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Sheikhizadeh, Siavash, i Samin Hosseini. "SMOTER, A Structured Motif Finder Based on an Exhaustive Tree-Based Algorithm". Current Bioinformatics 9, nr 1 (31.01.2014): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574893608999140109122231.
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Grušovnik, Tomaž. "Freirejeva Pedagogika zatiranih petdeset let pozneje". Andragoška spoznanja 28, nr 2 (21.10.2022): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as/11440.
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Glavni poudarki Pedagogike zatiranih Paula Freireja vključujejo samouresničenje kot smoter človekovega življenja, opredelitev zatiralskih elit, ki to milijonom zatiranih preprečujejo, ter idejo, da je modus operandi moderne šole prav utrjevanje zatiranja s tem, ko učence pasivizira. Podobno kot Ivan Illich je bil tudi Freire prepričan, da bo urok dominacije odpravljen, če se bodo ljudje aktivno samouresničevali, a nove oblike tržne ekonomije to predpostavko na žalost postavljajo pod vprašaj, saj novi načini kapitalistične produkcije presežne vrednosti temeljijo natanko na samouresničevanju posameznikov. Zdi se tudi, da v razvitih družbah ne potrebujemo toliko pedagogike zatiranih kot prej pedagogiko zatiralcev. Toda rešitve teh problemov gre iskati znotraj Freirejevega okvira in ne mimo njega.
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Ni, Katherine, Binhuan Wang, Alissa R. Link i Scott E. Sherman. "Does Smoking Intensity Predict Cessation Rates? A Study of Light-Intermittent, Light-Daily, and Heavy Smokers Enrolled in Two Telephone-Based Counseling Interventions". Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, nr 3 (11.12.2018): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty257.
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Abstract Introduction Though many interventions have been shown to be effective in helping smokers quit, outcomes may differ between light and heavy smokers. We identified differences in baseline characteristics and post-intervention cessation rates among smoker groups at two safety-net hospitals. Methods We retrospectively analyzed cessation rates in 1604 patients randomized to either a quitline referral (1–2 telephone counseling sessions) or intensive counseling program (seven telephone sessions). Participants were stratified into light-intermittent (smoked on ≤24 of last 30 days), light-daily (smoked on >24/30 days, 1–9 cigarettes per day [CPD]), or heavy smokers (smoked on >24/30 days, ≥10 CPD). We compared baseline characteristics between smoker types using chi-squared tests, then identified predictors of 30-day abstinence using a multivariable model. Results Compared with light-daily and light-intermittent smokers, heavy smokers were more likely to be white, male, concomitant e-cigarette users, to have high-risk alcohol use, to have used quitting aids previously, to have current or lifetime substance use (excluding cannabis), and have lower confidence in quitting. However, in multivariable analysis, smoker type was not significantly associated with cessation. The statistically significant predictors of cessation at 6 months were higher confidence in quitting and enrollment in the intensive counseling intervention. Conclusions Smoker type (light-intermittent, light-daily, or heavy) does not independently predict success in a cessation program. However, smoker type is strongly associated with patients’ confidence in quitting, which may be one predictor of cessation. Implications This study of two safety-net hospitals emphasizes that the number of cigarettes smoked per day does not independently predict smoking cessation. Additionally, heavy smokers are at highest risk for the detrimental health effects of tobacco, yet have lower confidence and motivation to quit. Confidence in quitting may be one factor that affects cessation rates; however, further study is needed to identify which other attributes predict cessation. These findings suggest that smoker type may still be a useful proxy for predicting cessation and that interventions specifically designed for and validated in heavy smokers are needed to better aid these individuals.
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Romero, Devan R., Kim Pulvers, Taneisha S. Scheuermann i Jasjit S. Ahluwalia. "Psychosocial and Behavioral Characteristics among Subgroups of Nondaily College Student Smokers". Tobacco Use Insights 7 (styczeń 2014): TUI.S13440. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/tui.s13440.
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Nondaily smoking is becoming common in young adults and there appear to be different characteristics associated with past month smoking frequency among nondaily smokers. The present study examines behavioral and psychosocial correlates of smoking among subgroups of nondaily college student smokers ( N = 80; 18–25 years of age) attending a large, public university. Nondaily smokers were categorized based on the frequency of days smoked in the past month and were divided into two subgroups: 1–5 days and 6–29 days. A quarter of nondaily smokers considered themselves as a smoker and significantly more 6–29 nondaily smokers were identified as a smoker and smoked more cigarettes per day (CPD). Almost half (45%) of nondaily smokers have attempted to quit smoking completely and 71% of the 6–29 nondaily smokers reported significantly higher quit attempts. The 6–29 nondaily smokers had significantly higher perceived risk related to smoking. Self-efficacy to abstain from smoking was significantly higher for 1–5 nondaily smokers. These results suggest heterogeneity among subgroups of nondaily college student smokers exists in a number of behavioral and psychosocial factors. Prevention and cessation strategies may be improved by considering frequency of nondaily smoking and targeting subgroups differently.
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Thomas, Janet L., Robyn M. Scherber, Diana W. Stewart, Ian M. Lynam, Christine M. Daley i Jasjit S. Ahluwalia. "Targeting African American Nonsmokers to Motivate Smokers to Quit: A Qualitative Inquiry". Health Education & Behavior 37, nr 5 (październik 2010): 680–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198110363881.
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African Americans bear a disproportionate health burden from smoking but are less likely than other populations to engage in cessation treatment. Intervening on adult nonsmokers residing with a smoker might represent an innovative approach to motivate smokers to engage in smoking behavior change. Twelve focus groups were conducted with African American smokers (four groups, n = 27), nonsmokers (four groups, n = 26) and pairs of cohabitating smokers and nonsmokers (four groups, n = 22) to assess attitudes and/or beliefs regarding engaging a nonsmoker in the home in smoking behavior change efforts. Participants ( N = 75) were middle-aged (45.1 ±3.7 years) females (68.0%) with 11.8 ±1.5 years of education. Smokers smoked 14.9 ±11.3 cigarettes per day, made 3.0 ±4.4 quit attempts in the past year, and are interested in receiving cessation assistance from a nonsmoker in their home. African American nonsmokers living with a smoker may be an appropriate target group to motivate smoking behavior change in the smoker. Suggestions for future research considerations are provided.
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Yudi, Matias B., Omar Farouque, Nick Andrianopoulos, Andrew E. Ajani, Katie Kalten, Angela L. Brennan, Jeffrey Lefkovits i in. "The prognostic significance of smoking cessation after acute coronary syndromes: an observational, multicentre study from the Melbourne interventional group registry". BMJ Open 7, nr 10 (październik 2017): e016874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016874.
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ObjectiveWe aim to ascertain the prognostic significance of persistent smoking and smoking cessation after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the era of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and optimal secondary prevention pharmacotherapy.MethodsConsecutive patients from the Melbourne Interventional Group registry (2005–2013) who were alive at 30 days post-ACS presentation were included in our observational cohort study. Patients were divided into four categories based on their smoking status: non-smoker; ex-smoker (quit >1 month before ACS); recent quitter (smoker at presentation but quit by 30 days) and persistent smoker (smoker at presentation and at 30 days). The primary endpoint was survival ascertained through the Australian National Death Index linkage. A Cox-proportional hazards model was used to estimate the adjusted HR and 95% CI for survival.ResultsOf the 9375 patients included, 2728 (29.1%) never smoked, 3712 (39.6%) were ex-smokers, 1612 (17.2%) were recent quitters and 1323 (14.1%) were persistent smokers. Cox-proportional hazard modelling revealed, compared with those who had never smoked, that persistent smoking (HR 1.78, 95% CI 1.36 to 2.32, p<0.001) was an independent predictor of increased hazard (mean follow-up 3.9±2.2 years) while being a recent quitter (HR 1.27, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.68, p=0.10) or an ex-smoker (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.22, p=0.72) were not.ConclusionsIn a contemporary cohort of patients with ACS, those who continued to smoke had an 80% risk of lower survival while those who quit had comparable survival to lifelong non-smokers. This underscores the importance of smoking cessation in secondary prevention despite the improvement in management of ACS with PCI and pharmacotherapy.
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Rout, Subhashree, Pradeep Kumar Mallick, Annapareddy V. N. Reddy i Sachin Kumar. "A Tailored Particle Swarm and Egyptian Vulture Optimization-Based Synthetic Minority-Oversampling Technique for Class Imbalance Problem". Information 13, nr 8 (15.08.2022): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13080386.
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Class imbalance is one of the significant challenges in classification problems. The uneven distribution of data samples in different classes may occur due to human error, improper/unguided collection of data samples, etc. The uneven distribution of class samples among classes may affect the classification accuracy of the developed model. The main motivation behind this study is the design and development of methodologies for handling class imbalance problems. In this study, a new variant of the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) has been proposed with the hybridization of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Egyptian vulture (EV). The proposed method has been termed SMOTE-PSOEV in this study. The proposed method generates an optimized set of synthetic samples from traditional SMOTE and augments the five datasets for verification and validation. The SMOTE-PSOEV is then compared with existing SMOTE variants, i.e., Tomek Link, Borderline SMOTE1, Borderline SMOTE2, Distance SMOTE, and ADASYN. After data augmentation to the minority classes, the performance of SMOTE-PSOEV has been evaluated using support vector machine (SVM), Naïve Bayes (NB), and k-nearest-neighbor (k-NN) classifiers. The results illustrate that the proposed models achieved higher accuracy than existing SMOTE variants.
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Widhya Hana Sundari, Cok Dewi. "GAMBARAN KADAR KOLESTEROL LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (LDL) PADA PEROKOK AKTIF DI BANJAR TAMAN DESA DARMASABA KECAMATAN ABIANSEMAL BADUNG". Meditory : The Journal of Medical Laboratory 6, nr 2 (7.01.2019): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.33992/m.v6i2.465.
