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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Small area market demand"
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Такмашева, Ирина, Irina Takmasheva, Сергей Тяглов i Sergey Tyaglov. "The Development of the Hostel Market as a Promising Area of Small Business". Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2018, nr 4 (14.01.2019): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2018-4-137-144.
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The research features the Khanty-Mansiysk hostel market as a promising area of small business. The main objective of the study is to develop practical recommendations for the opening of hostels in the city of Khanty-Mansiysk. To achieve this goal, the following problem issues were studied: foreign experience in the development of hostel market, evaluation of supply and demand for hotel business in Khanty-Mansiysk, pricing in the hotel services market, and business climate for the development of the hostel market. The authors used the methods of statistical and comparative analysis, special methods of economic analysis, as well as the method of strategic planning SWOT-analysis. As a result of the research, the authors formulated proposals for the opening of hostels in Khanty-Mansiysk. The recommendations can be used by entrepreneurs engaged in the local hotel business. The proposals can also be useful to Khanty-Mansiysk administration in developing a strategy for the social and economic development of the municipality.
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Shao, Bi Lin, Ting Meng i Wen Juan Liu. "Research on Prediction of Urumqi City Real Estate Supply and Demand Based on Gray System". Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (grudzień 2014): 2530–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.2530.
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This paper takes gray prediction forecasting model as a tool to forecast the real estate market in Urumqi from development and investment, construction housing area and sale of housing area. The difference between the actual value and the predicted prediction value is small, with high accuracy. Predictive value can be reflected in the coming period of the real estate market situation in Urumqi. From the predicted results, we could know that there is a lot potential in Urumqi real estate market in next few years and investment in real estate the construction housing area, housing area of real estate sale will get a larger annual growth. In general, there will be increasing potential in the development of the real estate market in Urumqi. Meanwhile, Urumqi real estate market will tend to rationally develop under the regulation of government in the next few years.
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Bakun, Yurii, i Roman Korinets. "Analysis of the peculiarities of the market demand of agricultural producers for advisory services in Ukraine". Ekonomika APK 311, nr 9 (28.09.2020): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202009072.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of the market demand of agricultural producers for advisory services in Ukraine Research methods. The theoretical basis of the article was the dialectical method of cognition and systematic method for research of peculiarities of the market demand for advisory services in Ukraine. The main methods of the article were: questionnaire and comparative analysis. Research results. The choice of producers for the questionnaire was fulfilled on two criteria: the size of the land use area and geographical location. The four most significant groups of agricultural producers for the research were identified: large agricultural enterprises (with a land use area of 5000 ha and above), medium-sized agricultural enterprises (500 to 5000 ha), farms (50 to 500 ha) and small producers (small farms and owners of land shares – from 2 to 50 ha). The selection of a retrospective sample of representatives of agricultural enterprises for the questionnaire have been substantiated to ensure the reliability of the research. The peculiarities of the market demand of agricultural producers for advisory services was carried out on the basis of the questionnaire method and polling method. Scientific novelty. The differentiated approach to the provision of advisory services have been proposed depending of peculiarities of the market demand for it by agricultural producers. Practical significance. Differentiation of the list of advisory services and methods of their provision, depending of features of market demand for them, will promote to increase both the effectiveness of advisory services and the efficiency of economic and personal activities of agricultural producers.
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Wood, P. A., J. Bryson i D. Keeble. "Regional Patterns of Small Firm Development in the Business Services: Evidence from the United Kingdom". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 25, nr 5 (maj 1993): 677–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a250677.
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The growth of business services in the United Kingdom during the 1980s is reviewed, and especially the role of small firms. Reports the results of an intensive questionnaire survey, undertaken in 1991, of a sample of small management consultancy and market research companies in three areas; inner London, the outer south east, and north west England. In interpreting the demand and supply characteristics of these firms, emphasis is placed on their interactions with the internal labour market strategies of predominantly large client organisations. Generally, the sample firms offer consultancy and marketing expertise which such clients do not provide from their own skill resources. Their founders were also often originally employees of such organisations, especially outside London. Regional economic and social characteristics mould the activities of these firms, even though many engage in a significant degree of interregional trade. The markets served, types of specialisation, the originating process, and the ages of founders show marked differences between the two sectors and the three areas.
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Silva, Cátia, Pedro Faria i Zita Vale. "Demand Response and Distributed Generation Remuneration Approach Considering Planning and Operation Stages". Energies 12, nr 14 (16.07.2019): 2721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142721.
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The need for new business models to replace existing ones, soon obsolete, is a subject often discussed among researchers in the area. It is essential to find a practical solution that includes the concepts of demand response and distributed generation in the energy markets, these being the future of the electricity grid. It is believed that these resources can bring advantages to the operation of the system, namely increasing technical efficiency. However, one of the problems is the aggregation of small resources as a result of the associated uncertainties. The authors propose a business model with three main phases used in planning: optimal scheduling, aggregation, and remuneration. In this paper, a new phase was added, the classification, with the main purpose of assisting the aggregator of these small resources in operating situations. The focus is on the fair remuneration of participants in the management of the market, in addition to minimizing operating costs. After testing four different remuneration methods, it was proved that the method proposed by the authors obtained better results, proving the viability of the proposed model.
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Tahir, Zubair, i Khalid Riaz. "Integration of Agricultural Commodity Markets in Punjab". Pakistan Development Review 36, nr 3 (1.09.1997): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i3pp.241-262.
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Efficiency of resource allocation in agriculture depends on the functioning of commodity markets. Although the larger markets that are better connected with the transport and communication network are expected to be well-integrated, the same cannot be said about the smaller, more remote markets. This paper tests integration of agricultural commodity markets in Southeastern Punjab. The region is located off the main trading axis of Pakistan, the Peshawar-Karachi highway, and is mostly served by relatively small markets known as mandis. This study focuses on markets for cotton, wheat, and rice in five towns in the region. Cotton and wheat are the main crops in the area while rice is mostly grown as part of crop rotation aimed at controlling salinity. The analytical framework developed by Ravallion was used to conduct tests of market integration for the three selected commodities. Within this framework, it is possible to test for short-run integration, long-run integration or complete market segmentation. The results indicate that, generally, markets are integrated only in the long run, with short-run integration limited to some special cases. Moreover, the smaller markets are more likely to be isolated as compared to the larger markets. The small markets also take longer to fully adjust to the price shock originating from a more dominant central market. Finally, in the case of rice, it is more likely that a market would be isolated if it were small. This implies that farmers’ incentives to grow rice as a means of combating salinity may be constrained by local demand conditions.
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Rahmah, Devi Maulida, Fahmi Rizal i Sarinarulita Rosalinda. "The Changes on Scale-Up Agriculture Business Transformation Process in Rural Area". Journal of Industrial and Information Technology in Agriculture 1, nr 1 (13.08.2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jiita.v1i1.13320.
