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Vassileva, Bistra, i Moti Zwilling. "Hybrid Warfare Similation-based Learning: Challenges and Opportunities". Information & Security: An International Journal 39, nr 3 (2018): 220–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/isij.3919.
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NISHIYAMA, Hideya, Toshiki SHIMIZU i Takehiko SATO. "Optimization for Arc Ash Melting Process by Numerical Similation". Proceedings of the Symposium on Environmental Engineering 2002.12 (2002): 467–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeenv.2002.12.467.
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Aktu¨rk, Nizami. "The Effect of Waviness on Vibrations Associated Witli Ball Bearings". Journal of Tribology 121, nr 4 (1.10.1999): 667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2834121.
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In this paper, the radial and axial vibrations of a rigid shaft supported by a pair of angular contact ball bearings is studied. The effect of bearing running surface waviness on the vibration of the shaft is investigated. A computer program was developed to simulate inner race, outer race, and rolling surface waviness with the results presented in time and frequency domains. Results obtained from the similation programme are quantatively in good aggrement with various authors’ experimental researches.
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Fan, He, Zhang Longjie i Sun Tao. "Design of Visual Similation System for Carried-Aircraft Recovery Mode Based on AcoreOS". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1237 (czerwiec 2019): 052028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1237/5/052028.
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De Biasi, Fabrizio, Carlotta Olivei Maddalena, Alessandro Vergallo, Gilberto Fiore, Roberto Balagna, Paolo Donato, Loris Cristofoli, Pietro Caironi i Franco Marinangeli. "Factors influencing anesthesiologistsperceived usefulness of ACRM (Anaesthesia Crisis Resources Management) key points after a combined ACLS (AHA)-ACRM similation training". Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 73, nr 2 (czerwiec 2022): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.56126/73.2.09.
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Background: The factors that may contribute to learners’ perception about the usefulness of Anaesthesia Crisis Resource Management (ACRM) key points are little known. Objectives: We investigated the link between demographic factors and the effect of an ACRM simulation training on anaesthesiologists’ perceived value of ACRM key points. Design: A prospective pre- and post-test survey from December 2017 to December 2019 of 111 anaesthesiologists involved into a combined ACRM-ACLS course in a simulation centre. Methods: Before and after the course participants were asked to indicate which were, in their opinion, the 5 ACRM key points most relevant for managing an anaesthetic emergency. No taxonomy tool of the 15 ACRM key points was used for teaching purposes. Main outcome measures: Pre-/post-course differences in participants’ subjective choices were connected by logistic regression analysis with demographic factors which included age, gender, years of work as anaesthesiologist, the amount of updating exposure, and familiarity with ACRM. Results: In median participants (47 M/64 F) had an age of 42 years (IQR 34-55 years), and 10 years working experience as anaesthesiologists (IQR 4-20 years). Around 20% of them had never heard of ACRM prior to this course. Communication was selected by up to 75% of participants without pre-/post-course differences. Although the other 4 ACRM points remained heterogeneously selected even after the course, we observed post-course vs pre-course increase in the selection rate of the ACRM points that address leadership, correct distribution of workload and utilization of all available resources. Among participants’ characteristics, the lack of familiarity with ACRM was the only significant predictor of the number of pre- to post-course changes in ACRM key points selection (OR=3.03, CI 95% 1.04 -9.09; p=0.0418). Conclusions: The familiarity with ACRM should be considered when planning ACRM training, especially in cases where the ACRM training is not yet part of a formal education in anaesthesia.
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Saniel, Bhyren. "similation (I.D.E.A. SCHEME) to Learning Action Cell in Relation to Mental Health of Selected Senior High School Teachers in Plaridel District, Quezon, Philippines". International Education Trend Issues 1, nr 2 (30.06.2023): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.56442/ieti.v1i2.183.
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This study determined the proposed Learning Action Cell Scheme based on Introduction, Development, Engagement, and Assimilation in relation to the mental health of the ten selected Senior High School Teachers in Plaridel District, Division of Quezon. Using a researcher-made questionnaire distributed through Google form, it sought answers to the level of stress the Senior High School Teachers in Plaridel Quezon had the response level in the Learning Action Cell (I.D.E.A. pattern) in terms of effectivity, time management, and behavioral aspects, the acceptance level of the Learning Action Cell proposed topics and the intervention scheme for Learning Action Cell. Descriptive survey research was used. All respondents were suffering from stress attributed to various intrinsic and extrinsic stresses. Most of the respondents had had the same experiences as they underwent in the L.A.C. session. The topics proposed were useful to manage the stress level of the teachers through L.A.C. sessions and strategic leadership of the school heads.
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Lucor, Didier, i Olivier P. Le Maître. "Cardiovascular Modeling With Adapted Parametric Inference". ESAIM: Proceedings and Surveys 62 (2018): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/proc/201862091.