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Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is a lipoprotein compound that has low-density. Smoking activity can increase LDL cholesterol levels. The nicotine compound in cigarettes can increase the oxidation of LDL cholesterol that will cause atherosclerosis. This research used descriptive study. The purposed of this study was to known about the level of LDL cholesterol in active smoker serum at areas Banjar Taman, Darmasaba Village, Abiansemal, Badung. Sampels in this research are males active smoker aged 18 years old and over which amount to 30 sampels. That sampling using accidental sampling. Examination of LDL cholesterol using Calculated method. The result of LDL concentration on this research based on the characteristics of the respondens such as: normal concentration of LDL on the group of 18-40 years (60%), with time period of smoked less than 5 years (53.4%) and the light smokers category (36 , 7%). Concentration of LDL exceeded the normal limits found on the group of 18-40 years (23.3%), smoked with 6 until 10 years period have 16.7% and category of light smokers (26.7 %). The conclusion of this research , were: 66.7% have normal levels and 33.3% with over normal limits. Active smokers were expected to reduce or stop smoked habits for the better health quality.
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Smoter, Katarzyna. "O potrzebie wspierania rozwoju kompetencji międzykulturowych i medialnych w kształceniu nauczycieli – w poszukiwaniu rozwiązań". Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja 14, nr 2 (15.06.2018): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/kse.2018.14.8.
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Smoter Katarzyna, O potrzebie wspierania rozwoju kompetencji międzykulturowych i medialnych w kształceniu nauczycieli – w poszukiwaniu rozwiązań [On the need to support the development of intercultural and media competences in the education of teachers – in search of solutions]. Kultura – Społeczeństwo – Edukacja nr 2(14) 2018, Poznań 2018, pp. 99–109, Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-0422. DOI 10.14746/kse.2018.14.8.
Today, a characteristic feature of life is contact (direct or via media) with “otherness” and the “Other” – ethnically, religiously, nationally. The issue of the links between multiculturalism and the media is essential for education, but it does not seem to be sufficiently taken into account in the formal education of teachers. Therefore, the article addressed the issue of shaping media competences and intercultural competences of teachers, indicating the need to include both these issues in an integral manner. It has become important to consider the dimensions of these competences – cognitive, pragmatic and emotional – as well as to show the issues that should be present in the education of teaching staff. This type of approach seems to meet the requirements relating to the dynamically forming “knowledge-based society and “multicultural society”.
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Popa, Mihaela Diana, Adelina Cheveresan, Amadeus Dobrescu, Iulia Cristina Bagiu, Delia-Ioana Horhat, Razvan Susan, Simona Popescu i in. "Time Trends Regarding the Association Between Drug and Tabacco Consumption Among Students from the West Part of Romania. A transversal population study". Revista de Chimie 70, nr 1 (15.02.2019): 118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.1.6863.
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The present research was conducted in order to investigate the tobacco smoker status and intensity in relation to marijuana consumption in students of Timis County, Romania. The representative sample of 2076 students in Timis county, 62.49% girls and 37.51% boys, with the mean age of 21.09 years, was included into a transversal populational study. The sample included 31.1% tobacco smokers and 67.5% nonsmokers. Regarding the tobacco smoking intensity during the previous month, 11.4% smoked between 1-5 cigarettes a day, 8% smoked between 6 and 10 cigarettes a day, 12% smoked more than 10 cigarettes a day, the consumption being significantly higher in boys than in girls. Tobacco smoker students consumed marijuana 8.3 times more frequently than nonsmokers. Heavy smoking students were more frequently marijuana co-users than those smoking tobacco at medium intensity. Tobacco smoker students consumed marijuana 11.44 times more frequently during the prevuious 30 days as compared to nonsmoker students.
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Meutchieye, Felix, Henri Grisseur Djoukeng, Youssouf Jamilou Ngouyamsa i Yacouba Manjeli. "Description of Freshwater Fish Traditional Smoking in the Western Region, Cameroon". Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology 14, nr 1 (10.03.2021): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/cajeb.v14i1.7.
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Western Cameroon is one of the regions most in needs of innovative and healthy solutions for freshwater fish conservation. This study aimed at evaluating the socio-economical characteristics of fish smokers and technical factors on the species smoked in the Noun Division. A total of 91 fish smokers were chosen. The socio-economic data were on age, gender, religion, number of dependents, marital status, ethnic group, education level, economic activities, smoking goals and workforce. The results of this study showed that fish smoking is practiced mainly by women (70%) which is common in Sub Sahara Africa small scale fish sector. The smokers are aged from 20 to 50 years (80%), married (92.2%) and taking care of a family of 1 to 10 persons (80%). These smokers are Muslim (74%), belonging to the Bamoun ethnic group (81%). They were also involved in other activities: agriculture (29%) and trade (1%). About 67% of the sampled smokers’ population had an experience of more than 10 years in the domain. The Purpose of smoking was largely sales (97%) and subsistence (3%). Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was the most smoked species (36%), followed by African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) with a proportion of 32%. The average quantity of fresh fish smoked was 110 kg/day/smoker, with Oreochromis niloticus being more produced (60±4.74 kg/day/smoker). With regard to the smoking techniques used, hygiene measures were poorly respected. The major constraints revealed by the survey were that freshwater’s traditional fish smoking activities in Noun Division are influenced by gender, economic and cultural background. There is a lack of technical support material and financial means. Any implications for future investigations on health and food safety will be suitable for fresh fish smokers and the entire consumers.
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Hämynen, Heikki, Erkki Vartiainen, Timo Sahi, Unto Pallonen i Jukka T. Salonen. "Social, Personality and Environmental Determinants of Smoking in Young Finnish Men". Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine 15, nr 4 (grudzień 1987): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/140349488701500403.
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The study was based on 471 males, aged 19 to 20 years, who started their compulsory military service in three military bases in Southwest, Southeast and Northern Finland in February 1982. Of these subjects 48% smoked regularly and had smoked in the past three weeks. The correlation between the reported number of cigarettes smoked a day and serum thiocyanate was 0.60. Seventy-four per cent of the subjects whose best friend smoked, were current smokers compared with 24% of the others. Proportion of smokers was higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Among the 14 explanatory variables in the multivariate logistic analysis, family members' and friends' smoking, the place of residence, strenuousness of leisure-time physical activities, number of friends, rebelliousness, intelligence test score, and general pessimism were most strongly associated with the likelihood of being a current smoker. The model explained 87% of the smoking variance.
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Klemperer, Elias M., John R. Hughes, Peter W. Callas, Julia C. West i Andrea C. Villanti. "Tobacco and Nicotine Use Among US Adult “Never Smokers” in Wave 4 (2016–2018) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study". Nicotine & Tobacco Research 23, nr 7 (12.01.2021): 1199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntab009.
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Abstract Introduction A common criterion for being labeled a “never smoker” is having smoked <100 lifetime cigarettes. This category is often used as an unexposed reference group to estimate the relative harm from cigarettes. We examined the amount of current and past cigarette and non-cigarette tobacco/nicotine use among adults who met this “never smoker” criterion. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional data from 17 179 adult “never smokers” (ie, reported <100 lifetime cigarettes) in Wave 4 (2016–2018) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, a United States nationally representative sample. We used PATH-derived variables to describe “never smokers’” demographics as well as cigarette and non-cigarette tobacco/nicotine use. Results Approximately half of “never smokers” were young adults (49.3%). Most were white (68.6%) with some college or more (64.4%). Most “never smokers” had tried any cigarette or non-cigarette tobacco/nicotine in their lifetime (66.7%), 8.5% smoked cigarettes in the past 30 days, and 5.3% were current experimental (ie, some days or every day) cigarette smokers. By definition, “never smokers” reported smoking <100 lifetime cigarettes. One fifth (22.8%) had a lifetime history of established regular non-cigarette tobacco/nicotine use and 8.6% were current established regular non-cigarette tobacco/nicotine users. In total, 9.4% of “never smokers” were current experimental or established regular users of combustible tobacco. Conclusions The 100-cigarette lifetime threshold includes substantial amounts of current and past tobacco use and thus does not represent lack of exposure to cigarette or non-cigarette tobacco. “Never smoker” reference groups may produce underestimates of the relative harms from cigarettes. Implications The <100 lifetime cigarettes criterion may not capture what many would consider true “never smokers.” Relying on the current definition of “never smokers” as a reference group will include a substantial number of those currently and recently using combustible tobacco and thus produce data that may underestimate the relative harm from cigarettes. Prospective longitudinal research is needed to compare how the 100-cigarette lifetime threshold versus other definitions of regular cigarette smoking differ in predictive validity of clinically meaningful outcomes and health harms to determine the optimal criteria to define established cigarette smoking.
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Fawns-Ritchie, Chloe, John M. Starr i Ian J. Deary. "Health literacy, cognitive ability and smoking: a cross-sectional analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing". BMJ Open 8, nr 10 (październik 2018): e023929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023929.
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ObjectivesWe used logistic regression to investigate whether health literacy and cognitive ability independently predicted whether participants have ever smoked and, in ever smokers, whether participants still smoked nowadays.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThis study used data from Wave 2 (2004–05) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, which is a cohort study of adults who live in England and who, at baseline, were aged 50 years and older.Participants8734 (mean age=65.31 years, SD=10.18) English Longitudinal Study of Ageing participants who answered questions about their current and past smoking status, and completed cognitive ability and health literacy tests at Wave 2.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measures were whether participants reported ever smoking at Wave 2 and whether ever smokers reported still smoking at Wave 2.ResultsIn models adjusting for age, sex, age left full-time education and occupational social class, limited health literacy (OR=1.096, 95% CI 0.988 to 1.216) and higher general cognitive ability (OR=1.000, 95% CI 0.945 to 1.057) were not associated with reporting ever smoking. In ever smokers, limited compared with adequate health literacy was associated with greater odds of being a current smoker (OR=1.194, 95% CI 1.034 to 1.378) and a 1 SD higher general cognitive ability score was associated with reduced odds of being a current smoker (OR=0.878, 95% CI 0.810 to 0.951), when adjusting for age, sex, age left full-time education and occupational social class.ConclusionsWhen adjusting for education and occupation variables, this study found that health literacy and cognitive ability were independently associated with whether ever smokers continued to smoke nowadays, but not with whether participants had ever smoked.
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García-Domene, Mari Carmen, María Josefa Luque-Cobija, Dolores de Fez i María Amparo Díez-Ajenjo. "Chromatic Contrast Sensitivity Functions and Colour Discrimination in Smoker Patients". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 12 (7.06.2022): 6991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19126991.