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This study aims to identify the changes in Scale-up Business Transformation Process in PT Malabar Kopi Indonesia. PT Malabar Kopi Indonesia is the largest coffee processing business unit in West Java, established in 2005. Initially, this coffee business was categorized to household-scale coffee processing business (Small enterprise scale) and currently the company has become a coffee processing business unit that exports coffee to various countries. The development of this business is eligible to be identify the business changes occured. This study was conducted through field observation and deep interview. The data were analyzed through historical analysis. Through historical analysis approach, all details in innovation process conducted by PT Malabar Kopi will be explained.The results show that the changes on scale-up transformation process is divided into 4 terms, namely product changes, process changes, technological changes, and organizational changes. Product changes occurred four times along the business established. Initially, the company produced cherry bean as the main product on 2005. Changes occurred due to the company's desire to meet the market demand and increase value-added of products on 2009, when started producing green bean and roasted bean. In 2014 they started producing instant coffee and increased the production quantity of Green bean and roasted bean to meet the international market through exporting activity. The Process changes occurred 4 times, it closely related to the product changes. The changes from wet process to dry process occurred on 20014 due to the company target which focused to export market. The change also occurred on 2017 when the dry process moved to the natural process due to the domestic market become the targeted on this year. Shortly, the process chanced occurred based on the market will be targeted. The Technological changes helped the company to get the good quality and quantity of product. In term of the organizational changes, it become the basic change to get the market expansion. Especially in 2014, in the initially formed of company that categorized into small and medium scale enterprises moved to large scale enterprise. Marked by the transformation into a limited liability company (PT). The changes that occur have an impact on the networking opportunity and develop a broader business. Here is the historical change of business form.
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Anbuchelvi, M. "Import and Export of Small Cardamom in India". Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 7, nr 1 (1.07.2019): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v7i1.561.
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Indian Small Cardamom is famous in the world over decades for its’ quality, colour and standards. However, India imports Cardamom from other countries for various reasons such as high price in the domestic market, bulk seasonal and festival demand for Cardamom from North India. Countries like Guatemala with a wide area of plantations with naturally conducive weather and climate paves the way for mass production of Cardamom at a lower cost. This has resulted in the mixing of those lesser quality cardamoms with higher quality Cardamom produce in India. Moreover, there are many illegal routes with which Guatemala Cardamom is smuggled into India. Export of Cardamom has several formalities and procedures to be followed. The State and Central Government have regulated the import and export of cardamom to various countries in the world. There are several distributing channels of Cardamom with auction centres, wholesaler, retailer and other intermediaries through which the Cardamom reaches the customers in India and abroad. The international market for Indian Cardamom is competitive as more countries try to dump their product. But there is ample scope for Indian Cardamom to rule in the Global Market.
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Casolino, Giovanni M., i Arturo Losi. "Load Areas in Radial Unbalanced Distribution Systems". Energies 12, nr 15 (6.08.2019): 3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12153030.
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The demand becoming flexible is a requirement for the full exploitation of renewable energy sources. Aggregation may foster the provision of flexibility by small-scale providers connected to distribution grids, since it allows offering significant flexibility volumes to the market. The aggregation of flexibility providers is carried out by the aggregator, a new market role and possibly a new market player. Location information of individual flexibility providers is necessary for both the aggregator and the system operators, in particular, the Distribution System Operator (DSO). For the former, information should allow treating a high number of individual flexibility providers as a single provider to offer significant flexibility volumes to the markets; for the latter, the information should ensure an adequate visibility of the connection of the individual providers to the grid. In the paper, the concept of Load Area (LA) is recalled, which combines the needs of location information of the aggregator and of the DSO. A method for the identification and modeling of LAs for the general case of unbalanced radial systems is proposed. The results of the methods’ application to two studied unbalanced networks are presented, showing the effectiveness and viability of the proposed approach.
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Findeis, Jill L., James S. Shortle i Virginia M. Kibler. "Measuring the Primary Impacts of Severance Taxation: A Spatial Equilibrium Approach". Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 17, nr 1 (kwiecień 1988): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00001598.
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A spatial equilibrium model is used to quantify the effects of a severance tax on the Pennsylvania coal market. Two regions are identified: the Pennsylvania Market Area and an import/export region. The impacts on prices and quantities of coal supplied and demanded are found to be small. Little of the tax is exported from Pennsylvania, with a high proportion of the tax being passed back to Pennsylvania coal producers. Although the tax revenue exceeds the welfare losses in Pennsylvania, this result is very sensitive to the magnitude of the Pennsylvania own-price demand elasticity.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Small area market demand"
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Lu, Hongwei Marketing Australian School of Business UNSW. "Small area market demand prediction in the automobile industry". Publisher:University of New South Wales. Marketing, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43027.
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The general aim of this research is to investigate approaches to: improve small area market demand (i.e. SAMD) prediction accuracy for the purchase of automobiles at the level of each Census Collection District (i.e. CCD); and enhance understanding of meso-level marketing phenomena (i.e. geographically aggregated phenomena) relating to SAMD. Given the importance of SAMD prediction, and the limitations posed by current methods, four research questions are addressed: What are the key challenges in meso-level SAMD prediction? What variables affect SAMD prediction? What techniques can be used to improve SAMD prediction? What is the value of integrating these techniques to improve SAMD prediction? To answer these questions, possible solutions from two broad areas are examined: spatial analysis and data mining. The research is divided into two main studies. In the first study, a seven-step modelling process is developed for SAMD prediction. Several sets of models are analysed to examine the modelling techniques effectiveness in improving the accuracy of SAMD prediction. The second study involves two cases to: 1) explore the integration of these techniques and their advantages in SAMD prediction; and 2) gain insights into spatial marketing issues. The case study of Peugeot in the Sydney metropolitan area shows that urbanisation and geo-marketing factors can have a more important role in SAMD prediction than socio-demographic factors. Furthermore, results show that modelling spatial effects is the most important aspect of this prediction exercise. The value of the integration of techniques is in compensating for the weaknesses of conventional techniques, and in providing complementary and supplementary information for meso-level marketing analyses. Substantively, significant spatial variation and continuous patterns are found with the influence of key studied variables. The substantive implications of these findings have a bearing on both academic and managerial understanding. Also, the innovative methods (e.g. the SAMD modelling process and the model cube based technique comparison) developed from this research make significant contributions to marketing research methodology.
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Jin, Jianhui. "A small area microsimulation model for water demand". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507779.
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Van, Heerden Garth William. "Constraints to the implementation of a market development approach to the delivery of business Development Services within the Makana municipal area". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007746.