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Computational modeling of the cardiovascular system, promoted by the advance of fluid-structure interaction numerical methods, has made great progress towards the development of patient-specific numerical aids to diagnosis, risk prediction, intervention and clinical treatment. Nevertheless, the reliability of these models is inevitably impacted by rough modeling assumptions. A strong in-tegration of patient-specific data into numerical modeling is therefore needed in order to improve the accuracy of the predictions through the calibration of important physiological parameters. The Bayesian statistical framework to inverse problems is a powerful approach that relies on posterior sampling techniques, such as Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms. The generation of samples re-quires many evaluations of the cardiovascular parameter-to-observable model. In practice, the use of a full cardiovascular numerical model is prohibitively expensive and a computational strategy based on approximations of the system response, or surrogate models, is needed to perform the data as-similation. As the support of the parameters distribution typically concentrates on a small fraction of the initial prior distribution, a worthy improvement consists in gradually adapting the surrogate model to minimize the approximation error for parameter values corresponding to high posterior den-sity. We introduce a novel numerical pathway to construct a series of polynomial surrogate models, by regression, using samples drawn from a sequence of distributions likely to converge to the posterior distribution. The approach yields substantial gains in efficiency and accuracy over direct prior-based surrogate models, as demonstrated via application to pulse wave velocities identification in a human lower limb arterial network.
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노지화. "Knowledge Attitudes Towards Elderly People and Disabled Changing Attitudes Towards UD Assignments After Aging Similation Program Experiential Education: Centered on Architectural Students in 5-year program". Journal of North-east Asian Cultures 1, nr 37 (grudzień 2013): 543–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17949/jneac.1.37.201312.031.
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Bein, Thomas W., i Woodwerth C. Bein. "Rain sound similator". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 95, nr 6 (czerwiec 1994): 3688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.409893.
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Dobrova, Victoria V., Vladimir M. Savitsky, Lilia R. Nurtdinova, Olga A. Kistanova i Natalia V. Ageenko. "Modeling of Semantic Structure of Similative Phraseological Units". SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001044.
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The problem of modeling of semantic structure of similative phraseological units is described. With the use of formal meta language SESAME invented for the purposes of the conducted semantic analyses (a meaningful acronym of Standard Events and Situations Artificial Meta-language) on the basis of frame-scenario models, the authors made an attempt to analyze the transferred meaning and in particular the degree of modeling potential, the degree of explicitness / implicitness, the degree of semantic dividedness / integrity and the scale of the denotative area of English similative phraseological units. Similative phraseological units under consideration can be comparative, metaphoric or allegoric.
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Treis, Yvonne. "Similative and equative demonstratives in Kambaata". Faits de Langues 50, nr 1 (4.12.2019): 175–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05001013.
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Molina, Mariya. "SIMILATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN HITTITE «SONG OF ULLIKUMMI»". Izvestia of Smolensk State University, nr 1 (49) (26.05.2020): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-49-1-60-73.
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The article is aimed at the analysis of similative constructions with the semantics «X like Y» in Hittite epos the «Song of Ullikummi». Contextual analysis allows the author to detect this type of collocations without any markers like asyndetic
constructions (with juxtaposition, a chain of accusatives).
The author of the article has studied the word order in these constructions. It has been shown that the similarity phrase regularly takes place in the immediate preverbal position after the object and the adverbial modifier of place in a linear
structure. It is interesting to find contexts with a standard of comparison in the initial position of the clause, which points out to the upper (and marked) focus position. This type of placement mostly correlates with right dislocations, frequent in
the Hittite poetic language. As for the linear word order, constructions with conjunction «like X», as a rule, appear as a sequence «a comparee – a standard of comparison – a marker of
the standard». The rare sequences «a standard – a comparee – a marker» show markedness connected to the needs for information structure, which demands further research. In asyndetic constructions the standard sequence appears as «a comparee – a standard». In the paper it has been shown that similative constructions in the «Song of Ullikummi» actually lost the proper similarity semantics and serve as markers of certain qualities of poetic images.
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Chamoreau, Claudine. "Equative and similative constructions in Chibchan languages". Faits de Langues 50, nr 1 (4.12.2019): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05001012.
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Lü, Shanshan. "Equative and similative constructions in Caijia (Sino-Tibetan)". Faits de Langues 50, nr 1 (4.12.2019): 203–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05001015.
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Nevskaya, Irina A. "Typological features of Shor equative and similative constructions". Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, nr 4 (2022): 286–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/81/22.
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Equative constructions state that the object compared and the standard of comparison possess the same quality to the same degree (She is as tall as her father). In contrast, similative ones presuppose that the action is processed in the same manner (She sings like her mother). Such comparative constructions of equality have not been studied sufficiently in the typological aspect. Research on such constructions in a language allows for delineating their universal and individual features. This paper deals with equality constructions in Shor, an indigenous Turkic language spoken in South Siberia, Russian Federation. The author describes the morphological means expressing comparative semantics of equality in Shor, the structural and semantic types of such comparative constructions, distinguishing their equative and simulative semantic and structural types, as well as quantitative and qualitative ones. Also, generalized equality constructions are considered. The descriptive framework and terminology of Martin Haspelmath and Oda Buchholz are used to describe the typological properties of Shor equality constructions. This research has shown Shor to preserve ancient synthetic equality markers. They can be classified into quantitative and qualitative ones, although this distinction is present only in equative constructions. These markers are gradually replaced by newly coined analytical markers that are much more specialized and can be used only in equative or simulative constructions and express either qualitative or quantitative semantics. Interestingly, simulative constructions can also be of the quantitative semantic type that Martin Haspelmath and Oda Buchholz consider very uncommon.
