Rozprawy doktorskie: „Single persons”

1

Hardy, Floyd J. "Single persons and assertiveness". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1994. http://www.tren.com.

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2

Bong, Kui-fhui. "Housing provision : a study of housing problems of "cage man" /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2236027X.

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3

Rose, Martin J., i n/a. "Being Single, Being Church". Griffith University. School of Theology, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070105.151933.

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The world of the 20-21st century is one of rapid change - for family life, for our work environments, in friendship structures and general attitudes about ourselves. We question who we are and our values. We seek to understand ourselves more fully as individuals and as groups within a world of flux. Within this context a significant change that has taken place in the church is the growing emergence of people remaining single for a variety of reasons. I understand that the term 'single' denotes that group of baptised Christians who have never married and who have chosen to remain single or who continue to affirm their singleness but not foreclosing on the possibility of marriage. As with any change, the transition that is required is never easy. Raymond Brown (1979) touched upon this type of transition and movement for change in society when he said that more and more are finding the single life-style suitable as new territory in which to dwell. They see the structures of society beginning to shift. They see a growing awareness on the part of many people toward an acceptance of single adulthood. This growing awareness has also been paralleled within the thinking of the church. However, many single men and women 'generally feel that the church has geared its ministry toward those who are married and towards nuclear family units'. The reflection by Brown reflects my own thought about being single, particularly with regard to single people and their being church. I will argue in this thesis that being single has theological value as a way of living out one's baptismal call to follow Christ in work, relationships, in attitudes and values. This thesis represents a critical search in, my own need for self-understanding as a single person together with other single people as I believe we contribute to our society and to our Christian calling. At the beginning of Mark's gospel Jesus' baptism is recorded as a prelude to his ministry: It was at this time that Jesus came from Nazareth in Galilee and was baptised in the Jordan by John. No sooner had he come up out of the water than he saw the heavens torn apart and the Spirit, like a dove, descending on him. And a voice came from heaven, 'You are my Son, the Beloved; my favour rests on you' (Mark 1:9-11). Jesus' baptism is the impetus and is at the heart of his ministry for a mission that is favoured by God. Likewise, baptism is at the heart of the single person's way of living for Christ. Further, the sentiments of Paul in Ephesians 3: 14-21 serve as a goal for all Christians which includes single men and women. Paul speaks about a unique relationship with Christ, one based on love and openness to Christ. This, then, is what I pray, kneeling before the Father, from whom every family, whether spiritual or natural, takes its name: Out of his infinite glory, may he give you the power through his Spirit for your hidden self to grow strong, so that Christ may live in your hearts through faith, and then, planted in love and built on love, you will with all the saints have strength to grasp the breadth and the length, the height and the depth; until, knowing the love of Christ, which is beyond all knowledge, you are filled with the utter fullness of God. Glory be to him whose power, working in us, can do infinitely more than we can ask or imagine; glory be to him from generation to generation in the Church and in Christ Jesus for ever and ever. Amen. Jesus' baptism as depicted in Mark together with Paul's thoughts concerning the reception of the power of the Spirit for our hidden selves to grow in love and faith and journeying with others in the Christian tradition, represent the underlying theological attitude of this thesis about the single person. The single person by the nature of his or her baptism, is called to follow Christ - to grow in personal stature as one who is open to the presence of Christ in and through the events of daily life. Integral to this baptismal call is the need to challenge those constructs which don't enhance and give voice to the single person within the church. I consider that one such construct is the notion of 'vocation' as it has been used traditionally in the church's thinking for its self-understanding. In this regard, it is my contention that 'vocation' is about following Christ in and through baptism. How one lives one's life is his or her career choice; how one lives in response to Christ - whether as married or single, priest or religious. It is our primary vocation to follow Christ as promised at baptism. The chosen definition, however, ought not to exclude those Christians who, for reasons beyond their control, for example find themselves living the single life because of their separation from their partner or are widowed, although the primary thrust of the definition will focus on those Christians who continue to affirm their choice for the single way of life. The term Church here is explained by Lumen Gentium 9: 'This was to be the new People of God. For, those who believe in Christ, who are reborn not from a perishable but from an imperishable seed through the Word of the living God (cf. 1 Pet. 1:23), not from the flesh but from water and the Holy Spirit (cf. Jn. 3:5-6), are finally established as 'a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a purchased people.' This definition has been chosen as it articulates a point of view about the people who comprise the church. In particular the definition speaks of the 'signs' of baptism - water and the Holy Spirit. It is these signs that characterise those called by God through baptism to be the people of God, the purchased people. I argue that the sacrament of baptism is what characterises all in the church irrespective of their state. The primary methodology for our critical examination of the meaning of the single state is by case study. The Case Study method will allow me to elaborate upon a developmental theological perspective from within the Vatican Council documents. By this method I examine the single state from within the ecclesial as well as a sociological understanding. Secondly a dialectical approach will enable me to argue the case for the single state as a valid way of life. From this I aim to highlight the single state and its key attributes as well as to provide a personal perspective about single living. Further, this secondary method allows me to highlight the way in which single people contribute to, and are a part of the life of the church. This twofold methodology enables me to look at the particular issue of the single state within the wider context of the church, and to argue for the significance of the part to the whole.

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4

Rose, Martin J. "Being Single, Being Church". Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366989.

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The world of the 20-21st century is one of rapid change - for family life, for our work environments, in friendship structures and general attitudes about ourselves. We question who we are and our values. We seek to understand ourselves more fully as individuals and as groups within a world of flux. Within this context a significant change that has taken place in the church is the growing emergence of people remaining single for a variety of reasons. I understand that the term 'single' denotes that group of baptised Christians who have never married and who have chosen to remain single or who continue to affirm their singleness but not foreclosing on the possibility of marriage. As with any change, the transition that is required is never easy. Raymond Brown (1979) touched upon this type of transition and movement for change in society when he said that more and more are finding the single life-style suitable as new territory in which to dwell. They see the structures of society beginning to shift. They see a growing awareness on the part of many people toward an acceptance of single adulthood. This growing awareness has also been paralleled within the thinking of the church. However, many single men and women 'generally feel that the church has geared its ministry toward those who are married and towards nuclear family units'. The reflection by Brown reflects my own thought about being single, particularly with regard to single people and their being church. I will argue in this thesis that being single has theological value as a way of living out one's baptismal call to follow Christ in work, relationships, in attitudes and values. This thesis represents a critical search in, my own need for self-understanding as a single person together with other single people as I believe we contribute to our society and to our Christian calling. At the beginning of Mark's gospel Jesus' baptism is recorded as a prelude to his ministry: It was at this time that Jesus came from Nazareth in Galilee and was baptised in the Jordan by John. No sooner had he come up out of the water than he saw the heavens torn apart and the Spirit, like a dove, descending on him. And a voice came from heaven, 'You are my Son, the Beloved; my favour rests on you' (Mark 1:9-11). Jesus' baptism is the impetus and is at the heart of his ministry for a mission that is favoured by God. Likewise, baptism is at the heart of the single person's way of living for Christ. Further, the sentiments of Paul in Ephesians 3: 14-21 serve as a goal for all Christians which includes single men and women. Paul speaks about a unique relationship with Christ, one based on love and openness to Christ. This, then, is what I pray, kneeling before the Father, from whom every family, whether spiritual or natural, takes its name: Out of his infinite glory, may he give you the power through his Spirit for your hidden self to grow strong, so that Christ may live in your hearts through faith, and then, planted in love and built on love, you will with all the saints have strength to grasp the breadth and the length, the height and the depth; until, knowing the love of Christ, which is beyond all knowledge, you are filled with the utter fullness of God. Glory be to him whose power, working in us, can do infinitely more than we can ask or imagine; glory be to him from generation to generation in the Church and in Christ Jesus for ever and ever. Amen. Jesus' baptism as depicted in Mark together with Paul's thoughts concerning the reception of the power of the Spirit for our hidden selves to grow in love and faith and journeying with others in the Christian tradition, represent the underlying theological attitude of this thesis about the single person. The single person by the nature of his or her baptism, is called to follow Christ - to grow in personal stature as one who is open to the presence of Christ in and through the events of daily life. Integral to this baptismal call is the need to challenge those constructs which don't enhance and give voice to the single person within the church. I consider that one such construct is the notion of 'vocation' as it has been used traditionally in the church's thinking for its self-understanding. In this regard, it is my contention that 'vocation' is about following Christ in and through baptism. How one lives one's life is his or her career choice; how one lives in response to Christ - whether as married or single, priest or religious. It is our primary vocation to follow Christ as promised at baptism. The chosen definition, however, ought not to exclude those Christians who, for reasons beyond their control, for example find themselves living the single life because of their separation from their partner or are widowed, although the primary thrust of the definition will focus on those Christians who continue to affirm their choice for the single way of life. The term Church here is explained by Lumen Gentium 9: 'This was to be the new People of God. For, those who believe in Christ, who are reborn not from a perishable but from an imperishable seed through the Word of the living God (cf. 1 Pet. 1:23), not from the flesh but from water and the Holy Spirit (cf. Jn. 3:5-6), are finally established as 'a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a purchased people.' This definition has been chosen as it articulates a point of view about the people who comprise the church. In particular the definition speaks of the 'signs' of baptism - water and the Holy Spirit. It is these signs that characterise those called by God through baptism to be the people of God, the purchased people. I argue that the sacrament of baptism is what characterises all in the church irrespective of their state. The primary methodology for our critical examination of the meaning of the single state is by case study. The Case Study method will allow me to elaborate upon a developmental theological perspective from within the Vatican Council documents. By this method I examine the single state from within the ecclesial as well as a sociological understanding. Secondly a dialectical approach will enable me to argue the case for the single state as a valid way of life. From this I aim to highlight the single state and its key attributes as well as to provide a personal perspective about single living. Further, this secondary method allows me to highlight the way in which single people contribute to, and are a part of the life of the church. This twofold methodology enables me to look at the particular issue of the single state within the wider context of the church, and to argue for the significance of the part to the whole.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Theology
Full Text

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5

Wong, Wing-tung Tony. "A study on the health status of the single elderly persons in Kwai Chung District". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19470058.

