, and religion) are directly crossed by the manifestations of the territorial context, more specifically, that the social marker of the territory is a catalyst for the other markers.
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Possoly da Silva Alves, Daianne, Franciele Therezinha Magno Calidoni, Mariana Sales de Oliveira, Thaís Araújo de Azevedo, Thalissa Bastos Batista, Rafaela Pinheiro de Almeida Neves i Edson Ribeiro de Andrade. "The psychosocial impacts of remote education on black youth: an intersectional debate on the COVID-19 pandemic, gender, race and class". W 7th International Congress on Scientific Knowledge. Perspectivas Online: Humanas e Sociais Aplicadas, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25242/8876113220212452.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has moved scientists from different areas of knowledge worldwide to bring reflections on the impacts caused by it, whose scope goes beyond human health in its physical and psychological aspects and affects the economy, politics, social relations at work, the educational system, etc. Therefore, this project, promoted by the Laboratory for the Study of Stigmatization Processes (LEPE) in partnership with the Racism Studies Line (LER) of the Psychology Course of the Higher Education Institutes at CENSA -ISECENSA, aims to promote the debate on the psychosocial effects of remote education on black youth, through an intersectional analysis between Covid-19 pandemic, gender, race and class. The objective of this research is to understand the ways in which black youth was affected in the psychosocial dimension with the establishment of remote education in the public state network with the Covid-19 pandemic. This is an exploratory research, in which a bibliographic review will be carried out to support the researchers' views on the proposed theme, using books and scientific articles on social psychology, remote education in the Covid-19 pandemic, racism and intersectionality. Besides field research, using the semi-structured interview technique. We intend to conduct group interviews, through Google Meet, with black students graduating from Liceu de Humanidades de Campos high school and from other public schools.. We hope to foster the discussion on structural racism that affects the Brazilian society focusing on the psychosocial vulnerability of black youth in the face of remote education established by the Covid-19 pandemic, and, finally, to publish two scientific articles in “Revista Perspectivas Online” with the obtained results
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Salman Hassan HADLA, Halah. "Aurora Leigh : The Outlet of A Muted Voice a Study of Aurora Leigh by Elizabeth Barrett Browning". W V. INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CONGRESS OF CONTEMPORARY STUDIES IN SOCIAL SCIENCES. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/rimarcongress5-11.
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Aurora Leigh has always been discussed with a feminist trace. Barrett Browning subverts patriarchal hegemony in favor of feminism, together with shedding light on humanitarian characteristics. Browning is a humanist as well as a feminist because she tends to deal with human flaws and strengths. This paper discusses how Aurora Leigh is an epic-poem that reflects humanitarian attitude as much as feminism. In the poem, Barrett Browning refuses to question the morality and chastity of women yet she raises the flag for the need to liberate women intellectually. Since Barrett Browning’s ultimate aim behind writing her nine books is to achieve a self-realization to herself as well as her character, she projects a character that looks for her self-identity through her relation to others. Aurora manages to accomplish her goal in becoming a better version of herself through her encounter with upper-and-lower classes and through male/ female relations. However, Aurora’s ultimate self-realization springs from her fluctuated position with her suiter’s two proposals and his attitude towards women’s artists. Such relations are revealed through three main characters: Marian Erle, Lady Waldermar, and Romney. The overlap of theses relations help Aurora during her journey to become ‘a better self’ and thus, reflect the humanitarian and the feminist characterizations. This paper concludes that the ultimate message of Browning is a humanitarian one with a feminist touch.
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Donohue, Mark L., i Hannah Jane Kim. "A Study in Black and White: Pour Winery in Kayamandi, South Africa empowering local community". W 110th ACSA Annual Meeting Paper Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.110.16.
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The buildings that form Pour Winery in Kayamandi near the town of Stellenbosch in the winegrowing region of South Africa deal with the history of race relations in the country rather than avoid it. They claim with equal pride their origins in Cape Dutch Architecture which predominates in the wealthy regions of the Stellenbosch valley, as well as the South African Ndebele people’s bold geometric patterns that cover their homes in the northeastern part of the country. The careful interplay of black and white architectural elements of the winery signify and acknowledge the complex race relationship of the country while the expanded programmatic function of the winery as economic center and social hub empowers the local community.
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Osinsky, Ivan Iosifovich. "SOCIAL PROCESSES DURING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN SOCIETY (ON MATERIALS OF THE BURYATIA)". W Social Processes in Modern Russian Society: Problems and Prospects. Materials of the IV Scientific Conference with the International Participation. Publishing House of Irkutsk State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/978-5-9624-1815-5.2020.11.
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The article discusses the social processes of Russian society during its transformation, reveals the concepts of “social”, “social relations”, “social processes”, traces changes in the social structure of Russian society, its main elements during the years of transformation, the formation of new classes and layers, modification of existing. Their quantitative and qualitative characteristics are given, attention is drawn to the presence of acute problems both in Russia as a whole and its regional entities, one of which is the low level of real incomes of the population. Social groups are shown – “unemployed” and “homeless”, which are the social bottom of society; the need is substantiated for an immediate and cardinal change in the social status of these social entities. The article contains a description of the social structure of Russia, highlighted the features of the regional structure, which is the society of Buryatia, as one of the characteristic national-state formations of the country.