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In this study, effects of smoking on colour vision with the Farnsworth–Munsell 100 Hue test (FM100h) and achromatic (A), red-green (RG), and blue-yellow (BY) contrast sensitivity functions were evaluated. In total, 50 non-smoker controls and 25 smokers, divided into two groups (group 1, less than 10 cigarettes per day, with 15 patients, and group 2, >10 cigarettes per day, with 10 patients) took part in the experiments. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), FM100h, and A, RG, and BY contrast sensitivity functions were measured. Total and partial RG and BY error scores (TES and PTES) and colour axis index (CA) were used in the analysis. No differences between smoker and non-smoker groups were found in BCVA, CA and A and BY contrast sensitivity, but TES and PTES values and RG contrast sensitivity at 1 cpd were statistically different. Differences between smoker groups were not significant. Error scores in smokers were positively correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked per day, and in BY also with age. Tobacco caused discrimination losses in both chromatic mechanisms but affected the red-green pathway more than the blue-yellow, and therefore, a partial RG score of FM100h test seems to be a good predictor of smoker colour deficiencies.
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Yalcin, Bektas Murat, Tugba Kertmen i Muge Ustaoglu. "Smoking Cessation Rates among Pregnant Women and Their Relapse Rates in the Postpartum Period in Samsun". Journal of Respiration 3, nr 3 (5.07.2023): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jor3030012.
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Objective: This research aimed to determine the smoking frequency and smoking-related gestational and postpartum health problems in our study population. We investigated the quit rate during pregnancy and relapse after giving birth. The study was conducted in two university family health centers. A total of 270 women aged 18–45 with children were included in the study. Following receipt of verbal consent, the cases’ demographic data, previous obstetric information, smoking status, and gestational weight gain (GWG) were collected through face-to-face interviews and electronic records. The participants’ mean age was 35.75 ± 6.9 years and 28.1% were current smokers. Forty-one participants (16%) smoked during pregnancy, while the secondhand smoking rate was 30%. Ex-smokers experienced greater GWG (17.5 ± 1.7 kg (p = 0.003)) than current smokers and non-smokers. Small gestational age (SGA) and health problems in the first year of life were more frequent in the babies of smoker mothers (p < 0.05). The relapse rate was 81.4%, and the mean relapse interval was 13.9 ± 1.85 months. Having a smoker spouse (0.42 Exp(B), p = 0.035) and high GWG (0.98 Exp(B), p = 0.01) were identified as independent risk factors for relapse. Our results indicate that many of the smoker women quit during pregnancy. Special interventions may increase the quitting rate in pregnancy and reduce the subsequent relapse rate.
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Kayali, Seyma, i Fadime Demir. "The effects of cigarette smoking on ventricular repolarization in adolescents". Einstein (São Paulo) 15, nr 3 (wrzesień 2017): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082017ao3945.
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ABSTRACT Objective To assess the association between cigarette smoking and ventricular arrhythmias in adolescents. Novel electrocardiographic parameters –Tp-e interval, as well as Tpe/QT and Tpe/QTc ratios – were used to make this assessment. Methods The study population consisted of 87 subjects aged between 16-19 years. Fifty-one adolescent smokers with no risk of arrhythmia comprised the Smoker Group, and 36 adolescents who had never smoked cigarettes comprised the Control Group. Smokers were defined as patients smoking more than three cigarettes per day, for at least 1 year. Body mass index, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures were measured, and electrocardiograms were performed on all subjects. Heart rate, PR and Tp-e intervals, and Tpe/QT, Tpe/QTc ratio were digitally measured. Results Adolescents in Smoker Group had smoked cigarettes for 2.9±1.4 years (range 1 to 6 years). The mean age at starting smoking was 13.8±1.4 years. There were no differences between smokers and Control Group as to baseline clinical variables (p>0.05). The PR, QT and QTc intervals were similar in all groups. Tp-e interval (98.4±12.7ms and 78.3±6.9 ms; p<0.001), Tpe/QT (0.28±0.04 and 22±0.03; p<0.01), Tpe/QTc (0.24±0.03 and 0.19±0.01; p<0.001) ratios were significantly higher in Smoker Group. There were no correlations between years of smoking, number of cigarettes per day, Tpe interval, Tpe/QT or Tpe/QTc ratios. Conclusion Cigarette smoking is associated with risk of ventricular arrhytmogenesis with prolonged Tp-e interval and increased Tpe/QT and Tpe/QTc ratios in adolescents.
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Ilmaskal, Radian, Yayi Suryo Prabandari i Trisno Agung Wibowo. "Implementasi peraturan daerah kawasan tanpa rokok Kota Padang Panjang". Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat 33, nr 5 (1.05.2017): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/bkm.11716.
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Evaluation of the implementation of the regional regulation of smoke free areas in Padang Panjang cityPurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the implementation of the regional regulation of smoke free areas (SFAs) in Padang Panjang city.MethodsThis research was a mixed method study with a sequential explanatory design. Accidental sampling was used to select the respondents. Respondents were smokers and non-smokers between 15-50 years of age living in Padang Panjang city since 2009. Informants for the qualitative data were district government authorities, community leaders and non-governmental organizations selected by purposive random sampling. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, while qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis. The study was conducted in April-June 2015.ResultsCompared to previous surveys in 2007, 2011 and 2013, smoking prevalence did not decrease in Padang Panjang city. Key informants suggested commitment to SFAs regulation decreased when the mayor changed, since the new mayor is a smoker. The majority of respondents (94%) supported the SFAs regulation, about 90% had not smoked in SFAs and more than 50% of smokers had not smoked in the smoking rooms such as in market (82%) and bus station (78%).ConclusionIt is suggested for the government improve promotion of SFAs regulation, raise awareness of dangers of smoking in markets, public transportation and other public spaces and improve the regulation so its qualification is everyone who wants to be a leader has to be a non smoker.
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Rachmat, Muhammad, Nur Arifah, Tanti Asrianti, Andi Tenri Awaru, Muliati Hidayat, Masriadi Masriadi i Sitti Andriani Anwar. "Smoking Characteristics on Junior High School Students: A Cross-Sectional Study". Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, T2 (25.10.2020): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.5211.
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BACKGROUNG: The age of new smokers has shifted to a younger age group. Smoking has become a trend among teenagers.
AIM: The purpose of this study was to obtain a description of the characteristics of junior high school teenagers with smoking habit.
METHODS: This research was a survey with cross-sectional observational study design. Respondents were male and female students in two public Junior High Schools in Makassar City, Indonesia. 1062 students were chosen, 473 were male students and 589 were female students. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Univariate analysis was conducted to see the characteristics of respondents.
RESULTS: The results showed 18.4% respondents never smoked with details of 39.4% male students and 1.5% female students. Students who ever smoked, as many as 26.7% are still smoking until currently with details of 28% male students and 1.5% female. As many as 11.3% of students had low knowledge about smoking, 27.8% interacted with peers who smokes, 17.3% lived with parents who smokes, and 18.8% interacted with tobacco advertising.
CONCLUSIONS: Teen smokers have the potential to become long-term smokers. The high number of teenage smokers will worsen the public health situation. Therefore, health promotion for prevention and intervention of smoking behavior in schools needs to be done intensively.
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Feeney, Sabina, i Brian Hallahan. "Tobacco smoking and mental illness: important considerations". Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 28, nr 1 (marzec 2011): i—v. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700012027.
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Tobacco smoking is a contributory factor in the death of 50% of individuals who are regular or heavy smokers (The Office of Tobacco Control Ireland defines a regular smoker as someone who smokes 11-20 per day and a heavy smoker as someone who smokes 21 or more cigarettes per day). The World Health Organisation (WHO) regards tobacco smoking as the leading preventable cause of death worldwide. In Ireland, approximately 750,000 people smoke tobacco regularly (23.5% of the population) with 7,000 Irish people dying annually from smoking-related causes. Although there are no exact figures for prevalence rates of smoking in individuals with mental illness in Ireland, international studies unequivocally state that the prevalence of smoking is significantly higher in those with mental illness, with greater nicotine intake and increased prevalence of nicotine dependence also reported. Furthermore people with mental illness experience greater withdrawal symptoms and have lower cessation rates when attempting to stop smoking compared to the general population.
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KARTAL, Zeynep, i Semra KOCATAŞ. "Comparison of Prenatal Attachment Levels in Smoking and Non-Smoking Pregnant Women". Bağımlılık Dergisi 24, nr 4 (29.12.2023): 514–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1265495.
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Objective: This study aimed to compare prenatal attachment levels between smoker and non-smoker pregnant women.
Method: In this comparative-descriptive study, a total of 160 pregnant women (80 smokers-80 non-smokers), who were between 18-35 years of age, had their first pregnancy, were at or above 20 weeks of gestation, and had no chronic health problems or communication problems, among the pregnant women who applied to Family Health Centers for pregnancy follow-up. The data were collected using a Participant Screening Form, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, Prenatal Attachment Inventory.
Results: Although there was no significant difference, it was determined that the attachment scores of non-smokers were higher than those of smokers. A negative correlation was found between nicotine addiction levels and mother-infant attachment levels of pregnant smokers. Bivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the effect of smoking during pregnancy on prenatal mother-infant attachment (Odds Ratio=0.010; p=0.999) was insignificant.
Conclusion: Although the effect of smoking during pregnancy on prenatal attachment was insignificant, it was revealed that the nicotine addiction of pregnant women who smoked during pregnancy reduced prenatal attachment. Strengthening prenatal attachment may be a promising new approach to interventions for smoking cessation during pregnancy. At the same time, not smoking during pregnancy can strengthen prenatal attachment.
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Zhang, Yuhan, Jiayu Wang, Keying Lai, Hankun Bian, Haide Chen i Lingfeng Gao. "Socializing with Smoker and Social Smoking Behavior among Chinese Male Smokers with Low Nicotine Dependence: The Mediating Roles of Belief of Smoking Rationalization and Smoker Identity". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 22 (10.11.2022): 14765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214765.