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Синицына, Юлия Вячеславовна. "POLYSEMY PATTERNS OF THE SIMILATIVE SUFFIX -LA IN HILL MARI". Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, nr 4(34) (28.12.2021): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2021-4-88-101.
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Статья посвящена моделям полисемии суффикса la в горномарийском языке. Основное значение данного суффикса — маркирование стандарта сравнения в симилятивных конструкциях. В статье рассматриваются такие значения суффикса, как маркер глоттонимов, маркер актанта при глаголе madaš ‘играть’, маркер обменного эквивалента, маркер приблизительной локализации. Помимо типологически ожидаемых моделей полисемии (как, например, маркер глоттонимов или маркер актанта при глаголах čučaš ‘казаться’, kajaš ‘быть видимым, казаться’), горномарийский симилятивный маркер la имеет менее изученные в типологическом плане функции — например, маркер актанта при глаголе madaš ‘играть’. Предыдущие исследования показали, что la может иметь разные морфосинтаксические ограничения в зависимости от контекста. В статье приводятся существующие ограничения для не рассматриваемых ранее контекстов употребления. Так, маркируя глоттоним или актант при глаголе madaš ‘играть’, la имеет более ограниченную морфосинтаксическую дистрибуцию по сравнению с симилятивными конструкциями и конструкциями с глаголами типа čučaš ‘казаться’. Еще одно употребление la — с локативными выражениями в качестве маркера приблизительной локализации. В этой функции la присоединяется к именной группе, оформленной одним из локативных падежей, а также к послеложной группе с пространственным послелогом или к наречию, сохраняющему в своем составе старые формы локативных падежей. Согласно нашим данным, полученным в ходе опроса носителей, la может присоединяться ко всем трем локативным падежам, а не только к иллативу, как это отмечается в грамматиках. Однако сочетание la с инессивом и лативом, в отличие от иллатива, грамматично только для имен с пространственной семантикой. Помимо этого, в статье анализируется описанная сеть полисемии: обсуждается возможность развития рассматриваемых функций маркера из симилятивного значения, распространившегося из симилятивных конструкций на остальные контексты. This article discusses the polysemy models of the Hill Mari suffix la, which main meaning is marking the standard of comparison in similative constructions: glottonym marker, marker of the actant in constructions with the verb madaš ‘play’, marker of the approximate localization. In addition to the typologically expected patterns of polysemy (for example, the marker of glottonyms or the complementizer marker in constructions with the verbs čučaš ‘seem’, kajaš ‘be seen, seem’), the Hill Mari similative marker la has some functions that are less studied from typological perspective. Previous research has shown that la can have different morphosyntactic restrictions depending on the context. The article presents the restrictions for contexts of la that were not studied previously in a proper way. Thus, when used as a glottonym marker or as a marker of an actant in constructions with the verb madaš ‘play’, la has a more limited morphosyntactic distribution compared to similative constructions and constructions with verbs like čučaš ‘seem’. Another context for la is locative expressions. The suffix is used to indicate the direction and not a final point. In this function, la is attached to a noun phrase marked by one of the locative cases, as well as to a postpositional group with a spatial postposition or to an adverb that retains the old forms of locative cases. It is important that la can be attached to all three locative cases, not just to the illative, as noted in the grammars. Moreover, the article analyzes the existing polysemy network: there is an attempt to present a possible invariant underlying all functions of the la. This is the similative meaning of the suffix, which is spread from the similative constructions to other contexts.
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Argento, Mauro Sergio Fernandes. "Caracterização Morfométrica do Alto Macacu: Uma abordagem Quantitativa". Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 9 (1.01.1985): 41–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/1985_0_41-73.
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This paper correlates the main components of the drainage net with hight Macacu basin. The main objective is to show a group of quantitative techiniques applied in analysis of drainage nets. Classifications by Sturges Algoritms, Correlations Analysis and Cluster Analysis, were used with the drainage papameters. Similatiry matriz were analysed and several conclusions were established to hight Macacu (superior part of drainage basin) and for all drainage basin.
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Guedel, Alain, i Mirela Robitu. "Prediction of the broadband noise of a low-speed axial fan by CFD similations". Noise Control Engineering Journal 64, nr 1 (1.01.2016): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/1/376355.
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KASZEWSKI, MAREK. "Deminutywność, symilatywność i tautologia słowotwórcza w języku doby średniopolskiej (na materiale ze słownika M.A. Troca)". Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego LXXVII, nr 77 (31.12.2021): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6871.