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6

Au, Chor-fai. "An analysis of public housing policy for elderly single persons in Hong Kong". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1987. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12334534.

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7

Wong, Kai-shu. "A study of the housing problems of the elderly single persons in Hong Kong : the role of government in providing a better quality housing /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2012580X.

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8

Au, Chor-fai, i 區初輝. "An analysis of public housing policy for elderly single persons in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31974971.

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9

Wong, Wing-tung Tony, i 黃永通. "A study on the health status of the single elderly persons in Kwai Chung District". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31978381.

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10

Strauss, Werner F. "Resilience factors in single parent families affected by HIV/AIDS". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17892.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of the current study was to investigate factors that help single-parent families cope with the news that a family member has been diagnosed with HIV. The theoretical model that underpinned the study is the Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation of McCubbin and McCubbin (1996). A salutogenic perspective offers a view of human suffering that moves away from pathology to focus on factors that support successful coping, hence the focus of the current study on resilience. A cross-sectional survey research design was used, incorporating a combination method inclusive of both a qualitative and quantitative component. A total of 109 families, represented by an adult and a child, answered a qualitative question about what they considered to have helped them cope, and completing a biographical questionnaire and five questionnaires based on the theoretical model. Analyses included the Grounded Theory Method, a qualitative analysis method of Strauss and Corbin (1994; 1998), Pearson correlations and ANOVAs (for a categorical independent variable – employment status) to compute the significance of correlations between a dependent variable and a number of independent variables, and regression analysis. The results of the qualitative investigation revealed that families considered internal strength (or hardiness), social supports, communication, a sense of hope, using denial (both positive and negative behaviours to get on with life despite the presence of hardship), changing or reframing thoughts about the stressor, and material support to have been helpful. The quantitative results supported the qualitative results and showed that family hardiness (working together, viewing stressors as challenges and having a belief in own coping abilities), the availability of social support, supportive communication, use of reframing, accepting help from others and spiritual support all contributed to families functioning well under adverse conditions. It was also shown that inflaming types of communication, such as fighting and doing nothing about a crisis situation, negatively influenced the family functioning. It was interesting to note that family size had a significant, positive correlation with the parents’ views of family functioning, and that the higher the children’s level of education, the lower they rated their family functioning to be. Recommendations for further studies include a focus on resilience in various family types, a focus on families successfully coping with HIV diagnoses in their families, and the development of intervention programmes, inclusive of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die huidige studie was om ondersoek in te stel na faktore wat enkelouer gesinne met ‘n MIV-gediagnoseerde gesinslid ondersteun het. Die studie is teoreties gebou op McCubbin en McCubbin (1996) se Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation. Salutogenese bied ‘n siening of waardering van die manier waarop mense terugslae hanteer wat weg beweeg van die tradisionele fokus op patologie om te fokus op faktore wat suksesvolle aanpassing ondersteun ten spyte van die teenwoordigheid van genoemde krisis. Hierdie benadering bepaal dus die fokus op veerkragtigheid of gesinsveerkragtigheid wat hierdie studie rig. ’n Deursnee- steekproefontwerp is vir die navorsing gebruik en het ‘n kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe komponent ingesluit. ‘n Totaal van 109 gesinne is bestudeer, elk deur een volwassene en een kind verteenwoordig. Die deelnemers het ‘n kwalitatiewe vraag beantwoord oor wat hulle as ondersteunend ten opsigte van hulle eie krisishantering beskou het, en het ook ‘n biografiese vraelys en vyf vraelyste wat verskillende aspekte van die teoretiese model gemeet het, voltooi. Die deelnemers se response is ontleed deur middel van Strauss en Corbin (1994; 1998) se Grounded Theory Method vir die kwalitatiewe komponent; Pearson se korrelasies en ANOVA’s (ten opsigte van ‘n katogoriese onafhanklike veranderlike – werkstatus) is gebruik om die korrelasies tussen die afhanklike en ‘n aantal onafhanklike veranderlikes te bereken en regressie-ontledings is gedoen. Die kwalitatiewe resultate het aangedui dat die volgende faktore deur die gesinne beskou is as ondersteunend van hulle vermoë om krisisse te hanteer: innerlike sterkte, sosiale ondersteuning, kommunikasie, ‘n gevoel van hoop, die gebruik van ontkenning (beide positiewe en negatiewe gedrag om met die lewe aan te gaan ten spyte van die swaarkry), verandering van of herbesinning oor die stressor, en materiële ondersteuning. Die kwantitatiewe bevindinge het die kwalitatiewe resultate ondersteun en getoon dat gesinsgehardheid (saamwerk, beskouing van stressors as uitdagings en ‘n vertroue in eie vermoëns), die beskikbaarheid van sosiale ondersteuning, ondersteunende kommunikasie, die gebruik van herbesinning, aanvaarding van hulp van ander en geestelike ondersteuning almal gehelp het om die gesin onder ongunstige toestande goed te laat funksioneer. Daar is ook gevind dat opruiende soorte kommunikasie, soos baklei en niks oor ‘n krisissituasie te doen nie, ‘n negatiewe invloed op gesinsfunksionering gehad het. Dit was interessant om te vind dat gesinsgrootte positief met die ouers se beskouing van gesinsfunksionering gekorreleer het, terwyl ‘n hoër vlak van opvoeding onder die kinders gekorreleer het met ‘n laer skatting van gesinsfunksionering. Aanbevelings vir verdere navorsing sluit in ‘n fokus op gesinsveerkragtigheid in verskillende gesinstipes, ‘n fokus op gesinne wat ‘n MIV-diagnose in die gesin suksesvol hanteer, en die ontwikkeling van ingrypingsprogramme gebaseer op die beginsels van Kognitiewe Gedragsterapie en Acceptance and Commitment Therapy.

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11

Suen, Yiu Tung. "Older single gay men : questioning the master narrative of coupledom". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:493a35b0-1898-49f7-992f-9c0eba086fca.

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This thesis fills an important research gap in the sociology of ageing and life course, and the sociology of sexualities and intimacies by exploring the understudied experience of singlehood among older gay men. It is a qualitative study based on semi-structured in-depth life story interviews conducted with 25 self-identified gay men over the age of 50 who live in England and have been single for most of their lives. The primary objective of the study is to investigate how older single gay men interpret and assign meanings to their lives in later life. In considering the role of narratives in bridging structure and agency, the thesis suggests that the older gay men’s narratives of singlehood need to be understood with reference to the master narrative in society that privileges couplehood. The master narrative undoubtedly informed and at times overshadowed the ways in which the older gay men understood their lives. But at the same time this thesis finds that the research participants engaged with the master narrative in a variety of creative ways – they did not only adopt, but also adapted and subverted the dominant story line. These counter-stories do not only reproduce, but have the potential to reinvent, the meanings of relationships in contemporary societies. To achieve this, resources were needed in reframing the master narrative. From a life course perspective the thesis suggests that the older gay men’s earlier life experiences and current social locations influenced the narratives they told. Only some of the older single gay men were able to (re-)claim sexual citizenship while others were denied this. In addition, the older gay men’s story-telling was filled with ambivalence and ambiguities. As a whole, the thesis sees the older gay men’s stories as displaying agency within structure.

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12

Donn, Jessica E. "Adult development and well-being of midlife never married singles". Connect to this document online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1123098208.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Psychology, 2005.
Title from second page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [2], v, 177 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-103).

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13

Wong, Kai-shu, i 汪鍇書. "A study of the housing problems of the elderly single persons in Hong Kong: the role of government in providing abetter quality housing". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31968326.