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Background: Previous studies have shown that socializing with other smokers is an essential trigger for social smoking among smokers with a low nicotine dependence. This study further explored the mediating effects of the belief of smoking rationalization and smoker identity on the relationship between socializing with smokers and social smoking behavior. Methods: A cross-sectional design was conducted. A total of 696 low-nicotine-dependent smokers in China completed questionnaires that assessed socializing with smokers, social smoking behavior, smoker identity, and the belief of smoking rationalization. The mediating roles of the belief of smoking rationalization and smoker identity on the relationship between socializing with smokers and social smoking behavior were assessed by using SPSS 23 and AMOS 23. Results: The belief of smoking rationalization, smoker identity, socializing with smokers, and social smoking behavior were significantly and positively correlated with each other. In addition, this study found an independently mediated role for smoker identity in the relationship with smoker socialization and social smoking behavior, and a sequentially mediated role for smoking rationalization and smoker identity in this relationship. Conclusion: Reducing the belief of smoking rationalization and smoker identity may be conducive to reducing social smoking behavior for low-nicotine-dependent smokers when socializing with other smokers.
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Solak, İbrahim, Aziz Kara, Bahadır Öztürk, İbrahim Güney i Mehmet Ali Eryılmaz. "Effects of Smoking on Volume, Conductivity and Scatter Parameters of Leukocytes". Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine 9, nr 1 (31.03.2020): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33880/ejfm.2020090102.
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Aim: In this study, we aimed to determine changes in leukocytes volume, conductivity and scatter parameters in smokers compared to non-smokers. Methods: A total of 117 individuals (45 smokers and 72 non-smokers) were included in the study. While those who smoked at least 10 pack-years were included in the case group, those who never smoked at all were included in the control group. Results: While there was a statistically significant difference in mean neutrophil volume, mean neutrophil conductivity, mean lymphocyte conductivity, mean lymphocyte scatter, mean monocyte volume, mean monocyte conductivity, mean monocyte scatter, mean eosinophil conductivity values between the two groups, there was no statistically significant difference in mean neutrophil scatter, mean lymphocyte volume, mean eosinophil volume, mean eosinophil scatter values between the two groups. Conclusion: This study showed that smoking affected volume, conductivity and scatter parameters. Clinicians should consider whether the patient smokes if they want to diagnose any diseases using volume, conductivity and scatter parameters. Keywords: smoking, leukocytes, conductivity, scattering, neutrophils
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Prado, Renata Falchete do, Alessandra Manchini Cardoso Tarallo, Luana Marotta Reis de Vasconcellos, Alecsandro Moura Silva, Lafayette Nogueira Junior, Guilherme de Siqueira Ferreira Anzaloni Saavedra, Renato Sussumo Nishioka i Alexandre Luiz Souto Borges. "Gene expression in implant surgery patients: a description of bone and inflammation markers". Research, Society and Development 10, nr 3 (22.03.2021): e46910313650. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i3.13650.
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This research describes the gene expression of molecules related to inflammation and bone metabolism in all patients submitted to dental implant surgery attended at a Brazilian institution. A convenience sample was collected over 2 years. The bone samples were processed for extraction of total RNA and reverse transcription of cDNA. Relative quantification by real-time polymerase chain reaction of target genes was performed. The sample was characterized demographically and according heath conditions. The patients were grouped. The control group was composed of 17 healthy patients, 6 patients were included in the antihypertensive therapy group, 3 were smokers, another 3 were smokers and were under antihypertensive treatment, and 3 were ex-smokers (smoked for 10 years but had quit for at least 5 years). The ex-smoker group presented the highest values, and the Hypertensive group presented the lowest values of Macrophage colony-stimulating factor, Osteonectin, Bone Morphogenetic Protein II, and Integrin. All smokers demonstrated expression values comparable to the Control group. The highest expression values of Osteopontin, RUNX, and Alkaline Phosphatase were observed in the Hypertensive and the Smoker group, while the lowest values were found in the Hypertensive group. Smokers, Ex-smokers, and the Control group demonstrated similar values. As conclusion, gene downregulation was observed in patients under anti-hypertensive therapy. Smoke seems to reduce expression of genes involve in bone formation and increase genes responsible for resorptive activity. This pattern of genic expression may be involved in higher implant loss, observed in smokers. Stop smoke seems to return expression of some of these genes.
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Rapp, Joseph L., Naomi Alpert, Raja M. Flores i Emanuela Taioli. "Serum cotinine levels and nicotine addiction potential of e-cigarettes: an NHANES analysis". Carcinogenesis 41, nr 10 (13.02.2020): 1454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgaa015.
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Abstract This study aims to compare serum cotinine levels in e-cigarette and combustible cigarette smokers, in an attempt to quantify the potential chronic nicotine addiction risk that e-cigarettes pose. We analyzed 428 participants in 2015–2016 NHANES: 379 (87.03%) smoked combustible cigarettes alone and 49 (12.97%) smoked e-cigarettes. Serum cotinine levels were measured by isotope-dilution high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometric method with a detection limit of 0.015 ng/ml. Electronic cigarette smokers were younger than combustible cigarette smokers (mean age 36.79 versus 42.69 years, P = 0.03), more likely to be male (64.93% versus 48.32%, P = 0.09) and significantly less likely to live with other smokers (50.17% versus 90.07%, P < 0.01). Serum cotinine levels increased linearly with self-reported days of smoking in both electronic cigarette and combustible cigarette smokers, after accounting for living with a smoker. The analysis of the subgroup who reported daily use show non-statistically significantly higher serum cotinine levels in electronic cigarette smokers versus combustible cigarette smokers (β adj = 52.50, P = 0.10). This analysis of recent US data demonstrates that electronic cigarettes expose users to nicotine levels proportionate to, and potentially higher than combustible cigarettes, and thus pose a serious risk of chronic nicotine addiction. This could be particularly relevant in otherwise tobacco naive individuals; future risk of tobacco-related dependence, addiction and relapse, as well as of tobacco-related cancers in these subjects needs to be investigated.
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Kaur, Harkirat, i Sahiba Kaur. "Effect of Smoking on PEFR: A Comparative Study among Smoker and Non-Smokers". International Physiology 4, nr 2 (2016): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ip.2347.1506.4216.4.
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Kamarajah, Sivesh K., Anantha Madhavan, Jakub Chmelo, Maziar Navidi, Shajahan Wahed, Arul Immanuel, Nick Hayes, S. Michael Griffin i Alexander W. Phillips. "Impact of Smoking Status on Perioperative Morbidity, Mortality, and Long-Term Survival Following Transthoracic Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer". Annals of Surgical Oncology 28, nr 9 (3.03.2021): 4905–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1245/s10434-021-09720-6.
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Abstract Introduction Esophagectomy is a key component in the curative treatment of esophageal cancer. Little is understood about the impact of smoking status on perioperative morbidity and mortality and the long-term outcome of patients following esophagectomy. Objective This study aimed to evaluate morbidity and mortality according to smoking status in patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing two-stage transthoracic esophagectomy (TTE) for esophageal cancers (adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma) between January 1997 and December 2016 at the Northern Oesophagogastric Unit were included from a prospectively maintained database. The main explanatory variable was smoking status, defined as current smoker, ex-smoker, and non-smoker. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS), while secondary outcomes included perioperative complications (overall, anastomotic leaks, and pulmonary complications) and survival (cancer-specific survival [CSS], recurrence-free survival [RFS]). Results During the study period, 1168 patients underwent esophagectomy for cancer. Of these, 24% (n = 282) were current smokers and only 30% (n = 356) had never smoked. The median OS of current smokers was significantly shorter than ex-smokers and non-smokers (median 36 vs. 42 vs. 48 months; p = 0.015). However, on adjusted analysis, there was no significant difference in long-term OS between smoking status in the entire cohort. The overall complication rates were significantly higher with current smokers compared with ex-smokers or non-smokers (73% vs. 66% vs. 62%; p = 0.018), and there were no significant differences in anastomotic leaks and pulmonary complications between the groups. On subgroup analysis by receipt of neoadjuvant therapy and tumor histology, smoking status did not impact long-term survival in adjusted multivariable analyses. Conclusion Although smoking is associated with higher rates of short-term perioperative morbidity, it does not affect long-term OS, CSS, and RFS following esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Therefore, implementation of perioperative pathways to optimize patients may help reduce the risk of complications.
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Bonilha, Amanda Gimenes, Antonio Ruffino-Netto, Mayara Piani Sicchieri, Jorge Alberto Achcar, Antonio Luiz Rodrigues-Júnior i José Baddini-Martinez. "Correlates of experimentation with smoking and current cigarette consumption among adolescents". Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia 40, nr 6 (grudzień 2014): 634–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37132014000600007.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze social characteristics and stress as correlates of cigarette smoking in adolescence. The main intent was to identify elements that distinguish adolescents who had experimented with smoking and did not progress to regular smoking from those who became current smokers. METHODS: Students at 10 high schools in the city of Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, completed a questionnaire based on an instrument employed in a similar large-scale study. The students were classified as never-smokers or experimenters. The experimenters were subcategorized as having become current smokers or nonprogressors. Analyses were performed using adjusted logistic models. RESULTS: A total of 2,014 students (mean age, 16.2 ± 1.1 years; females, 53%) completed the questionnaire. We categorized 1,283 students (63.7%) as never-smokers, 244 (12.1%) as current smokers, and 487 (24.2%) as nonprogressors. We found that experimentation with smoking was associated with being held back a grade in school (OR = 1.80), alcohol intake (low/occasional, OR = 8.92; high/regular, OR = 2.64), illicit drug use (OR = 9.32), having a sibling or cousin who smokes (OR = 1.39), having a friend who smokes (OR = 2.08), and high levels of stress (in females only, OR = 1.32). Factors associated with an increased risk of transitioning from experimenter to current smoker were alcohol intake (low/occasional, OR = 3.28; high/regular, OR = 2.16), illicit drug use (OR = 3.61), and having a friend who smokes (OR = 7.20). CONCLUSIONS: Current smoking was associated with a profile of socioeconomic correlates different from that associated with experimentation only. Our data (showing that current smoking was associated with having a friend who smokes, alcohol intake, and illicit drug use) suggest the need for comprehensive approaches to discourage substance use during adolescence.
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Islam, Ahmed Tanjimul, Md Jawadul Haque, Md Azizul Hoque i Rubab Tarannum Islam. "Pattern of Smoking Among Tuberculosis Patients : An Analysis in A Tertiary Care Hospital". Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal 15, nr 1 (17.07.2016): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v15i1.28756.