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W tekście podejmowana jest problematyka ograniczeń procesu kategoryzacji klas derywatów deminutywnych oraz symilatywnych w dobie średniopolskiej. Celem opracowania było wskazanie potencjalnych przyczyn blokowania procesów kategoryzacyjnych klas historycznych deminutywów oraz symilatywów. W zakresie metodologii i ustaleń terminologicznych wykorzystano osiągnięcia tzw. „katowickiej szkoły słowotwórstwa historycznego”. Głównym źródłem materiału leksykalnego stał się trójjęzyczny dykcjonarz M.A. Troca z 1764 roku (jego III tom, z polszczyzną jako językiem wyjściowym). Świadomość lingwistyczna autora tego słownika, przejawiająca się w sposobie organizacji wyrażeń hasłowych oraz doboru ekwiwalentów wraz z definicjami, rzuciła nowe światło na sposób identyfikowania kategorii deminutywów, symilatywów, a także formacji tautologicznych przez dawnych użytkowników języka. Okazało się, że w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku żadna z tych klas nie wykrystalizowała swoich dominant, zaś czynnikiem, który mógł podtrzymywać ten stan, była obecność w języku znacznej liczby derywatów tautologicznych względem podstawy, budowanych z udziałem wielofunkcyjnych formantów z podstawowymi sufiksalnymi spółgłoskami -k- i -c-. Diminutivity, similativity and word-formation tautology in Middle Polish (illustrated with data from M.A. Troc’s Dictionary) Summary: The text deals with the limitations of the categorization process of the classes of diminutive and similative derivatives in Middle Polish. The aim of the study was to identify the potential reasons for the blocking of the categorization processes of the historical classes of diminutives and similatives. The methodology and terminology used in the paper follows the achievements of the so-called “Katowice school of historical word-formation”. The 1764 trilingual dictionary by M.A. Troc (Volume 3, with Polish as the input language) was the main source of lexical material. Based on the analysis of the presented material, one can conclude that the linguistic awareness of the lexicographer, manifested through the organization of dictionary entries and the choice of foreign equivalents and their definitions, may shed a new light on the categorical system of historical derivatives. In lack of sufficient Polish-language contexts, the translational character of lexicographic sources lets us gain information about the semantic and stylistic value of Polish lexical units on the basis of their foreign equivalents or their foreign-language definitions provided by dictionaries. The category of diminutive names in the second half of the 18th century did not yet crystallize its dominants, and the class of similative names had a similar formal and semantic status. Both classes constituted products of sets that contained derivative units, assuming a diminishing or similative function. The factor that inhibited the process of the crystallization of the dominants in the mentioned classes was the extremely high level of word-formation tautology, which did not allow language users to identify the real functions of multifunctional formants with the basic consonants -k- and -c-.
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LIU, XIAO-TONG, JUN JING, YUE XU, YUN-FEI LIU i ZHU-QING HE. "Revision of the tree crickets of China (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Oecanthinae)". Zootaxa 4497, nr 4 (11.10.2018): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4497.4.4.
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Eight species of tree crickets are reviewed from China including Oecanthus antennalis, O. euryelytra, O. longicauda, O. similator, O. turanicus, O. zhengi, O. oceanicus He sp. nov. and Xabea levissima. Calling songs and COI genes of all species are compared. Keys to species are given by morphology and songs. New species is posited in Museum of Biology, East China Normal University (ECNU). The state of O. sinensis is discussed. O. latipennis Liu, Yin & Xia, 1994 is a junior homonym of O. latipennis Riley, 1881.
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Brevus, V., O. Yasniy, R. Moutou Pitti i Y. Lapusta. "Assessment of the Probability of Failure of Reactor Vessels After Warm Pre-stressing Using Monte Carlo Similations". International Journal of Fracture 180, nr 1 (18.12.2012): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10704-012-9800-5.
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M., CARLOS E. SARMIENTO, i MICHAEL SHARKEY. "On the status of some species of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) described by J. C. Fabricius and the synonymy of Dichelosus Szépligeti with Coccygidium De Saussure". Zootaxa 1067, nr 1 (21.10.2005): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1067.1.4.
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The status of five species of Braconidae described by Fabricius is changed. Lectotypes are designated for all five. Ichneumon hospitator, Bracon anator, and Ophion pennator are transferred to the genus Coccygidium combs. nov. Ichneumon ornator is transferred to Coccygidium and considered a junior synonym of C. hospitator comb. and syn. nov. Bracon similator is transferred to the genus Hemibracon comb. nov. Dichelosus fuscipennis is considered a junior synonym of C. hospitator syn. nov. The genus Dichelosus is synonymized with Coccygidium syn. nov., and the member species are all transferred to Coccygidium: C. fuscipennis comb. nov., C. peruensis comb. nov., C. brasiliensis comb. nov., C. dubiosus comb. nov., C. similis comb. nov., C. variegatus comb. nov., and C. demerarus comb. nov.
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Rett, Jessica, i W. Starr. "Decomposing 'As If'". Semantics and Linguistic Theory 1 (23.01.2023): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v1i0.5423.
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‘As if’ constructions have been analyzed as only verbal (Bücking 2017) or idiomatic (Bledin & Srinivas 2019, 2020). We argue that ‘as if’ constructions have the same distribution as any clausal similative (i.e. any ‘as’ construction): they can associate with verbal arguments or propositions. And we argue that ‘as if’ constructions are a common and productive cross-linguistic phenomenon, reliably formed with a relativizer; a question subordinator; and X-marking. We thus present a compositional analysis of the constructions based on extant analyses of as (and its cross-linguistic counterparts) as a relativizer (Rett 2013, among others); if as a question subordinator (Starr 2014b, among others); and X-marking as encoding a similarity relation across possible worlds (Schulz 2014; von Fintel & Iatridou 2020). In addition to being compositional, this approach can better account for the wide distribution of ‘as if’ constructions both within a language and across languages.