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14

Bong, Kui-fhui, i 黃貴慧. "Housing provision: a study of housing problems of "cage man"". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31968521.

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15

Olsson, Annakarin. "Daily life of persons with dementia and their spouses supported by a passive positioning alarm". Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap och medicin, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-27891.

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The overall aim was to describe how persons with dementia (PwDs) reflecton being outdoors and to investigate the support provided by a passivepositioning alarm (PPA) in making daily life safer for PwDs and theirspouses. Repeated conversations were held with 11 PwDs living in their own homesregarding their reflections on being outdoors (Study I). Interview study with14 spouses to a person with dementia (PwD) with their reflections on differentkinds of information and communication technology (ICT) devicesthat were used or can be used in the daily care of PwDs (Study II). An ethnographicapproach with participant observations and conversations withfive couples, a PwD and his/her spouse, describing and exploring their useand experiences of using a PPA, over time, in daily life (Study III). An experimentalsingle-case ABAB-design with three cases, a PwD and hisspouse, investigating the effects of using tracking technology on independentoutdoor activities and psychological well-being (Study IV). In summary, the results of the thesis show that being outdoors was describedby the PwDs as a confirmation of their identity, the `Self´. The useof ICT in daily care of PwDs was described by the spouses as shifting betweentheir own needs for safety and security and the perceived need forsafety and security from the perspective of the PwD. The use of a PPA indaily life among PwDs living in their own homes can give a sense of freedom,support and strengthen the feeling of independence for both PwDsand their spouses as well as give a feeling of safety and security for themboth. Use of the PPA may also increase PwDs’ independent outdoor activitiesand decrease spouses’ worries.

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16

Kottorp, Anders. "Occupation-based evaluation and intervention : validity of the assessment of motor and process skills when used with persons with mental retardation". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Arbetsterapi, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-94111.

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The ability to perform everyday life occupations is a critical component in both evaluation and intervention for persons with mental retardation (MR). While the ability to perform personal and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL) has always been important for occupational therapy (OT) practice, there is an absence in OT literature and research with a focus on ADL and persons with MR. The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the validity of the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) for evaluation and intervention of ADL ability for persons with MR. In order to evaluate the evidence of validity of the AMPS ability measures based on relation to level of MR, two groups of participants with MR were evaluated with the AMPS (,#=22; #= 39). The results indicated expected moderate relationships between ADL motor and ADL process ability measures and level of MR, despite different methods used for evaluating level of MR. The results also indicated that the results of the AMPS evaluation could be used to directly describe and measure the consequences in performance of ADL tasks for persons with different levels of MR. The evidence of validity of the AMPS was further examined in a study including participants with different types of developmental disabilities (e.g., MR, cerebral palsy, spina bifida) (#=1724). An application of many-faceted Rasch analysis was used to examine goodness-of-fit of the responses for the tasks, skill items, and participants included in the study. All tasks and all items except one demonstrated acceptable goodness-of-fit to the model on the ADL motor and ADL process scales. An expected proportion of participants demonstrated acceptable goodness-of-fit on the ADL motor scale. On the ADL process scale, a slightly lower proportion of participants than expected demonstrated acceptable goodness-of-fit. The results indicated further that persons with more severe levels of MR and persons with more limited ADL process abilities demonstrated different response patterns across tasks and possibly items. The evidence of validity of the internal structure of the AMPS scales was also evaluated between persons with mild and moderate MR (#=178; #=170). Group specific ADL motor and ADL process skill item hierarchies were generated using many-faceted Rasch analyses and compared. The hierarchies of ADL motor and ADL process skill items remained stable across groups, indicating evidence of validity of the AMPS scales when used to evaluate persons with MR. The results also indicated that although participants with moderate MR demonstrated overall lower mean ADL motor and ADL process ability, they did perform some specific ADL motor and ADL process skills at a similar level as persons with mild MR. Finally, the utility of the AMPS ability measures for detecting change were examined in an intervention study including three female participants with moderate MR. The study was based on a single case design and evaluated the effectiveness of a structured occupational therapy intervention program. Improvements were found for the participants in relation to the implementation of the program, but the pattern of changes were different between the participants and across the dependent variables. ADL process ability was the only variable that improved across all participants. The results supported the ADL process abilities as sensitive measures for detecting changes in ADL ability of persons with MR. In conclusion, the results of these studies contribute to the evidence of validity of the AMPS ability measures and scales, specifically in relation to the evaluation of persons with MR. The finding that an OT program resulted in improved ADL process ability also suggest that the results of the AMPS can be used to plan as well as evaluate outcomes of OT practice. Further research is also suggested in order to improve validity evidence and utility of the AMPS when used with persons with MR.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2003

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17

Koh, Fujie. "Acute physiological effects and perceived enjoyment of a single bout of aerobic interval and continuous moderate-intensity cycling in overweight and obese individuals". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2014. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1408.

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Aerobic interval training, a form of high intensity interval training, is commonly prescribed to both the general and clinical populations. However, the acute physiological effects from a single bout of aerobic interval session are not fully understood. In training studies, these acute physiological effects may confound actual training adaptations when they occur following the final training session [1]. Furthermore, while recreationally active men perceived aerobic interval training to be more enjoyable than continuous moderate-intensity exercise [2], the preference of overweight and obese individuals has not been extensively researched. Since overweight and obese individuals tend to have lower exercise tolerance, it is possible that their perceived enjoyment may differ to recreationally active participants. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the physiological effects and perceived enjoyment of an acute bout of aerobic interval (AI) and a continuous moderate-intensity (CME) in an overweight and obese population. In a randomised and counterbalanced order, eight overweight/obese (waist: 103 ± 10 cm) participants performed bouts of CME (40 min at 50% of peak power output (PPO)) and AI cycling (13 x 1 min at 85% of PPO: 13 x 2 min at 30% of PPO). CME and AI were matched for duration and total work performed. Salivary cortisol was measured before, 10 and 30 min post exercise and analysed using standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Blood pressure (BP), blood metabolites (glucose and lipid), insulin and resting metabolism were measured at baseline, post 24, 48 and 72 h exercise trials in a fasted and rested state. Peripheral BP was measured in duplicate using a manual sphygmomanometer and central BP and its associated hemodynamic parameters were derived from the radial pulse wave using a sphygmocardiogram (SphygmoCor). Resting metabolic profile was determined from gas exchange (TrueOne® gas analyser) measured in a supine and rested state over 40 min. Anthropometric (waist and hip circumferences and body composition) measurements were taken at baseline and at post 72 h after the last exercise trial. Participants completed the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES) at the end of each trial. Salivary cortisol expressed as a percentage of baseline level increased in both trials and was significantly (mean ± SD) 189 ± 35% (p < 0.05) higher at 30 min post exercise. Resting brachial diastolic BP was lower in the AI trial compared with CME trial (82 ± 5 vs. 84 ± 5 mmHg respectively, p < 0.05). Resting brachial diastolic BP was lower than baseline (86 ± 12 mmHg) at 24 h (83 ± 5 mmHg, p < 0.05) and at 72 h (82 ± 5 mmHg, p < 0.05) post exercise, however, there was no significant interaction between exercise trials and time points (p = 0.07). Resting brachial mean arterial pressure was lower than baseline (102 ± 14 mmHg) at 24 h (99 ± 6 mmHg, p < 0.05), 48 h (98 ± 6 mmHg, p < 0.05) and 72 h (98 ± 6 mmHg, p < 0.05) post exercise. Resting brachial mean arterial pressure was also lower in the AI trial compared with CME trial (98 ± 6 vs. 100 ± 5 mmHg respectively, p < 0.05), however, there was no significant interaction between exercise trials and time points (p = 0.07). Derived resting aortic diastolic BP was lower in the AI trial, compared with the CME trial (83 ± 5 vs. 85 ± 5 mmHg respectively, p < 0.05). Compared with baseline (87 ± 4 mmHg), derived resting aortic diastolic BP was lower at 24 h (83 ± 5 mmHg, p < 0.05) and 72 h (82 ± 5 mmHg, p < 0.05) post exercise. No significant interaction effects were observed for derived resting central diastolic BP (p = 0.10). Derived resting mean aortic pressure was lower in the AI trial, compared with the CME trial (98 ± 6 mmHg vs. 100 ± 5 mmHg, respectively, p < 0.05). Compared with baseline (102 ± 5 mmHg), derived resting mean aortic pressure was lower at 24 h (99 ± 6 mmHg, p < 0.05), 48 h (98 ± 6 mmHg, p < 0.05) and 72 h (98 ± 6 mmHg, p < 0.05) post exercise. There was a trend towards interaction effects for resting derived mean aortic BP, however significance was not reached (p = 0.063). Resting carbohydrate oxidation rate was higher than baseline (0.10 ± 0.06 g/min) at 72 h post exercise (0.16 ± 0.02 g/min), with no significant difference observed between trials. PACES scores were significantly higher for the AI than the CME trial (109 ± 13 vs. 96 ± 10). The main finding from this study is that a single AI and CME session can elicit acute physiological effects that last up to 72 h, with no significant difference observed between conditions. Significant decrements in diastolic and mean arterial pressures were observed up to 72 h and resting carbohydrate oxidation rate was significantly higher 72 h following exercise. Therefore, training studies should look at scheduling post study measurement sessions more than 72 h after the last exercise session bout to avoid confounding acute physiological effects with training adaptations. Finally, the study has also demonstrated that overweight/obese males enjoy the AI session more than the CME session.

