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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "SMALL-MID-LEVEL INFLUENCER"
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Tadjoeddin, Mohammad Zulfan, Ilmiawan Auwalin i Anis Chowdhury. "Revitalising Indonesia’s Manufacturing". European Journal of East Asian Studies 16, nr 1 (2017): 124–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01601003.
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In light of the continuing importance, but declining dynamism, of the manufacturing sector, this paper investigates trends in productivity at firm levels. It finds that labour productivity has been either stagnant or falling in labour-intensive manufacturing. The paper uses firm level cross-sectional and time series data and employs GMM techniques to estimate determinants of productivity. It finds that real wage is the most important variable that influences firm level productivity, followed by capital intensity. Contrary to the common perception, foreign ownership and export orientation are not found to have statistically significant influence on firm level productivity. This finding is consistent for firms of all sizes—large, medium, small and micro. This implies that Indonesia can use wages policy, as Singapore did during the late 1970s to mid-1980s, to upgrade its manufacturing to higher value-added activities.
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Noe, Gregory B., Norman A. Bourg, Ken W. Krauss, Jamie A. Duberstein i Cliff R. Hupp. "Watershed and Estuarine Controls Both Influence Plant Community and Tree Growth Changes in Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands along Two U.S. Mid-Atlantic Rivers". Forests 12, nr 9 (31.08.2021): 1182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12091182.
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The tidal freshwater zone near the estuarine head-of-tide is potentially sensitive to both sea-level rise and associated salinity increases as well as changing watershed inputs of freshwater and nutrients. We evaluated the vegetation response of tidal freshwater forested wetlands (TFFW) to changes in nontidal river versus estuarine controls along the longitudinal gradient of the Mattaponi and Pamunkey rivers in the Mid-Atlantic USA. The gradient included nontidal freshwater floodplain (NT) and upper tidal (UT), lower tidal (LT), and stressed tidal forest transitioning to marsh (ST) TFFW habitats on both rivers. Plot-based vegetation sampling and dendrochronology were employed to examine: (1) downriver shifts in plant community composition and the structure of canopy trees, understory trees/saplings/shrubs and herbs, tree basal-area increment (BAI) and (2) interannual variability in BAI from 2015 dating back as far as 1969 in relation to long-term river and estuary monitoring data. With greater tidal influence downstream, tree species dominance shifted, live basal area generally decreased, long-term mean BAI of individual trees decreased, woody stem mortality increased, and live herbaceous vegetative cover and richness increased. Acer rubrum, Fagus grandifolia, Ilex opaca, and Fraxinus pennsylvanica dominated NT and UT sites, with F. pennsylvanica and Nyssa sylvatica increasingly dominating at more downstream tidal sites. Annual tree BAI growth was positively affected by nontidal river flow at NT and UT sites which were closer to the head-of-tide, positively influenced by small salinity increases at LT and ST sites further downstream, and positively influenced by estuarine water level throughout the gradient; nutrient influence was site specific with both positive and negative influences. The counterintuitive finding of salinity increasing tree growth at sites with low BAI is likely due to either competitive growth release from neighboring tree death or enhanced soil nutrient availability that may temporarily mitigate the negative effects of low-level salinization and sea-level increases on living TFFW canopy trees, even as overall plant community conversion to tidal marsh progresses.
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Kreye, Jesse K., J. Kevin Hiers, J. Morgan Varner, Ben Hornsby, Saunders Drukker i Joseph J. O’Brien. "Effects of solar heating on the moisture dynamics of forest floor litter in humid environments: composition, structure, and position matter". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 48, nr 11 (listopad 2018): 1331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2018-0147.