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Yafia, Radouane, Fatiha El Adnani i Hamad Talibi Alaoui. "Limit cycle and numerical similations for small and large delays in a predator–prey model with modified Leslie–Gower and Holling-type II schemes". Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications 9, nr 5 (grudzień 2008): 2055–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nonrwa.2006.12.017.
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GÜNTHER, CHRISTINE, SVEN KOTOWSKI i INGO PLAG. "Phrasal compounds can have adjectival heads: evidence from English". English Language and Linguistics 24, nr 1 (13.11.2018): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674318000229.
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Phrasal compounds are taken to be word-level structures that combine a lexical head with a phrasal non-head. Several claims have emerged from the pertinent literature: phrasal compounds allegedly only have nominal heads, can host a variety of syntactic structures in non-head position, are determinative, and are instances of expressive morphology. The existence of adjectival phrasal compounds is either explicitly denied in the literature, or considered a marginal phenomenon at best. This article presents data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA; Davies 2008) that show that adjectival phrasal compounds do exist in English. We demonstrate that they are similar to non-phrasal adjectival compounds and to nominal phrasal compounds. At the same time, they crucially differ from nominal compounds in the prototypical semantic relations between head and non-head: adjectival phrasal compounds are mostly similative-intensifying as opposed to determinative. We argue that this property is also found in noun–adjective compounds and follows naturally from the semantics of the head category in question, viz. adjectives as mostly gradable predicates. In turn, the majority of adjectival phrasal compounds in our data feature a strong expressive component, a characteristic they share with other phrasal compounds.
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Geddes, John A. A., i Charles A. Inderjeeth. "Evidence for the Treatment of Osteoporosis with Vitamin D in Residential Care and in the Community Dwelling Elderly". BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/463589.
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Introduction. Vitamin D is common treatment for osteoporosis. Both age >70 years and living in residential care are associated with increased fracture risk. Community dwelling elderly are a heterogeneous group who may have more similatiry with residential care groups than younger community dwelling counterparts.Aims. To review the evidence for cholecalciferol or ergocalciferol tretment of osteoporosis in either community dwelling patients aged ≥70 years of age, or redidential care patients. Secondly endpoints were changes in bone mineral denisty, and in bone turnover markers.Methods. We performed a literature search using search terms for osteoporosis and vitamin D. Treatment for at least one year was required.Results. Only one residential care study using cholecalciferol, showed non-vertebral and hip fracture reduction in vitamin D deficient subjects. In the community setting one quasi randomised study using ergocalciferol showed reduction in total but not hip or non-vertebral fracture, and a second randomised study showed increased hip fracture risk. Three studies reported increases in hip bone mineral denisty.Discussion. A minority of studies demonstrated a fracture benefit form vitamin D and one suggested possible harm in a community setting. Current practice should be to only offer this treatment to subjects identified as deficient.
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Benigni, Valentina. "Ad hoc categorization in Russian and multifunctional general extenders". Folia Linguistica 52, s39-1 (26.07.2018): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flih-2018-0003.
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AbstractRussian, as well as many other languages, displays a wide number of strategies to name non-lexicalized categories, that is, categories which have a conceptual reality, but are not encoded as single lexical items (e.g.fruit, furniture) or set phrases (e.g.equipment for sport, food for dog). One way to address this lack of lexical means is to provide one or more concrete exemplars of the intended category, in an attempt to capture the superordinate non-lexicalized concept. This paper aims to provide an overview of the different generalizing means used in Russian for the online construction of exemplar-driven categories, and, at the same time, to explore the interplay between discourse-resources (e.g. exemplification, listing and reformulation) and system-resources (e.g. collective affixation, co-compounding and discourse markers) in the process of categorization. Particular attention will be focused on the description of schematic general extenders, that is, partially lexicalized syntactic patterns, realizing the different extending, generalizing and similative functions of general extenders. The last part of the paper is devoted to a discussion of the processes of grammaticalization and pragmaticalization of the general extenderi vse takoe‘and so on’ (lit. ‘and all such’). The form is interesting because of its discursive multifunctionality.
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Giomi, Riccardo. "Similatives are Manners, comparatives are Quantities (except when they aren’t)". Open Linguistics 8, nr 1 (1.01.2022): 650–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2022-0211.
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Abstract This article proposes a fine-grained semantic analysis of similative and comparative constructions within the framework of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG). The core idea is that, when used in their prototypical modifying functions, the two types of constructions are built upon two semantic frames that share an identical structure but differ as regards the semantic category that underlies the whole modifying expression – whence the title of the article: similatives are Manners and comparatives are Quantities. At the same time, I argue that similatives can also be put to modifying and predicative uses in which they do not express a Manner but a Configurational Property (i.e., a “nuclear predication”) and that comparatives do not express a Quantity when occurring as arguments of lexical(ized) ditransitive predicates like prefer or would rather, nor when the two terms of the comparison are introduced by a specific type of temporal expression. Finally, the paper refines previous FDG approaches to the alternation between analytic and synthetic expression of comparison in such languages as English and Latin, proposing that the English comparative suffix -er is liable to being modified by narrow-scope measure expressions and is therefore a partly lexical element and not a fully grammaticalized marker of comparison.
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HE, ZHU-QING. "A checklist of Chinese crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidea)". Zootaxa 4369, nr 4 (7.01.2018): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4369.4.4.