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Eiman, Ursula. "Veerkragtigheidsfaktore in enkelouergesinne met 'n volwasse MIV-positiewe kind". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3429.

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Thesis (MA (Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
Family resilience refers to the ability of families to return to normal family functioning or even to reach higher levels of functioning after experiencing adversity. The focus of the present study was to identify resiliency factors in single parent families with an adult HIV infected child. The Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation (McCubbin & Thompson, 1991) served as the theoretical framework in the design and the execution of the research. Both qualitative and quantitative measures were used in this cross-sectional survey research design. Twenty five single parents and their HIV Positive children ...

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Razak, Fariza Hanis Abdul. "Single person study : Methodological issues". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527173.

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Silva, Carmen Lúcia Casasola Monteiro da. "A equidade e o atendimento às pessoas com deficiência no SUS". EPSJV, 2013. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/8586.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-15T12:56:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carmen Lúcia Casasola Monteiro da Silva.pdf: 668238 bytes, checksum: 94d6ea945eb90b4d5a50c41ebd7a42a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Politécnica de Saúde Joaquim Venâncio. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Profissional em Saúde.
Este estudo teve o objetivo de compreender como a assistência à saúde é preconizada, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), para as pessoas com deficiência de diversas naturezas, tendo como orientação o conceito de equidade (um dos princípios do SUS). O estudo foi baseado em documentos oficiais, concentrando-se nas formulações e implicações que poderiam identificar como construir, para as unidades de saúde pública, a noção de igualdade/equidade na atenção às pessoas com deficiência. Como metodologia, utilizou-se os aspectos descritivo-analíticos relacionados com marcos legais e também uma análise de documentos que lidam com o problema levantado. Foram encontradas algumas barreiras para contextualizar o conceito de equidade dentro de um conjunto de limitações inerentes ao modelo brasileiro de saúde pública, assim como foi observada a continuidade do estigma social que é dirigido a este grupo de pessoas, além de uma aparente manutenção das representações sociais dessa população. Essas limitações têm promovido - do ponto de vista da equidade na saúde - um certo nível de frustração, especialmente no atendimento de pessoas com deficiência para as quais são oferecidos cuidados de saúde de qualidade duvidosa.
This study aimed to understand how the health assistance is preconized, in the Unified Health System (SUS), to people with disabilities of various natures, having as a orientation the concept equity (one of SUS principles). The study was based on official documents, focusing in the formulations and implications that could identify how to construct, for public health units, the notion of equality / equity in care for people with disabilities. As a methodology, we used descriptive-analytical aspects related to legal milestones and also an analysis of documents dealing with the problem raised. Were found some barriers to contextualizing the equity concept within a set of limitations inherent the Brazilian public health model, as well as was observed the continuity of the social stigma that is directed at this group of people, besides an apparent maintenance of social representations of this population. These limitations have promoted – from the perspectives of health equity - some level of frustration, especially in care for people with disabilities, for which are offered health care of dubious quality.

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Pousette, Niclas, i Annelie Möllberg. "Spikmattans effekter hos en person med smärtproblematik". Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Health, Care and Social Welfare, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-9353.

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Background: Pain may involve physical, emotional and psychological reactions. Chronic pain can lead to restrictions and problems in everyday life. One of the most common pain states is low back pain. A form of treatment that has been marketed as a charitable and pain reliefing alternative is the Shakti mat. Currently there are no studies on its effects published. Purpose: To see whether treatment with Shakti mat in a person with low back pain has an effect on the experience of the ability in activities of daily life and to see if the psychological factors will change. Method: The participant had to lie on a Shakti mat once a day for four weeks. The participant was asked to complete five questionnaires two weeks before, during intervention and two weeks after treatment. The Tampa Scale: a Measure of Kinesiophobia measures to what degree the participant experiencing pain for movement or to harm itself in motion, Coping Strategies Questionnaire - Catastrophizing scale investigating catastrophizing thoughts in connection with pain perception, Pain Disability Index investigates how the participants’ everyday affected/hampered by pain, Self-Efficacy Scale investigates how sure the participant is in his ability to carry out a task despite pain and a Self-monitoring diary where the perception of its ability in everyday activities, experience after treatment, the type of underlay and if the participant could lie longer on the Shakti mat were judged. Results: The participant’s pain in some everyday activities mitigated while the degree of ability in these increased after four weeks of treatment. The psychological factors had not changed much.

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Wendt, Rasmus, i Jennifer Erdtman. "A study of the marketing knowledge among single person businesses". Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, EMM (Entrepreneurship, Marketing, Management), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-9529.

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The purpose is to gain an understanding of the marketing knowledge and tools single person businesses have and use within the service sector in southern Sweden.

Previous research on single person businesses in Sweden and their marketing knowledge and usage of marketing tools is very scarce. Many small firms suffer from resource poverty and this is often a reason for why they market their firms in certain ways. By asking single person business owners why, how and what they do to market their firms the authors will find a general pattern and a deeper understanding. During a pre-study conducted to capture the essence of the issue before starting the research, it was found that there existed several marketing knowledge gaps. It is therefore of interest to study the marketing knowledge among single person business owners in Sweden.

To meet the purpose a qualitative research approach was chosen. The qualitative data was collected through six in-depth interviews with single person business owners. The answers from the interviews generated a picture of the usage of marketing knowledge and tools among single person business owners in Sweden.

The result of this study showed that all of the single person business owners thought that since their firms were small businesses, well developed marketing strategies was more of a luxury than a necessity. It was clear that they instead used effectual reasoning when marketing their firms. Concerning knowledge, the results showed that a mixture of education and work experience is the optimal combination. It was also clear that service firms usually find difficulties with intangibility and all of the interviewees knew that they have to use a special approach when marketing services. Through the authors’ findings, it is hard to tell if there is an optimal marketing strategy since most of the interviewees do not perform any follow-ups and therefore do not know what works and what does not.

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Chen, Danyang. "Fika Living : A sharing multifunctional furniture for single person households". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för design (DE), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-57445.

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The start point of this project is the research of single person household. According to a presentation from the Swedish government, in Sweden, the family structure is changing as time goes by. After 40 years, there will be more than 40% of household are single person households. In addition, The project aims to create a sharing furniture, which used in living room, for young single person households. By using this furniture, they can enjoy the time being alone at home and also enjoy the leisure time with others, for example, through the Swedish social phenomena - fika. The delineation of study and research of my project is furniture design towards single person households and fika. The theories I applied include sustainability, life cycle, human needs, and design methodologies. Sustainable design put sustainable development theory into the design process, let the ecological environment and economic development connected as an the reciprocal causation. It lead to the use of energy resources effectively, and reduce the environmental pollution to the lower degree. To achieve sustainable design theory, each steps within product life cycle need to be considered in a sustainable development way. Sustainable design principles not only refer to the design process, also stressed in engineering process, the production process, the sales process, the use process, the storage process, the maintenance/repair process and retirement process, to reduce resource consumption, to build a new production and consumption oriented concepts to achieve sustainable design. The main practical methodology within the entire project and process is participatory design. Participatory design encourages all the users to directly design by using the simple tools, then do creative jobs by themselves and make own improvements during the process of practice. Furthermore, the participatory design can promote the users to realize the true value of designers, and finally they can also enjoy the conveniences which are brought by these designs.

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Leung, Kam-ping Kathy. "In search of their personal space : stories of five not married women /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B24520937.

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Wilson, Philip B. "Being single in the Church : insights from history and personal stories". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288401.

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Today the numbers of single people in Britain are mushrooming. It is predicted that by 2020 they will form 40% of the total population. This thesis seeks to discover why this is happening and to learn from the personal stories of single people to see how the Church may better minister to this vital section of society. After a brief historical survey of Irish monasticism and the impact of the Reformation on the nuclear industrial family, the thesis discusses the impact of the Victorian author and of the Hollywood film industry on traditional notions of romance and marriage. These are contrasted sharply with prevailing contemporary post-modern views where relationships are often portrayed as temporal and vacuous. The thesis then enters the arena of real world research, exploring the issues of singleness with fifteen Christians - men and women of various ages, most of whom are single, although a number are (or were) married. The primary focus of the interviewer is “What is it like being a single person in the Church today?” The answers are wide-ranging and fascinating, touching on a number of important contemporary topics, such as loneliness, internet dating and sexuality. Of particular note is the research suggesting that many church-going single people do not feel supported or understood by their faith communities. In fact some find church to be one of the most isolating places of all. The author carefully weights up the evidence (including the biblical materials) and in the final chapter offers a strategic model for the contemporary Church. Where there is a humble community which values friendship and encourages people to discover their own gifts to serve God, then all of God’s people - and not merely single people - are most likely to flourish.