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Much of fire behavior is driven by fine-scale patterns of fuel moisture; however, moisture predictions typically occur over large scales. The source of fine-scale variation in moisture results from a combination of fuelbed properties and overstory forest structure that influences water movement and distribution of solar radiation. Fine-scale moisture variation is of particular relevance in humid forests managed with frequent prescribed fire where fire behavior variation is tightly linked to differential fire effects. Results of a three-tiered experiment combining laboratory and field methods demonstrated that solar radiation exerted a strong influence on fuel moisture patterns in a temperate humid pine forest. Infrared radiation more rapidly dried Quercus and Pinus litter in laboratory experiments compared with controls. Litter exposed to sunlight during small-scale outdoor experiments was significantly drier than shaded litter. Quercus litter was wetter than Pinus on mornings, but dried more rapidly, becoming drier than Pinus litter by mid-day when exposed to sunlight. Field observations validated small-scale outdoor and laboratory results but also revealed the influence of fuel position: elevated litter was wetter than ground-level litter at peak burning time. Results provide insight into how overstory structure and composition may influence fine-scale heterogeneity of surface moisture dynamics and fire behavior.
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Newcomb, Patricia, Andrew Hunt, Pamela Rast, Denise Cauble, Nancy Rowe i Jianling Li. "Acute Effects of Walking Environment and GSTM1 Variants in Children With Asthma". Biological Research For Nursing 14, nr 1 (30.12.2010): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099800410389167.
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Background:Exercise in air polluted by traffic emissions may aggravate airway inflammation in children with asthma, particularly those who produce decreased glutathione-S transferase (GST) as a result of GSTM1 gene deletion. Objectives: This pilot crossover study investigated whether children with asthma experience more airway changes when exercising outdoors near roadways than when exercising indoors. It also examined differences in risk between children with and without GSTM1 deletion. Method: Children between the ages of 5 and 12 years were assigned to groups and walked daily for 1 week in each exercise condition. Airway inflammation indicated by exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) and pulmonary functions measured as forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and mid-expiratory flow rate were measured at baseline and at three intervals during the walking program. Independent variables of interest included walking condition (place), time of walking, genotype, and particulate matter (PM) exposure. Results: A linear mixed models approach was used to investigate the contributions of targeted variables to respiratory outcomes. Results indicated that walking location and ambient level of ultrafine particulates during walking influenced function of small airways. Absence of one or both alleles for the GSTM1 gene did not influence airway function acutely. Discussion: Mid-expiratory flow (FEF25-75) may be more informative than FEV1 in studies of acute lung function changes in children with asthma. Further study of the effects of varied environmental conditions on lower airway function of children is needed to optimize exercise experiences for urban children with asthma.
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Lee, Jaeseok, i Jongmin Yu. "Heterogenous Energy Consumption Behavior by Firm Size: Evidence from Korean Environmental Regulations". Sustainability 11, nr 11 (11.06.2019): 3226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113226.
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We analyze the interdependencies between energy usage, energy costs, renewable energy shares, economic growth, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the Korean industrial sector by employing a time-series panel vector model. Although the topic itself about has been classic one, our research to investigate diverse dynamics between large and small-mid size businesses using micro-firm level data is the first study in literature. Since firms with different sizes are put in different policy circumstances, the aggregate-level data analysis could possibly disregard the effectiveness of environmental & renewable policies and underestimate the policy sensitivity of firms. Our findings demonstrate that the increase in energy consumption in larger firms has a greater impact on their energy costs and GHG emissions than for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Moreover, it has a significant effect on GDP. Also, the increase in renewable energy shares only has a significant influence on the energy consumption and GHG emission levels of large firms.
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Evtushevsky, Oleksandr, Andrew R. Klekociuk, Volodymyr Kravchenko, Gennadi Milinevsky i Asen Grytsai. "The influence of large amplitude planetary waves on the Antarctic ozone hole of austral spring 2017". Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 69, nr 1 (2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/es19022.
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Quasi-stationary planetary wave activity in the lower Antarctic stratosphere in the late austral winter was an important contributor to the preconditioning of the ozone hole in spring 2017. Observations show that the ozone hole area (OHA) in spring 2017 was at the level of 1980s, that is, almost half the maximum size in 2000s. The observed OHA was close to that forecasted based on a least-squares linear regression between wave amplitude in August and OHA in September–November. We show that the key factor which contributed to the preconditioning of the Antarctic stratosphere for a relatively small ozone hole in the spring of 2017 was the development of large-amplitude stratospheric planetary waves of zonal wave numbers 1 and 2 in late winter. The waves likely originated from tropospheric wave trains and promoted the development of strong mid-latitude anticyclones in the lower stratosphere which interacted with the stratospheric polar vortex and strongly eroded the vortex in August and September, mitigating the overall level of ozone loss.
