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Wang, Da Wei, i Si Kun Li. "Application Specific Architecture Template Reuse for SoC Transaction Level Modeling". Applied Mechanics and Materials 198-199 (wrzesień 2012): 911–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.198-199.911.
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In the field of SoC hardware/software co-design, transaction level modeling is the bridge of SoC system level modeling and RTL level modeling. This paper considers a novel application specific template reuse approach for SoC transaction level modeling. Application specific architecture templates are built by integrating computation, communication and scheduling IP modules. These templates can support SoC modeling, mapping and simulation simultaneously. Experiments results from JPEG encoder applications in TL_Platform Creator show the approach can improve the quality and efficiency of SoC design greatly.
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Wang, Qiuju, Xin Liu, Jingyang Li, Xiaoyu Yang i Zhenhua Guo. "Straw application and soil organic carbon change: A meta-analysis". Soil and Water Research 16, No. 2 (9.04.2021): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/155/2020-swr.
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Straw return is considered an effective way to improve the soil organic carbon (SOC) content of farmland. Most studies have suggested that a straw application increases the SOC content; however, some suggest that a straw application reduces the SOC content when used in combination with mineral fertilisation. Therefore, a meta-analysis of the effect of a straw application on the SOC change is needed. This study comprises a meta-analysis of 115 observations from 65 research articles worldwide. Straw applications can significantly increase the proportion of the SOC in the soil. Straw applications caused a significant microbial biomass carbon (MBC) increase in tropical and warm climatic zones. The MBC increase was higher than the SOC increase. For agriculture, the most important soil functions are the maintenance of the crop productivity, the nutrient and water transformation, the biological flora and activity, and the maintenance of the microbial abundance and activity. These functions should be prioritised in order to maintain the SOC function and services. Straw applications should not be excessive, especially when combined with mineral fertilisation, in order to avoid the loss of carbon from the straw in the form of greenhouse gases. A large amount of unused fertiliser also leads to a series of environmental problems.
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Wei, Meng, Aijun Zhang, Zhonghou Tang, Peng Zhao, Hong Pan, Hui Wang, Quangang Yang, Yanhong Lou i Yuping Zhuge. "Active carbon pool-size is enhanced by long-term manure application". Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 11 (2.11.2020): 598–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/426/2020-pse.
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We studied the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC)-pool mineralisation in agricultural soil. A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted using the soil from a long-term experiment involving the following fertilisation regimes: no fertilisation (CK); mineral (NPK); organic (M), and combined organic-inorganic fertilisers (MNPK). SOC mineralisation rate decreased as follows: MNPK > M > NPK > CK. Cumulative SOC mineralisation (C<sub>m</sub>) ranged between 730.15 and 3 022.09 mg/kg in CK and MNPK, respectively; 8.81% (CK) to 20.45% (MNPK) of initial SOC was mineralised after a 360-day incubation. Soil C<sub>m</sub> values were significantly higher under NPK, M, and MNPK compared to those under the CK treatment. Dynamic variation in C<sub>m</sub> with incubation time fitted a double exponential model. Active carbon pools accounted for 2.06–6.51% of total SOC and the average mean resistant time (MRT<sub>1</sub>) was 28.76 days, whereas slow carbon pools accounted for 93.49–97.94% of SOC, with an average MRT<sub>2</sub> of 8.53 years. The active carbon pool in fertilised soils was larger than in CK; furthermore, it was larger in M- and MNPK- than under NPK-treated plots. SOC decomposed more easily in long-term fertilised plots than in non-fertilised plots.
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Miller, J. J., M. L. Owen, X. Hao, X. M. Yang, C. F. Drury i D. S. Chanasyk. "Influence of continuous application of feedlot manure and legacy treatments on soil organic carbon, soil hydrophobicity, and soil water repellency". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 101, nr 3 (1.09.2021): 439–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2020-0074.
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Continuous or discontinued manure applications to agricultural soils may impact soil organic carbon (SOC) and water balances because of manure carbon inputs and the potential for manure-induced soil hydrophobicity (SH) and soil water repellency (SWR). A laboratory study was conducted using a long-term (44 yr) field experiment on a clay loam soil to determine the effect of application rate of feedlot manure under dryland (0, 30, 60, and 120 Mg·ha−1 wet weight) and irrigation (0, 60, 120, and 180 Mg·ha−1) on SOC, SH, and SWR. In addition, we compared the effect of 44 yr of continuous annual manure applications (C44) to legacy treatments which had discontinued applications for 14 (D14) or 30 yr (D30). Laboratory measurements were conducted on air-dried and sieved (<2 mm) soil to determine SOC, SH using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and SWR using the repellency index (RI) method. Mean RI values for all treatments ranged from 2.20 to 13.0, indicating subcritical (RI > 1.95) SWR. Manure application rate had a significant (P ≤ 0.05) and positive effect on SOC and SH, and both followed an exponential model. In contrast, RI had a negative response to the application rate under dryland and had no response under irrigation. Overall, positive responses of SOC and SH to application rate supported our hypothesis, but it was not supported for RI. The hypothesis of greater SOC, SH, and RI for continuous versus discontinued treatments was also supported for SOC and SH but not for RI.
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Xu, Gang, Jiawei Song, Yang Zhang i Yingchun Lv. "Effects of biochar application on soil organic carbon mineralization during drying and rewetting cycles". BioResources 14, nr 4 (31.10.2019): 9957–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.9957-9967.
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Intense droughts and extreme precipitation events are likely to occur more frequently with global climate change. These drying-rewetting (DW) cycles affect the soil carbon (C) cycle. Biochar addition are reported to affect SOC mineralization and soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. However, the effects of biochar application on SOC mineralization during DW cycles are poorly understood. Two wheat straw (WS25) biochar produced at 300 °C (WS300) and 600 °C (WS600) were used to explore the effects of biochar on SOC mineralization under artificial DW cycles as compared to constant moisture (CM). It was found that biochar had different effects on SOC mineralization depending on biochar type or drying/rewetting period of DW cycles. Just like CK and WS25, WS600 application decreased SOC mineralization under DW cycles compared to CM. To some extent, SOC mineralization during DW cycles was similar to CM for WS300. The results suggested that WS300 addition diminished the reducing effect of DW cycle on SOC mineralization. In addition, biochar exhibited different effects on SOC mineralization depending on the drying and rewetting period under DW cycles. Biochar (WS300) addition during the drying period had less effect on SOC mineralization but increased the flush effect of SOC mineralization during the rewetting period. In conclusions, biochar application significantly affect SOC mineralization following DW cycles.
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Barančíková, G., J. Halás, M. Gutteková, J. Makovníková, M. Nováková, R. Skalský i Z. Tarasovičová. "Application of RothC model to predict soil organic carbon stock on agricultural soils of Slovakia". Soil and Water Research 5, No. 1 (26.02.2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/23/2009-swr.
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Soil organic matter (SOM) takes part in many environmental functions and, depending on the conditions, it can be a source or a sink of the greenhouse gases. Presently, the changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) stock can arise because of the climatic changes or changes in the land use and land management. A promising method in the estimation of SOC changes is modelling, one of the most used models for the prediction of changes in soil organic carbon stock on agricultural land being the RothC model. Because of its simplicity and availability of the input data, RothC was used for testing the efficiency to predict the development of SOC stock during 35-year period on agricultural land of Slovakia. The received data show an increase of SOC stock during the first (20 years) phase and no significant changes in the course of the second part of modelling. The increase of SOC stock in the first phase can be explained by a high carbon input of plant residues and manure and a lower temperature in comparison with the second modelling part.
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Gross, Arthur, Tobias Bromm i Bruno Glaser. "Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration after Biochar Application: A Global Meta-Analysis". Agronomy 11, nr 12 (5.12.2021): 2474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122474.
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Biochar application to soil has the potential to sequester carbon in the long term because of its high stability and large-scale production potential. However, biochar technologies are still relatively new, and the global factors affecting the long-term fate of biochar in the environment are still poorly understood. To fill this important research gap, a global meta-analysis was conducted including 64 studies with 736 individual treatments. Field experiments covered experimental durations between 1 and 10 years with biochar application amounts between 1 and 100 Mg ha−1. They showed a mean increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks by 13.0 Mg ha−1 on average, corresponding to 29%. Pot and incubation experiments ranged between 1 and 1278 days and biochar amounts between 5 g kg−1 and 200 g kg−1. They raised SOC by 6.3 g kg−1 on average, corresponding to 75%. More SOC was accumulated in long experimental durations of >500 days in pot and incubation experiments and 6–10 years in field experiments than in shorter experimental durations. Organic fertilizer co-applications significantly further increased SOC. Biochar from plant material showed higher C sequestration potential than biochar from fecal matter, due to higher C/N ratio. SOC increases after biochar application were higher in medium to fine grain textured soils than in soils with coarse grain sizes. Our study clearly demonstrated the high C sequestration potential of biochar application to agricultural soils of varying site and soil characteristics.