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Van, Tonder Estelle. "The factors influencing buyer behaviour of single working women when purchasing financial products or services an exploratory study /". Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11102004-113938.

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Larberg, Sandra, i Eriksson Emma Wittler. "Effekten av kontextkänslighetsträning hos personer med kronisk smärta - en SCED-studie". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-58824.

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Eriksson, Annsofi, i Lisa Lövgren. "Internetbaserad kognitiv beteendeterapi för personer med bipolär sjukdom -en pilotstudie". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-29336.

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En betydande andel individer med bipolär sjukdom upplever kvarvarande, subkliniska symtom mellan egentliga sjukdomsepisoder. Sådana restsymtom är förenade med sänkt livskvalitet och förhöjd risk för återfall i sjukdomsepisoder. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka huruvida en kort, internetadministrerad behandling är genomförbar och kan ge en minskning av depressiva restsymtom, genom interventioner riktade mot sömn och emotionsreglering. För detta syfte användes en single-subject design med upprepade mätningar (n=4). Studiens resultat visar att behandlingen är genomförbar och att den, för vissa individer, kan ge en minskning av depressiva restsymtom. Vidare forskning kring behandlingen är motiverad.
A significant proportion of persons diagnosed with bipolar disorder experience subclinical, residual symptoms between major episodes. Residual symptoms are associated with poor quality of life and increased risk of relapse. The current study aims at investigating whether a time limited, internet-based treatment targeting disturbed sleep and emotion regulation is feasible and successful in reducing residual depressive symptoms. Pertaining to this purpose, a single-subject design with repeated measures was used (n=4). Results show that the treatment is feasible and, for some individuals, can lead to a decrease in depressive symptoms. Future studies regarding this treatment are warranted.

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Frank, André. "Specialiserad vattendansintervention : En pilotstudie för personer med flerfunktionsnedsättning, med Single case design". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-39184.

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Shortell, Laurel Lynn. "The healthy solitary person : a project based on an independent investigation /". View online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/5926.

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Mäkimaa, Birgit. "Inspirationsmuskelträning för personer med idiopatisk lungfibros. : En experimentell fallstudie". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för fysioterapi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-134429.

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Bakgrund: Vid idiopatisk lungfibros (IPF) är dyspné det dominerande symtomet, vilket påverkar gångsträckan. Andra patientkategorier har ökat gångsträckan och minskat dyspnén efter inspirationsmuskelträning (IMT). Endast två studier angående IMT för personer med IPF har hittats och ingen av dessa studier har IMT som enda studieintervention. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka om IMT ökar andningsmuskelstyrkan (MIP), om gångsträcka och dyspné förändras efter träningen samt om det finns ett samband mellan MIP och gångsträcka, MIP och dyspné samt gångsträcka och dyspné. Metod: Single-subject experimentell design användes. Sex personer med IPF deltog. IMT genomfördes under åtta veckor. Under baslinje, intervention och cirka sex veckor efter interventionsslutet mättes MIP med Micro RPM® och gångsträcka med sex-minuters gångtest. Dyspnén skattades med Borg CR-10-skala och University of California San Diego Shortness of Breath Questionnaire (UCSD SOBQ). Resultat: Resultatet varierade mellan studiedeltagarna. Fyra deltagare ökade MIP. Fem studiedeltagare hade en kliniskt relevant ökning av gångsträcka. Fyra deltagare hade en kliniskt relevant minskad dyspné vid skattning med Borg CR-10 i vila eller UCSD SOBQ. Korrelationen mellan MIP och gångsträcka var signifikant för två studiedeltagare med rs 0,88 respektive 0,99. Konklusion: IMT kan öka MIP och ge kliniskt relevanta förbättringar av gångsträcka och dyspné. Alla studiedeltagare drar ej nytta av träningen. Fortsatta studier behövs för att undersöka vilka som har nytta av IMT och vilken träningsmängd som behövs för att uppnå förbättring.
Introduction: In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), dyspnoea is the predominant symptom that affects walking distance. In other patient categories, walking distance has been increased and dyspnoea has been reduced after inspiratory muscle training (IMT). Only two studies on IMT for people with IPF have been found and none of these studies have IMT as the sole study intervention. Purpose: The purpose was to investigate whether IMT increases respiratory muscle strength (MIP), if walking distance and dyspnoea alter after practice, and if there is a relation between MIP and walking distance, MIP and dyspnoea and walking distance and dyspnoea. Method: Single-subject experimental design was used. Six people with IPF participated. IMT was carried out in eight weeks. During baseline, intervention and about six weeks after the intervention, MIP was measured with Micro RPM® and walking distance with a six-minute walk test. Dyspnoea was estimated with Borg CR 10-scale and the University of California, San Diego Shortness of Breath Questionnaire (UCSD SOBQ). Results: The results varied among the study participants. For four participants, the MIP increased. Five study participants had a clinically relevant increase in walking distance. Four participants had a clinically relevant reduction in dyspnoea on measuring with Borg CR 10 at rest or UCSD SOBQ. The correlation between MIP and walking distance was significant for two study participants with rs 0.88 and 0.99, respectively. Conclusion: IMT can increase MIP and provide clinically relevant improvements in walking distance and dyspnoea. All study participants do not benefit from exercise. Further studies are needed to determine which ones have the advantage of IMT and the amount of exercise needed to achieve improvement.

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Hamilton, Sandra. "Single-parent families with adolescents, parents' perspectives of their personal and parenting experiences". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0002/NQ32747.pdf.

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Karjalainen, Terese. "Dynamisk styrketräning av M : Quadriceps femoris hos personer i övre medelåldern". Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-1605.

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Abstract

Elderly people are going to be a growing number in Europe. Between one third are going to be 60 years or older at 2025. For Sweden the situation is going to be similar. A reduced muscle function could lead to complications for the individual to perform daily tasks and will lead to a higher rate for falling and getting bone fractures. The positive sides are that for men and women there are a possibility for maintaining physical function and strength even in older years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of gaining strength in M. Quadriceps femoris among five elderly people. The training schedule followed over 6 weeks of time with training sessions twice a week, training the Quadriceps muscle with one set of each training session. The result shows that for the three people that completed the study, all of them managed to gain strength. Further the study examines resistance training comparing single and multiple sets. Is there any difference in gaining strength between training programs with single set training versus multiple sets training?

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Johanson, Rana Anna, i Linnea Sagemo. "Kognitiv beteendeterapi i grupp för personer med insomni: : Effekter på sömn, depressiva symtom och transdiagnostiska processer". Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-23887.

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SammanfattningSömnproblem är vanligt förekommande hälsoproblem i befolkningen. Kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT) har visats vara en effektiv behandling för personer med insomni men mindre forskning har bedrivits på effekten av KBT i grupp för personer med insomni (KBT-I) och samtidiga depressiva symtom. Studien syftade till att undersöka effekten av KBT-I i grupp med avseende på graden av insomni, depressiva symtom, och samvariationen med transdiagnostiska processer. En single-subject design användes med dagliga skattningar och för-, mellan- och eftermätningar. Resultatet visade att graden av insomni minskade för samtliga deltagare och graden av depressiva symtom minskade för majoriteten. En samvariation mellan sömnrelaterad oro, selektiv uppmärksamhet, och insomni fanns. Det återstår för framtida forskning att undersöka de transdiagnostiska processernas samband med insomni och depressiva symtom närmare.
AbstractSleep disorders are a common health problem in the population. Cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) have proved to be an effective treatment for people with insomnia, but less research has been conducted on the efficacy of CBT-I in a group of people with insomnia (CBT-I) and comorbid depressive symptoms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of CBT-I in group with respect to insomnia, depressive symptoms, and transdiagnostic processes. A single-subject design was used with daily estimates and pre- between-and posttest measures. The study concluded that the degree of insomnia symtoms decreased for all participants and the degree of depressive symptoms decreased for the majority. A correlation was found between sleep-related worry, selective attention, and insomnia. It remains for future research to investigate transdiagnostic processes associated with insomnia and depressive symptoms further.

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Robertsson, Anna, i Jonsson Mari Renfors. "X-Innovations AB : -Och kunskapsbehovet hos företagaren till företaget X-Innovations AB vid en förbättrad produktlansering". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-12023.