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A checklist of Chinese crickets, including Taiwan, is offered. Presently 331 species or subspecies have been reported including true crickets, scale crickets, ant crickets and mole crickets belonging to 6 families, 16 subfamilies and 83 genera. Modicogryllus (Modicogryllus) maculatus (Shiraki, 1930) is moved to Comidoblemmus as C. maculatus (Shiraki, 1930) comb. nov. Velarifictorus (Velarifictorus) koshunensis (Shiraki, 1911) is moved to Turanogryllus as T. koshunensis (Shiraki, 1911) comb. nov. Qingryllus Chen & Zheng, 1995 syn. is the junior synonym of Goniogryllus Chopard, 1936. Loxoblemmus angulatus Bey-Bienko, 1956 syn. is the junior synonym of Loxoblemmus appendicularis Shiraki, 1930. Cophogryllus kuhlgatzi Karny, 1908 syn. is the junior synonym of Teleogryllus (Brachyteleogryllus) occipitalis occipitalis (Serville, 1838). Velarifictorus (Velarifictorus) aspersus borealis Gorochov, 1985 syn. is the junior synonym of Velarifictorus (Velarifictorus) aspersus aspersus (Walker, 1869). Modicogryllus (Modicogryllus) latefasciatus (Chopard, 1933) syn. is the junior synonym of Velarifictorus (Velarifictorus) micado (Saussure, 1877). Velarifictorus (Velarifictorus) ornatus caudatus (Shiraki, 1930) syn. is the junior synonym of Velarifictorus (Velarifictorus) ornatus ornatus (Shiraki, 1911). Dianemobius nigrofasciatus (Matsumura, 1904) syn. is the junior synonym of Dianemobius fascipes (Walker, 1869). Polionemobius mikado (Shiraki, 1911) syn. is the junior synonym of Polionemobius taprobanensis (Walker, 1869). Vietacheta picea Gorochov, 1992, Oecanthus euryelytra Ichikawa, 2001, Oecanthus similator Ichikawa, 2001, Xabea levissima Gorochov, 1992, Pteronemobius (Pteronemobius) yezoensis (Shiraki, 1911), Metioche (Metioche) japonica (Ichikawa, 2001), Natula matsuurai Sugimoto, 2001 are the first records from China.
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Gorbunova, Viktoriya A. "Ways of expressing comparison in the Ulch language". Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, nr 2 (2023): 286–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/83/22.
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The paper summarizes the mechanisms used in the Ulch language to denote comparison as a broad cognitive category. Referring to numerous studies of various languages, the author examines a variety of possible comparative relations between objects and events and divides them into four types: comparative and superlative (inequality group), equative and simulative (equality group). Each type features a set of linguistic means used to verbalize a specific degree of similarity or superiority, including syntactic constructions, grammatical markers, and lexical units. The analysis has revealed that all four types can be found in the Ulch folklore texts. A conclusion is drawn that the Ulch language lacks a holistic grammatical category of comparison of adjectives or adverbs, resulting in a diverse but economic set of means of expressing comparison. Overall, the comparative mechanisms in Ulch cover the syntactic (two-noun constructions in nominative and instrumental cases in comparative structures or the conjunction umutu/omoto in simulative ones), grammatical (suffixes -achi/machi and mat/mot/meti), and lexical (adverbs of degree: chӯ, tes, badi, ӡin-ӡin, and others) levels. Considerable overlap between equative and similative subtypes has been identified. In addition, the adverbs of degree typically describing superlative relations can also be used in comparative constructions and, in some cases, in constructions describing equality relations. Consideration is also given to the basic components of various comparative structures (objects of comparison, standards, parameters, etc.) for each subtype, highlighting the elements essential for modeling a comparative situation and those that may be included or omitted depending on the context.
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Dancygier, Barbara. "Narrativised simile and emotional responses to Brexit". Russian Journal of Linguistics 25, nr 3 (15.12.2021): 663–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-2021-25-3-663-684.
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This study looks at two figurative ways in which popular media and social media represent the publics response to the process of implementing Brexit. Specifically, it contrasts analogies, which construe the nature of Brexit in terms of the nature of the problems arising (e.g. the impossibility of taking the eggs out of the cake ), with tweets relying on simile to express emotional responses. The focus of this study is on the nature of simile, as the trope of choice in profiling emotional responses, and especially on narrativised similative constructions, such as Brexit is like X , where X as an extended narrative. These similes match the real story of Brexit, which lasted several years, with other narrative scenarios. Crucially, the scenarios created are focused on how the person feels about the story of Brexit (e.g. the long period of hesitation and indecisiveness) and not on political affiliations and arguments. In effect, Brexit is like X framing could be loosely paraphrased as Experiencing Brexit makes me feel similarly to experiencing a narrative such as X , where X is a made-up story, depicting unimportant social events or movie genres. The emotions targeted in the Brexit is like X examples (such as disappointment, boredom, feeling exasperated or bemused) are complex emotional reactions to a narrative failing to reach a satisfying resolution. From the perspective of figuration, Brexit is like X similes suggest the need to re-evaluate the nature of simile as a conceptual mapping and to consider the role fictive stories play in expression of emotions. Also, the complex syntactic forms used to represent the narrative structure of X provide the material for reconsidering simile as a construction.