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South Africa's biggest challenge remains the high rate of unemployment especially among the country's youth. Small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) have been shown to be instrumental in many third world economies as a sustainable means not only to address unemployment but also to contribute significantly to economic growth. Despite government's good intentions and support, the South African SMME sector is not growing as expected and this is impacting negatively on unemployment creation in the country. Good business development services (BDS) is necessary to support SMMEs and specifically the Market Development Approach to the provision of BDS, where subsidies are replaced by private payment for services. Makana municipal area provided scope for analysing the constraints to the implementation of such business development services. Analysing the scope and magnitude of the constraints in this setting would contribute to understanding the constraints also in other parts of the country and help officials in local economic development make better informed decisions regarding support to SMMEs. Authors like Rogerson (2011), UNDP (2004), Miehlbradt and McVay, (2003), the Committee of Donor Agencies for SME Development (Blue book) (2001) and Bear et al., (2001) Gibson (2001), propose that the key to sustainable BDS is the implementation of the Market Development approach which focusses on for-profit activities in the provision of BDS to SMMEs. The aim of this study was to examine perceptions of key stakeholders towards SMME support and development, to identify the constraints to the implementation of a Market Development approach to the provision of business development services to SMMEs in the Makana area and to make recommendations to the Makana LED office of possible intervention strategies to address identified constraints. Purposive sampling was used to identify key stakeholders in SMME support in the Makana area in the categories of, big institutional buyers, public and private BDS providers as well the municipal LED office. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with each stakeholder using questions shown in appendixes A to D. Perceptions of all key stakeholders were very positive with good intentions to support SMMEs. However, this was not consistent with procurement practice at the big institutional buyers. Constraints are summarized in the following five themes: Theme 1. Inconsistent practice in dealing with SMMEs across the organisation. Theme 2. Absence of a cooperative body or Chamber of Commerce. Theme 3. Fragmented Business Development Services. Theme 4. A lack of a culture of cost recovery. Theme 5. Limited awareness of BDS in the Makana area. A number of recommendations were suggested. Big institutional buyers like Rhodes University and Makana municipality need to take a longer term view and move the focus from employment creation to enterprise support which is a more sustainable and empowering source of employment (ILO, 2009). The Grahamstown Chamber of Commerce should become more representative and big institutional buyers also need to be convinced of the value of private BDS. Stakeholders should work together to combine resources to offer a comprehensive one-stop BDS for the Makana area (Chetty, 2009) and this comprehensive BDS should be provided according to the Market Development approach focusing on those services that lend themselves better to this approach whilst using subsidies only for those services with a low potential for cost recovery (UNDP, 2004).
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Ji, Yiping. "Strategy Analysis of Real Estate Company Property Development in Medium Size City in China". Thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-48750.
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Real estate industry is a new economic growth point and main industry in Chinese gross domestic product nowadays. This paper analyzes the trend of Chinese real estate market development to help investors to understand the current situation of Chinese real estate markets and policies better, so as to make better real estate investment decisions in China in the future. Because of oversaturated with investment and higher cost of investment there are more and more limitations in investing in big cities in China. With the rapid development of the economy, the huge inner demand of real estate is increasing in medium and small sized cities. Some investigations show that there are huge spaces of the appreciation in Chinese real estate market in medium and small sized cities. The author will describe and analyze the investment strategy and development of Fuxing Huiyu Real Estate Corporation as a case study. The demonstrated company is a public company with rapid growth in a medium sized city named Wuhan in the central part of China. Other investment companies or real estate companies could get some ideas by analyzing the development and decision making process of this company.
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Bray, Catherine L. "The Small Area Fair Market Rent System in the Richmond Region: An Evaluation of Current Voucher Concentration, Move to Opportunity Counseling, and Value Capture Planning". VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4283.
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In June of 2015, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development released an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to establish a more effective Fair Market Rent System using Small Area Fair Market Rents (SAFMRs) in the Housing Choice Voucher Program (HCVP) instead of the current 50th Percentile FMRs. The 50th Percentile FMR is currently in use in the Richmond, Virginia region, and the region is likely to be among early adopters of the new SAFMR System. This thesis assesses existing conditions that will affect implementation of the Small Area Fair Market Rent (SAFMR) System. First, it evaluates where voucher holders have located and concentrated with limited mobility counseling and without the SAFMR System intervention. Second, this evaluation assesses the theory of opportunity and targeting metrics currently in use by the local Move to Opportunity Program administered in the region, because the SAFMR System has a stated objective to enable voucher holders to de-concentrate from low opportunity areas. Finally, this evaluation assesses the SAFMR System’s potential for value capture, estimating total savings and a discrete number of potential new vouchers that may be created with those savings. This research attempts to answer these dimensions of SAFMR System implementation by evaluating key characteristics of current voucher holder concentration in the metropolitan region.
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McKernan, Susan Christine. "Dental service areas: methodologies and applications for evaluation of access to care". Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1362.
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Significant efforts have been undertaken in medicine to identify hospital and primary care service areas (eg, the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care) using patient origin information. Similar research in dentistry is nonexistent. The goal of this dissertation was to develop and refine methods of defining dentist service areas (DSAs) using dental insurance claims. These service areas were then used as spatial units of analysis in studies that examined relationships between utilization of oral health services, dentist workforce supply, and service area characteristics.
Enrollment and claims data were obtained from the Iowa Medicaid program for children and adolescents ages 3-18 years during calendar years 2008 through 2010. The first study described rates of treatment by orthodontists in children ages 6-18 years. Orthodontic DSAs were identified by small area analysis in order to examine regional variability in utilization. The overall rate of utilization was approximately 3%; 19 DSAs were delineated. Interestingly, children living in small towns and rural areas were significantly more likely to have received orthodontic services than those living in metropolitan and micropolitan areas.
The second study identified 113 DSAs using claims submitted by primary care dentists (ie, general and pediatric dentists). Characteristics of these primary care DSAs were then compared with counties. Localization of care was used as a measure of how well each region approximated a dental market area. Approximately 59% of care received by Medicaid-enrolled children took place within their assigned service area versus 52% of care within their county of residence.
Hierarchical logistic regression was used in the final study to examine the influence of spatial accessibility and the importance of place on the receipt of preventive dental visits among Medicaid-enrolled children. Children living in urban areas were more likely to have received a visit than those living in more rural areas. Spatial accessibility assessed using measures of dentist workforce supply and travel cost did not appear to be a major barrier to care in this population.
More studies are needed to explore the importance of spatial accessibility and other geographic barriers on access to oral health services. The methods used in this dissertation to identify service areas can be applied to other populations and offer an appropriate method for examining revealed patient preferences for oral health care.
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Iwanow, Irene, Daniel Eichhorn, Holger Oertel, Sylke Stutzriemer i Robin Gutting. "Wohnbaulandprognosen - Stärken, Schwächen, neue Ansätze". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-157209.