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Problem En ensamföretagare måste ofta sitta på en mängd olika kunskaper, då det är vederbörande som i slutändan tar alla slutgiltiga beslut. Enligt Tomas Lindberg själv förekommer det en sviktande försäljning av produkten Wind-X Medium. Kan det då finnas kunskapsluckor hos Tomas Lindberg själv som har ett indirekt samband till dåliga försäljningssiffror? Vilken betydelse kan det ha för företagande och tillväxt om det finns skillnader mellan att vara en företagare eller entreprenör och uppfinnare eller innovatör? Syfte Syftet med studien är att undersöka problematiken en ensamföretagare kan ha med att skapa större intresse och acceptans kring sina produkter. Vision Med en vision att kunna komma med ett eller flera förslag på hur han kan gå vidare med sitt företag. Metod Författarna har i denna studie använt sig av en kvalitativ metod, genom att intervjua ägaren till företaget. Författarna har genom att göra olika analyser fått fram information till studiens empiri. Genom att analysera och diskutera studiens teoretiska referensram har författarna kommit fram till olika förslag till hur ägaren skulle kunna göra för att gå vidare med sitt företag. Slutsats Författarna har identifierat vissa kunskapsbrister hos ägaren Tomas Lindberg som kan påverka företaget på olika sätt. I studien har det framkommit att ägaren till företaget X-Innovations AB saknar kunskap om marknadsföring, vilket har gjort att försäljningen av företagets produkt inte går så bra som ägaren hade hoppats.
Problem In a single-person business the business man himself often must have a great deal of knowledge, because he/she is the one who must take all the final decisions. According to Tomas Lindberg there has been a failing sale of the product Wind-X Medium. Could it be that there is an indirect link between Tomas Lindbergs lack of knowledge and failing sales figures of Wind-X Medium? What can the consequence be for business enterprise and growth if there is a difference between being a businessman, entrepreneur or an innovator? Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the problems a single-person business can have to create more interest and acceptance around his/her products. Vision With a vision to be able to come up with one or more proposals on how Tomas Lindberg can move on with his business. Method The authors in this study used a qualitative approach, by interviewing the owner of the company. The authors have by doing different tests, presented information to the study’s empirical work. The authors analyzed and discussed the study’s theoretical framework, and then come up with a various proposals on how the owner could do to move forward with his business. Conclusions The authors have identified some knowledge gaps with Tomas Lindberg that may affect in different ways. The study has revealed that the owner of the company X-Innovations AB has some knowledge of marketing, which has allowed that the sale of its product are not going as well as the owner hoped.

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Sántha, Ágnes Rózsa. "Lebensform „Single“ in Berlin und Budapest". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/17532.

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In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Lebensweise von Alleinstehenden sowie ihre Selbstinterpretationen und ihre Argumentationen zu ihrer Lebensform untersucht und beschrieben. Mein Vorhaben ist eine vergleichende Beschreibung und Analyse der Lebensform Single in Berlin und Budapest. Es wird ein besonderer Schwerpunkt auf jene biographischen Wendepunkte gelegt, die im Bezug auf die heutige Lebensform der Singles relevant sein könnten. In Ungarn kann keine scharfe Trennlinie zwischen weiblichem und männlichem Singleleben gezogen werden. Selbstverständlich unterscheidet sich die Erfahrung des Singledaseins zwischen beiden Geschlechtern. Doch die allgemeine familienfreundliche Einstellung der Ungarn, und die Tatsache, dass Singles ihre gegenwärtige Lebensform meistens wohl als eine Übergangsphase ansehen, denn sie streben zweifellos nach Familiengründung, machen ungarische Singlefrauen und Singlemänner eher ähnlich als unterschiedlich. In Deutschland scheinen Geschlechterunterschiede im Erfahren des Alleinseins wiederum nicht relevant zu sein. Die partnerschaftliche Orientierung hat allem Anschein nach ihre Kraft nicht verloren und die Liebe, die Partnerschaft, bleibt nach wie vor ein lebensführendes Prinzip. Nichtsdestotrotz zeigen die Statistiken, dass ein bedeutsamer Anteil von Frauen und Männern die Lebensform Single mit oder ohne Partner sowie weitere neue, weniger konventionelle Arrangements, wie die Partnerschaft in getrennten Haushalten, für sich als gewünschte Lebensformen bezeichnen, da sie einen breiten Raum für Individualität und Selbstverwirklichung bieten.
My paper examines the specific phases and turning points of the life course, which can influence the decision of young people to choose singleness as a way of life or become single by virtue of structural conditions. The research focuses on a group of young, urban singles from Berlin and Budapest. Singles are understood as those young adults at an age (30-40) typically devoted to family, living alone in their own household and having neither a durable partnership nor children. The population I studied is that of urban singles in their thirties from the upper social strata, having (at least) a university degree and being active in the labor market. The methodology used for this empirical research was conducting life course interviews, and based on this, working with the discourse analysis as a tool for analyzing narration. Experiencing a turning point is often perceived as an individual issue. However, there are some common features and types to be identified. I am not employing an individual perspective, but rather constructing typologies and inquiring about the common aspects of some important life occurrences, which to some extent explain the decision for singleness. Being single when one’s age cohort is building a family is not seen as a landmark or milestone, even less an achievement. Rather, in spite of its demographic growth, singleness is best understood as a hiatus or a period between turning points. Such turning points are: events in the family life in childhood, primarily divorce of the parents; degree of detachment from the parents; labour market entry and work arrangements; the experience of past partnerhip(s). Some of these occurrences are relevant for the way young people interpret personal autonomy and independence. Other factors, especially labor market uncertainties represent a structural reason eventually accounting for the status of single.

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梁錦萍 i Kam-ping Kathy Leung. "In search of their personal space: stories offive not married women". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31226292.

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Jeong, Kiseong. "Aspiration for sanctuary and potential alternatives : new housing environment for young professional single person households in Seoul". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7610/.

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The number of single person households in global cities such as London and New York has increased dramatically since the 1990s, with significant impacts for development patterns in these cities. The trend has been particularly prominent in South Korea's capital, Seoul, where whose 854,606 single person households represent 23.9% of total households as of 2010 and even more now in 2015. The increase has been mainly driven by the significant increases in young single households aged in their 20s and 30s. The government has been striving to keep pace with the rapid increases in the single person households by supplying residential dwelling types for them such as 'Urban Lifestyle Housing'. However, initial commentary highlights that the resulting housing environment exhibits numerous shortcomings. In this context, there is a need for research to understand the nature of the city living experience for young single person households, their aspirations and the implications for future design and planning approaches in the city. This research aims to address this gap and to provide a basis for recommending potential alternatives in the development and design of new housing for Seoul's changing population, approaching the issue with three perspectives: 'Human relationships', 'Housing design', and 'Economic issues'.

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Forest, Adrian. "Which way from here? The spatiality of maps & navigation in first-person single-player video games". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/47014/1/Adrian_Forest_Thesis.pdf.

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Player experience of spatiality in first-person, single-player games is informed by the maps and navigational aids provided by the game. This project uses textual analysis to examine the way these maps and navigational aids inform the experience of spatiality in Fallout 3, BioShock and BioShock 2. Spatiality is understood as trialectic, incorporating perceived, conceived and lived space, drawing on the work of Henri Lefebvre and Edward Soja. The most prominent elements of the games’ maps and navigational aids are analysed in terms of how they inform players’ experience of the games’ spaces. In particular this project examines the in-game maps these games incorporate, the waypoint navigation and fast-travel systems in Fallout 3, and the guide arrow and environmental cues in the BioShock games.

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Paakkulainen, Elina. "Better Alone". Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280713.

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My thesis project, Better Alone focuses on single person households from a perspective of loneliness. The objective has been to find an architectural solution to decrease experienced loneliness. In this project I intend to address the issue and design a way of living that can relieve the experience of involuntary loneliness. I have used two main strategies: the first is to provide space for social interaction in connection to the home and to create reasons to enter and linger in these spaces. The second main strategy is to blur or stretch the border that separates the home into privacy through visibility. The project's site is in southern Stockholm, in between the neighborhoods Hammarbyhöjden and Hammarby sjöstad, a fairly central location. The site's most prominent characteristic is the fact that it is a steep slope. At the bottom of the slope runs Hammarbyvägen, which is a fairly busy road. Together these two aspects create a barrier between the neighborhoods of Hammarby sjöstad and Hammarbyhöjden, these are challenges that I have addressed in the project.

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Lööf, Maja, i Erika Svensson. "Uttalsträning i svenska för tre personer med thai som förstaspråk : En single subject design-studie". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Logopedi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-93998.