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Anokhina, S. P. "Metaphorisation and Metonimisation as Tools of Semantic Derivation (Based on English Coursebooks on Economics)". Professional Discourse & Communication 3, nr 3 (30.09.2021): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2687-0126-2021-3-3-65-82.
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The paper studies two types of indirect (secondary) nomination: simulative and indicative ones, exemplified by extracts from English coursebooks on economics. The similative nomination is actualised through functional transfer, which is interpreted as a separate kind of metaphor termed “actional metaphor”. The analysis of indicative nomination is focused on metonymy and synecdoche (as its closely related device), which is conditioned by the same transfer principle on the basis of an essential attribute. The semantic derivates are considered in sentences representing such logic thought form as definition, which allows to reveal the metaphoric and metonymic processes in the field of English economic terminology.The research discloses the interrelations between the analysed term models and their functions as designators for target and source domains on the one hand, and cognitive metaphor types (ontological and conceptual), on the other hand. The author comes to the conclusion that both types can have either simple or complicated structure. Similarly, there are simple and complicated metonymies. These phenomena make the peculiarities of the given economic discourse when considered from the angle of semantic derivation. The tendency to the uniform secondary semiotic code in term metaphor description can be viewed as another valid peculiarity of economic discourse.With regard to the indicative secondary nomination, the main findings are as follows: the metonymic lexis is organized as a chain opposition: terms and nomens – terms – terms and common lexis – common lexis. The mechanism of forming “mixed” kinds of the indirect nomination, i.e. metaphtonymy and synecdoche-metonymy, is revealed in the course of the context analysis. This leads the author to a hypothetical argument that it is the actional metaphor that underlies these mixed types of semantic derivatives.Both types of the secondary nomination have a systemic nature: metaphor is described in other system units; metonymies have field structure and are actualised through specific oppositions.
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Hasler Sandoval, Felipe, Aldo Olate Vinet i Guillermo Soto Vergara. "Origen y desarrollo del sistema evidencial del mapudungun". Círculo de Lingüística Aplicada a la Comunicación 81 (21.02.2020): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/clac.67928.
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La evidencialidad en el mapudungun se expresa a partir de dos elementos: el marcador reportativo piam y el morfema -rke, este último cuenta con tres significados: inferencial, reportativo y admirativo. La reportatividad puede expresarse mediante ambos mecanismos, por lo que el sistema cuenta con dos formas para cubrir un mismo dominio funcional-comunicativo.El presente trabajo propone una reconstrucción del desarrollo del sistema evidencial del mapudungun, teniendo en cuenta evidencias tipológicas, diacrónicas y del mapudungun que se habla actualmente con el propósito de dar cuenta de la trayectoria de gramaticalización que este ha seguido. A partir de una revisión de las principales gramáticas del mapudungun desde el período colonial, más diversas sesiones de elicitación con hablantes de mapudungun actual, se esboza el desarrollo y la reconstrucción del sistema evidencial de la lengua. Nuestra hipótesis sostiene que el marcador piam surge de la gramaticalización de la forma pi-am, donde pi- es la raíz verbal ‘decir’ y -am corresponde a un sufijo impersonal registrado en uso hasta la gramática de Havestadt [1777] (1883). Junto con lo anterior, se propone que el evidencial -rke se deriva de reké que puede funcionar como adverbio con el significado de ‘realmente’/’verdaderamente’ y como posposición ecuativa/similativa. A partir de reké, el significado original de -rke habría sido el inferencial y, desde ahí, se habría extendido hacia la expresión de evidencialidad reportativa y admiratividad, produciéndose, entonces, el traslape semántico-funcional con el marcador piam. Entre las principales conclusiones observamos, por un lado, que este estudio es útil para el análisis areal y de contacto, y por otro, que el uso de evidencia diacrónica, tipológica y del mapudungun actualmente hablado permite dar cuenta de manera confiable de los procesos de gramaticalización.
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Lindgren, Charlotte, i Marcus Axelsson. "« Comme une morue des îles Lofoten mise à sécher dans le vent du nord » : la traduction de la comparaison similative en rapport avec la nature dans un roman norvégien pour la jeunesse". Moderna Språk 116, nr 1 (30.06.2022): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.58221/mosp.v116i1.6943.
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Cet article adopte une approche plurielle pour étudier la traduction en suédois et en français du roman jeunesse norvégien Keeperen og havet (2017) de Maria Parr, et plus particulièrement la traduction des comparaisons similatives en rapport avec la nature. La perspective traductologique est donc ici complétée par une perspective écocritique, et le « NatCul Matrix » de Goga et al. (2018) est employé comme outil d’analyse. La nature joue une place importante dans l’œuvre de Maria Parr et il est ainsi intéressant de voir que plusieurs de ces comparaisons similatives sont utilisées, en norvégien et en suédois introduites par « som », et en français dans la majorité des cas par « comme ». Dans certains cas, la traductrice vers le français en a même aussi ajouté. Dans les deux cas (comparaisons similatives traduites ou ajoutées) c’est majoritairement le monde animal qui est utilisé comme standard. Cet article montre aussi clairement des versions cibles aussi écocentriques que la version originale, mis à part quelques cas intéressants de traductions non littérales.