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Qiu, Husen, Zhuangzhuang Hu, Jieyun Liu, Haiyang Zhang i Weiliang Shen. "Effect of Biochar on Labile Organic Carbon Fractions and Soil Carbon Pool Management Index". Agronomy 13, nr 5 (17.05.2023): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051385.
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Biochar is useful for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. However, the effects of biochar aging and addition rates on SOC stabilization are unclear. A field experiment with four biochar application rates (0% (control), 1% (LB), 2% (MB), and 4% (HB) of dry fluvo-aquic soil) was conducted. Soil samples were sampled after 8, 12, and 24 months of its application to clarify the question. In general, SOC gradually increased with the biochar application rate. SOC with HB was higher than that in other treatments, while the ratio of microbial biomass carbon (MBC)/SOC and readily oxidizable carbon (ROC)/SOC with HB was lower than that in other treatments (p < 0.05), indicating a positive effect of HB for C stabilization over time. The effects of biochar on the soil carbon pool management index (CPMI) changed from negative to positive after 8 and 24 months of biochar application. The activities of β-D-glucosidase (βG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) under HB were higher than with other treatments after 12 and 24 months of biochar application (p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with the ratio of MBC/SOC and ROC/SOC over time. The CPMI was positively related with βG and CBH activities after 8 and 24 months of biochar application, respectively (p < 0.05). HB increased the relative abundance of oligotrophs, including Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi, but decreased the relative abundance of copiotrophs, including γ-Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes over time (p < 0.05). The ratio of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)/SOC was positively correlated with the bacterial oligotroph/copiotroph ratio and significantly affected the oligotrophic and copiotrophic bacterial communities, especially after 8 and 12 months of biochar application (p < 0.05). These findings reinforce that increasing the biochar application rate and time enhances SOC stabilization by decreasing the proportions of labile organic carbon and making oligotrophic/copiotrophic communities and enzyme activities more conducive to C sequestration.
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Yan, Y., H. He, X. Zhang, Y. Chen, H. Xie, Z. Bai, P. Zhu, J. Ren i L. Wang. "Long-term fertilization effects on carbon and nitrogen in particle-size fractions of a Chinese Mollisol". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 92, nr 3 (marzec 2012): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2010-004.
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Yan, Y., He, H., Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Xie, H., Bai, Z., Zhu, P., Ren, J. and Wang, L. 2012. Long-term fertilization effects on carbon and nitrogen in particle-size fractions of a Chinese Mollisol. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 509–519. The response of soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics to long-term fertilization may be deduced from changes in the accumulation and distribution of different soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) pools. The SOC and N in particle-size fractions were therefore measured to assess the influences of pig manure and synthetic fertilizer application on the characteristics of these pools. A long-term fertilization experiment, established in 1979 in the Mollisol area (Gongzhuling, China) was used for this study. Composite soil samples (0–20cm) were collected in 2005 from 12 treatment plots that had received annual applications of pig manure, synthetic fertilizers or combinations of both. Soils were fractionated into fine clay (<0.2 µm), coarse clay (0.2–2 µm), silt (2–50 µm), fine sand (50–250 µm) and coarse sand (250–2000 µm) and then SOC and N contents in each particle-size fraction were measured. Although most of the SOC and N were associated with clay and silt fractions, the large proportion of silt in the soil mass played a key role in the retention of SOC and N. The application of pig manure alone increased accumulation of SOC and N in each particle-size fraction, but preferential enrichment was found in the coarse sand fraction. This indicates that pig manure is efficient in restoring SOM in the temperate Chinese Mollisol under a tilled maize (Zea mays L.) monocropping system and having a long frozen period in winter. The application of synthetic fertilizers had no clear effect on SOC and N accumulation or their distribution in particle-size fractions. However, the combined application of pig manure and synthetic fertilizers enhanced the accumulation of SOC and N in all particle-size fractions, and led to a shift of SOC and N from fine to coarse particles. We extended the hierarchy model for SOC protection to consider a shift in SOC accumulation from fine to coarse particles, depending on the initial SOC content of the specific soil. The findings reveal a clear positive interaction between pig manure and synthetic fertilizers that may improve the quantity of SOM in the temperate Chinese Mollisol.
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Zuo, Wengang, Lu Xu, Meihua Qiu, Siqiang Yi, Yimin Wang, Chao Shen, Yilin Zhao i in. "Effects of Different Exogenous Organic Materials on Improving Soil Fertility in Coastal Saline-Alkali Soil". Agronomy 13, nr 1 (24.12.2022): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010061.
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The coastal saline-alkali soil in eastern China is an important reserve arable land resource. Adding exogenous organic material is an effective way to improve soil fertility and promote the conversion of saline-alkali soil to agricultural soil. In this study, a field plot experiment was used to investigate the influences of different organic materials (vinegar residue, VR; sewage sludge, SS; vermicompost, VC) on the reduction in salinity-alkalinity barrier factors, the accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC), and the improvement in soil fertility in saline-alkali soil. The results indicated that applying different types of exogenous organic materials reduced soil electrical conductivity (EC) and pH, promoted SOC accumulation, and increased the barley yield. With the same application rate, VR application was more beneficial in reducing soil EC and pH, accumulating SOC, and increasing barley yield compared to SS and VC applications. In particular, the barley yield with VR application was higher than that with SS and VC applications by 18.4% and 26.6% on average, respectively, during the two-year experiment. Correlation and path analysis revealed that the barley yield was significantly negatively correlated with soil barrier factors (EC and pH), but EC in SS and VC-treated soils had an indirect negative effect on barley yield, while EC in VR-treated soil had a direct negative effect (−2.24). In addition, the direct (−4.46) and indirect (5.39) contributions of SOC to barley yield were higher with VR than those with SS and VC, while the direct contribution of soil aggregate to barley yield was lower with VR than that with SS and VC. Therefore, compared with SS and VC applications, VR application led to a fast reduction in soil barrier factors and the rapid accumulation of SOC, which were more beneficial for increasing barley yields in saline-alkali soil.
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Cheng, Chan Boon, i Asral Bahari Jambek. "SOC integration for video processing application". Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, nr 1 (1.03.2019): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i1.1396.
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Video processing is an additional system that can improve the functionality of video surveillance. Integration of a simple video processing system into a complete camera system with a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an important step for research, to further improve the tracking process. This paper presents the integration of greyscale conversion into a complete camera system using Nios II software build tools for Eclipse. The camera system architecture is designed using the Nios II soft-core embedded processor from Altera. The proposed greyscale conversion system is designed using the C programming language in Eclipse. Parts of the architecture design in the camera system are important if greyscale conversion is to take place in the processing, such as synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) and a video decoder driver. The image or video is captured using a Terasic TRDB-D5M camera and the data are converted to RGB format using the video decoder driver. The converted data are shown in binary format and the greyscale conversion system extracts and processes the data. The processed data are stored in the SDRAM before being sent to a VGA monitor. The camera system and greyscale conversion system were developed using the Altera DE2-70 development platform. The data from the video decoder driver and SDRAM were examined to confirm that the data conversion matched greyscale conversion formulae. The converted data in the SDRAM correctly displayed the greyscale image on a VGA monitor.
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SOLER, C. M. TOJO, V. B. BADO, K. TRAORE, W. MCNAIR BOSTICK, J. W. JONES i G. HOOGENBOOM. "Soil organic carbon dynamics and crop yield for different crop rotations in a degraded ferruginous tropical soil in a semi-arid region: a simulation approach". Journal of Agricultural Science 149, nr 5 (28.01.2011): 579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859611000050.
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SUMMARYIn recent years, simulation models have been used as a complementary tool for research and for quantifying soil carbon sequestration under widely varying conditions. This has improved the understanding and prediction of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics and crop yield responses to soil and climate conditions and crop management scenarios. The goal of the present study was to estimate the changes in SOC for different cropping systems in West Africa using a simulation model. A crop rotation experiment conducted in Farakô-Ba, Burkina Faso was used to evaluate the performance of the cropping system model (CSM) of the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) for simulating yield of different crops. Eight crop rotations that included cotton, sorghum, peanut, maize and fallow, and three different management scenarios, one without N (control), one with chemical fertilizer (N) and one with manure applications, were studied. The CSM was able to simulate the yield trends of various crops, with inconsistencies for a few years. The simulated SOC increased slightly across the years for the sorghum–fallow rotation with manure application. However, SOC decreased for all other rotations except for the continuous fallow (native grassland), in which the SOC remained stable. The model simulated SOC for the continuous fallow system with a high degree of accuracy normalized root mean square error (RMSE)=0·001, while for the other crop rotations the simulated SOC values were generally within the standard deviation (s.d.) range of the observed data. The crop rotations that included a supplemental N-fertilizer or manure application showed an increase in the average simulated aboveground biomass for all crops. The incorporation of this biomass into the soil after harvest reduced the loss of SOC. In the present study, the observed SOC data were used for characterization of production systems with different SOC dynamics. Following careful evaluation of the CSM with observed soil organic matter (SOM) data similar to the study presented here, there are many opportunities for the application of the CSM for carbon sequestration and resource management in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Zhao, Chen, i Xi Kun Chen. "Application of Kalman Filter in SOC Estimation of Power Lithium-Ion Battery". Advanced Materials Research 605-607 (grudzień 2012): 1939–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.605-607.1939.