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I föreliggande single subject designstudie har tre personer med thai som modersmål och svenska som andraspråk tränats specifikt i svenskt uttal. Syftet med föreliggande studie var därför att utforma samt genomföra en uttalsintervention vilken delades in i en suprasegmentell och en segmentell modul. Syftet var vidare att undersöka hur suprasegmentella och segmentella förändringar i uttalet påverkade uttalets förståelighet. Uttalsträningen utfördes 14 gånger under en fem-veckors period. Interventionen delades upp i två moduler, en med suprasegmentellt fokus (B1) och en med segmentellt fokus (B2). I den suprasegmentella modulen ingick medvetandegörelse av stavelseuppbyggnad samt träning i svenska betoningsmönster. Den segmentella modulen innefattade träning av konsonantförbindelser, [ɧ] samt /r/. Efter varje tillfälle fick deltagarna repetera 50 ord som valts ut innan studiens början. Dessa ord analyserades utifrån deltagarnas förmåga att korrekt producera suprasegmentella och segmentella aspekter och utgjorde studiens mätpunkter. De suprasegmentella aspekterna bedömdes utifrån uppsatta bedömningskriterier och de segmentella aspekterna bedömdes med hjälp av Percentage Phonemes Correct (PPC). Efter genomförd intervention fick tre utomstående lyssnare skatta förståelighet för att undersöka om samband kunde ses mellan deras skattningar och de valda bedömningsverktygen. Enskilda ord ur ordlistorna valdes ut för att bedömningsverktygen även skulle jämföras mot akustiska mätningar. Resultaten i föreliggande studie visade på att samband kunde ses mellan specifik uttalsträning med segmentellt fokus och förbättrat uttal både vad gäller segmentella och suprasegmentella aspekter. Samma resultat visade den suprasegmentella uttalsträningen ge. Vidare kunde samband ses mellan bedömningen av de segmentella aspekterna utifrån mätpunkternas beräknade PPC och förståelighetsskattningarna. När PPC ökade förbättrades också förståeligheten. Då uttalsträning bör ha som fokus att uppnå god förståelighet hos andraspråksinläraren (Pennington, 1996; Levis, 2005) föreslås att segmentella aspekter bör ingå i uttalsträning. Mellan förbättringarna av suprasegmentella aspekter och förståelighet har inte liknande samband kunnat ses vilket dock kan bero på studiens design. Författarna till föreliggande studie anser därför att suprasegmentella aspekter i uttalsträning inte bör bortprioriteras.
Three native Thai speakers with Swedish as their second language have received special training in Swedish pronunciation in the current single-subject design study. The aim of the current study was therefore to devise and implement a set of pronunciation training exercises, divided into suprasegmental and segmental modules. The aim was also to examine how suprasegmental and segmental changes in pronunciation affected the intelligibility of the pronunciation. The pronunciation training consisted of 14 training sessions during a five-week period. The exercises were divided into two modules, one with focus on suprasegmental aspects (B1) and one with focus on segmental aspects (B2). The suprasegmental module included acquainting subjects with the syllabic structure of the Swedish language as well as training of the Swedish language stress pattern. The segmental module contained training of consonant clusters, the Swedish speech sound [ɧ] and /r/. At the end of each session the participants were asked to repeat 50 words chosen before the start of the study. These words constituted the measuring points of the study and were analyzed according to the participants' ability to produce suprasegmental and segmental aspects correctly. The suprasegmental aspects were assessed according to fixed criteria and the segmental aspects were rated by means of Percentage Phonemes Correct (PPC). After completion of the final training session, three independent listeners estimated intelligibility to determine if relationship existed between these and the chosen assessment tools. Single words were selected in order to compare their criteria-based and PPC-ratings with acoustic correlates. The results of the present study indicate that a relationship can be observed between specific pronunciation training with focus on segmental aspects and improved pronunciation in terms of segmental and suprasegmental aspects. The pronunciation training with suprasegmental focus indicated the same conclusion. Further, a relationship can be seen between the judgment of the segmental aspects based on the measuring points' PPC-rating and the ratings of intelligibility. The intelligibility improved when the PPC increased. The focus of pronunciation training should be to achieve good intelligibility (Pennington, 1996; Levis, 2005); therefore it is suggested that segmental aspects should be included in pronunciation training for native Thai speakers when learning Swedish as a second language. No similar relations have been discovered between the suprasegmental aspects and intelligibility, which, however, may be due to limitations in the design of the study. Therefore suprasegmental aspects should not be neglected in pronunciation training.

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Hofmann, Gregory Thomas. "Near-elderly single-person households in core housing need : linking housing support to the severity of housing need". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42005.

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Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC), the federal agency responsible for addressing the housing needs of low and moderate-income Canadians, considers those who are unable to secure physically adequate and uncrowded accommodation without spending more than 30% of their gross income to be in core housing need. This thesis analyzes single-person renter households determined to be in core housing need. Whereas the elderly (65 years and older) among core housing need singles are relatively well supported through CMHC's social housing programs, non-elderly core need singles generally do not receive support. Using an analytical framework that focusses on the severity of housing need, and by comparing the socio-economic profiles of selected age groups within this core housing need category, the study has demonstrated the existence of severe housing need, as defined by CMHC, among non-elderly core need singles and has established that the near-elderly (aged 50-64) are in the greatest need among all core need singles and are, therefore, in greater need compared to the elderly. In view of a data base upon which the allocation of assistance to at least those in the greatest need among non-elderly core need singles can be justified, it is argued that CMHC as well as other government agencies and housing support groups must acknowledge such evidence, consider a re-evaluation of priorities and take appropriate action to the extent possible in light of current fiscal restraint . Several suggestions are put forward to this end.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate

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Matos, Diogo Silva. "Person detection system". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/23853.

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mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicações
O RADAR é para fins militares já relativamente antigo que sofreu um grande impulso durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Hoje em dia existe um forte desenvolvimento no RADAR em aplicações de navegação ou vigilância/segurança. Esta dissertação surge no seguimento destas novas aplicações, em que se pretende o desenvolvimento de um RADAR de baixo custo que permita ao utilizador detetar pessoas, bem como, os seus movimentos através de paredes ou objetos opacos. O desenvolvimento deste RADAR recaiu em tecnologias emergentes como antenas adaptativas e rádio definido por software que permitem uma grande versatilidade e adaptação em termos de aplicações. A utilização de um RADAR com múltiplas entradas e múltiplas saídas fornece uma maior diversidade de informação que garante mais probabilidades de deteção. A aplicação de técnicas digitais de beamforming, possibilita conhecer a posição e o movimento da pessoa. Com a implementação destas técnicas um protótipo capaz de detetar pessoas e os seus movimentos através de paredes e tijolos foi desenvolvido com sucesso solucionando o problema inicial. Na fase de projeto de RADAR houve necessidade de caracterizar a propagação de ondas de rádio em materiais de construção, como tijolos e madeira, medindo-se a sua atenuação. Deste modo foi possível fazer o balanço de potencia para varios canarios.
The RADAR is already relatively old for military purposes that underwent a major development during World War II. Nowadays there is a strong development in RADAR in navigation or surveillance/security applications. This dissertation follows on from these new applications, which aim to develop a low cost RADAR that allows the user to detect people as well as their movements through walls or opaque objects. The development of this RADAR has relied on emerging technologies such as adaptive antennas and SDR that allow for great versatility and adaptation in terms of applications. The use of a MIMO RADAR provides a greater diversity of information that guarantees more probabilities of detection and the application of digital techniques of beamforming, allows to know the position and the movement of the person. With the implementation of these techniques a prototype capable of detecting people and their movements through walls and bricks was successfully developed solving the initial problem. In the RADAR design phase it was necessary to characterize the propagation of radio waves in building materials, such as bricks and wood, by measuring their attenuation. In this way it was possible to perform the power balance for several scenarios.

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Van, Name Judith A. "Financial management practices of married single earner and dual earner families in Delaware". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39990.

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Mahmud, Sahibzada Ali. "Performance enhancements for single hop and multi-hop meshed high data rate wireless personal area networks". Thesis, Brunel University, 2010. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4092.