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Background: Tuberculosis is among the major causes of illness and death worldwide especially in Asia. Smoking is associated with recurrent tuberculosis and its related mortality. Also, it could affect clinical manifestations, bacteriological conversion and outcome of treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the pattern of tobacco smoking, history of previous quit attempts and attitude towards quitting in tuberculosis patients.Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study done amongst tuberculosis patients presented to DOTS corner of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital. 315 patients entered the study as "First Come First Serve". Selfreported questionnaires were designed according to the standard questionnaires of smoking pattern.Results: Sixty one percent (61%) patients (n=192) were smoker before the diagnosis of tuberculosis. 51.1% were current smokers at the time of interview and were continuing smoking after the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Only 10.2% discontinued smoking after diagnosis. 68.2% smokes less than 10 cigarettes per day. 53.1% was between 31-50 age group. 21-30 is the commonest age group (62%) to start smoking is and 66.1% smoked less than 10 years before diagnosis. To reduce stress was the most common cause to continue smoking (48.9%). 71.9% smokers showed keen interest to stop smoking.Conclusion: Considering the prevalence of smoking in tuberculosis patients, evaluation of tobacco smoking status in such patients and motivating them to quit smoking could be considered as important steps in their treatment process.Chatt Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.15 (1); Jan 2016; Page 22-25
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Kao, Yu-Hsiang, Michael D. Celestin, Qingzhao Yu, Sarah Moody-Thomas, Krysten Jones-Winn i Tung-Sung Tseng. "Racial and Income Disparities in Health-Related Quality of Life among Smokers with a Quit Attempt in Louisiana". Medicina 55, nr 2 (13.02.2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55020048.
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Background and objectives: Smoking is associated with a lower health-related quality of life (HRQOL). However, there is little information about the association between HRQOL in relation to race, income, and smoking status. The present study aimed to assess the association between HRQOL and smoking status for those of different races and income levels. Materials and Methods: This study applied a cross-sectional design using data from the 2017 patient survey of the Louisiana Tobacco Control Initiative. We obtained 1108 responses from patients at eight Louisiana public hospitals. The EuroQol (EQ-5D) US index score assessed HRQOL. Smoking status was classified into four groups: never smoked, former smoker, current smoker with a quit attempt, and current smoker without a quit attempt. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to estimate the HRQOL for black or African Americans and whites. Results: The patients were predominantly black or African American (58.9%) with lower-income (71.2%). Bivariate analyses showed that there were differences in income levels between black or African Americans and whites (p = 0.006). Moreover, black or African Americans (median = 0.80) had a higher mean of HRQOL than whites (median = 0.76). Among lower-income black or African Americans, current smokers with a quit attempt had a lower HRQOL than current smokers (coefficient = −0.12; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Racial and income disparities were evident with regards to HRQOL, with lower-income black or African Americans who were current smokers with a quit attempt having a lower HRQOL. Intervention programs for smoking cessation should target lower-income black or African American smokers who have a prior quit attempt and provide effective cessation services to help them quit smoking and improve their HRQOL.
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Ravi, Rojan, Indranil Pal, Saumitra Kumar, Anindita Sinha Babu, Indranil Halder i Suman Roy. "Correlation between Upper Airway and Lower Airway Function in Current Smokers, Never Smokers and Former Smokers". Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 35, nr 19 (27.07.2023): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2023/v35i195148.
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Introduction: Smoking is the major risk factor for the development of chronic lung disease and airway malignancy. The development of biomarkers for disease onset and early progression is hindered by the accessibility of the primary tissue in the lungs, so there is a need to evaluate alternative sites for surrogate biomarkers. The harmful effects seen in the lower and distal airways are also mirrored in the nasal epithelium as one airway and one disease.
Objective: To study the correlation between nasal mucosal cytology, mucociliary function, nasal airflow and lung function among the current smokers, never smokers, and former smokers.
Methods: Cross sectional, observational study from a tertiary care hospital.105 subjects were randomly distributed on the basis of smoking pattern into 3 groups, never smoker, current smoker and former smoker. Nasal mucosal cytology and function were assessed by saccharin transit time test (STT), peak nasal inspiratory flow(PNIF) and nasal ciliated cells & goblet cell ratio. The lower airway was assessed by spirometry.
Results: The increase in saccharin transit time was statistically significant (p <.001) in current smokers and former smokers compared to never smokers. The lower mean goblet cell count of the former smoker group was statistically significant when compared to the never smoker and current smoker groups, (p.023) while the change in ciliated cell/ goblet cell ratio remained statistically insignificant. The decrease in FEV1/FVC is statistically significant (p 0.036) in former smokers compared to both never smokers and current smokers.
Conclusion: Nasal mucociliary function is reduced in smokers and this reduction is permanent as cessation of smoking does not improve the mucociliary function.
Lay Summary: The study is focused to find out whether harmful effects seen in the lower and distal airways are also mirrored in the nasal epithelium as one airway and one disease in current smokers, never smokers and former smokers and thus to find out an early predictor of chronic lung disease so that intervention may be initiated to counsel and help the smokers taking part in the study to quit smoking. It was a Cross sectional, observational study from a tertiary care hospital.105 subjects were randomly distributed on the basis of smoking pattern into 3 groups, never smoker, current smoker and former smoker. Nasal mucosal cytology and function were assessed by saccharin transit time test (STT), peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) and nasal ciliated cells & goblet cell ratio (CC/GC). Lower airway was assessed by spirometry.The increase in saccharin transit time is statistically significant (p <.001) in current smoker and former smoker compared to never smoker which implied that nasal mucociliary function is reduced in smokers. The lower mean goblet cell count of the former smoker group was statistically significant when compared to the never smoker and current smoker groups. (p.023) while the changes in ciliated cell and goblet cell ratio remained statistically insignificant. The decrease in FEV1/FVC is statistically significant (p 0.036) in former smokers compared to both never smokers and current smoker which lead us to the conclusion that this reduction is permanent and cessation of smoking does not improve the mucociliary function.
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Al Salhen, Khaled S., i Rhab D. Abdalslam. "Effects of cigarette smoking on hematological parameters in male smokers in Al-Bayda city, Libya". Al-Mukhtar Journal of Sciences 29, nr 1 (31.12.2014): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54172/mjsc.v29i1.268.
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Tobacco smoking use is widely spread throughout the world. Tobacco smoking has been claimed to cause a wide variety of health problems such as atherosclerosis, mutagenesis of exposed cells and cancer. The effects of smoking on human health are serious and in many cases, deadly. The present study was done to investigate the effect of cigarette smoking on some hematological parameters in male smokers. The study is carried out on thirty Libyan male smokers, who smoked at least 10 cigarettes per day for at least15 years. Their age ranged between 30-60 years. Control (non-smokers) group was collected with the same range of age for statistical comparison. The results of the study revealed a significant increase of hematological parameters (Hb: Hemoglobin; PCV: Packed cells volume; RBC: Red blood cell and WBC: White blood cell) in smoker group when compared with the control. No significant difference of the platelet count was recorded in smoker group when compared with control. Furthermore the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is an indicator of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress significantly increased in cigarette smokers group when compared with control group. To conclude, cigarette smoking leads to oxidative stress by free radical generation (Reactive oxygen species-ROS) by the mechanism of lipid peroxidation. Smoking exerts negative influence on the hematological parameters and these are the contributing factors that lead to cardiovascular and atherosclerosis that usually occur in cigarette smokers and cause of death.
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Schultz, A. S. H., J. Nowatzki, D. A. Dunn i E. J. Griffith. "Effects of socialization in the household on youth susceptibility to smoking: a secondary analysis of the 2004/05 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey". Chronic Diseases and Injuries in Canada 30, nr 3 (czerwiec 2010): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.30.3.01.
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Objective To determine associations between younger youths’ susceptibility to smoking and four household variables related to tobacco socialization: parental and sibling smoking, restrictions on smoking in the home and exposure to smoking in vehicles. Methods A secondary analysis of the 2004/05 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey used logistic regression to investigate the relationships between youth susceptibility to smoking, gender, and four household variables related to tobacco socialization. Susceptibility to smoking was operationalized by three levels of smoking experience and intention: non-susceptible non-smoker, susceptible non-smoker and experimenter/smoker. The national survey included 29 243 grade 5 to 9 students from randomly sampled public and private schools in ten provinces. Results For non-smokers, the odds of being susceptible to smoking increased with having a sibling who smokes, a lack of a total household smoking ban and riding in a vehicle with a smoker in the previous week, when adjusting for all other variables in the model. These variables also increased the odds of being an experimenter/smoker versus a susceptible non-smoker. Parent smoking status was not significant in these models. Conclusion Denormalization messages, through enforced home and vehicle smoking bans, appear to support youth in maintaining a resolve to not smoke, regardless of parental smoking status.
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SULIMAN, MUHAMMAD IMRAN, FAYYAZ QURESHI i MUHAMMAD SAEED AKHTER. "BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA". Professional Medical Journal 16, nr 01 (10.03.2009): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2009.16.01.2996.
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Background: The Connection between smoking and lung cancer is now generally accepted. The objective of this studywas to observe smoking habits among different histological types of bronchogenic carcinoma. Setting: Bahawal Victoria Hospital,Bahawalpur. P e r i o d : April 2000 to March 2003. M e t h o d s : This was a simple descriptive study comprising of 30 consectivehistopathologically / cytologically confirmed cases of bronchogenic carcinoma that were admitted in different medical units of BahawalVictoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. History regarding smoking was taken in detail including type of smoking, quantity of tobacco smoked andduration of smoking in years. Smoking patterns were observed with their age, gender, living conditions and type of bronchogenic carcinoma.Results: Among eighteen cases of squmous cell carcinoma, history of smoking was present in all males. Only one female who belongedto a village was non- smoker. Cases with small cell carcinoma were six in total and all were males with five smokers, three urban areas andtwo rural areas. Only one was a non- smoker with a rural background. Three females and one male had adenocarcinoma. One male fromcity and one female from a village were smokers, while remaining two females were non-smoker and lived in urban areas. Two men sufferingfrom large carcinoma were smokers residing in urban areas. C o n c l u s i o n : Cigarette smoking is present in 87% of all bronchogenic carcinomaespecially with squamous cell, and large cell varieties. The involvement of smoking cases of adenocarcinoma has been found to be the leastcommon.