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This paper analyses the application of Kalman Filter (KF) in Power Lithium-ion Battery SOC (State of Charge) estimation algorithm. After the analysis of two popular SOC estimate algorithm based on KF, an improved KF-SOC algorithm is proposed. The main advance of this improved algorithm is the introduction of parameter-rectification. The parameter-rectification which based on analysis of battery electrochemical principle and battery terminal voltage response curve is also achieved by KF. The main algorithm of improved KF-SOC is generated by the combination of KF and Ampere-hour integrated method. Later the simulations proved the new algorithm with high accuracy.
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Zhang, W. J., X. J. Wang, M. G. Xu, S. M. Huang, H. Liu i C. Peng. "Soil organic carbon dynamics under long-term fertilizations in arable land of northern China". Biogeosciences Discussions 6, nr 4 (3.07.2009): 6539–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-6539-2009.
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Abstract. Soil organic carbon (SOC) data were collected from six long-term experiment sites in the upland of northern China. Various fertilization (e.g. inorganic fertilizations and combined inorganic-manure applications) and cropping (e.g. mono- and double-cropping) practices have been applied at these sites. Our analyses indicate that long-term applications of inorganic nitrogen-phosphorus (NP) and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) result in a significant increase in SOC at the sites with the double-cropping systems. The applications of inorganic NP and/or NPK combined with manure lead to a significantly increasing trend in SOC content at all the sites. However, the application of NPK with crop residue incorporation can only increase SOC content in the warm-temperate areas with the double-cropping systems. Regression analyses suggest that soil carbon sequestration responds linearly to carbon input at all the sites. Conversion rates of carbon input to SOC decrease significantly with an increase of annual accumulative temperature or precipitation, showing lower rates (6.8%–7.7%) in the warm-temperate areas than in the mid-temperate areas (15.8%–31.0%).
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Chen, Xiaodong, Jinggui Wu i Yaa Opoku-Kwanowaa. "Effects of Organic Wastes on Soil Organic Carbon and Surface Charge Properties in Primary Saline-alkali Soil". Sustainability 11, nr 24 (11.12.2019): 7088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247088.
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High salinity and low fertility have restricted crop production in primary saline-alkali soils. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and surface charge characteristics affect the soil fertility and soil colloid characteristics of primary saline-alkali soils, respectively. In this paper, the SOC and surface charge properties of primary saline-alkaline soil under organic wastes applications were assessed. Five treatments were involved in this experiment: chemical fertilizer combined with sheep manure (SM), corn straw (CS), fodder grass (FG), and granular corn straw (GS), while chemical fertilizer only was used as control (CK). The content of SOC was significantly different under different organic wastes application (p < 0.05). Treatment GS recorded the highest content of SOC compared with the other treatments. In addition, the content of each SOC density fraction increased after the application of organic wastes. Similarly, the application of organic wastes, increased the proportion of organic carbon in free light fraction (Fr-FLOC) and organic carbon in occluded fraction (Oc-FLOC) in the soil however the proportion of organic carbon in heavy fraction (HFOC) decreased. In this study, we found that treatment GS has a greater impact on soil surface charge properties than other treatments, and through redundancy analysis (RDA) the content of SOC and Fr-LFOC (F = 24.704, p = 0.004; F = 19.594, p = 0.002) were identified as the main factors affecting the surface charge properties of soil organic carbon. In conclusion, GS is the recommended organic waste for ameliorating primary saline-alkali soil, as compared to the other organic waste treatments.
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Zhao, Rong Yong, i Cui Ling Li. "Self-Organized Criticality Theory and its Potential Application in High Density Pedestrian Evacuation Simulation in Public Buildings". Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (styczeń 2014): 2432–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.2432.
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Many important nature evolution phenomena can be explained with Self-organized criticality (SOC) theory. SOC theory explains the tendency of large dissipative systems to drive themselves into a scale-invariant critical state without parameter adjustment. These phenomena are of crucial importance because fractal objects displaying SOC are found. This paper analyzes the characteristics of SOC theory, and then introduces basic principles of SOC theory in one-dimension model. Based on the self-organized criticality owned by the high-density pedestrian evacuation and even the trample event, this paper proposes the potential applications of SOC theory to explain the various phenomena in pedestrian evacuation from public buildings in unconventional emergencies.
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Gu, Yan-Jie, Cheng-Long Han, Meng Kong, Kadambot H. M. Siddique i Feng-Min Li. "Film Mulching with Low Phosphorus Application Improves Soil Organic Carbon and Its Decomposability in a Semiarid Agroecosystem". Agriculture 12, nr 6 (5.06.2022): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060816.
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage and decomposability are crucial for soil quality. Film mulching and phosphorus (P) application are important agricultural practices on the semiarid Loess Plateau. This study analyzed the combined effects of film mulching and P application on SOC, its fractions, and mineralization kinetics under alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The six-year field experiment incorporated randomized blocks of split-plot design with two mulching treatments (no film mulching with flat planting and film mulching with ridges and furrows) as main plots and four P levels (P0: 0 kg ha−1, P1: 9.73 kg ha−1, P2: 19.3 kg ha−1, P3: 28.9 kg ha−1) as subplots. Mulching increased SOC content, SOC fractions (light and heavy fraction organic C, microbial biomass C, and dissolved organic C), and mineralization. After six years, mulching increased SOC content by 2.18, 2.60, 2.37, and 0.17 g kg−1 at P0, P1, P2, and P3, relative to no mulching. With increasing P levels, SOC fractions and mineralization increased under no mulching but increased initially and then decreased under mulching. P1 with mulching displayed the highest SOC utilization efficiency and stability. Kinetic models divided SOC into an active and a slow SOC pool, with the latter showing the lowest decomposability and highest stability in P1 with mulching. Overall, film mulching with a low P level, especially 11.9 kg ha−1 P fertilizer, promoted SOC storage under alfalfa on the semiarid Loess Plateau due to the high SOC content with high C utilization efficiency and stability and low decomposability.
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Su, Ching-Lung, Tse-Min Chen i Kuo-Hsuan Wu. "A Prototype-Based Gate-Level Cycle-Accurate Methodology for SoC Performance Exploration and Estimation". VLSI Design 2013 (16.05.2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/529150.
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A prototype-based SoC performance estimation methodology was proposed for consumer electronics design. Traditionally, prototypes are usually used in system verification before SoC tapeout, which is without accurate SoC performance exploration and estimation. This paper attempted to carefully model the SoC prototype as a performance estimator and explore the environment of SoC performance. The prototype met the gate-level cycle-accurate requirement, which covered the effect of embedded processor, on-chip bus structure, IP design, embedded OS, GUI systems, and application programs. The prototype configuration, chip post-layout simulation result, and the measured parameters of SoC prototypes were merged to model a target SoC design. The system performance was examined according to the proposed estimation models, the profiling result of the application programs ported on prototypes, and the timing parameters from the post-layout simulation of the target SoC. The experimental result showed that the proposed method was accompanied with only an average of 2.08% of error for an MPEG-4 decoder SoC at simple profile level 2 specifications.
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Wang, Lifang, Shijie Liu, Geng Ma, Chenyang Wang i Jutao Sun. "Soil organic carbon and nitrogen storage under a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)—maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system in northern China was modified by nitrogen application rates". PeerJ 10 (30.06.2022): e13568. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13568.
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Field cultivation practices have changing the carbon and nitrogen cycles in farmland ecosystem, soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) were the important parameters in maintaining soil quality and increasing agricultural productivity, however, N application’s effects on the SOC and TN storage capacity under intensive wheat-maize cropping system remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics and relationships of SOC and TN for wheat-maize cropping system under nitrogen treatments. In doing so, continuous applications of four nitrogen application rates were examined: 0, 180, 240 and 300 kg ha−1 (N0, N180, N240 and N300, respectively). Wheat yields under N180 and N240 were significantly higher than that under N300, while the maize yields under N180, N240 and N300 were significantly higher than that under N0 by 79.79, 85.23 and 86.85%, respectively; the TN content and storage were significantly higher under N240 than that under other N levels in 40–60 cm soil layer after wheat growing season; the SOC content and storage under N180 and N240 were significant higher than that under N300 in 20–40 cm after maize growing season. The correlations between SOC and TN contents (or storage) were stronger after wheat planting than maize planting. These findings provide a basis for further studies on the effect of long-term N application on SOC and TN storage, crop quality and nitrogen use efficiency under wheat-maize cropping systems.