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Haugen, Andrea, Stacey Rieck, Phia Salter, Sahana Mukherjee i Michael Perez. "Theorizing the Relationship Between Identity and Diversity Engagement: Openness Through Identity Mismatch". W International Association of Cross Cultural Psychology Congress. International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4087/lley5557.
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Psychological research suggests that engagement with diversity-relevant materials can have a positive impact on interracial relations. However, prior research also suggests that there may be individual differences in how effective exposure to critical diversity narratives would be in facilitating positive intergroup attitudes. The primary aim of this paper is to provide some empirically based theorizing about patterns of group identification and their relationship to effective diversity exposure. In this chapter, we discuss two examples of research that explore for whom engagement with critical diversity activities may facilitate increased perceptions of social inequality. We begin by conceptualizing four race-based identity profiles derived from orthogonal considerations of attachment and glorification. We discuss support for findings that suggest that scoring high on one dimension but not the other (mixed or mismatched identity profiles) constitutes the identity profiles most likely to facilitate openness to critical, potentially identity-threatening, diversity content.
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محمد عزيز, ايناس. "Non Recognition in contemporary sociology theories". W Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/12.
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" When studying the social issues associated with the relations of mutual recognition between oneself and the other, in which our disregard for any position or perception of the nature of this relationship leads to the denial of its existence in social life, the human self is not complete without the other as a complementary partner of its existence and its continuation in a social medium chosen by man as an object that can not live isolated alone from the children of his race, nor was he able to establish a positive lasting relationship with his other partner but subjected the human being to his brother man, and the result of this relationship The negativity of images of violence, conflict, domination and domination, which made the search for the sources behind the lack of self-recognition of the other individual or group, especially in societies of pluralism and cultural diversity as a feature that can be considered universal, to form the focus of theories and studies carried out by philosophers, sociologists, economists and psychologists through which they identified the main sources leading to denial or non-recognition of the other. "
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Muca, Florian. "A GLANCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHER’S SATISFACTION WITH THEIR PROFESSION IN ALBANIA". W INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS “APPLIED SPORTS SCIENCES”. Scientific Publishing House NSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/108.
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ABSTRACT Recognizably the teachers’ profession is important in shaping the knowledge and skills of youth. At equal importance is teachers’ satisfaction and motivation related to their professional activity for overall quality outcomes in the education process. Certainly, in the past, also in the modern time, the teachers’ role is incredibly significant and linked to the prosperity of a nation. The aim of this study was to take a glance in Physical Education (PE) Teachers’ satisfaction in relation with their professional activity. Participants in this research study were (N=88) PE teachers from various levels of professional qualification, who led classes in physical education and sports in the Albanian school system. A modified questionnaire with 22 items related to satisfaction with the teaching profession was applied. The statistical instruments for this study were: descriptive analysis, factor analysis principal component analysis. The following five factors related to the satisfaction of the profession were identified: (a) professional relations, (b) professional development and educational reforms, (c)organization working conditions, (d) social working conditions, (e) salary, and insurance. The items with the highest values were: - professional relations with colleagues, professional relations with school management, evaluation of school management at work, and opportunities to participate in the education and personal development of youth. In contrast, the items with the lowest values were the amount of payment, working conditions and facilities for educational activity, reforms in education, social and health insurance. This study found that factors related to internal educational setting and professional environment have the greatest impact on teachers’ satisfaction. On the other hand, external factors contribute to teachers’ dissatisfaction such as salary, health insurance, working conditions, facilities, and reforms in education.
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Денисова, А. Д. "The Problem of Exploring the Religious Identity of the English Catholic Community in the Second Half of the XVIth Century". W Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/semconf.2023.3.3.007.