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Wang, Qiang, Qi Shu, Sergey Danilov i Dmitry Sidorenko. "An extreme event of enhanced Arctic Ocean export west of Greenland caused by the pronounced dynamic sea level drop in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre in the mid-to-late 2010s". Environmental Research Letters 17, nr 4 (25.03.2022): 044046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5562.
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Abstract The North Atlantic subpolar gyre influences the climate in many different ways. Here, we identified that it is also responsible for a recent extreme event of Arctic Ocean freshwater export west of Greenland. A shift in climate regimes occurred in the mid-2000s, with a significant negative trend in the dynamic sea level in the subpolar gyre since then. We found that the dynamic sea level drop induced a strong increase in freshwater export west of Greenland, in particular from 2015 to 2017, when the sea level was close to the minimum. Sea ice melting and atmospheric variability in the Arctic had only a small contribution to this event. As the exported water from the Arctic Ocean has low salinity and constituents of chemical tracers very different from those in the North Atlantic, such events might have impacts on the North Atlantic ecosystem and the climate as well. Our study suggests that such events might be predictable if the subpolar gyre sea level has certain predictability.
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Zhao, Dandan, i Hong Zhou. "Livelihoods, Technological Constraints, and Low-Carbon Agricultural Technology Preferences of Farmers: Analytical Frameworks of Technology Adoption and Farmer Livelihoods". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 24 (18.12.2021): 13364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413364.
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In the context of achieving carbon neutrality, it is scientifically important to quantitatively explore the relationships among livelihoods, technological property constraints, and the selection of low-carbon technologies by farmers to promote agricultural modernization and carbon neutrality in the agricultural sector of China. Based on the scientific classifications of farmer capital and low-carbon agricultural technologies, a farmer technology selection theory model considering capital constraints was developed in this study. Microcosmic survey data were collected from farmers in the Jiangsu province for empirical testing and analyses. A total of four low-carbon technologies related to fertilizer usage and three types of farmers’ livelihoods and their relationships were examined by using a logistic model. The results showed the existence of a significant coupling relationship between the intrinsic decision mechanism involved in selecting low-carbon agricultural technology and the properties of low-carbon agricultural technology for different types of farmers. Significant differences exist in the selection of different low-carbon technologies among large-scale farmers, mid-level part-time farmers, and low-level (generally small) part-time farmers. (1) When selecting technology, large-scale farmers are more inclined to accept capital-intensive, low-carbon technologies, such as new varieties, straw recycling, soil testing, and formulated fertilization. Mid-level part-time farmers are more inclined to accept capital intensive, labor saving, or low risk low-carbon agricultural technologies. In contrast, low-level part-time farmers are inclined to accept labor intensive technologies to reduce capital constraints and agricultural risks. (2) Large-scale farmers and low-level part-time farmers are influenced by household and plot characteristics, while mid-level part-time farmers are more influenced by plot characteristics. (3) Households with capital constraints created by differentiated livelihoods face challenges adopting capital-intensive low-carbon agricultural technologies, such as straw recycling, new varieties, soil testing, and formulated fertilization. However, farmers with stronger constraints in the areas of land and labor are more inclined to accept labor-saving technologies, such as soil testing and formulated fertilization technology. Moreover, farmers with stronger risk preferences tend to accept high-risk technologies, such as new technologies like straw recycling. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for formulating carbon emission reduction policies and low-carbon technology policies for the agricultural sector.
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Leighton, Lindsey R., i Chris L. Schneider. "Taxon characteristics that promote survivorship through the Permian–Triassic interval: transition from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic brachiopod fauna". Paleobiology 34, nr 1 (2008): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/06082.1.