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Muñoz-Rojas, M., A. Jordán, L. M. Zavala, F. A. González-Peñaloza, D. De la Rosa, R. Pino-Mejias i M. Anaya-Romero. "Modelling soil organic carbon stocks in global change scenarios: a CarboSOIL application". Biogeosciences 10, nr 12 (13.12.2013): 8253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-8253-2013.
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Abstract. Global climate change, as a consequence of the increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 concentration, may significantly affect both soil organic C storage and soil capacity for C sequestration. CarboSOIL is an empirical model based on regression techniques and developed as a geographical information system tool to predict soil organic carbon (SOC) contents at different depths. This model is a new component of the agro-ecological decision support system for land evaluation MicroLEIS, which assists decision-makers in facing specific agro-ecological problems, particularly in Mediterranean regions. In this study, the CarboSOIL model was used to study the effects of climate change on SOC dynamics in a Mediterranean region (Andalusia, S Spain). Different downscaled climate models were applied based on BCCR-BCM2, CNRMCM3, and ECHAM5 and driven by SRES scenarios (A1B, A2 and B2). Output data were linked to spatial data sets (soil and land use) to quantify SOC stocks. The CarboSOIL model has proved its ability to predict the short-, medium- and long-term trends (2040s, 2070s and 2100s) of SOC dynamics and sequestration under projected future scenarios of climate change. Results have shown an overall trend towards decreasing of SOC stocks in the upper soil sections (0–25 cm and 25–50 cm) for most soil types and land uses, but predicted SOC stocks tend to increase in the deeper soil section (0–75 cm). Soil types as Arenosols, Planosols and Solonchaks and land uses as "permanent crops" and "open spaces with little or no vegetation" would be severely affected by climate change with large decreases of SOC stocks, in particular under the medium–high emission scenario A2 by 2100. The information developed in this study might support decision-making in land management and climate adaptation strategies in Mediterranean regions, and the methodology could be applied to other Mediterranean areas with available soil, land use and climate data.
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Muñoz-Rojas, M., A. Jordán, L. M. Zavala, F. A. González-Peñaloza, D. De la Rosa i M. Anaya-Romero. "Modelling soil organic carbon stocks in global change scenarios: a CarboSOIL application". Biogeosciences Discussions 10, nr 7 (4.07.2013): 10997–1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-10997-2013.
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Abstract. Global climate change, as a consequence of the increasing levels of atmospheric CO2 concentration, may significantly affect both soil organic C storage and soil capacity for C sequestration. In this research we develop a methodology to predict soil organic C (SOC) contents and changes under global change scenarios. CarboSOIL model is a new component of the land evaluation decision support system MicroLEIS, which was designed to assist decision makers to face specific agro-ecological problems. CarboSOIL, developed as a GIS tool to predict SOC contents at different depths, was previously trained and tested in two Mediterranean areas: Andalusia (SW Spain) and Valencia (E Spain). The model was applied under different IPPC scenarios (A1B, A2 and B1) according to different global climate models (BCCR-BCM2, CNRMCM3 and ECHAM5) and output data were linked to spatial datasets (soil and land use) to quantify SOC stocks. CarboSOIL model has proved its ability to predict the short-, medium- and long-term trends (2040s, 2070s and 2100s) of SOC dynamics and sequestration under projected future scenarios of climate change. Results showed an overall trend towards decreasing of SOC stocks in the upper soil sections (0–25 cm and 25–50 cm) for most soil types and land uses, but predicted SOC stocks tend to increase in the deeper soil section (50–75 cm). Soil types as Arenosols, Planosols and Solonchaks and land uses as "permanent crops" and "open spaces with little or no vegetation" would be severely affected by climate change with large decreases of SOC stocks, in particular under the medium-high emission scenario A2 by 2100. The information developed in this study might support decision-making in land management and climate adaptation strategies in Mediterranean regions and the methodology could be applied to other Mediterranean areas with available soil, land use and climate data.
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Jordao, Marina, Pedro M. Cruz, Diogo Ribeiro, Andre Prata, Nuno B. Carvalho i Marc Vanden Bossche. "Mixed-Signal SoC Characterization for Future 5G DPD Applications [Application Notes]". IEEE Microwave Magazine 21, nr 2 (luty 2020): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2019.2952019.
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Yuan, Z. B., J. Z. Yu, A. K. H. Lau, P. K. K. Louie i J. C. H. Fung. "Application of positive matrix factorization in estimating aerosol secondary organic carbon in Hong Kong and insights into the formation mechanisms". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 5, nr 4 (28.07.2005): 5299–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-5-5299-2005.
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Abstract. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) is often a significant portion of organic carbon (OC) in ambient particulate matter (PM). The levels and seasonal patterns of SOC in Hong Kong were examined using more than 2000 PM10 measurements made over a 4.5-year period (1998–2002) in a network of ten air quality monitoring stations. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to analyze this large data set for source identification and apportioning. SOC was subsequently estimated to be the sum of OC present in the secondary sources, i.e., secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, and secondary organic aerosol. The annual average SOC as estimated by the PMF method was 4.25 µg C/m3 while the summer average was 1.66 µg C/m3 and the winter average was 7.05 µg C/m3. In comparison, the method that uses EC as a tracer for primary carbonaceous aerosol sources to derive SOC overestimated SOC by 70–212% for the summer samples and by 4–43% for the winter samples. The overestimation by the EC tracer method resulted from the inability of obtaining a single OC/EC ratio that represented a mixture of primary sources varying in time and space. We found that SOC and secondary sulfate had synchronous seasonal variation and were correlated in individual seasons, suggesting common factors that control their formation. Considering the well-established fact that both gas phase oxidation and in-cloud processing are important formation pathways for sulfate, the synchronicity of SOC and sulfate suggests that in-cloud pathways are also important for SOC formation. Additionally, the presence of SOC was found to be enhanced more than that of secondary sulfate in the winter. We postulate this to be a combined result of favorable partitioning of semivolatile SOC species in the particle phase and more abundant SOC precursors in the winter.
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Wang, F. L., i A. K. Alva. "Transport of soluble organic and inorganic carbon in sandy soils under nitrogen fertilization". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, nr 2 (1.05.1999): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-074.
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Leaching of water soluble soil carbon plays an important role in downward transport of soil nutrients and pollutants and may be influenced by soil and management factors. We examined the leaching of water soluble carbon from two sandy soils under nitrogen fertilization by adapting an intermittent leaching-incubation technique using packed soil columns (94 × 10 cm). After 30 d, cumulative amounts of water-soluble organic carbon (SOC) leached from the Candler and Wabasso sand for various treatments in mg C column−1 were: 77 and 302 (NH4NO3), 64 and 265 (control), and 45 and 239 (isobutylidene diurea, IBDU), respectively. The IBDU and NH4NO3 treatments increased the leaching of water-soluble inorganic carbon (SIC), which ranged from 2 to 38 mg C column−1 over 30 d. At the end of eight cycles of leaching/incubation, the total carbon content increased at depth (control and NH4NO3 treatment) in the Candler sand, but decreased in the Wabasso sand. In the first leaching event, the average rate of SOC leaching from the Wabasso sand was 26 mg C column−1 d−1 which dropped rapidly to about 5 mg C column−1 d−1 towards the end of the experiment. The rate of SOC leaching from the Candler sand was much lower (<8 mg C column−1 d−1) than the rate of SOC leaching from the Wabasso sand. Compared with the unamended treatments, application of NH4NO3 increased and IBDU decreased the leaching of SOC in both soils. These effects of N application were considerable during the initial two to three leaching events only. Our results suggest that the initial rainfalls that follow a dry period may be critical for transporting SOC from the upper layer of these sandy soils. Key words: C leaching, sandy soil, intermittent leaching condition, isobutylidene
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Li, Qiang, Maofang Gao i Zhao-Liang Li. "Soil Organic Carbon Storage in Australian Wheat Cropping Systems in Response to Climate Change from 1990 to 2060". Land 11, nr 10 (28.09.2022): 1683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101683.
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It is important to examine the effects of climate change on temporal variations in SOC storage, in order to optimize management practices for sustainable grain production. Using the denitrification–decomposition (DNDC) model to simulate biogeochemical processes in agro-ecosystems, SOC variability was evaluated in the Australian wheat cropping system from 1990 to 2060, under the Representative Concentration Pathway 85 (RCP85) climate change scenario. We analyzed the impacts of temperature and precipitation on SOC variability and further simulated six management scenarios for wheat cultivation over 71 years, which included wheat cropping under common nitrogen fertilizer (N-fertilizer) application rate (12 kg N/ha), adequate N-fertilizer application rate (50 kg N/ha), and legume–wheat rotation with N fertilizer application rates at 0, 12, and 50 kg N/ha. The results indicated that the DNDC model provided a good simulation of biogeochemical processes associated with wheat growth; the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of wheat yield was 15.16%, and the NRMSE of SOC was 13.21%. The SOC (0–30 cm) decreased from 3994.1 kg C/ha in 1990 to 2848.0 kg C/ha in 2060, an average decrease of 0.4% per year. Temperature and precipitation were the important factors affecting SOC storage, with contributions of 13% and 12%, respectively. Furthermore, adding a legume phase increased SOC and wheat yield in the low N-fertilizer scenario. In contrast, adding a legume phase in the adequate N-fertilizer scenario decreased SOC and wheat yield.