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The High Data Rate (HDR) Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) typically have a limited operating range and are intended to support demanding multi-media applications at high data rates. In order to extend the communication range, HDR WPANs can operate in a wireless mesh configuration (i.e. enable multiple WPAN clusters) to communicate in a multi-hop fashion. HDR WPANs face several research challenges and some of the open key issues are limited capacity, optimum resource allocation to requesting devices and maintaining Quality of Service (QoS) for real time multimedia flows. Although, there have been some scheduling algorithms proposed for HDR WPANs, the main objective is to maintain the QoS in most cases whereas efficient and fair utilization of network capacity is still largely open for research. This thesis mainly intends to resolve the issues related to capacity of HDR WPANs such as admission control, fair allocation of Channel Time Allocations (CTAs), improvement in capacity through transmission power control, and efficient utilization of time by each flow. A technique which re-orders the time slots to reduce queuing delay for meshed WPANs is also proposed and evaluated. The first contribution aims to improve peer-to-peer connectivity in case of two or more independent piconet devices by proposing an inter-PAN communication framework that is augmented by an admission control strategy to handle the cases when the superframe capacity is congested. The queued devices are prioritized by proposing a parameter called the Rejection Ratio. The second contribution consists of a resource allocation framework for meshed WPANs. The main objectives are to reduce the control traffic due to high volume of channel time reservation requests and introduce an element of fairness in the channel time allocated to requesting devices. The objectives are achieved by using traffic prediction techniques and an estimated backoff procedure to reduce control traffic, and define different policies based on offered traffic for fair allocation of channel time. The centralized scheme uses traffic prediction techniques to use the proposed concept of bulk reservations. Based on the bulk reservations and resource allocation policies, the overall overhead is reduced while an element of fairness is shown to be maintained for certain scenarios. In the third contribution, the concepts of Time Efficiency and CTA switching are introduced to improve communication efficiency and utilization of superframe capacity in meshed WPANs. Two metrics known as Switched Time Slot (STS) and Switched Time Slot with Re-ordering (STS-R) are proposed which aim to achieve the purpose. The final contribution proposes and evaluates a technique called CTA overlappnig to improve capacity in single hop and meshed WPANs using tramission power control. Extensive simulation studies are performed to analyze and to evaluate the proposed techniques. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements in meshed WPANs performance in terms of capacity utilization, improvement in fairness index for CTA allocation by upto 62% in some cases, reduction in control traffic overhead by upto 70% and reduction in delay for real time flows by more than 10% in some cases.

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Massinga, Alda Pereira. "An examination of the effects of personal and family attributes on single mothers education and well-being /". Search for this dissertation online, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.

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Birri, Nicole L. "A Personal Narrative Intervention for Adults with Autism and Intellectual Disability: A Single Subject Multiple Baseline Design". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1539079809808646.

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Meyers, Richard A. "Exploring the experiences of gamers playing as multiple first-person video game protagonists in Halo 3: ODST's single-player narrative". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/121490/1/Richard_Meyers_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis explores the experiences of gamers playing as multiple first-person video game protagonists in Halo 3: ODST. The aim of the study was to develop an understanding of player experience, principally for the benefit of developers in the gaming industry, where a large number of contemporary video games have multiple playable characters. Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used as a research methodology, with data gathered primarily through semi-structured interviews. The key finding was a dissatisfaction among participants at points where gameplay design did not complement narrative design, and where a late plot-twist was not as enticing as the original premise.

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Benzine, Abdallah. "Estimation de poses 3D multi-personnes à partir d'images RGB". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS103.

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L’estimation de poses 3D humaines à partir d’images RGB monoculaires est le processus permettant de localiser les articulations humaines à partir d’une image ou d’une séquence d’images. Elle fournit une information géométrique et de mouvement riche sur le corps humain. La plus part des approches d’estimation de poses 3D existantes supposent que l’image ne contient qu’une personne, entièrement visible. Un tel scénario n’est pas réaliste. Dans des conditions réelles plusieurs personnes interagissent. Elles ont alors tendance à s’occulter mutuellement, ce qui rend l’estimation de poses 3D encore plus ambiguë et complexe. Les travaux réalisés durant cette thèse se sont focalisés sur l’estimation single-shot de poses 3D multi-personnes à partir d’images monoculaires RGB. Nous avons d’abord proposé une approche bottom-up de prédiction de poses 3D multi-personnes qui prédit d’abord les coordonnées 3D de toutes les articulations présentes dans l’image puis fait appel à un processus de regroupement afin de prédire des squelettes 3D complets. Afin d’être robuste aux cas où les personnes dans l’image sont nombreuses et éloignées de la caméra, nous avons développé PandaNet qui repose sur une représentation par ancres et qui intègre un processus permettant d’ignorer les ancres associées de manière ambiguë aux vérités de terrain et une pondération automatique des fonctions de pertes. Enfin, PandaNet est complété avec un Module d’Estimation de Distances Absolues, Absolute Distances Estimation Module (ADEM). L’ensemble, appelé Absolute PandaNet, permet de prédire des poses 3D humaines absolues exprimées dans le repère la caméra
3D human pose estimation from RGB monocular images is the processus allowing to locate human joints from an image or of a sequence of images. It provides rich geometric and motion information about the human body. Most existing 3D pose estimation approaches assume that the image contains only one person, fully visible. Such a scenario is not realistic. In real life conditions several people interact. They then tend to hide each other, which makes 3D pose estimation even more ambiguous and complex. The work carried out during this thesis focused on single-shot estimation. of multi-person 3D poses from RGB monocular images. We first proposed a bottom-up approach for predicting multi-person 3D poses that first predicts the 3D coordinates of all the joints present in the image and then uses a grouping process to predict full 3D skeletons. In order to be robust in cases where the people in the image are numerous and far away from the camera, we developed PandaNet, which is based on an anchor representation and integrates a process that allows ignoring anchors ambiguously associated to ground truthes and an automatic weighting of losses. Finally, PandaNet is completed with an Absolute Distance Estimation Module (ADEM). The combination of these two models, called Absolute PandaNet, allows the prediction of absolute human 3D poses expressed in the camera frame

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Sivertsson, Elisabet. "Effekten av en kortisoninjektion i bäckenligamenten på personer med långvarig ländryggssmärta : en studie enligt single-subject experimental design". Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-3839.

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Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien var att undersöka effekten av en kortisoninjektion i bäckenligamenten på patienter med långvarig ländryggssmärta. Metod Studien genomfördes utifrån en single-subject experimental design med sex deltagare med långvarig ländryggssmärta. De utfallsmått som användes var smärtskattning (Numerical Rating Scale, NRS), skattad smärtrelaterad aktivitetsbegränsning (Oswestry Disability Index, ODI), skattad rörelserädsla (Tampa scale of kinesiophobia, TSK-SV), rörlighet (Fingertip-to-floor), funktion genom ett dynamiskt balanstest (Star excursion balance test, SEBT), funktionstest (sit-to-stand) och uthållighetsstyrketest (modifierat Biering- Sørensen), samt fysisk aktivitetsnivå mätt med accelerometermätare. Deltagarna genomförde fem testtillfällen innan och fem eller sex testtillfällen efter intervention. Vid sista besöket skattade deltagarna förändring av besvär enligt global index of change. Resultaten analyserades på individnivå genom visuell analys av trender och nivåskillnader i grafer, statistisk analys av graferna genom 2 SD-metoden, i kombination med deltagarnas subjektiva beskrivningar av eventuell förändring. Accelerometermätningarna bearbetades genom upparbetad rutin centralt på GIH. Resultat Av sex deltagare, skattade sig fyra som ”något förbättrade” enligt Global index of change, av dessa uppvisade i synnerhet tre förbättrade värden på någon/några av funktionstesterna samt skattade något lägre på ODI och TSK-SV. Inga tydligt förändrade värden visades när det gäller smärtskattning eller rörlighet. De två deltagare som skattade ”oförändrade” besvär, uppvisade i vissa tester sämre resultat efter intervention. Slutsats Det går inte att dra några starka slutsatser av studien, bla utifrån att den valda designen inte möjliggör generalisering. Studien visade dock att en kortisoninjektion kan ha effekt på muskelfunktion och upplevd generell förbättring för vissa patienter med långvarig ländryggssmärta. Den indikerar även att effekten kan minska/utebli vid en mer generaliserad smärtproblematik. Fler studier behövs för att bekräfta dessa fynd.
Aim The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of one steroid injection to ligaments in the pelvis on patients with chronic low back pain. Method Six patients with chronic low back pain were studied in a single-subject experimental design. Outcome measures were self-rated pain (Numerical Rating Scale, NRS), self-rated pain related functional limitations (Oswestry Disability index, ODI), self-rated kinesiophobia (Tampa scale of kinesiophobia, TSK-SV) and flexibility (Fingertip-to-floor). Function was measured through a dynamic balance test (SEBT), a functional test (sit-to-stand) and an endurance test (modified Biering- Sørensen). The daily physical activity was measured through movement registration with an accelerometer. The subjects were tested five times before and five to six times after the intervention. At the last visit they rated the overall change on a Global index of change. The results were analysed at an individual level by visual analyses of differences in trends and levels in graphs, statistical analysis via the 2 SD- method, together with the subjects’ description of possible change. The registration from the accelerometers was processed and analysed by a standard procedure at the GIH administration. Result Four out of six subjects rated themselves as "slightly improved" on the scale Global index of change and especially three of them showed better results on the functional tests, and rated slightly lower on the ODI and TSK-SV. No clear changes were shown for the self-rated pain and flexibility. Two subjects rated "no change" from the intervention, and in some of the tests they showed inferior results after the intervention. Conclusion It’s impossible to draw strong conclusions from this study, since the results are not conclusive and the study design does not allow generalization. Anyhow, the results indicate that a steroid injection may have a positive effect on global improvement and muscle function for some patients with chronic low back pain. One possible factor that could diminish the effect of the injection is a more generalized pain experience. Future studies are needed to confirm the present findings.

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