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Examination of organismal characteristics which promote survivorship through both background and mass extinctions may reveal general ecological principles potentially critical to modern conservation efforts. This study explores survivorship of brachiopods, a highly diverse and abundant Paleozoic clade, through the mid-Permian to mid-Triassic interval, which includes the greatest mass extinction in the history of metazoan life. This interval of time separates two of the major Phanerozoic evolutionary faunas. In this regard, survivorship across any one extinction during the interval would not have been relevant if the survivor went extinct shortly after the extinction event; surviving background extinction is as important as surviving a mass extinction. Similarly, taxa that survived but failed to rediversify also were not major elements of the Mesozoic evolutionary fauna. Thus, the analysis aims to analyze survivorship not just across a single extinction but across the entire mid-Permian to mid-Triassic; only survivors through the entire interval can be the ancestors of the Mesozoic clades.Fewer brachiopod genera survived the interval than did brachiopod clades, suggesting that pseudoextinction or insufficient sampling could be a problem in analyzing these extinctions; thus, survivorship analysis should be conducted at the clade level. Nine characteristics were examined for generic representatives of 20 North American brachiopod clades, five of which survived both Permian extinctions and the subsequent earliest Triassic transitional interval. Characteristics include both those that operate on global scales and those that operate on the higher-resolution scales of individuals and populations.Survivors were significantly smaller and occurred less frequently than victims. Mean diversity of communities in which survivors were present was significantly greater. The finding that rare taxa belonging to high-diversity communities were more likely to survive runs counter to traditional predictions. However, these results are consistent with recent studies suggesting that higher diversity within a trophic level may create a buffer, as surviving taxa quickly occupy the vacant niche space of the victims. As size, abundance, and community diversity are all statistically related, the small size of survivors may be an artifact of reduced biovolume per taxon in a diverse community.No significant relationship exists between global-scale processes and survivorship of brachiopods through the mid-Permian to mid-Triassic. The results suggest that ecological processes can strongly influence global extinction patterns.
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Koh, Stephen C. L., R. N. V. Prasad i Y. F. Fong. "Hemostatic Status and Fibrinolytic Response Potential at Different Phases of the Menstrual Cycle". Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 11, nr 3 (lipiec 2005): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107602960501100308.
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Coagulation and fibrinolytic variables including platelet function and endogenous fibrinolytic response were determined in 30 normal healthy women volunteers not on any known medication during the period of study. They were between 18 years and 38 years old and had normal menstrual cycles of between 28 days and 30 days. Blood samples were obtained within one menstrual cycle and after having fasted overnight within days 1 to 3 (menstruation), 5 to 9 (follicular), 10 to 14 (mid-cycle), and 21 to 26 (luteal) of the menstrual cycle. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant differences in the hemostatic parameters studied between the phases of the menstrual cycle except for a reduced D-dimer level at mid-cycle. Significant fibrinolytic response was seen after venous occlusion but they were not significantly different between the phases of the menstrual cycle. The women were then divided into either normal weight (n=22) or overweight (n=8) according to World Health Organization (WHO) classification and the data reanalyzed. Elevated tissue plasminogen activator antigen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels except at menstruation and total protein S except at follicular phase were observed in overweight women together with increased plasminogen level only at luteal phase. Significant endogenous fibrinolytic response seen during the menstrual cycle was not different between normal and overweight women. The study demonstrated that systemic coagulation, fibrinolysis, and platelet function were probably not influenced by natural hormonal changes occurring during the menstrual cycle except for an associated reduced fibrinolytic state at mid-cycle. The hemostatic system in this small group of healthy overweight women studied appeared to be physiologically compromised.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "SMALL-MID-LEVEL INFLUENCER"
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KUMAR, RIPUL. "WHICH TYPE OF INFLUENCER SHOULD A BRAND CHOOSE FOR COLLABORATION : SMALL-MID-LEVEL, OR LARGE?" Thesis, 2023. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/20160.
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Influencers are popping up all over the place. It makes sense considering influencer
marketing ROI is one of the highest among traditional digital marketing channels. But what's
the difference between types of influencers? Which influencer is best for your marketing
campaign? How do you find the right influencers?
When it comes to choosing an influencer, the decision should be based on the brand's
specific goals and budget. Here are some things to consider when deciding between a small,
mid-level, or big influencer:
Small Influencers:
• These influencers typically have less than 10,000 followers on their social media
accounts.
• They often have a highly engaged and loyal following.
• They are generally more affordable than mid-level or big influencers, making them a
good choice for brands with a smaller budget.