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Aschwanden, Markus J. "A Self-Critique of Self-Organized Criticality in Astrophysics". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, A29B (sierpień 2015): 735–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316006591.
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AbstractThe concept of “self-organized criticality” (SOC) was originally proposed as an explanation of 1/f-noise by Bak, Tang, and Wiesenfeld (1987), but turned out to have a far broader significance for scale-free nonlinear energy dissipation processes occurring in the entire universe. Over the last 30 years, an inspiring cross-fertilization from complexity theory to solar and astrophysics took place, where the SOC concept was initially applied to solar flares, stellar flares, and magnetospheric substorms, and later extended to the radiation belt, the heliosphere, lunar craters, the asteroid belt, the Saturn ring, pulsar glitches, soft X-ray repeaters, blazars, black-hole objects, cosmic rays, and boson clouds. The application of SOC concepts has been performed by numerical cellular automaton simulations, by analytical calculations of statistical (powerlaw-like) distributions based on physical scaling laws, and by observational tests of theoretically predicted size distributions and waiting time distributions. Attempts have been undertaken to import physical models into numerical SOC toy models. The novel applications stimulated also vigorous debates about the discrimination between SOC-related and non-SOC processes, such as phase transitions, turbulence, random-walk diffusion, percolation, branching processes, network theory, chaos theory, fractality, multi-scale, and other complexity phenomena. We review SOC models applied to astrophysical observations, attempt to describe what physics can be captured by SOC models, and offer a critique of weaknesses and strengths in existing SOC models.
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Jakšić, Snežana, Jordana Ninkov, Stanko Milić, Jovica Vasin, Dušana Banjac, Darko Jakšić i Milorad Živanov. "The State of Soil Organic Carbon in Vineyards as Affected by Soil Types and Fertilization Strategies (Tri Morave Region, Serbia)". Agronomy 11, nr 1 (23.12.2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010009.
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Due to specific soil properties and management practices, soils in vineyards are sensitive to degradation. The aims of this study were to examine (i) the state of soil organic carbon (SOC) in vineyards compared to other agricultural land, (ii) the influence of different fertilization strategies and soil type on SOC content and (iii) the rate of SOC change over time and potential of deep tillage for SOC preservation in subsoil. The study was carried out at 16 representative vineyard locations of the Tri Morave region, which represents the largest vine growing region in Serbia. The analyzed area included 56 vineyard plots. Results showed that SOC stocks in the topsoil and subsoil were lower than the average for agricultural land in Serbia. The soil type was an important predictor of carbon storage in the topsoil. An adequate application of inorganic fertilizers or green manure combined with farmyard manure initially resulted in the highest SOC contents. Continuous application of inorganic fertilizer without organic amendments has led to a decrease of SOC in topsoil. High rates of SOC stock change in topsoil accompanied a rapid reduction of SOC in the earlier stage of cultivation. In all investigated subsoils, SOC increased, except for unfertilized vineyards. Deep tillage has the potential to preserve SOC in the deeper soil layer and prevent carbon loss from the topsoil. More attention should be paid to the soil conservation practices to meet environmental sustainability of viticulture.
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Abdelrhman, Ahmed Ali, Lili Gao, Shengping Li, Jinjing Lu, Xiaojun Song, Mengni Zhang, Fengjun Zheng, Huijun Wu i Xueping Wu. "Long-Term Application of Organic Wastes Improves Soil Carbon and Structural Properties in Dryland Affected by Coal Mining Activity". Sustainability 13, nr 10 (19.05.2021): 5686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105686.
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Organic wastes have a positive impact on soil physical and chemical properties in the agroecosystems. However, its main effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) or total organic carbon, TOC (SOC and coal-C) contents as well as their effects on soil physico-chemical properties are still unclear. Two types of organic wastes (maize straw and manure) were utilized in dryland affected by mining activities to quantify their relative effect on soil physico-chemical properties. Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between the soil physical properties, SOC, and TOC as well as their respective contributions to improving these properties. Treatments included control (CK), straw (S), low manure (LM), medium manure plus straw (S-MM), and high manure plus straw (S-HM). The results showed that SOC, soil bulk density, mean weight diameter (MWD), soil total porosity, soil penetration resistance, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and soil infiltration rate were strongly influenced by the application of organic wastes. A stronger linear relationship between SOC and the MWD, (R2 = 0.93, p < 0.05) compared to that between TOC and MWD indicated the important role of SOC in improving soil aggregation relative to the effect of TOC. According to the principal component analysis (PCA), the application of organic wastes had stronger effects on SOC contents and physical properties than TOC (SOC and coal-C). These findings advance our understanding of the actual effect of organic wastes on soil physical properties and SOC in dryland affected by mining activities and could inform fertilizer management decisions to improve soil properties.
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chowdary, Geda siva ram, i Manthan Sharam. "AN OVERVIEW OF SOC ESTIMATION IN LI-ION BATTERIES WITH DIRECT MEASUREMENT METHODS AND COULOMB COUNTING". International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, nr 6 (1.10.2022): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i06.024.
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The current spike in demand for new and better battery technologies and energy storage devices has intensified as a result of the recent boom in the electric car industry. A better battery management system enables a better solution for the desired application, allowing the batteries to perform to their full capacity. As a result, improving Li-ion battery technology, not only in chemistry but also in maintenance, performance, and efficiency, has become critical to meeting today's demand. Lithium-ion batteries are used in a variety of applications, and battery management systems (BMS) guarantee that the batteries last a long time and are properly utilized. BMSs are sophisticated and generate significant overhead consumption, which has an impact on the batteries. The SOC (State of Charge) Estimation, which assesses the ratio of accessible capacity to the maximum potential charge stored in the battery, is an incredibly important metric for this. The state of charge (SOC) of a battery indicates its usable capacity. It is one of the most important variables to monitor to improve the efficiency of lithium-ion batteries. Estimating the state of charge (SOC) of a battery is a serious challenge. Because the SOC is an important statistic for determining battery performance, accurate estimation of the SOC may protect the battery, reduce overcharging, extend its life, and allow the application to adopt energy-saving control measures. A battery, on the other hand, is a chemical energy storage source that cannot be accessed quickly. Estimating a battery's SOC is difficult as a result of this issue.
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Yuan, Z. B., J. Z. Yu, A. K. H. Lau, P. K. K. Louie i J. C. H. Fung. "Application of positive matrix factorization in estimating aerosol secondary organic carbon in Hong Kong and its relationship with secondary sulfate". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, nr 1 (2.01.2006): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-25-2006.
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Abstract. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) is often a significant portion of organic carbon (OC) in ambient particulate matter (PM). The levels and seasonal patterns of SOC in Hong Kong were examined using more than 2000 PM10 measurements made over a 4.5-year period (1998–2002) in a network of ten air quality monitoring stations. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to analyze this large data set for source identification and apportioning. SOC was subsequently estimated to be the sum of OC present in the secondary sources, i.e., secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, and secondary organic aerosol. The annual average SOC as estimated by the PMF method was 4.25 μg C/m3 while the summer average was 1.66 μg C/m3 and the winter average was 7.05 μg C/m3. In comparison, the method that uses EC as a tracer for primary carbonaceous aerosol sources to derive SOC overestimated SOC by 70–212% for the summer samples and by 4–43% for the winter samples. The overestimation by the EC tracer method resulted from the inability of obtaining a single OC/EC ratio that represented a mixture of primary sources varying in time and space. We found that SOC and secondary sulfate had synchronous seasonal variation and were correlated in individual seasons, suggesting common factors that control their formation. Additionally, the presence of SOC was found to be enhanced more than that of secondary sulfate in the winter. We postulate this to be a combined result of favorable partitioning of semivolatile SOC species in the particle phase and more abundant SOC precursors in the winter.
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Ghosh, Subhadip, Brian R. Wilson, Biswapati Mandal, Subrata K. Ghoshal i Ivor Growns. "Changes in soil organic carbon pool in three long-term fertility experiments with different cropping systems and inorganic and organic soil amendments in the eastern cereal belt of India". Soil Research 48, nr 5 (2010): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09089.