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Nassan, Feiby L., Mariel Arvizu, Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón, Audrey J. Gaskins, Paige L. Williams, John C. Petrozza, Russ Hauser i Jorge E. Chavarro. "Marijuana smoking and outcomes of infertility treatment with assisted reproductive technologies". Human Reproduction 34, nr 9 (14.08.2019): 1818–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dez098.
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Abstract STUDY QUESTION What is the association of female and male partner marijuana smoking with infertility treatment outcomes with ART? SUMMARY ANSWER Women who were marijuana smokers at enrollment had a significantly higher adjusted probability of pregnancy loss during infertility treatment with ART whereas, unexpectedly, there was a suggestion of more favorable treatment outcomes in couples where the man was a marijuana smoker at enrollment. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Data on the relation of female and male partner marijuana use with outcomes of infertility treatment is scarce despite increased use and legalization worldwide. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We followed 421 women who underwent 730 ART cycles while participating in a prospective cohort (the Environment and Reproductive Health Study) at a fertility center between 2004 and 2017. Among them, 200 women (368 cycles) were part of a couple in which their male partner also enrolled in the study. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Participants self-reported marijuana smoking at baseline. Clinical endpoints were abstracted from electronic medical records. We used generalized linear mixed models with empirical standard errors to evaluate the association of baseline marijuana smoking with ART outcomes adjusting for participants’ age, race, BMI, tobacco smoking, coffee and alcohol consumption, and cocaine use. We estimated the adjusted probability of implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth per ART cycle, as well as the probability of pregnancy loss among those with a positive B-hCG. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The 44% of the women and 61% of the men had ever smoked marijuana; 3% and 12% were marijuana smokers at enrollment, respectively. Among 317 women (395 cycles) with a positive B-hCG, those who were marijuana smokers at enrollment (N = 9, cycles = 16) had more than double the adjusted probability of pregnancy loss than those who were past marijuana smokers or had never smoked marijuana (N = 308, 379 cycles) (54% vs 26%; P = 0.0003). This estimate was based on sparse data. However, couples in which the male partner was a marijuana smoker at enrollment (N = 23, 41 cycles) had a significantly higher adjusted probability of live birth than couples in which the male partner was a past marijuana smoker or had never smoked marijuana (N= 177, 327 cycles) (48% vs 29%; P = 0.04), independently of the women’s marijuana smoking status. Treatment outcomes of past marijuana smokers, male and female, did not differ significantly from those who had never smoked marijuana. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Marijuana smoking was self-reported with possible exposure misclassification. Chance findings cannot be excluded due to the small number of exposed cases. The results may not be generalizable to couples from the general population. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Even though marijuana smoking has not been found in past studies to impact the ability to become pregnant among pregnancy planners in the general population, it may increase the risk of pregnancy loss among couples undergoing infertility treatment. Marijuana smoking by females and males may have opposing effects on outcomes of infertility treatment with ART. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The project was financed by grants R01ES009718, P30ES000002, and K99ES026648 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). None of the authors has any conflicts of interest to declare.
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Dénes, Márton István, Cristian Borz, Árpád Török, Tibor Kántor, Valentin Nădășan, Mónika Csibi i Zoltán Ábrám. "The Role of Smoking in the Development of Colorectal Cancer". Acta Medica Marisiensis 62, nr 4 (1.12.2016): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amma-2016-0046.
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AbstractIntroduction. Smoking is an important public health issue nowadays. It causes a lot of diseases and represents also a source of carcinogenic substances. Recent studies showed an increased incidence of colorectal cancer in smokers. The aim of our study is to assess the association between smoking and colorectal cancer and to establish the prevalence of heavy smokers among the patients operated on for colorectal cancer.Methodology. We run a retrospective study of the charts belonging to the patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer and operated on in our department between 2004 and 2013. The patients were classified in smokers, former smokers and nonsmokers. The amount of tobacco was evaluated according to the number of smoked cigarettes per day, the smoking period, respectively the pack-years. The data were corroborated with the location of the tumor and analyzed using the online version of Graphpad.Results. From 982 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer, we found 297 smokers (30.24%). Among these, 106 patients (35.69%) have smoked for over 30 years, at least 20 cigarettes per day, more than 30 pack-years. The number of heavy smokers was significantly greater (p=0.0001) in the group with rectal cancer compared to the group with colon cancer. The association of smoking with rectal cancer was also important (p=0.0015) among the former smokers.Conclusions. Smoking is related to higher incidence of colorectal cancer. Our data sustain the hypothesis of increased risk of developing rectal cancer in heavy smokers. We recommend the screening for colorectal cancer among the heavy smoker population.
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Komrokji, Rami S., Dana E. Rollison, Najla H. Al Ali, Maria Corrales-Yepez, Pearlie K. Epling-Burnette, Jeffrey E. Lancet i Alan F. List. "Tobacco Use Influences Disease Outcome and AML Potential in Myelodysplastic Syndromes",. Blood 118, nr 21 (18.11.2011): 3790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.3790.3790.
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Abstract Abstract 3790 Background: Several epidemiologic studies suggest a linkage between smoking history and risk of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Only one study addressed the potential impact of cigarette smoking on survival in lower risk MDS. We investigated the effect of smoking on disease outcome among MDS patients treated at the Moffitt Cancer Center (MCC). Methods: MDS patients were identified through the MCC database, followed by individual chart review. Tobacco use was obtained through patient self reported questionnaire. Chi square test and t-test were used to compare baseline characteristics. Kaplan Meier estimates were used to calculate overall survival (OS); log rank test was used for comparison between the different groups and Cox regression analysis was used for multivariable analysis. All analyses were conducted using SPSS version 19.0 software. Results: We identified 743 MDS patients evaluated at MCC with known tobacco smoking history (Data on tobacco use was only missing in 24 patients in the MDS database). Two hundred and fifty six patients never smoked (never-smoker group) and 487 patients were current or former smokers (ever smoker group). Tobacco use included current cigarettes smokers (n=70), former tobacco use (n=399), Cigar/pipe (n=16), Snuff/chew (n=2). The baseline characteristics compared between the 2 groups included age, WHO subtype, International Prognostic system (IPSS), MD Anderson risk model, karyotype, RBC transfusion dependence (RBC TD), serum ferritin, and treatment with hypomethylating agents. No statistically significant differences were observed between the 2 groups. (Table-1) In low and int-1 risk IPSS, a significantly greater proportion of poor risk karyotypes was observed in ever smokers (8.8%) versus never smokers (2.4%) (p=0.003). With a median duration of follow up of 55 months (95%CI 50.5–59.6), median OS for never smokers was 48 months (95%CI=36.9–59.1) compared to 35 months (95%CI =28.7–41.3) in ever smokers (p=0.01). The adverse effect of smoking was greatest in low and intermediate-1 IPSS risk groups where median OS was 69 months (95%CI= 42–96) in never smokers compared to 48 months (95%CI= 41–55) in smokers (p=0.006). The median OS was 69 mo (95%CI =42–96), 50 mo (95%CI= 43–57), and 38 mo (95%CI= 23–53) respectively in never-smoker, former-smoker, and current smoker groups in lower risk MDS (p=0.01). No difference was observed in int-2 and high risk IPSS groups with a median OS of 22 months (95%CI =11.75–32.2) in never smokers and 18 months (95%CI =14.3–21.7) in the ever smoker group. (p=0.89). An adverse impact of smoking was observed in good and intermediate risk karyotypes but not in poor risk karyotypes. Among low/int-1 risk IPSS, the rate of AML transformation was 18.2% in ever smokers compared to 9.5% in non-smokers (p=0.04) while no difference in rate of AML transformation was observed in int-2/high risk IPSS MDS between the 2 groups. In Cox regression analysis tobacco use in lower risk MDS predicted inferior OS (Hazard ratio (HR) 1.52 (95%CI 1.06–2.2) after adjustment for age >60, MD Anderson risk group, serum ferritin, RBC-TD, and use of hypomethylating agents. Conclusions: Our study confirms a negative impact of tobacco use on disease natural history and OS in a large cohort of MDS patients. The higher frequency of poor risk karyotype and AML progression among smoking, lower risk patients suggests that tobacco exposure influences disease biologic potential and behavioral modification to discontinue tobacco use may improve outcome. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Baker, RR, i LS Lewis. "A Review of the Incidence and Consequences of Cigarette Filter Vent Blocking Among Smokers". Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 19, nr 4 (1.01.2001): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0709.
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AbstractVent blocking, the covering of the filter ventilation zone on a cigarette during smoking, is a potentially important aspect of smoking behavior. Various techniques have been used to assess the incidence of vent blocking, and widely different views have been expressed on its importance. Studies relevant to filter vent blocking have been reviewed with two overall objectives: to examine critically the evidence on the occurrence of vent blocking and to assess the effects of vent blocking on the smoke yield to the smoker. The reviewed studies fall into four main categories: (1) measurements of the incidence of filter vent blocking among smokers; (2) the observed effects of vent blocking on cigarette ventilation and machine smoke yields; (3) the effect of experimentally blocking vents on human smoke yields; and (4) simultaneous determination of vent blocking and smoke yield under human smoking conditions. Direct observation indicates that only 4% of smokers have their fingers in direct contact with the cigarette during puffing. Estimates of vent blocking incidence by lips during smoking range from 15-24% (saliva-staining technique) to up to 50% ('tar’ staining pattern technique) of smokers. For those smokers who do block the ventilation zone, a mean of 27% of the vents are blocked, and a maximum of about 50%. When the cigarettes are machine-smoked, the smoke yield increases in a highly non-linear manner as the blocked portion of the filter ventilation zone increases. This effect is also more pronounced at higher original filter ventilation levels. In contrast, smoking behavior monitoring techniques have shown that when the experimenter deliberately blocks the vent zone, the human smoker adjusts by taking smaller and fewer puffs. The blocked filter affects the yields of smoke components to the smoker less than it does smoking-machine measured yields. It is concluded that the incidence of vent zone blocking by fingers is quite low and relatively insignificant. The most reliable estimate for lip blocking is that up to 25% of smokers may cover the vent zone during at least one puff and for most smokers the coverage is partial. Ventilation zone blocking as it occurs in practice has only a relatively minor effect on human smoke yields compared to other smoker behavior factors. When a human smoker inadvertently partially or completely blocks the filter ventilation zone during smoking, he/she adjusts by taking smaller and fewer puffs. Because of these changes in puffing behavior during human smoking, predictions of the effects of filter vent blocking on smoke yields based solely on smoking machine yields are deceptive.