• They can be a good option for niche or local brands that are looking to target a
specific audience.
Mid-Level Influencers:
• These influencers typically have between 10,000 and 100,000 followers on their
social media accounts.
• They have a wider reach than small influencers but are still more affordable than big
influencers.
• They often have a strong following within a specific niche or industry.
• They can be a good option for brands that are looking to reach a larger audience or
that want to target a specific demographic.
Big Influencers:
• These influencers typically have over 100,000 followers on their social media
accounts.
• They have a wide reach and can be a good choice for brands that want to reach a
large audience quickly.
• They are often more expensive than small or mid-level influencers, but they can also
have a bigger impact on a brand's overall image.
• They can be a good option for established brands that are looking to increase their
visibility or for brands that want to reach a new audience quickly.
In general, the best influencer for a brand will depend on the brand's specific goals, target
audience, and budget. A smaller brand with a tight budget may benefit from working with a
smaller influencer who has a highly engaged following, while a larger brand with a bigger
budget may benefit from working with a big influencer who can help increase their visibility
quickly.
Części książek na temat "SMALL-MID-LEVEL INFLUENCER"
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Tanyanyiwa, Vincent Itai. "The Impact of Climate Change and Variability on Small-Scale Peri-Urban Horticultural Farmers in Domboshawa, Zimbabwe". W Intellectual, Scientific, and Educational Influences on Sustainability Research, 46–69. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7302-9.ch003.
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Zimbabwe is a semi-arid country reliant on regular rains (November-April). Mean annual rainfall is low, and many rivers in the drier parts of the country are not perennial. In the small-scale horticultural sector, irrigation becomes handy. Rainfall exhibits spatial and temporal variability. This scenario is characterized by shifts in the onset of rains, increases in frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events, increases in the proportion of low rainfall years, decreases in low-intensity rainfall events, and increases in the frequency and intensity of mid-season dry spells. Drought have increased in frequency and intensity. Agriculture is the main source of income for most smallholder farmers who depend on rain-fed cropping and livestock rearing. Adaptation of agriculture to climate variability and change impacts is vital for livelihood. To develop appropriate strategies and institutional responses to climate change adaptation, a clear understanding of climate change impacts on smallholder farmers at farm-level is vital.
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Fitzpatrick, Michael. "The point is to change it". W Waiting for the Revolution. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526113658.003.0013.
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Like most organisations of the far left in Britain in the years after 1968, the RCP was small in size and marginal in influence. Starting out with only a few dozen supporters in the mid-1970s, membership peaked at around 200 before its demise in the mid-1990s. Though it emerged out of the left, in many ways it was not of the left and it developed in a struggle against it. In contrast with the spirit of amenable coexistence that prevailed among other factions, the RCP maintained a high level of polemical engagement with the left. Though other far left groups discreetly accepted the RCP’s characterisation of the official labour movement as ‘reformist’, the RCP pointed out that in practice these groups adapted to the reformism of the official movement, reinforcing rather than loosening its grip on militants and activists. The RCP aimed to promote an independent anti-capitalist outlook, thereby to give voice and effect to the interests of the working class and humanity as a whole. It engaged in workplace and trade union struggles and campaigns for women’s rights, and against racism and imperialism, seeking to develop and sustain a creative balance between activities around issues of exploitation and those of oppression.
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Hoare, Marko Attila. "Bosnia-Hercegovina Defeats Great Serbia, c. June 1942–October 1943". W Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia. British Academy, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263808.003.0007.
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Bosnia-Hercegovina was by mid-1942 effectively a patchwork of small fiefdoms. The Ustasha-held towns were islands in a hostile sea. Rebel Bosnia-Hercegovina was a world partitioned, militarily and geographically, between two antithetical movements: the Chetniks and the Partisans. Rural localities were held by Partisans, Chetniks or Muslim militias whose spheres of influence ebbed and flowed. In eastern Bosnia-Hercegovina, the Chetniks were triumphant, their Great Serb ‘state’ appearing to be born, based on their nationally and religiously exclusive, patriarchal and traditionalist rural values. In western Bosnia-Hercegovina, however, the cosmopolitan, internationalist, and modernist Communists, children of the towns, ruled a parallel ‘state’, the mass of whose peasant foot-soldiers were no different from those of its Chetnik counterpart, but whose governing ethos made it the polar opposite of the latter. As each movement consolidated its rule in its ‘own’ part of Bosnia-Hercegovina, the stage was set for a showdown between them that, at one level, represented the clash between modernist and traditionalist political values, and at another between the Bosnian and the Great Serb ideals.