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) constitutes a significant proportion of the terrestrial carbon (C) store and has a pivotal role in several physical, chemical, and biological soil processes that contribute to soil productivity and sustainability. Applications of inorganic and organic materials are management options that have the potential to increase SOC in agricultural systems. A study was conducted in 3 long-term fertility experiments (Barrackpur, Mohanpur, and Cuttack) on agricultural soils in the eastern cereal belt of India, to examine the effect of cultivation and the application of inorganic and organic amendments on total soil organic carbon (TOC) and on the proportions of soil C fractions at these sites. A supplementary aim of this study was to determine the suitability of the loss-on-ignition (LOI) method to routinely estimate SOC (Walkley and Black, WB) in this region by determining relationships and conversion factors between the WB and LOI techniques. Soil was sampled at 3 depths (0–0.15, 0.15–0.30, and 0.30–0.45 m) from 4 treatments (conventional cultivation, NPK, NPK+FYM, and fallow) of the experimental sites and analysed for TOC and various soil C pools. There were differences in the magnitude of TOC values among the sites. Conventional cultivation had the lowest TOC contents (148 t/ha) and NPK+FYM amended soils the largest (207 t/ha), with intermediate values in the other treatments. The non-labile or residual SOC fraction (Cfrac4) constituted the largest percentage of SOC under all treatments and varied from 35–49%. A higher proportion of the labile Cfrac1 fraction was observed under the fallow, whereas the proportion of Cfrac4 was significantly larger under NPK+FYM. There was a significant decrease in SOC with increasing soil depth. SOC decreased up to 17% at 0.15–0.30 m and declined a further 21% at 0.30–0.45 m. The more labile C fractions (Cfrac1, Cfrac2, Cfrac3) dominated in the near surface soil layers, but decreased significantly in the deeper layers to be dominated by Cfrac4 at 0.30–0.45 m depth. We also observed a strong correlation between the WB and LOI methods (calibrated for each soil) irrespective of soil depths and conclude that this might be a suitable method to estimate SOC where other techniques are not available. We conclude that fertiliser application and especially manure application have the potential to significantly increase SOC in agricultural soils.
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Wang, Mu Lan, Hao Zhu, Yong Liang Jin i Bin Wen Zhang. "Application of SoC Techniques in Electrical Control System for Weaving Machinery". Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (wrzesień 2011): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.286.
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According to the main features of many switch signals, very strict logical waves, complex electromagnet interference in the weaving machinery, the embedded design scheme based on SoC technique is employed. The consideration of designing a universal electrical control system for weaving machinery based on SoC and FPGA is presented by making full use of the internal structure and the resource configuration. In accordance with the characteristics of weaving machinery, the proposed design methods are applied in the control system of glove knitting machinery. The typical structure and the partial electromagnet waveforms are provided. The practical application shows that the peripherally hardware circuits and the control programs are simplified in the embedded control system based on SoC technique. The reliability of the whole equipment is rapidly improved. This system can be widely applied in weaving machineries.
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He, Hong Wen, Kai Zhao i Rui Xiong. "Design an Unscented Kalman Filter-Based SoC Estimator for HEV Application". Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (listopad 2012): 424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.424.
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An unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is adopted to estimate the state of charge (SoC) of a lithium ion battery for application in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Generally, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) can be selected to estimate a non-linear system state. However, it may leads to large errors since the strong non-linear and stochastic performance. In this paper, the performance of the lithium-ion battery is tested by a design of experiment, such as hysteresis, polarization, coulomb efficiency, etc. And a combined battery model is selected for SoC estimation, while the model parameter was identified by using UKF algorithm. Finally, the federal urban driving schedule (FUDS) is used to evaluate the proposed method accuracy. And the results show that the maximum SoC estimation error is less than 3%.
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Pan, Lu Wei, Li Zhou, Tao Sun, Ying Wei, Yuan Yuan Gao i Peng Chen. "A High-Accuracy and Robust Low Drop-Out Regulator for Outdoor Decorative Lighting LED Driver". Applied Mechanics and Materials 462-463 (listopad 2013): 609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.462-463.609.
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A high-accuracy and robust LDO was designed based on CSMC 0.5um 40V BCD process, it was integrated in an outdoor decorative lighting LED Control and Driver SOC. The input of SOC was a 12V~40V power which was used by LED lamp. The LDO converted the input power of SOC to a 5V power for the Digital Control and Signal Transmission circuits inside the SOC. Due to the application requirements of SOC, the robustness of LDO in-55°C~150°C temperature and 12V~40V power voltage conditions must be guaranteed. The process variations and application conditions would affect the output voltage of LDO, 3 bits digital trim signal Trim [3: and a trim circuit were utilized to improve the accuracy of LDOs output voltage. Simulation result shows that the LDO works robustly and the output voltage accuracy can be improved to ±0.5% max in all conditions after being trimmed.
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Chang, Wen-Yeau. "The State of Charge Estimating Methods for Battery: A Review". ISRN Applied Mathematics 2013 (23.07.2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/953792.
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An overview of new and current developments in state of charge (SOC) estimating methods for battery is given where the focus lies upon mathematical principles and practical implementations. As the battery SOC is an important parameter, which reflects the battery performance, so accurate estimation of SOC cannot only protect battery, prevent overcharge or discharge, and improve the battery life, but also let the application make rationally control strategies to achieve the purpose of saving energy. This paper gives a literature survey on the categories and mathematical methods of SOC estimation. Based on the assessment of SOC estimation methods, the future development direction of SOC estimation is proposed.
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Timofeeva, Yana, Lyudmila Purtova, Alexey Emelyanov, Maxim Burdukovskii, Irina Kiseleva i Marina Sidorenko. "Contents, distribution, and fractionation of soil organic carbon and trace elements in soils under a green manure application". Soil and Water Research 16, No. 1 (11.12.2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/65/2020-swr.
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We quantified the soluble fractions of the soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations and the total and water-soluble trace elements in soils contaminated by household waste and remediated via the addition of green manure over 13 years and identified the main factors controlling the vertical distribution and accumulation of the trace elements. Green manure favoured the active formation of soil organic matter. The SOC of the examined soils was characterised by the active stabilisation by mineral soil compounds, but by a low degree of humification. The soils showed increased concentrations of Cr and Ni ions. The SOC and different soil compounds enriched by Si, Ca, and Mn ions were the important determinant for the distribution of Sr, V and Cu ions, as well as for the distribution of Pb and Cr ions bound to the water-soluble components of the soils. The low degree of SOC humification may be one of the main reasons of the high concentrations of Cu and Pb ions in the composition of the water-soluble soil compounds. The nickel ions were mainly associated with compounds enriched by the Al and Fe ions. The extremely high percentage concentration of the Ni ions in the water-soluble components of the soils may be result of the absence of the Ni ions adsorption by humic substances.
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Yang, Shuai, Xinghai Hao, Yiming Xu, Juejie Yang i Derong Su. "Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Saline-Alkali Land Improvement and Utilization on Soil Organic Carbon". Life 12, nr 11 (13.11.2022): 1870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12111870.
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There is a large amount of saline-alkali land in China. Through the improvement and utilization of saline-alkali land to improve the carbon content in soil, it can not only become a reserve resource of cultivated land or grazing grassland, but also become an important land “carbon sink”. In this study, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis to identify the impact of improvement and utilization of saline-alkali soil on soil organic carbon (SOC) in China. Our results showed that the soil salt and alkali content in Heilongjiang Province and Jilin Province in China was the highest, with an SOC content between 3.05 and 17.8 g/kg and pH between 8.84 and 9.94. Among the five methods of reclamation, halophyte planting, fertilization, biochar and modifier application, only biochar and modifier application significantly increased the SOC content (p < 0.05). The content of SOC in saline-alkali soil was 2.9–6.3 g/kg before biochar application, and significantly increased to 6.2–13.05 g/kg after biochar application (p < 0.01). The SOC content was 3.05–8.12 g/kg before the application of the modifier, and significantly increased to 3.68–9 g/kg (p < 0.05) after the application of the modifier. After utilization and improvement of saline-alkali land, the total nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium also increased significantly (p < 0.05). This study provides a scientific basis for further understanding the improvement and utilization of saline-alkali land in China and its potential for increasing carbon sinks.
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Zhang, Chunjiang, Pengcheng Li i Yingjun Guo. "Bidirectional DC/DC and SOC Drooping Control for DC Microgrid Application". Electronics 9, nr 2 (30.01.2020): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9020225.
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In DC microgrids, distributed energy storage plays a key role in stabilizing the DC bus voltage. The bidirectional DC/DC converter in the distributed energy storage system should be designed according to the voltage level and electromagnetic isolation requirements, and multiple energy storage units should be coordinated for load current distribution according to the state of charge (SOC). This paper proposes a SOC power index droop control strategy by communication lines to coordinate the fast and high-precision distribution of load current among multiple energy storage units, and the SOC between energy storage units quickly converges to a consistent state. Considering that communication lines are susceptible to interference, this paper further proposes an improved SOC power index droop control to overcome the effects of communication line failures. Considering the high cost of the energy storage unit, it should be connected to the DC microgrid in layers to achieve a reasonable allocation of resources in practical applications. In order to provide high-quality power to a large power grid, the quantification standards of the DC bus fluctuation range and the working range of each converter are further discussed to maximize the stability of the DC bus voltage and grid-connected power fluctuation.