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Wohnbaulandprognosen werden oft noch sehr normativ aus dem Trend der Bevölkerungsentwicklung und dem steigenden Wohnflächenkonsum der Einwohner erstellt. Unter den Bedingungen des demografischen Wandels gerät diese Praxis jedoch in erhebliche Schwierigkeiten. Warum sind Wohnbaulandausweisungen noch notwendig, wenn sowohl die Einwohnerzahl sinkt als auch die Zahl leer stehender Wohnungen zunimmt? Handelt es sich hier vorrangig um steigende Flächenansprüche der Haushalte oder um Effekte veränderter Lebensweisen? In Schrumpfungsregionen lassen schnelle Einschätzungen zunächst keinen zusätzlichen kommunalen Flächenbedarf für Wohnen erkennen und dennoch nimmt die Flächenneuinanspruchnahme für Wohnzwecke weiter zu. So wird deutlich, dass die herkömmlichen methodischen Ansätze für kommunale Wohnbaulandprognosen nicht mehr ausreichen und weitere Einflussfaktoren der Flächenentwicklung berücksichtigt werden müssen. Neue Modelle, welche die kleinräumigen Nachfrageentwicklungen sowie die Divergenzen zwischen Angebots- und Nachfragestruktur abbilden können, sind noch rar. Der folgende Beitrag zeigt, welche methodischen Stärken und Schwächen kommunale Prognoseansätze haben und stellt wichtige Grundgedanken der kommunalen Wohnungsprognosen des Leibniz-Instituts für ökologische Raumentwicklung (IÖR) vor.
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Kubeš, Fedor. "Srovnání vybraných způsobů ocenění pro nemovitost typu byt v lokalitě Brno - Štýřice a Brno - Černovice". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232638.
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The thesis is focused on a comparison of selected methods for the valuation property type apartment in the area of Brno - Brno Štýřice and Černovice. The thesis is notionally divided into two parts. The theoretical part describes the basic concepts associated with valuation, describes methods used of valuation, real estate market and valued locations. The practical part of thesis is focused on the valuation of flats under the current price regulation with comparative method, the direct comparison method of valuation, method of yield for an assessment the current price. At the end of the thesis are explained and commented upon the facts (locations, methods, prices, costs and profit of development company).
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Iwanow, Irene, Daniel Eichhorn, Holger Oertel, Sylke Stutzriemer i Robin Gutting. "Wohnbaulandprognosen - Stärken, Schwächen, neue Ansätze". Rhombos-Verlag, 2012. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A4819.
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Wohnbaulandprognosen werden oft noch sehr normativ aus dem Trend der Bevölkerungsentwicklung und dem steigenden Wohnflächenkonsum der Einwohner erstellt. Unter den Bedingungen des demografischen Wandels gerät diese Praxis jedoch in erhebliche Schwierigkeiten. Warum sind Wohnbaulandausweisungen noch notwendig, wenn sowohl die Einwohnerzahl sinkt als auch die Zahl leer stehender Wohnungen zunimmt? Handelt es sich hier vorrangig um steigende Flächenansprüche der Haushalte oder um Effekte veränderter Lebensweisen? In Schrumpfungsregionen lassen schnelle Einschätzungen zunächst keinen zusätzlichen kommunalen Flächenbedarf für Wohnen erkennen und dennoch nimmt die Flächenneuinanspruchnahme für Wohnzwecke weiter zu. So wird deutlich, dass die herkömmlichen methodischen Ansätze für kommunale Wohnbaulandprognosen nicht mehr ausreichen und weitere Einflussfaktoren der Flächenentwicklung berücksichtigt werden müssen. Neue Modelle, welche die kleinräumigen Nachfrageentwicklungen sowie die Divergenzen zwischen Angebots- und Nachfragestruktur abbilden können, sind noch rar. Der folgende Beitrag zeigt, welche methodischen Stärken und Schwächen kommunale Prognoseansätze haben und stellt wichtige Grundgedanken der kommunalen Wohnungsprognosen des Leibniz-Instituts für ökologische Raumentwicklung (IÖR) vor.
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Mourre, Gilles B. P. "Five essays on performance and structural rigidities in European labour markets". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210306.
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The thesis investigates the role of structural rigidities in recent labour market performances in Europe through various and complementary angles in five essays. By structural rigidities, we mean a lasting feature caused by a set of institutions, which prevents a market from operating efficiently. The approach is essentially empirical and macro-economic, while the scope of the analysis is definitely European, which is technically reflected in the use of either euro area aggregates or panels and cross-sections of European countries.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Książki na temat "Small area market demand"
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Afghanistan. Vizārat-i Kār, Umūr-i Ijtimāʻī, Shuhadāʼ va Maʻlūlīn. An urban area primary source study of supply & demand in the labor market. [Kabul?]: Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs, Martyrs and Disabled, 2008.
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Brown, Jeffrey R. Supply or demand: Why is the market for long-term care insurance so small? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.
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Market it write: Entrepreneur's guide to publicity in the Chicago area press. Aurora, IL: Eastview Publishing Co., 1995.
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Ma'roef, J. F. Profil, demand & supply perumahan, apartemen & kondominium, perkantoran, pusat perdagangan & perbelanjaan, kawasan industri =: Profile, demand, and supply housing, apartment & condominium, office market, trade center & shopping center, industry area. [Jakarta]: Persatuan Perusahaan Realestat Indonesia, 2006.
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Kroll, Dorothy. New directions in utilities, cogeneration, and small scale power. Norwalk, Conn: Business Communications Co., 1988.
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Sajedi, Rana. Short Run Costs of Structural Reforms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821878.003.0006.
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Structural reforms that increase competition in product markets, or increase flexibility in labour markets, can entail short run output costs unless offset by a demand expansion. When monetary policy is constrained and cannot carry out this short run expansion, there is a potential role for fiscal policy. This chapter quantifies these short run fiscal costs and long run fiscal benefits of reforms, and investigates how the design of reforms can affect this trade-off. In the model, both the costs and benefits of reforms are generally small, although increasingly large reforms entail larger rises in deficit-to-GDP in the short run. Results suggest that reforms in labour markets have little effect on public finances in the long run, but can help to ameliorate the short run costs of product market reforms.
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B, LeDoux Chris, i United States. Forest Service. Northeastern Research Station, red. Timber supply and demand assessment of the Green and White Mountain national forests' market area. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 2001.
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United States. Small Business Administration. Office of Advocacy., red. Small business employer growth by state, 1990-1996. Washington, D.C: U.S. Small Business Administration, 2000.
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Phillips Publishing. Phillips Telecommunications Research., red. The Demand for fiber optics in the local loop. Potomac, MD: Phillips Telecommunications Research, 1988.
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Uschi, Backes-Gellner, red. Wettbewerbsfaktor Fachkräfte: Rekrutierungschancen und -probleme von kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, 2000.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Small area market demand"
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Nciizah, Tendai, Elinah Nciizah, Caroline Mubekaphi i Adornis D. Nciizah. "Role of Small Grains in Adapting to Climate Change: Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe". W African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 581–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_254.