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Hale, Grace Elizabeth. "Tasty World". W Cool Town, 139–81. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469654874.003.0005.
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Many of the young people who would become local musicians, artists, and bohemians in the mid-1980s arrived in Athens already knowing the local scene. Bands emerging in these years as part of a new way of local music-making worked to fill gaps in the local sonic landscape. Influenced by different performers and art than that of the earlier scene, the guiding principle was the same—diversity. Participants brought do-it-yourself (DIY) methods of production to bear on other kinds of creative projects. In all of these mediums and forms, participants pushed against the styles, aesthetics, and concerns of the bands, artists, and other bohemians that came before. What was important was to be more than a passive consumer of art and music; you had to make your own culture. Much of this new music was called “college rock,” suggesting it was produced for a small audience and came from a middle-class background with a certain level of intellectualism. The designation also meant most participants were white. Critics and fans pushed back on the “college rock” label, instead adopting the labels “indie” or “alternative,” which they found more expansive and “real.”
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Nastasă-Kovács, Lucian. "Romanian Theories of Central European Integration". W The Development of European and Regional Integration Theories in Central European Countries, 67–92. Central European Academic Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54171/2022.mgih.doleritincec_4.
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Central Europe, especially Eastern Europe, has always been the geographic convergence point of several Great Powers that exercised their influence on the region regardless of the wishes of smaller states or national/ethnical groups. At the mid-19th century, the political equation changed, and the desire for a new regional order was emerging at the ethnic group or small nation level. Their elites proposed projects and lobbied for several political constructions that would advantage their nations and help them define their new political development with some kind of autonomy/independence. The nation states and political turmoil in the second part of the century launched several integration and political construction projects designed to reshape the face of Eastern Europe following a more realistic representation system. During the 1848 revolution, many political and intellectual elites tried to consolidate new political construction projects for the Romanian principalities or minorities in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Central Europe became a place where the old order had reached its capabilities in managing and integrating the ethnic groups and nations in a satisfying way; imperial reflexes were no longer a solution for national inspirations. The Romanian principalities unification, the Ausglich, or the former Greek independence war, were just the tip of the iceberg of the need for political reshaping in Eastern Europe. In contrast, projects like the Danube Confederation were designed to secure autonomy and replace the old imperial approaches into a fragmented region. Mitteleurope and Eastern Europe became the central point of political debates, and the need for nations to secure their future became a significant issue on the political and cultural agenda. From the Romanian point of view, Popoviciu or Maiorescu’s projects and ideas became the central point of the debate. This chapter is a chronicle of these efforts and ideas, the flow of intellectual work in the European space to reshape the Eastern European region according to the needs of small nations and ethnic groups.
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McMichael, Anthony. "Weather Extremes in Modern Times". W Climate Change and the Health of Nations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190262952.003.0014.
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In 1816, Against A foreboding climatic background, Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein. She might well have begun: “It was a dark and stormy decade …” During the previous year, much of the world had been shrouded by the great ashen veil cast across the skies by the massive Tambora volcanic eruption in April 1815. Europe’s 1815– 1816 was a cold, gloomy, and tumultuous time. Crops failed and temperatures fell. Bonaparte was consigned to the rocky island of St. Helena, Beethoven entered his more radical and introspective late period, and minor autocratic monarchies around the continent came under increasing political siege as democratic impulses stirred. This chapter examines some of the shorter- term climate shifts and extreme weather events that have occurred over the last two centuries. The disrupted weather following the Tambora eruption, for example, shows how small changes in temperature and rainfall can have major consequences, including failed harvests and epidemic outbreaks. In mid- nineteenth- century Ireland, the failure of the potato crop in wet and relatively warm conditions contributed to food insecurity that devastated the local population. Unusual weather extremes in late- nineteenth- century China, including a period of cooling, facilitated the Third Pandemic of bubonic plague, which spread rapidly through populations already under stress due to harvest failures, conflict, and political turmoil. Such events may intensify in the coming decades as the Earth’s average temperature rises and climatic cycles are disrupted and become more variable. Additionally, the consequences for human population health are amplified by social and political mismanagement and turmoil. We can expect climate change to act as a “force multiplier,” exacerbating many of the world’s health problems. From the mid- nineteenth century, the northern hemisphere’s Little Ice Age receded as solar activity regained its twelfth- century peak level. The depths of the cold had been reached around 1700 C.E., and the cooling influence of the Siberian High was now receding. The almost year- round ice and snow in northern Europe during those super- chilled earlier times were long gone, and the snowbound, though increasingly grimy, White Christmases of early- 1800s Dickensian London were waning.