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В статье рассматривается религиозная идентичность членов английского католического сообщества как исследовательская проблема, включающая в себя множество аспектов. Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью определения основных противоречий, образовавшихся внутри католического сообщества, через призму религиозной идентичности для наиболее глубокого понимания процесса уверенного сохранения католицизма на территории Англии, повлиявшего на внешнюю и внутреннюю политику королевства и на занимаемое им место в политической системе Европы. Анализируются такие виды социальной идентичности, как гендерная, политическая и этническая во взаимосвязи с религиозной. Обращается внимание на тесное переплетение идентичностей, которое привело к образованию внутренних разногласий у католиков. Это позволило сделать вывод о трудностях, с которыми вынужден столкнуться ученый при исследовании религиозной идентичности в историческом контексте (определение понятия «религиозная идентичность, установление круга исторических источников, учет культурно-исторических реалий прошедшей эпохи). Автор отмечает, что возникший конфликт идентичностей занимает видное место в перечне поставленных исследовательских проблем, связанных с изучением религиозной идентичности. Конфликт идентичностей сыграл как позитивную, так и негативную роль в процессе сохранения католического сообщества. Он затормозил реакцию католиков на происходившие изменения, в редких случаях провоцировал на открытые столкновения католиков и королевскую власть, но в то же время способствовал возникновению принципа «двойной лояльности», пересмотру роли женщины в сохранении католических традиций, созданию устойчивых механизмов защиты через эмиграцию. Автор заключает, что использование междисциплинарного подхода позволяет раскрыть многие аспекты поставленной проблемы с позиции разных социальных и гуманитарных наук. This article examines the religious identity of members of the English Catholic community as a multi-faceted research problem. The relevance of the research stems from the need to identify the main contradictions formed within the Catholic community through the prism of religious identity in order to better understand the process of the confident persistence of Catholicism in England, which influenced the foreign and domestic policies of the kingdom and its place in the political system of Europe. Social identities such as gender, political and ethnic in relation to religious identity are analysed. Attention is drawn to the close intertwining of identities which has led to internal divisions among Catholics. This leads to conclusion about the number of difficulties that scholars have to face when studying religious identity in a historical context (defining the concept of religious identity, establishing the range of historical sources, taking into account the cultural and historical realities of the past era). The author notes that the emerged conflict of identities occupies a prominent place in the list of posed research problems associated with the study of religious identity. Identity conflict has played both a positive and a negative role in the process of preserving the Catholic community. It has inhibited the reactions of Catholics to the changes taking place, on rare occasions provoking open clashes between Catholics and royalty, but it has also contributed to the emergence of the principle of "dual loyalties", the redefinition of the role of women in the maintenance of Catholic traditions and the creation of sustainable protection mechanisms through emigration. The author concludes that the use of an interdisciplinary approach allows many aspects of the problem posed to be revealed from the perspective of different social and humanities disciplines.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Social classes – race relations"
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Fajardo, Johanna, i Eduardo Lora. Latin American Middle Classes: The Distance between Perception and Reality. Inter-American Development Bank, grudzień 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011352.
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The main contribution of this paper with respect to previous work is the use of data on subjective perceptions to identify the Latin American middle classes. This paper provides a set of comparisons between objective and subjective definitions of middle-class using data from the 2007 World Gallup Poll. Seven objective income-based definitions of social class are contrasted with a self-perceived social status measure. Mismatches between the objective and the subjective classification of social class are the largest when the objective definition is based on median incomes. Mismatches result from the fact that self-perceived social status is associated not just with income, but also with personal capabilities, interpersonal relations, financial and material assets, and perceptions of economic insecurity. Objective definitions of the middle class based on absolute incomes provide the lowest mismatches and the most accurate differentiation of the middle class from other classes.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss i Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, luty 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.
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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.
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Bouezmarni, Taoufik, Mohamed Doukali i Abderrahim Taamouti. Copula-based estimation of health concentration curves with an application to COVID-19. CIRANO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/mtkj3339.
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COVID-19 has created an unprecedented global health crisis that caused millions of infections and deaths worldwide. Many, however, argue that pre-existing social inequalities have led to inequalities in infection and death rates across social classes, with the most-deprived classes are worst hit. In this paper, we derive semi/non-parametric estimators of Health Concentration Curve (HC) that can quantify inequalities in COVID-19 infections and deaths and help identify the social classes that are most at risk of infection and dying from the virus. We express HC in terms of copula function that we use to build our estimators of HC. For the semi-parametric estimator, a parametric copula is used to model the dependence between health and socio-economic variables. The copula function is estimated using maximum pseudo-likelihood estimator after replacing the cumulative distribution of health variable by its empirical analogue. For the non-parametric estimator, we replace the copula function by a Bernstein copula estimator. Furthermore, we use the above estimators of HC to derive copula-based estimators of health Gini coeffcient. We establish the consistency and the asymptotic normality of HC’s estimators. Using different data-generating processes and sample sizes, a Monte-Carlo simulation exercise shows that the semiparametric estimator outperforms the smoothed nonparametric estimator, and that the latter does better than the empirical estimator in terms of Integrated Mean Squared Error. Finally, we run an extensive empirical study to illustrate the importance of HC’s estimators for investigating inequality in COVID-19 infections and deaths in the U.S. The empirical results show that the inequalities in state’s socio-economic variables like poverty, race/ethnicity, and economic prosperity are behind the observed inequalities in the U.S.’s COVID-19 infections and deaths.
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Scheffer, Raquel. Another Turn of the Screw The COVID-19 Crisis and the Reinforced Separation of Capital and Care. Maria Sibylla Merian Centre Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, wrzesień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/rojas.2022.48.
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In most Latin American countries, the upper and middle classes tend to meet their care needs through the market, resorting to options such as private schools and care centres, as well as the labour of domestic workers. However, these practices were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and its containment measures. Drawing on a series of interviews with employers of domestic workers in Paraguay, this paper analyses the changes in convivial relations and arrangements regarding the distribution of care within households that outsource domestic chores and had to adapt to lockdown measures. By doing so, I seek to highlight not only changes in the routine of family members but also the exacerbation of inequalities regarding the social organisation of care, and the discourses provided for justifying and naturalising these inequalities. I argue that while at first glance, lockdown measures seemed to have contested the separation of the world of work and family, they produced a rebound effect that translated into a reinforced separation of capital and care, expressed through a deepening of the privatisation, feminisation and commodification of care.