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Lee, Jong-Mun, Do-Gyun Park, Seong-Su Kang, Eun-Jung Choi, Hyo-Suk Gwon, Hyoung-Seok Lee i Sun-Il Lee. "Short-Term Effect of Biochar on Soil Organic Carbon Improvement and Nitrous Oxide Emission Reduction According to Different Soil Characteristics in Agricultural Land: A Laboratory Experiment". Agronomy 12, nr 8 (10.08.2022): 1879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081879.
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Biochar application has been considered as a promising solution to address the effects of modern agriculture on climate change. However, there is a lack of research on the biochar application of greenhouse gas emissions based on poor soils in Korean agricultural land. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of biochar application according to different soil characteristics on soil organic carbon (SOC) improvement and greenhouse gas reduction. The incubation experiments were conducted for 49 days and used different feedstock (barley straw and poultry manure) and biochar application rates (0, 5, 10, and 20-ton ha−1) in four soil characteristics (upland, U; greenhouse, G; converted land, C; reclaimed land, R). The results of this study showed that the SOC increased significantly in all soils after biochar application. The increasing SOC rate was the highest in poor soil. Biochar 20-ton ha−1 treatment significantly reduced N2O emissions by 33.2% compared with the control. Barley straw biochar significantly reduced N2O emissions from all soils. Barley straw biochar decreased approximately 74.5% of N2O emissions compared with poultry manure biochar. Poultry manure biochar improved SOC and reduced N2O emissions in poor soil. However, in poultry manure biochar treatment in U and G soil, N2O emissions increased. In conclusion, barley straw biochar application was found to suppress N2O emissions and improve the SOC in all soil characteristics of agricultural land. In addition, the soil carbon storage effect and N2O reduction effect of biochar were the highest in poor soil. Thus, the biochar application can be a potential agricultural practice for improving soil quality and decreasing N2O emissions in domestic agricultural soil.
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Zhang, Huanjun, Xixi Wang, Yi Li i Weixin Ding. "Effect of long-term fertilization on bacterial community in a sandy loam soil and its relation to organic carbon accumulation". E3S Web of Conferences 338 (2022): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233801007.
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Fertilization can affect the transformation of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil microbial community composition. However, thus far, how SOC accumulation in association with bacterial community is still unclear. We collected arable soils (aquic inceptisol) from a long-term fertilization experiment (20 years) including compost (CM), inorganic nitrogen + phosphorus + potassium (NPK), half compost N plus half inorganic fertilizer N (HCM), NP, NK, PK, and untreated (Control). We investigated the relationship between the SOC accumulation rate and bacterial community composition measured by high-throughput sequencing. The highest SOC accumulation rate was observed in the compost treatments. Furthermore, compost and balanced NPK treatments increased soil carbohydrate content significantly (P < 0.05), while no such enhancement was observed following NK and PK application. Compared with the Control, fertilization substantially reduced the effective diffusion coefficient of oxygen in soil. Meanwhile, fertilization lowered the relative abundance (RA) of Bacteroidetes but increased the RA of Proteobacteria. Compost application increased the RA of Firmicutes, while inorganic fertilizers reduced it. The RA of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were significantly and positively correlated with the SOC and carbohydrate content and the SOC accumulation rate (P < 0.05). SOC accumulation was also accompanied with the reduction in the effective diffusion coefficient of oxygen in soil. Our results indicated that poor aeration may induce a shift in the microbial community composition and a transition from aerobic to anaerobic degradation of SOC, thereby favoring SOC accumulation.
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Ramasamy, R. Kanesaraj, Fang-Fang Chua, Su-Cheng Haw i Chin-Kuan Ho. "WSFeIn: A Novel, Dynamic Web Service Composition Adapter for Cloud-Based Mobile Application". Sustainability 14, nr 21 (27.10.2022): 13946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113946.
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Service-Oriented Computing (SOC) has been a cornerstone development in today’s fast-paced world, covering the lifecycle of services and contributing to service delivery through distributed applications. SOC is striving to integrate cloud computing with complicated mobile apps. Dynamic and adaptable web service composition is the tip of the iceberg for SOA adoption. Dynamic service binding is vital for mobile computing due to the need for distributed mobile internet consumption at runtime. This study addresses SOC difficulties associated with web service composition, whose growth creates a paradigm change in identifying data type matching solutions. This allows for data type-level matching research to ensure high-quality web service creation. In this work, the composition process is divided into three phases: web service discovery, web service selection, and web service composition, where web service personalization and workflow reliability are emphasized. The final result is a complicated mobile app that runs without depleting device resources and an adaptable, reusable web service composition workflow. This improves matching at the data type level, an SOC pain point.
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Liu, Ning, Hong Bo He, Hong Tu Xie, Zhen Bai i Xu Dong Zhang. "Impact of Long-Term Organic Fertilizer Application on Lignin in Mollisol". Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (czerwiec 2010): 1332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1332.
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Fertilization is one of the essential managements to maintain and increase soil organic carbon (SOC) level in agroecosystems. It has been realized that fertilizer applications influenced the turnover of labile and refractory organic carbon pools in arable soil markedly. However, the dynamic of relatively refractory lignin in response to fertilization is still kept unclear. Therefore, the impact of long-term organic fertilization on the content and degradation degree of lignin in Mollisol was investigated. Lignin monomers were released by alkaline CuO oxidation method and quantified by gas chromatography (GC). At the time scale of decades, lignin was clearly accumulated in soil and the relative accumulation of lignin in SOC was evident after long-term organic fertilizer application. Compared with the unfertilized soil, lower acid to aldehyde ratios of vanillyl and syringyl units induced by organic fertilization suggested a lower degradation degree of lignin incorporated into soil to some extent. It could be concluded that long-term organic fertilization was an effective fertilizer practice for lignin accumulation in soil and SOC sequestration in Mollisol in northeast of China.
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Zhang, Ruxin, Zhongyi Qu, Lu Liu, Wei Yang, Liping Wang, Junjie Li i Dongliang Zhang. "Soil Respiration and Organic Carbon Response to Biochar and Their Influencing Factors". Atmosphere 13, nr 12 (4.12.2022): 2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13122038.
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Biochar application is an important measure to regulate SOC. However, the effects of biochar application on soil respiration and SOC fraction of the saline soil have been scarcely investigated. Therefore, in this study, we monitored the annual SOC, nutrients, temperature, water content, and respiration rate under three maize-straw-derived biochar application doses (0, 15, and 30 t∙hm−2). Biochar enriched the soil in terms of fast-acting potassium and phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzable N, NO3−-N, and NH4+-N to varying degrees. One-time biochar application in the trial year continued to fertilizer retention in the following year. Mineral-associated organic carbon and SOC contents increased with time after biochar application, whereas the changes in particulate organic carbon content were the opposite; soil respiration rate was reduced by 7.7–14.7%, and the reduction increased with the dose as well in successive years. The soil respiration rate and soil temperature showed a significant linear correlation, but the application of a high amount of biochar reduced the correlation between the two. Considering the soil respiration rate and physicochemical properties, the best biochar application rate for saline soil is suggested to be 30 t∙hm−2. This study is of great significance for soil carbon sequestration, emission reduction in saline areas, and the realization of a “carbon peak” in the sense of farmland.
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Tudoroiu, Roxana-Elena, Mohammed Zaheeruddin, Nicolae Tudoroiu i Sorin-Mihai Radu. "SOC Estimation of a Rechargeable Li-Ion Battery Used in Fuel-Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles—Comparative Study of Accuracy and Robustness Performance Based on Statistical Criteria. Part I: Equivalent Models". Batteries 6, nr 3 (14.08.2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries6030042.
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Battery state of charge (SOC) accuracy plays a vital role in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), as it ensures battery safety in a harsh operating environment, prolongs life, lowers the cost of energy consumption, and improves driving mileage. Therefore, accurate SOC battery estimation is the central idea of the approach in this research, which is of great interest to readers and increases the value of its application. Moreover, an accurate SOC battery estimate relies on the accuracy of the battery model parameters and its capacity. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to design, implement and analyze the SOC estimation accuracy of two battery models, which capture the dynamics of a rechargeable SAFT Li-ion battery. The first is a resistor capacitor (RC) equivalent circuit model, and the second is a generic Simscape model. The model validation is based on the generation and evaluation of the SOC residual error. The SOC reference value required for the calculation of residual errors is the value estimated by an ADVISOR 3.2 simulator, one of the software tools most used in automotive applications. Both battery models are of real interest as a valuable support for SOC battery estimation by using three model based Kalman state estimators developed in Part 2. MATLAB simulations results prove the effectiveness of both models and reveal an excellent accuracy.