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Crane, Hewitt, Edwin Kinderman i Ripudaman Malhotra. "The Path Forward". W A Cubic Mile of Oil. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195325546.003.0019.
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In this book we reviewed the course of energy consumption over the ages and projected the level of consumption through 2050. To facilitate the discussion, we introduced a new unit of energy—a cubic mile of oil equivalent, or CMO—that enables description of global energy flows in terms and numbers that are immediately comprehensible. We surveyed the various sources of energy in current use, established the quantities used, and projected our future needs on a global basis. While for much of our history the availability of energy has played an important role in determining the potentials and abilities of humans, in recent times energy has become much more important because resources are coming under strain. Greater energy use is beginning to influence our environment more strongly than ever before. A characteristic of global energy supply systems is the slowness with which they can shift. The slowness is a consequence of several factors. The size of the incumbent technologies and the advantage that they have in terms of learned improvements, economies of scale, and delivery infrastructure, play an important role in the rate at which new technologies are adopted. New technologies are often more expensive simply because cost reductions occur with experience, and it takes time for something new to penetrate the markets and build an experience base. Government subsidies and research and development (R&D) investments can help break this vicious cycle, but in the end the technologies have to deliver value to the customers before they can be adopted widely. There are also limited numbers of manufacturing and delivery systems in place for new technologies. Because basic energy supplies adapt slowly to change—as do most technologies—while energy demand grows more rapidly with population and income, we must act now to bring new supplies and new patterns of energy demand into play to meet the projected global energy demands of mid 21st century. Time is of the essence! Abundant energy has become an essential part of modern life, and we cannot go without it if we wish to retain even a small fraction of our current civilization.
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Sassen, Kenneth, i Gerald Mace. "Ground-based Remote Sensing of Cirrus Clouds". W Cirrus. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130720.003.0012.
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Cirrus clouds have only recently been recognized as having a significant influence on weather and climate through their impact on the radiative energy budget of the atmosphere. In addition, the unique difficulties presented by the study of cirrus put them on the “back burner” of atmospheric research for much of the twentieth century. Foremost, because they inhabit the frigid upper troposphere, their inaccessibility has hampered intensive research. Other factors have included a lack of in situ instrumentation to effectively sample the clouds and environment, and basic uncertainties in the underlying physics of ice cloud formation, growth, and maintenance. Cloud systems that produced precipitation, severe weather, or hazards to aviation were deemed more worthy of research support until the mid- 1980s. Beginning at this time, however, major field research programs such as the First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Program) Regional Experiment (FIRE; Cox et al. 1987), International Cirrus Experiment (ICE; Raschke et al. 1990), Experimental Cloud Lidar Pilot Study (ECLIPS; Platt et al. 1994), and the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program (Stokes and Schwartz 1994) have concentrated on cirrus cloud research, relying heavily on ground-based remote sensing observations combined with research aircraft. What has caused this change in research emphasis is an appreciation for the potentially significant role that cirrus play in maintaining the radiation balance of the earth-atmosphere system (Liou 1986). As climate change issues were treated more seriously, it was recognized that the effects, or feedbacks, of extensive high-level ice clouds in response to global warming could be pivotal. This fortunately came at a time when new generations of meteorological instrumentation were becoming available. Beginning in the early 1970s, major advancements were made in the fields of numerical cloud modeling and cloud measurements using aircraft probes, satellite multispectral imaging, and remote sensing with lidar, short-wavelength radar, and radiometers, all greatly facilitating cirrus research. Each of these experimental approaches have their advantages and drawbacks, and it should also be noted that a successful cloud modeling effort relies on field data for establishing boundary conditions and providing case studies for validation. Although the technologies created for in situ aircraft measurements can clearly provide unique knowledge of cirrus cloud thermodynamic and microphysical properties (Dowling and Radke 1990), available probes may suffer from limitations in their response to the wide range of cirrus particles and actually sample a rather small volume of cloud during any mission.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "SMALL-MID-LEVEL INFLUENCER"
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Cooper, P. C., D. R. Triger, H. Kennedy, R. G. Malia i F. E. Preston. "FIBRINOLYSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS DURING ASCITES RECIRCULATION". W XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643061.