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Marwah Riyadh Salim, Hashim Mahdi Hashim i Haider Dawood. "Assessment of Smoking Dependence by FAGERSTRŐM Test and its Association with Some Comorbidities and Educational level". Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad 64, nr 2 (24.07.2022): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.6421903.
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Background: Nicotine addiction is the inevitable result for many smokers. Regardless of control and intervention strategies for smoking cessation, it is important to determine the nicotine dependence score for each smoker. Objectives: To assess the nicotine dependence by FAGERSTRŐM Test for nicotine dependence (FTND score) and to find out the association of nicotine dependence with some smoking-related comorbidities and with the level of education. Patients and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study on a total of 200 adult smokers who were attending different departments in Al-Imamain Al-Kadhimain Medical City during the period from April 2019 to October 2019. Demographic data including age, sex and educational level, number of cigarettes/day, number of attempts to quit smoking, as well as comorbidities including hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and malignancies were obtained. Nicotine dependency was assessed by FTND which consists of six items and has a total maximum score of 10. Results: The overall average of FTND among smokers was 5.8 ± 2.81. A low score was found in 12.5% of the participants, moderate score in 33% and high score in 54.5%. FTND score showed a significant positive correlation with the number of cigarette/day (r= 0.758, p< 0.001), age of the smoker (r= 0.457, p<0.005), and duration of smoking (r= 0.536, p< 0.001), while a negative correlation was found with the educational level (r=-0.547, p<0.001). The presence Smoking-related comorbidities, particularly, ischemic heart disease (IHD) and malignancy, was associated with higher FTND scores compared with the absence of these comorbidities (P<0.001). Conclusions: More than one half of smokers studied had a high nicotine dependence score. Nicotine dependence score correlates positively with the number of smoked cigarettes per day, age of the smoker and duration of smoking, and negatively correlated with the educational level.
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Ibrahim, Amal Mohamed, Amr Mahmoud Awara, Mohamed Ashraf Eldsouky i Osama Elsaid Shalaby. "Ocular Surface Changes among Smokers". Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 35, nr 15 (2.06.2023): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2023/v35i155066.
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Background: The ocular surface has been defined as the parts of the eye that are exposed 40directly to the external environment (conjunctiva, cornea, limbus, and the overlying tear fil m). The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in the ocular surface among smokers.
Methods: This study included 100 subjects from both sexes, age ≥ 18 years, current smoker (a person who has smoked more than 100 cigarettes in his lifetime and continues to do so) and all types of smoking. patients were classified into two groups: smokers (current smokers) (55 cases) and non-smokers (45 cases) who have never smoked and did not have smokers in their first-degree relatives to rule out the effect of passive smoking. All patients were subjected to, acuity of vision measurement, investigation with a slit lamp and special tests (schirmer 2 test, time required for tear breakup, lower tear meniscus height measurement and staining of the ocular surface).
Results: (Ocular Surface Disease Index) OSDI score was significantly different between non-smokers and smokers with P value 0.01. Schirmer 2 test values were significantly decreased in smokers more than non-smokers with P value <0.001. TBUT was significantly lower in smokers more than non-smokers with P value <0.001. T.M height was significantly lower in smokers more than non-smokers. Conjunctival staining was significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers with P value <0.001 and there was significant increase in punctate corneal staining in smokers than in non-smokers with P value <0.001. `1234567890-.
Conclusions: Smoking influences the secretion and the tear film's stability; corneal and conjunctival staining was shown to be more prevalent in smokers. Also smoking generates symptoms of eye irritation, smokers are more prone to have dry eyes, and the degree of dry eye is greater in smokers than in non-smokers. Additionally, the severity of symptoms of dry eyes increased with increasing the amount of smoking.
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López-Lazcano, Ana Isabel, Antoni Gual, Jordi Colmenero, Elsa Caballería, Anna Lligoña, Miquel Navasa, Gonzalo Crespo, Eva López i Hugo López-Pelayo. "Active Smoking Before Liver Transplantation in Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder: Risk Factors and Outcomes". Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, nr 9 (21.08.2020): 2710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092710.
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Tobacco use is more prevalent among alcohol liver disease (ALD) transplant patients and exerts harmful effects to the patient and to the graft. The aims of this study were to examine the impact of smoking status (nonsmoker, ex-smoker, active smoker) on patient survival and clinical outcomes, and to assess risk factors for active smoking before and after liver transplant (LT). An observational retrospective cohort study with 314 ALD patients undergoing LT from January 2004 to April 2016. Recipients were followed until April 2017 or death. Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to assess risk of mortality according to smoking status before LT. Smokers had a 79% higher risk of dying than those who had never smoked or quit smoking before LT. Ex-smokers had a greater survival probability (96.2%, 93.8%, 86.9%, and 83.1% at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years after LT) than active smokers until LT (96.0%, 85.6%, 80.0%, and 70.4%). Active smokers before LT with poor toxicity awareness had more than a twofold higher risk of mortality (Cox HR = 2.20, 95% CI: 1.05–4.58, p = 0.04) than ex-smokers. Younger age (OR = 94), higher Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) (OR = 1.06), and comorbid substance use disorder (OR = 2.35) were predictors of smoking until LT. Six months or less of alcohol abstinence (OR = 3.23), and comorbid substance use disorder (OR = 4.87) were predictors of active smoking after LT. Quitting smoking before transplantation improved survival. Evidence based smoking cessation interventions should be offered before and after LT.
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Toghur Arifani Lubis i R. Kintoko Rochadi. "Depiction of Adolescents Smoking Behaviour in Urban and Suburban". Britain International of Humanities and Social Sciences (BIoHS) Journal 2, nr 1 (27.02.2020): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/biohs.v2i1.183.
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Smoking is a fatal issue that has not yet been resolved and spread even among adolescents particularly in Indonesia. This study aim to depict the adolescents smoking behavior in SMPN three Medan or urban areas and MTS Amin Darussalam Deli Serdang or suburban areas. This cross sectional study conducted on October. Data were collected using questionnaires toward students from both school. Results shows majority respondent in urban have good knowledge, negative attitude toward cigarette and non-smokers but interested in smoking, majority of former smokers in urban firstly tried smoking during sixth grade elementary because of peer influence, smoking occasionally, ever smoked one to five cigarettes per day, quit smoking because of self-awareness and still have interest in smoking. Furthermore, majority respondent in suburban have bad bad knowledge, negative attitude toward cigarette, smoker, firstly tried smoking during sixth grade elementry because of peer influence, smoking occasionally, ever smoked one to five cigarettes per day and have no intention to quit smoking, majority of former smokers quit smoking because of caught by parent or teacher and still have interest in smoking. In conclusion, there is difference of smoking behavior between urban and suburban, the depiction of smoking behavior in suburban is worse than in urban because it has higher number of smokers, poorly dominant of knowledge and have no intention to quit smoking.
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Jirillo, Antonio, Paola Rescigno, Magdalena Mazurek, Marta Paulina Trojniak, Antonio di Maggio i Silvia Imbevaro. "Evaluation of chemotherapy benefit in patients who continue to smoke: Preliminary experience." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, nr 15_suppl (20.05.2013): e12534-e12534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e12534.
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e12534 Background: The smoking continuation during chemotherapy treatments affects positive results. As reported for instance by Mazza et al. in the review "Taking care of smoker cancer patients: a review and some recommendations" (Ann Oncol. 21(7):1404-9, 2010), nicotin seems to inhibit the potential of cisplatin in determining tumor cell death (Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007; 36: 739–744), while some new anti-cancer drugs can give an excellent response only in people who have never smoked (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101(36): 13306–13311). Methods: It is an observational monoistitutional analysis. The analysis covered 886 patients undergoing chemotherapy at the Veneto Oncology Institute of Padua during an observation period of six years (from 2006 to 2011). We have been taken into account all patients included in the Onco-AIFA national register for the monitoring of innovative anticancer drugs, focusing on the three big killer diseases: colon and rectum cancer (40% of the sample analyzed), lung cancer (36%) and breast cancer (24%). The Kaplen-Meier method was used to analyze the overall survival data. Results: Among the information collected, the aspect of smoking was taken into account: it was possible to extract the data for about half of the patients (n = 473), 48% of whom were non-smokers, 31% were smokers and the remaining 21% ex-smokers. Although there are three types of cancer that have three different natural histories, the study revealed that being a smoker or ex-smoker is a determinant of the OS of patients: in particular non-smokers showed a median survival of 27 months, ex-smokers of 18 and smokers of 13 (p <0.001). Conclusions: It should be noted then, that in the entirety of the sample smoking continuation reduces survival. Therefore, in addition to an increased risk, there is a reduced benefit in terms of clinical conditions and response since tobacco reduces the effects of anticancer chemotherapy. That being so, although the data are still preliminary, every effort must be made to ensure that a patient stops smoking during chemotherapy treatments as it has been demonstrated that the ex-smokers live an average 6 months longer.
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Cheng, Kent Jason Go, i Miguel Antonio Garcia Estrada. "A dichotomy of smokers in the Philippines following sin tax reform: Distinguishing potential quitters from those unlikely to quit". PLOS ONE 17, nr 10 (13.10.2022): e0275840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275840.