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Yang, Shihong, Xi Chen, Zewei Jiang, Jie Ding, Xiao Sun i Junzeng Xu. "Effects of Biochar Application on Soil Organic Carbon Composition and Enzyme Activity in Paddy Soil under Water-Saving Irrigation". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, nr 1 (3.01.2020): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010333.
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Rice water-saving irrigation technology can remarkably reduce irrigation water input and maintain high yield; however, this technology can also accelerate the decomposition of soil organic matter in paddy fields. The spatial and temporal distributions of soil organic carbon (SOC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) under different water-carbon regulation scenarios were analyzed on the basis of field experiments in the Taihu Lake region in China to explore the effects of biochar application on SOC and its components in water-saving irrigation paddy fields. The response of soil catalase (CAT) and invertase (INV) to biochar application in water-saving irrigated rice fields was clarified. The results showed that water-saving irrigation reduced the SOC content by 5.7% to 13.3% but increased WSOC and SMBC contents by 13.8% to 26.1% and 0.9% to 11.1%, respectively, as compared with flooding irrigation. Nonflooding management promoted the oxidative decomposition of soil organic matter. Two years after straw biochar was added, paddy soil SOC content under water-saving irrigation was increased by 4.0% to 26.7%. The WSOC and SMBC contents were also increased by 4.0% to 52.4% and 7.0% to 40.8%, respectively. The high straw biochar addition rate exhibited great impact on SOC. Remarkable correlations among SOC, WSOC, and SMBC were observed, indicating that the addition of straw biochar improved soil labile C, such as WSOC and SMBC, which promoted SOC transformation and stability in paddy soil under water-saving irrigation. Soil CAT and INV were related to SOC conversion. In conclusion, the combination of water-saving irrigation and straw biochar addition was beneficial to the improvement of soil properties and fertility of paddy fields.
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Gyoo Kang, Byung, Francis Edum-Fotwe, Andrew Price i Tony Thorpe. "The application of causality to construction business ethics". Social Responsibility Journal 10, nr 3 (29.07.2014): 550–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-05-2012-0008.
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Purpose – This paper aims to investigate two causality concepts, sphere of control (SOC) and agent–action–results (AAR), and their potential applications to construction business ethics. SOC is used in ethics training, and AAR is applied to ethical decision-making (EDM). Design/methodology/approach – A framework of ethics training and a framework of EDM for construction companies have been developed. Interviews were conducted with experienced construction engineers and PhD ethicians to test the validity of the EDM framework. Findings – Literature review has been conducted in ethical issues, ethics training and EDM, leading to the developments of the frameworks. The framework of ethics training incorporates SOC to reflect the ethicality and personality traits. The framework of EDM is based on AAR, combined with a stakeholder approach and Kohlberg’s cognitive moral development theory, with a review from EDM models in business. Both frameworks include project-level component to reflect the unique feature of the construction industry. The framework of EDM showed a good practicality through the interviews on an ethical dilemma example. Research limitations/implications – For the ethics training framework, a long-term observation or survey should be accompanied to evaluate the framework in detail, tracing the improvement of ethicalness of course participants. Practical implications – The customized ethics training will be more efficient and effective, as it considers individual ethicality. The scoring system of the EDM framework is simple and practical. This is particularly relevant for construction ethics management, considering that most of construction practitioners are engineers, not philosophers or psychologists. Originality/value – Applying causality concepts, SOC and AAR, to construction ethics is a novel approach in construction management. This research has made a good advancement in construction ethics management by providing the right directions to be explored in these new areas.
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Liu, Yi, Zhou Shi, Ganlin Zhang, Yiyun Chen, Shuo Li, Yongshen Hong, Tiezhu Shi, Junjie Wang i Yaolin Liu. "Application of Spectrally Derived Soil Type as Ancillary Data to Improve the Estimation of Soil Organic Carbon by Using the Chinese Soil Vis-NIR Spectral Library". Remote Sensing 10, nr 11 (6.11.2018): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10111747.
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Ancillary data, such as soil type, may improve the visible and near-infrared (vis-NIR) estimation of soil organic carbon (SOC); however, they require data collection or expert knowledge. The application of a national soil spectral library to local SOC estimations usually requires soil type information, because the relationships between vis-NIR spectra and SOC from different populations may vary. Using 515 samples of five soil types (genetic soil classification of China, GSCC) from the Chinese soil spectral library (CSSL), we compared three strategies in the vis-NIR estimation of SOC. Different regression models were calibrated using the entire dataset (Strategy I, without using soil type as ancillary data) and the subsets stratified by soil type from CSSL as ancillary data (strategies II and III). In Strategy II, the subsets were stratified by soil type from the CSSL for validation. In Strategy III, the subsets were stratified by spectrally derived soil type for validation. The results showed that 86.72% of the samples were successfully discriminated for the soil types by using the vis-NIR spectra. The coefficients of determination in the prediction ( R p 2 ) of SOC estimation by strategies I, II, and III were 0.74, 0.83, and 0.82, respectively. The stratified calibration strategies (strategies II and III) improved the vis-NIR estimation of SOC. The misclassification of the soil type in the application of Strategy III slightly affected the SOC estimations. Nevertheless, this strategy is inexpensive and beneficial when expert knowledge on soil classification is lacking. We concluded that vis-NIR spectroscopy could be applied to distinguish some soil types in terms of GSCC, which further provided essential and easily accessible ancillary data for the application of stratified calibration strategies in the vis-NIR estimation of SOC.
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Wu, Longxing, Kai Liu, Hui Pang i Jiamin Jin. "Online SOC Estimation Based on Simplified Electrochemical Model for Lithium-Ion Batteries Considering Current Bias". Energies 14, nr 17 (25.08.2021): 5265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175265.
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State of Charge (SOC) is essential for a smart Battery Management System (BMS). Traditional SOC estimation methods of lithium-ion batteries are usually conducted using battery equivalent circuit models (ECMs) and the impact of current sensor bias on SOC estimation is rarely considered. For this reason, this paper proposes an online SOC estimation based on a simplified electrochemical model (EM) for lithium-ion batteries considering sensor bias. In EM-based SOC estimation structure, the errors from the current sensor bias are addressed by proportional–integral observer. Then, the accuracy of the proposed EM-based SOC estimation is validated under different operating conditions. The results indicate that the proposed method has good performance and high accuracy in SOC estimation for lithium-ion batteries, which facilitates the on-board application in advanced BMS.
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Weber, Robert, Christina Schubert, Barbara Poisl i Karl-Heinz Pettinger. "Analyzing Experimental Design and Input Data Variation of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Model". Batteries 9, nr 2 (9.02.2023): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020122.
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Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) are a fertile energy storage technology especially for customized storage applications with special energy and power requirements. The dimensioning and control of these storages is mostly calculated beforehand using battery models in embedded simulation structures. To cover various stack designs, chemistries, application strategies and system architectures, battery simulation models should be validated with different experimental input data and thus show universal functionality. In this study the functionality of a grey box VRFB model using current, voltage and state of charge (SOC) of a 10 kW/100 kWh VRFB as input data are validated for an adapted input data set using of a 5 kW/10 kWh VRFB. This model is designed for stationary applications of VRFB only. The contribution of this study is (i) to apply a suitable SOC conversion method to the raw data from the used 5 kW VRFB system, (ii) to adapt the modeling code for broader use and integration of the SOC conversion, (iii) to validate the functionality and (iv) to investigate the influence of constant current and constant voltage phases in the raw data on the accuracy of the model. A comparison of experimental data between different redox flow batteries shows that most VRFB measure the open circuit voltage (OCV) to calculate the SOC of the battery. Using the calculated SOC as an input data the proposed simulation model need to be adapted and a method is applied to use OCV input data for model validation. Although simulation models in general often assume linearity between SOC and OCV, the study showed sufficient accuracy using polynomic fitting of second order. Applying a parametrization process the results of the simulation model are compared to the raw data and the scope of application of the grey box VRFB model is defined. While using the dominant constant current phase for the charging and discharging cycle, the grey box simulation model has been sufficiently parametrized and validated for adapted input data.
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Torri, Silvana I., Rodrigo Studart Corrêa i Giancarlo Renella. "Soil Carbon Sequestration Resulting from Biosolids Application". Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/821768.
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Carbon (C) sequestration in soils through the increase of the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool has generated broad interest to mitigate the effects of climate change. Biosolids soil application may represent a persistent increase in the SOC pool. While a vast literature is available on the value of biosolids as a soil conditioner or nutrient source in agricultural systems, there is still limited knowledge on soil sequestration mechanisms of biosolids-borne C or the main factors influencing this capacity. The emerging challenges posed by global environmental changes and the stringent needs to enhance C storage call for more research on the potential of soil biosolids incorporation as a sustainable C storage practice. This review addresses the potential of C sequestration of agricultural soils and opencast mines amended with biosolids and its biological regulation.