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AbstractClimate change has become one of the most profound threats to smallholder agriculture in semi-arid and arid areas. Farmers in this sector are especially vulnerable to climate change due to reliance on rain-fed agriculture, limited access to capital and technology among other challenges. While several potential adaptation options exist, many barriers hinder effective adoption of these practices, hence production in marginal areas remains very low. This chapter discusses crop adaptation through the adoption of small grains in Zvishavane rural, a semi-arid area in Zimbabwe. Small grains are conducive in hot areas; their drought-tolerant nature enables them to thrive in marginal areas making them an appropriate strategy in responding to climate change. However, several production and policy challenges associated with small grain production hinder their adoption by farmers. In view of this, this chapter discusses the potential of small grains as an adaptation strategy to climate change in Zvishavane District, Zimbabwe, and addresses potential challenges and opportunities for increased adoption and future research. The review showed that farmers in Zvishavane have perceived climate change due to noticeable changes in rainfall and temperature patterns in the past years. Despite small grain production being the best strategy due to drought and high temperature tolerance, an insignificant number of Zvishavane farmers is involved in small grain production. This is due to numerous barriers such as high labor demand associated with small grain production, the challenge posed by the quelea birds, food preferences, low markets, and low extension services and government support. It is therefore necessary to encourage adoption of small grains by developing improved varieties, adoption of climate smart agricultural practices, improved technical support, and access to markets among other interventions.
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Misso, Francesco Edoardo, Irina Di Ruocco i Cino Repetto. "The ELVITEN Project as Promoter of LEVs in Urban Mobility: Focus on the Italian Case of Genoa". W Small Electric Vehicles, 55–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65843-4_5.
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AbstractOne of the growing innovations in the electric vehicle market concerns light electric vehicles (LEVs), promoted at local and national level by many initiatives, such as the European project ELVITEN, involving six cities, which is analysed in the present paper in relation to the Genoa pilot case study. In Italy, LEVs have been increasingly successful, as the number of their registrations shows (+76% in 2019 compared to 2018). In this context, the city of Genoa, where a considerable fleet of mopeds and motorcycles (214,499 in its metropolitan area in 2018) circulates, lends itself well to the experimentation of two-wheeled LEVs. The monitoring of the use of LEVs within the framework of the ELVITEN project has shown that the average daily round trips recorded in the metropolitan area of Genoa are equal to 15–20 km, thus reinforcing the idea that LEVs represent a valid alternative to Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) private vehicles. Moreover, the characteristics of the travel monitored and the users’ feedback highlight that the question of range anxiety is less present than expected. Finally, and contrary to our expectations, the data analysis indicates that the use of LEVs in Genoa during two months of Covid-19 pandemic lockdown—March and April 2020—shows a decrease of 21%, while the average decrease recorded by the six cities globally considered is 51%.
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Hosseini, Seyed Vahid, Ali Izadi, Seyed Hossein Madani, Yong Chen i Mahmoud Chizari. "Design Procedure of a Hybrid Renewable Power Generation System". W Springer Proceedings in Energy, 155–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_20.
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AbstractElectrification of small communities in districted off-grid area remains as a challenge for power generation industries. In the current study, various aspects of design of a standalone renewable power plant are examined and implemented in a case study of a rural area in Cape Town, South Africa. Estimating required electricity based on local demand profile, investment, operability, and maintenance costs of different generation technologies are studied in order to investigate their potential in an off-grid clean energy generation system. Several configurations of hybridization of solar system, wind, and micro gas turbine in combination with a battery are investigated. The Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and number of days with more than 3 h black out are compared.
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Martin-Doñate, Cristina, Fermín Lucena-Muñoz, Lina Guadalupe García-Cabrera i Jorge Manuel Mercado-Colmenero. "Generation of Entrepreneurship Environments for New Product Development". W Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 366–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_58.
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AbstractThe economic environment demands companies to be able of innovating and presenting new products and technologies. However, current industrial environments are composed of big established companies, small or medium family businesses and regional clusters. This business map does not comply with the dynamism required for detecting needs and proposals in form of new products that meet the current customer requirements. The creation of start-ups in the field of engineering is considered as a possibility to cover a growing market in designing high technological products. However, despite the importance and economic impact of the start-ups for less industrialized environments the courses in the engineering field do not include activities that contextualize theoretical knowledge and entrepreneurship. The paper presents the results of creating an entrepreneurial environment focused on the student as entrepreneurial unit. In this context, a series of new activities based on new design proposals have been developed on the basis of new technical solutions for industrial companies. The new designs have been presented as minimum viable products. The technical knowledge required for making the new designs has been complemented with entrepreneurial training. The results show an increase in students' willingness to create small companies based in new products as an employment option at the end of their studies.
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Capogrosso, Roberta, Giulia De Aloysio, Luca Laghi, Roberto Malvezzi, Eraldo Menconi, Marco Padula, Francesca Pecchia, Ángel Ruìz Cruceira, José Manuel Salmeròn Lissén i Paolo Luigi Scala. "Deep Energy Retrofit of Residential Buildings in the Mediterranean Area: The MedZEB Approach". W Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions, 29–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57764-3_3.
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AbstractMediterranean deep retrofit markets are characterized by common barriers and bottlenecks, which barely have been identified as shared challenges, and this has led to a lack of dedicated solutions and to a substantial delay in achieving the 2020 EU policy targets. This situation is addressed by the H2020 HAPPEN project by proposing a new MedZEB approach characterized by the following features: Holistic, i.e., aimed at integrating the most relevant aspects of the retrofitting supply chain; Transparent, i.e., aimed at putting on the market novel tools for enhancing investors’ trust; Adaptive, i.e., aimed at enhancing “added values” of the retrofitting such as flexibility, well-being, etc. Having arrived at its midpoint, HAPPEN has produced an advanced version of its main outputs, among which are: the HAPPEN cost-optimal technical solutions, developed according to a step-by-step logic; the HAPPEN financial solution, fully integrated with the step-by-step logic, and aimed at funding the retrofitting process by relying on the energy savings achieved; the MedZEB protocol conceived as a guarantee scheme for the achievement of retrofit targets; the HAPPEN platform, an assisted digital marketplace aimed at matching demand and offer according to a one-stop-shop logic, at defragmenting the retrofit value chain, and at supporting actors with dedicated tools. These outputs have been developed also thanks to an extensive living laboratory and pilot-building program, carried out within ten pilot sites across seven EU Med countries; this has made it possible for a large engagement of potential users, which resulted in the ideation of the HAPPEN program, an overall framework aimed at integrating project outputs into an exploitable renovation procedure powered by the HAPPEN platform. This paper describes the first simulation of such a procedure in its entirety based on a real case study. After characterizing the building according to the HAPPEN reference buildings and climates lists, a step-by-step cost-optimal package of solutions was calculated, followed by the application of the HAPPEN financial solution, and by the draft issue of the MedZEB protocol. Results provide the first evidence of the effectiveness of the MedZEB approach in potentially unlocking the deep retrofit market in the Med area, with special attention to the possibility of funding the interventions by relying on the economies generated by the energy savings achieved. Further, the project activities will be aimed at co-creating, together with relevant stakeholders, a go-to-market strategy for the HAPPEN program.