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The Philippine government significantly raised cigarette excise taxes in 2013, following passage of the landmark Sin Tax Reform Act of 2012. As a result, cigarette prices increased substantially. Given varying smokers’ responses to the price increase, we examined underlying typologies of Filipino smokers and assessed how these typologies determine smoking intensity. We used cross-sectional data from the 2015 wave of the Philippine Global Adult Tobacco Survey (N = 1,651). To uncover typologies, random effects latent class modelling was used on six individual smoker responses (attempting to stop, thinking about quitting, decreasing sticks smoked, switching to cheaper brands, buying in bulk, and asking from others). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were employed to uncover determinants of typologies and smoking intensity. We found two typologies based on smokers’ response. The first group, called “potential quitters” (62.62%), is composed of smokers who are more likely to consider quitting and decrease sticks smoked. The second group, called “unlikely to quit” (37.38%), have smokers who opt for price-minimization strategies like switching to cheaper brands, buying in bulk, or asking cigarettes from others. Potential quitters tend to be female, a student, and less nicotine dependent. They smoke up to three fewer sticks than those unlikely to quit, controlling for other factors. Nicotine dependence stood out as the most important predictor of being in the unlikely to quit group. The dominant role of nicotine dependence in determining a smoker’s typology points to the need for non-price based measures, such as those targeted towards highly-nicotine dependent smokers, to complement tax-induced price increases and comprehensively address the smoking problem.
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Sondermeijer, Liesbeth, Lieke G. E. Lamboo, Anne C. de Waal, Tessel E. Galesloot, Lambertus A. L. M. Kiemeney, Michelle van Rossum i Katja H. Aben. "Cigarette Smoking and the Risk of Cutaneous Melanoma: A Case-Control Study". Dermatology 236, nr 3 (10.09.2019): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000502129.
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Objective: Previous studies regarding cigarette smoking causing a lower risk of melanoma are inconclusive. Here, we re-examined melanoma risk in relation to cigarette smoking in a large, case-control study. Methods: In total 1,157 patients with melanoma diagnosed between 2003 and 2011 in the Netherlands and 5,595 controls from the Nijmegen Biomedical Study were included. Information concerning smoking habits and known risk factors for melanoma were obtained through self-administered questionnaires. Logistic regression analyses stratified by gender were performed to study the risk of cigarette smoking on melanoma risk, adjusted for age, marital status, highest level of education, skin type, sun vacation, use of solarium, time spent outdoors, and sun protective measures. Results: Among men, current and former smokers did not have a higher risk of melanoma compared to never smokers: adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.56 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.40–0.79) and adjusted OR = 0.50 (95% CI: 0.39–0.64), respectively. With an increasing number of years smoked the risk of melanoma decreased: <20 years: OR = 0.61 (95% CI: 0.46–0.80); 21–40 years: OR = 0.50 (95% CI: 0.37–0.68); >40 years: OR = 0.26 (95% CI: 0.15–0.44). No clear trend was found for the number of cigarettes smoked. Results for females were less clear and not statistically significant (current smoker: adjusted OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.74–1.26, former smoker: adjusted OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.73–1.08). Conclusion: This study shows a strong inverse association between cigarette smoking and melanoma risk in men. Fundamental laboratory research is necessary to investigate the biological relation between smoking cigarettes and melanoma.
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Wang, Yingning, Hai-Yen Sung, Tingting Yao, James Lightwood i Wendy Max. "Health Care Utilization and Expenditures Attributable to Cigar Smoking Among US Adults, 2000-2015". Public Health Reports 133, nr 3 (24.04.2018): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354918769873.
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Objectives: Cigar use in the United States is a growing public health concern because of its increasing popularity. We estimated health care utilization and expenditures attributable to cigar smoking among US adults aged ≥35. Methods: We analyzed data on 84 178 adults using the 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 National Health Interview Surveys. We estimated zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression models on hospital nights, emergency department (ED) visits, physician visits, and home-care visits as a function of tobacco use status—current sole cigar smokers (ie, smoke cigars only), current poly cigar smokers (smoke cigars and smoke cigarettes or use smokeless tobacco), former sole cigar smokers (used to smoke cigars only), former poly cigar smokers (used to smoke cigars and smoke cigarettes or use smokeless tobacco), other tobacco users (ever smoked cigarettes and used smokeless tobacco but not cigars), and never tobacco users (never smoked cigars, smoked cigarettes, or used smokeless tobacco)—and other covariates. We calculated health care utilization attributable to current and former sole cigar smoking based on the estimated ZIP models, and then we calculated total health care expenditures attributable to cigar smoking. Results: Current and former sole cigar smoking was associated with excess annual utilization of 72 137 hospital nights, 32 748 ED visits, and 420 118 home-care visits. Annual health care expenditures attributable to sole cigar smoking were $284 million ($625 per sole cigar smoker), and total annual health care expenditures attributable to sole and poly cigar smoking were $1.75 billion. Conclusions: Comprehensive tobacco control policies and interventions are needed to reduce cigar smoking and the associated health care burden.
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Haverić, Anja, Sanin Haverić i Slavka Ibrulj. "Chromosome aberrations frequency in peripheral blood lymphocytes in young tobacco smoking and non-smoking people". Journal of Health Sciences 6, nr 2 (4.10.2016): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17532/jhsci.2016.368.
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Introduction: Cigarette smoking is associated with severe health problems, especially cancers. In addition, cigarette smoking causes different genotoxic effects. Chromosome aberrations are one of well-known intermediate end points in carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to compare frequencies of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes between young smokers and non-smokes groups.Methods: The study was conducted with 30 smokers (average age 26.93 years) and 30 non-smokers (average age 26.96 years), and included the analysis of 100 metaphases per each blood sample. Differences in the arithmetic means of determined frequencies of chromosome aberrations were tested by two-tailed t-test for independent samples with the significance level of p < 0.05.Results: The results showed a significant increase in the frequencies of chromatid-type aberrations and total structural chromosome aberrations in smoker group. Frequencies of numerical aberrations did not differ significantly between two groups.Conclusions: This study confirmed genotoxicity of cigarette smoking and provided new evidence about its clastogenic activity.
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Intayoad, Wacharawan, Chayapol Kamyod i Punnarumol Temdee. "Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling for Improving Imbalanced Data in Educational Web Usage Mining". ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology (ECTI-CIT) 12, nr 2 (20.02.2019): 118–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-cit.2018122.133280.
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Educational data mining is the method for extracting and discovering new knowledge from education data. As education data is often complex and imbalanced, it requires a data preprocessing step or learning algorithms in order to obtain accurate analysis and interpretation. Many studies emphasize on classification and clustering methods in order to get insight and comprehensive knowledge from education data. However, a small number of previous works exclusively focused on the preprocessing of education data, particularly on the topic of the imbalanced dataset. Therefore, this research objective is to enhance the accuracy of data classification in educational web usage data. Our study involves the application of synthetic minority over-sampling techniques (SMOTE) to preprocess the raw dataset from web usage data. The minority class is a group of the students who failed the examination and the majority class is the students who passed the examination. In our experiments, four synthetic minority over-sampling methods are applied, SMOTE, and its variants: Borderline-SMOTE1, Borderline-SMOTE2, and SVM-SMOTE, in order to balance the number of samples in the minority class. The experiments are evaluated by comparing the results from well-known classification methods that are Naive Bayesian, decision tree, and k-nearest neighbors. The study experiments with real-world datasets from education data. The results present that synthetic minority over-sampling methods are capable of improving the detection of the minority class and achieve improving classification performance on precision, recall, and F1-value.
Ed
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Danson, Sarah, Christine Rowland, Christine Eiser, Richard Rowe, Sue Ellis, Carol Crabtree, Janet M. Horsman, Jonathan Wadsley, Matthew Hatton i Penella Woll. "Implications of smoking for quality of life and illness perceptions of lung cancer patients." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, nr 15_suppl (20.05.2012): 6113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.6113.
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6113 Background: Adverse publicity about smoking may lead to feelings of guilt among lung cancer patients or pessimism about their future, potentially compromising health-related quality of life (QoL) and adherence with medical advice. QoL is an important outcome in clinical trials, particularly where survival rates are low. We aim to compare QoL and illness perceptions of lung cancer patients depending on smoking history. Methods: Clinical data, measures of QoL (EORTC-QLQ-C30+LC13) and illness perceptions (Brief IPQ – includes items to assess perceived severity, causality, timeline, understanding, emotional impact, and control over illness) were completed by 190 newly diagnosed lung cancer patients (Non-small cell: 75%; Mean age: 68 years, range: 48-85 years; 58% males). Of these, 24% were current smokers, 69% former smokers, and 7% never smoked. Results: Although overall QoL was similar between the three smoker groups, there was a significant effect of smoking status on QoL subscale emotional function (EF)(F(2,168)=4.08,p=.019). Those who never smoked had significantly higher EF than current smokers (p=.03). There was also a significant effect of smoking history on cough (F(2,166);=5.40 ,p=.005) with smokers reporting significantly greater levels than former smokers (p=.004). Smokers were more likely than former smokers (p=.015) to attribute their lung cancer to smoking (F(2,161)=16.49,p<.000). Furthermore, there was a significant effect of smoking on the perceived timeline of illness (F(2,144)=3.33,p=.039), with smokers being more pessimistic about this than former smokers (p=.043). Conclusions: These findings have implications for planning the care of lung cancer patients. In addition to the different treatment needs of smokers and former smokers, smokers may need greater support to cope with the emotional effects of their illness. Our findings suggest that smokers blame their illness on their own behaviour, and have a more pessimistic view of likely survival time, so they may need more encouragement to accept life-prolonging treatments. These results may also inform tailored smoking-cessation advice.
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Mecchia, D., A. M. Lavezzi, M. Mauri i L. Matturri. "Feto-Placental Atherosclerotic Lesions in Intrauterine Fetal Demise: Role of Parental Cigarette Smoking". Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal 3, nr 1 (11.06.2009): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874192400903010051.
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The atherogenic effect of cigarette smoking is already recognizable in coronary arteries of fetuses in the last gestational weeks. In this study we analyzed the atherogenic effect of mother’s and father’s smoking habit on coronary arteries and even on adnexa of 30 human fresh fetuses died from 32 to 41 gestational weeks. In 12 cases only the mothers of the victims were cigarette smokers, in 7 cases only the fathers were smokers, whereas in 11 cases nobody smoked. We observed pre-atherosclerotic and initial atherosclerotic lesions of the adnexa in 21 cases, of which 11 cases had only mother smokers and 6 cases only father smokers. The atherogenic effect is statistically significant in both smoker groups, but stronger in maternal one. The atherosclerotic lesions found in umbilical and placental arteries are similar to those described in fetal coronary arteries: thickening of the arterial walls caused by proliferation and migration of the smooth muscle cells of the tunica media with loss of polarity and infiltration of the subendothelial connective tissue.