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The use of ascites recirculation in liver disease removes litres of incapacitating fluid and the patient is reinfused with the concentrated ascites, a rich source of albumin. Ascites is thought to contain plasminogen activator (PA) which may further affect deranged haemostasis in these patients. We have examined the effect that ascites recirculation has on levels of tPA, fibrinogen, FDP and platelet count on samples taken pre and approximately 4 hours into ascites recirculation. Using plasminogen rich fibrin plates we were able to demonstrate PA in unfractioned ascitic fluid (N=10, mean diameter lysis=10.2mm); this activity was quenched by addition of antibody to tPA (mean diameter lysis=0.2mm). Despite demonstrating tPA in unfractioned ascitic fluid, we were unable to demonstrate an increase in plasma tPA, mid recirculation, using a sensitive chromogenic assay (pre, geometric mean tPA = 0.061Iu/ml; mid, geometric mean tPA = 0.024Iu/ml). In addition we have also measured the effect that an intra-abdominal injection of the glucocorticoid, dexamethosone (dex), 24 hours prior to recirculation, has on PA content of the ascites, as well as the effect on coagulation screening tests. Fibrin plate lysis showed only a small, though significant reduction in mean lysis diameter in 9 of 10 patients receiving dex, (mean 11.6 to 10.2mm). Results of the coagulation tests showed marked changes during recirculation which were similar in both groups.In conclusion, we have demonstrated free tPA in unfractionated ascites fluid of patients with liver disease, and shown a small reduction in tPA level 24 hours post injection of dex in ascites. Dexamethosone did not influence the changes in coagulation profile post recirculation. We suggest that the changes in coagulation are not due to primary fibrinolysis, but may be due to either dilution effect or DIG.
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Hassan, Tasnim, i Xiangyang Lu. "A Fatigue Failure Mechanism of Welded Piping Joints". W ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71269.
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Fatigue failures of small bore piping systems have historically occurred in nuclear power plants, resulting in unanticipated plant downtime and substantial financial loss. If the failures were not caused by defects, the reasons of the initiation of fatigue cracks were not clear in many cases. This paper presented a set of weld fatigue response data which pointed to the strain ratcheting response as a probable reason for weld fatigue failure. A systematic set of low-cycle fatigue tests on butt- and socket welded piping joints in the cantilever set up is conducted. A new observation made in these tests is that the recorded strains near the weld toe ratchet continuously, which results in the initiation of fatigue crack(s). Comparison of these ratcheting responses with those from the cyclic bending of straight pipe and ratcheting experiments at the material level indicates that the residual stresses at welded joints may induce the ratcheting responses. This observation is further supported by the symmetric strain response (no ratcheting) at the mid-pipe length, which is located away from the welded joint. At this location, there are no residual stresses to induce ratcheting. It is observed that the fatigue cracks in all experiments occurred at the weld toe location where the ratcheting strain is the largest. The experimental data indicate that the fatigue life of materials is reduced in the presence of ratcheting. It is also observed that the ratcheting is influenced by the welding sequence. One interesting aspect of the weld fatigue data developed is that the ratcheting at the weld joints occurred under a displacement-controlled loading cycle. This study with its limited time and resource could not explore this issue. A plausible reason could be due to material heterogeneity at the welded joints.