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Shumilina, Vera, i Vadim Kleptsov. "Statistical analysis of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia for the period 2017-2019". W Business security management in modern conditions, 3–14. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_602586356d0cb7.99781631.
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The purpose of this article is to examine the concept of business and the role of enterprises in the economic development of society. This topic is relevant for Russia today. Business in the Russian Federation is of great importance in the development of the economy and the country as a whole. Only through the development and improvement of entrepreneurship does economic growth take place, scientific and technological progress is accelerated. Also, the business area has a huge impact on other areas of activity, such as: social, political and others. Another argument for the relevance of this work is that in Russia entrepreneurship, especially small business, does not receive proper development and only partially performs the functions inherent in it in developed market systems, because as you know, it is small business that is the engine of economic growth.
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Guadagni, Alessandro, i Umberto Pascucci. "Identikit and features of the "successfull" entrepreneur". W Manuali – Scienze Tecnologiche, 48. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-044-3.48.
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Which are the most important characteristics that an entrepreneur must have? Is it possible to combine being a good entrepreneur and a successful farmer? These are the questions we tried to answer in the lesson. In fact, a good farmer must possess the typical skills of the entrepreneur together with the technical skills related to his specific production area. Certainly the agricultural world is not simple: small farmers live in a risky environment and the "dangers" increase when they produce exclusively for the market.
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Müller, Leos. "Swedish Trade and Shipping in the Mediterranean in the 18th Century". W Atti delle «Settimane di Studi» e altri Convegni, 453–69. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.23.
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This paper analyses the rise of Swedish trade and shipping in the Mediterranean in the eighteenth century. It focuses on three factors that shaped Sweden’s role in the area: foreign policy interest, foreign trade policy (mercantilism), and commodity demand and supply. The foreign policy interest is represented by attempts to build an alliance with the Ottoman Empire against Russia. An outcome of this was the short-lived Swedish Levant Company. The second factor relates to Sweden’s mercantilist policy in the Mediterranean, embodied in the Swedish Navigation Act, trade and peace treaties with the North-African states, and the consular services in southern Europe. Sea salt was in the core of this policy—a strategic commodity in northern Europe. Southern Europe, too, was important market for Swedish exports goods: iron, tar and pitch, and planks.
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Bono, Andrea, i Martino Marini. "Renewable power sources in coastal areas. A viability assessment in the scope of needs and regulations". W Proceedings e report, 645–55. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.64.
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The work deals with renewable energy project, in the context of the deregulated energy market. Special attention is focused on renewables and on the situation in Italy from the standards point of view. The set up of a wind farm and a PV plant in coastal Sardinian area for both electricity and desalinated water production is studied. The convenience of fuelling desalination plants through renewables is investigated by taking into account additional on-side trading instruments. A model to simulate the operation wind and PV systems is applied both to calculate the produced energy and to assess the performance of a desalination plant, namely a reverse osmosis plant driven with PV and wind sources that works in a small island site.
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Heinemann, Kieran. "The Stock Market Game in Post-war Britain". W Playing the Market, 59–96. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864257.003.0003.
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After World War II, the financial sector took a back seat in Britain’s political economy and Labour’s nationalization programme initially wiped out significant areas of investment. In the post-war decades it was common for politicians of all parties to attack stock market operators as harmful gamblers. This anti-finance rhetoric has obscured our view of retail investment in those years in the way that it became almost invisible from public debate—and a historiography—that was dominated by nationalized industries, Keynesian demand management, and the welfare state. If anything, contemporaries were and scholars have been preoccupied with the ‘Cult of Equity’, the rapid growth of institutional investment at that time. While more private individuals ventured into the stock market—there were approximately 3 million direct shareholders by the early 1960s—their share of listed equity was declining. Hence, the small investor’s comeback went unnoticed in comparison with the shift of pension funds and life insurance companies from bonds into equities once markets had recovered by the mid-1950s. Investors small and large made and lost fortunes in two unprecedented boom markets while the burgeoning climate of affluence and permissiveness loosened traditional reservation against financial securities. More and more middle-class Britons not only invested in equities as a means of retirement planning, but also discovered the stock market as a hobby that offered thrills of risk and reward similar to gambling.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Small area market demand"
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Azad, Saeed, i Ehsan Ghotbi. "Nash Equilibrium of a Retail Electricity Market With a High Penetration of Small Renewable Suppliers". W ASME 2016 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2016-59388.
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Increasing the level of the competition, a worldwide trend in the evolution of electricity markets, has made game theory a notably popular approach to find the market equilibrium. This paper models a retail electricity market with a high penetration of renewable resources. Using game theory, the clearing electricity prices, as well as the optimum behavior of market participants are obtained. In this model, which is inspired by the “Energy Internet” concept, consumers play an active role in managing their load demands. This highly dynamic model allows us to analyze consumers’ reaction to price fluctuations. Spot pricing, which is employed here to model the electricity market, can make consumers react to the high electricity prices. This is particularly important in the demand side management, where consumers should modify their demand through financial incentives. Two types of active players are considered in this electricity market, small electricity suppliers and consumers. Electricity grid, while present in the market, only takes the responsibility to compensate for the deficiency of power from small and mid-size suppliers. The problem is formulated mathematically, subject to a number of local and global constraints to find the Nash equilibrium.
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Crawford, David, i Harrison Akins. "Promoting US Readiness for Developing the SMR Supply Chain". W ASME 2011 Small Modular Reactors Symposium. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smr2011-6579.
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The U.S. Nuclear Infrastructure Council (NIC) is undertaking various initiatives to develop strategies and facilitate U.S. manufacturing readiness in the near-term to meet U.S. and global demands for new nuclear builds. Job creation and clean energy benefits arise from new nuclear builds, and the development of the Small Modular Reactor (SMR) supply chain is critical to realizing these positive attributes of nuclear energy. Opportunities exist for the U.S. nuclear industry to build its SMR supply chain capabilities in order to take advantage of expanded nuclear energy utilization. This presentation will provide, first, a brief overview of the challenges which exist for the development of the domestic SMR supply chain, such as expanding industrial capacity, promoting workforce development, ensuring American competitiveness in the global energy market, resolving licensing issues, and securing financing. Secondly, the presentation will discuss why the United States and, in particular, the nuclear industry should respond to these challenges. This is important in helping to shape the future political debates and form recommendations that will help promote the SMR supply chain industry and its role in expanding the demand and infrastructure for nuclear energy. Finally, the presentation will look at NIC recommendations in the supply chain area to support SMRs and other nuclear power plant deployments.
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van Heek, A. I. "ACACIA: A Small Scale Nuclear Power Plant With Cogeneration Capabilities". W ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30512.
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Nuclear power currently only serves the market segment of large scale base load electricity generation. Other energy markets, like cogeneration and heat production or market segments like the smaller scale (but still industrial) electricity production are entirely served with fossil fuels (and hydropower). When these fuels at acceptable prices are being depleted and if actively marketed, and if an inherently safe small-scale nuclear plant could be developed and marketed, a huge market could emerge for this new form of nuclear power. Pebble Bed High Temperature Reactor technology is most suitable for designing small inherently safe nuclear reactors. The oldest small designs were meant for application as district heating plants, making full use of the self-controlling features of nuclear reactors. The ACACIA concept (AdvanCed Atomic Cogenerator for Industrial Applications) is a design for industrial cogeneration, producing 13.6 MW of electricity and 17 tons of industrial quality steam per hour, with a total efficiency of 63%. In case the electricity production would be maximized at the expense of the steam quality, an electrical output of 16.5 MW could be achieved, and the plant efficiency would rise to 86% (electric efficiency 41%). The heat source is a pebble bed reactor with 40 MW of thermal power. The energy conversion system is a direct recuperated helium cycle with a radial compressor and an axial helium turbine. A number of operational and safety related transients have been calculated with two different simulation codes. The safety related transient analyses show the reactor power and the fuel temperature bebaviour after a full loss of coolant accident, and illustrate the inhrently safe nature of the plant. The operational transient simulations show the suitability of the system for an industrial user. Furthermore, the transport of radioactive fission products within the primary circuit has been analyzed. A cost study shows high kWh-costs compared to large scale generating plants, but the treatment of scaling factors for this particular case needs continued attention. However, for those areas in the world without fossil fuel supply networks and with only small-scale demand, ACACIA will still be an economic option. To improve matching with non-utility market needs, the current ACACIA design will be adapted from a direct cycle system to an indirect cycle system, where primary cycle will be strictly separated from the remainder of the plant. A conceptual comparison with the direct cycle system will be discussed.
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Grigorescu, Ines, Elena-Ana Popovici, Monica Dumitrașcu, Bianca Mitrică, Mihaela Sima i Nicoleta Damian. "SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENEGES IN METROPOLITAN FARMING: FROM MULTI-FUNCTIONALITY TO ORGANIC. A SHOWCASE OF BUCHAREST METROPOLITAN AREA". W GEOLINKS International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2020/b2/v2/14.
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The continuous population growth and built-up areas expansion requires an increasing urban demand for goods and services and a high pressure on land resources. As a result, farming adaptation around cities in a multifunctional way is a must in their effort to reach resilience, sustainability and food security. In Romania, agriculture in metropolitan areas is still dominated by small family households owned by undertrained aged people, practicing subsistence agriculture, most of them with little financial resources. Thus, the paper aims to identify and analyze the ways multi-functionality can contribute to sustainable farming by addressing some of the key sustainability solutions in southern Romania (i.e. Bucharest Metropolitan Area) – a region characterized by extended and fertile agricultural land resources, significantly transformed during the post-communist period through land abandonment and fragmentation, but also by land concentration and grabbing to the detriment of traditional farming. By combining quantitative (spatial and statistical analyses) and qualitative (questionnaires & interviews to key actors) approaches, the authors pinpointed critical issues of metropolitan farming (e.g. type of agricultural activities, agro-support services, urban pressures, market access, networking, survival strategies) to support sustainability.
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Cheung, Yun Kuen, Stefanos Leonardos i Georgios Piliouras. "Learning in Markets: Greed Leads to Chaos but Following the Price is Right". W Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/16.
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We study learning dynamics in distributed production economies such as blockchain mining, peer-to-peer file sharing and crowdsourcing. These economies can be modelled as multi-product Cournot competitions or all-pay auctions (Tullock contests) when individual firms have market power, or as Fisher markets with quasi-linear utilities when every firm has negligible influence on market outcomes. In the former case, we provide a formal proof that Gradient Ascent (GA) can be Li-Yorke chaotic for a step size as small as Θ(1/n), where n is the number of firms. In stark contrast, for the Fisher market case, we derive a Proportional Response (PR) protocol that converges to market equilibrium. The positive results on the convergence of the PR dynamics are obtained in full generality, in the sense that they hold for Fisher markets with any quasi-linear utility functions. Conversely, the chaos results for the GA dynamics are established even in the simplest possible setting of two firms and one good, and they hold for a wide range of price functions with different demand elasticities. Our findings suggest that by considering multi-agent interactions from a market rather than a game-theoretic perspective, we can formally derive natural learning protocols which are stable and converge to effective outcomes rather than being chaotic.
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Asadinejad, Ailin, i Kevin Tomsovic. "Generator Outages and Using Incentive Based Demand Response to Diminish Economic Impact". W ASME 2016 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2016-59415.
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Incentive based demand response (IBDR) programs have significant unused potential especially for small customers. In this paper, an IBDR program is proposed for generator outages. Although not all generator outages lead to reliability concerns, they often result in market price volatility. Since outage conditions are an important factor in price volatility, the novel idea of generator outage ranking based on their economic effect is proposed. Reducing peak locational marginal price (LMP) can bring considerable saving for utilities. An IBDR program can decrease LMP significantly even with modest levels of participation. The proposed IBDR in this paper is implemented in only one region but still has system wide effects. Results show electrical distance from most expensive generator in a system is a good risk indicator for generator outages.
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Bi, Youyi, Jian Xie, Zhenghui Sha, Mingxian Wang, Yan Fu i Wei Chen. "Modeling Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of Customer Preferences in Engineering Design". W ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86245.
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Customer preferences are found to evolve over time and correlate with geographical locations. Studying spatiotemporal heterogeneity of customer preferences is crucial to engineering design as it provides a dynamic perspective for a thorough understanding of preference trend. However, existing analytical models for demand modeling do not take the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of customer preferences into consideration. To fill this research gap, a spatial panel modeling approach is developed in this study to investigate the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of customer preferences by introducing engineering attributes explicitly as model inputs in support of demand forecasting in engineering design. In addition, a step-by-step procedure is proposed to aid the implementation of the approach. To demonstrate this approach, a case study is conducted on small SUV in China’s automotive market. Our results show that small SUVs with lower prices, higher power, and lower fuel consumption tend to have a positive impact on their sales in each region. In understanding the spatial patterns of China’s small SUV market, we found that each province has a unique spatial specific effect influencing the small SUV demand, which suggests that even if changing the design attributes of a product to the same extent, the resulting effects on product demand might be different across different regions. In understanding the underlying social-economic factors that drive the regional differences, it is found that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, length of paved roads per capita and household consumption expenditure have significantly positive influence on small SUV sales. These results demonstrate the potential capability of our approach in handling spatial variations of customers for product design and marketing strategy development. The main contribution of this research is the development of an analytical approach integrating spatiotemporal heterogeneity into demand modeling to support engineering design.
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Bianchi, Carlo, i Amanda D. Smith. "Effects of Irradiance and Ambient Temperature on a Decision-Making Tool for Rooftop PV Array Sizing for Commercial Buildings". W ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59391.
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Reducing global emissions and meeting the electricity generation needs of urban areas are compelling energy issues. Rooftop and small-scale photovoltaic (PV) technology is a quickly growing sector of the distributed generation market. The array size chosen for a PV installation is one of the main factors affecting its ability to meet a building’s electrical needs and reduce its operational emissions. The rooftop area available for placement of PV can be a constraint on the optimization of PV array size. If the optimal array area for a specific building is larger than the area available on the rooftop, optimization using demand-matching methods is not necessary. A new parameter EUI-R has been introduced to describe the building’s annual electrical demand with respect to the building rooftop area. It is a decision-making tool presented to help a system designer choose whether to employ an optimization method or not in selecting a PV system. The EUI-R depends on 2 general parameters, building electric demand and building rooftop area, that should be easily accessible for any system designer. This paper presents an extended study of EUI-R applied to 10 commercial building types in 3 different climate zones throughout the U.S. These cities are characterized by different latitudes and varying amounts of available solar radiation. The results show a linear dependency between optimal PV size obtained with a simple demand-matching algorithm, and building rooftop area, applicable to any building type. Any distributed energy technology serving a single building should be sized based on the specific conditions unique to the building, including electric demand and physical space available.
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Michalek, Jeremy J., Panos Y. Papalambros i Steven J. Skerlos. "A Study of Emission Policy Effects on Optimal Vehicle Design Decisions". W ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dac-48767.
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A methodology is presented for studying the effects of automobile emission policies on the design decisions of profit-seeking automobile producers in a free-entry oligopoly market. The study does not attempt to model short-term decisions of specific producers. Instead, mathematical models of engineering performance, consumer demand, cost, and competition are integrated to predict the effects of design decisions on manufacturing cost, demand, and producer profit. Game theory is then used to predict vehicle designs that producers would have economic incentive to produce at market equilibrium under several policy scenarios. The methodology is illustrated with three policy alternatives for the small car market: corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) regulations, carbon dioxide emissions taxes, and diesel fuel vehicle quotas. Interesting results are derived, for example, it is predicted that in some cases a stiffer regulatory penalty can result in lower producer costs because of competition. This mathematical formulation establishes a link between engineering design, business, and marketing through an integrated optimization model that is used to provide insight necessary to make informed environmental policy.
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Subramanian, Aparna. "Reimagine LNG – An Overview of the LNG Market Potentially Leading to a Future AFLOAT". W Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/30929-ms.
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Objective / Scope LNG has proven its worth, to meet energy demands throughout the globe at scale, whilst providing the cleanest fossil fuel. To complement the emerging trend of energy transition all over the globe, LNG provides a robust solution for a potential future. This paper will describe the current state and outlook of the LNG market, rethinking of LNG contracts and the major drivers that could favor a Floating LNG facility as a market driver compared to land-based facilities. Methods, Procedures, Process With recent events which include the oil price slump, LNG supply glut and the ongoing COVID 19 pandemic, the imbalance in the LNG market is predicted to run with low market price that could last up to four more years. On one hand, low market price is putting a lot of pressure on suppliers but on the flip side, this can be a game changer for the consumers. Consumers can potentially exploit buyers' market by making the investments much stronger to strive towards a clean future. Conventionally LNG producers have been land-based until facilities like Golar LNG made historical success. The focus of the Floating LNG industry is now directed towards small and mid-scale production. With a constant demand from stakeholders to get facilities up and running in a short development schedule, Floating LNG can provide some compelling benefits when combined with the concept of an economic time chartering investment rather than a CAPEX investment. This leads to a shortened execution time from discovery to market and avoids the extensive and time-consuming permitting and land use issues that are typical of onshore projects. The main drivers / challenges for a Floating LNG Facility investment are · Location, associated country regulatory restrictions · Source of gas · Market demand · Technology based on capacity · Project financing Floating LNG can not only provide economic benefits for first use but could also provide a commercial route to easy re-deployment to new gas sources, wherever necessary and possible. The paper will include: · Reflection on the LNG market of the recent past · Impact of COVID 19 on LNG market globally and the projected trends by various analysts · Overview of LNG contract types · Technical and commercial Drivers of Floating LNG which will potentially influence the market Results, Observations, Conclusions The take-away from this paper is a deeper understanding of the following: · Current LNG market and outlook · Reimagine LNG Contracts · Re-explore Floating LNG drivers Novel / Additive Information While the COVID 19 has created one of the reasons for the major impact on the market, this paper will present more interesting facts on many other contributing reasons for the present market downturn. This will in turn give an in-depth understanding for reimagining the major three drivers of Floating LNG, potentially leading to a WIN-WIN solution. This will help to sustain a constant cash flow amongst both sellers and buyers.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Small area market demand"
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Brown, Jeffrey, i Amy Finkelstein. Supply or Demand: Why is the Market for Long-Term Care Insurance So Small? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, wrzesień 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10782.
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Hsueh, Gary, David Czerwinski, Cristian Poliziani, Terris Becker, Alexandre Hughes, Peter Chen i Melissa Benn. Using BEAM Software to Simulate the Introduction of On-Demand, Automated, and Electric Shuttles for Last Mile Connectivity in Santa Clara County. Mineta Transportation Institute, styczeń 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.1822.
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Despite growing interest in low-speed automated shuttles, pilot deployments have only just begun in a few places in the U.S., and there is a lack of studies that estimate the impacts of a widespread deployment of automated shuttles designed to supplement existing transit networks. This project estimated the potential impacts of automated shuttles based on a deployment scenario generated for a sample geographic area: Santa Clara County, California. The project identified sample deployment markets within Santa Clara County using a GIS screening exercise; tested the mode share changes of an automated shuttle deployment scenario using BEAM, an open-source beta software developed at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory to run traffic simulations with MATSim; elaborated the model outputs within the R environment; and then estimated the related impacts. The main findings have been that the BEAM software, despite still being in its beta version, was able to model a scenario with the automated shuttle service: this report illustrates the potential of the software and the lessons learned. Regarding transportation aspects, the model estimated automated shuttle use throughout the county, with a higher rate of use in the downtown San José area. The shuttles would be preferred mainly by people who had been using gasoline-powered ride hail vehicles for A-to-B trips or going to the bus stop, as well as walking trips and a few car trips directed to public transport stops. As a result, the shuttles contributed to a small decrease in emissions of air pollutants, provided a competitive solution for short trips, and increased the overall use of the public transport system. The shuttles also presented a solution for short night trips—mainly between midnight and 2 am—when there are not many options for moving between points A and B. The conclusion is that the automated shuttle service is a good solution in certain contexts and can increase public transit ridership overall.
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LeDoux, Chris B., Paul E. Sendak, William H. McWilliams, Neil Huyler, Thomas Malecek, Worthen Muzzey i Toni Jones. Timber supply and demand assessment of the Green and White Mountain National Forests' market area. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-gtr-280.
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