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Tesfaye, Girma. "Noun Morphology of Kafi Noono". Arba Minch University Journal of Culture and Language Studies 1, nr 1 (3.11.2022): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.59122/134cbf2.
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This paper aims at describing noun morphology in Kafi Noonoo (the Kafa language). Kafi Noonoo is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Omotic family. The language is now been reduced to writing and is serving as a medium of instruction, administrative, media, and judiciary tool in the Kafa zone since 2008. The study is made to look into the noun morphology of the language. To achieve this, primary data has been collected from Kafa Zone and analyzed categorically. Nouns in the language generally end in -o/oo in their lexical entry (i.e. in isolation). Few nouns end in - e(e), and few place names that end in -ɑ, and a few in -i. Most proper nouns end in -i. The vowels attached also indicate the gender (-o/ -oo (masculine), -e/ -ee (feminine)) and number (e.g. ɡédʤò ‘lake(s)) of the head noun. Proper names usually end in -i; and morphologically, the prototypical Kafi Noonoo noun inflects for gender, number, and case. Under the noun morphology of Kafi Noonoo, the discussion of proper names, common nouns, derived nouns (of different forms of verbal nouns, abstract nouns, agentive nouns, and result nouns), compounds (resulting in euphemism, verb-manner compounds, language names and compounds with Ɂìndèé ‘mother’ and dòónò ‘lord’) has been discussed. Noun inflection of Kafi Noonoo nouns is also discussed. Thus, it is attested that the language inflects gender (usually masculine and feminine), number (singular and plural; the latter is formed by suffixing -nàʔó), and case. Concerning case, Kafi Noonoo has distinct case marking morphemes which are identified and discussed as follows. Thus, the nominative (appears unmarked), accusative (marked either by the morpheme -n, or by lengthening the final vowel, or it can be found unmarked), vocative (morphologically unmarked), allative (suffixes -wàán ‘to(wards)’ or -máɡ), ablative (expressed by -wàánè or -máɡè ‘from’), dative, locative, genitive (all these three are marked by the suffix -ttʃ), instrumental (expressed by the morpheme -nà), comitative (expressed by -nnà), similative(marked by -òóm), and comparative (marked by -jèè to the compared subject) cases have been identified in Kafi Noonoo.
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Biström, Olof, i Anders N. Nilsson. "Taxonomic revision of the Ethiopian genus Canthyporus (Coleoptera Dytiscidae)". Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana 85, nr 1 (30.06.2006): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/memoriesei.2006.209.
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The genus <em>Canthyporus</em> Zimmermann, 1919, is revised. A total of 35 species are recognized, all of them distributed within the Ethiopian Region, and with a centre of diversity in the South African Western Cape province. Descriptions of all species are given together with illustrations of habitus and male and female genitalia. A key to species (males), distribution maps, and ecological information are provided. Four new species are described from South Africa: <em>Canthyporus aenigmaticus</em> n.sp., <em>C</em>. <em>nimius</em> n.sp., <em>C. turneri</em> n.sp., and <em>C. wewalkai</em> n.sp. The species <em>C. congener</em> Omer-Cooper, 1956, is regarded as valid and not as a junior synonym of<em> C. canthydroides</em> (Régimbart, 1895). Lectotypes are designated for the following ten names:<em> C. alvei</em> Omer-Cooper, 1965, <em>C. consuetus </em>Omer-Cooper, 1965, <em>C. latus</em> Omer-Cooper, 1965, <em>C. lowryi </em>Omer-Cooper, 1965, <em>C. nebulosus</em> Omer-Cooper, 1965, <em>C. similator</em> Zimmermann, 1923, <em>C. simulator</em> Guignot, 1959, <em>C. testaceus</em> Zimmermann, 1923, <em>Hydroporus collaris</em> Boheman, 1848, and <em>Hydroporus hottentottus</em> Gemminger & Harold, 1868. A parsimony analysis based on 32 morphological characters found 28 shortest trees. Monophyly of the genus <em>Canthyporus</em> is supported mainly by the presence of an anterior ligula on the ventral side of the elytron. Four species groups are recognized within the genus: (1) <em>canthydroides</em> group, including ten species in Namibia and South Africa; (2) <em>exilis</em> group, including four species in Lesotho and South Africa; (3) <em>hottentottus</em> group, including 18 species from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe; and (4) <em>lateralis</em> group, including three species from South Africa.
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Umaeza, Agus, i Widodo Widodo. "Pengembangan Metode Demonstrasi Menggunakan Lembar kerja Siswa (LKS) Simulasi Online pada Materi Fluida". Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran Fisika 8, nr 2 (21.11.2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.26877/jp2f.v8i2.1852.
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This study aims to describe the process of developing a demonstration method using Student Activity Sheet (LKS) with an online similation approach on fluid material, and producing Student Activity Sheets that meet valid, practical, and effective criteria. This research is a development research using the model of device development according to Thiagarajan, without spreading stage. A limited trial was conducted in class XI IPA 1 MAN Majenanag odd semester of academic year 2017/2018 with 38 students. In this study, the data obtained from the validation by the validator, the results of student work on the test results of learning, and filling the questionnaire response students. Based on the analysis results obtained that the LKS development process refers to the model according Thiagarajan which is limited to the development stage. The result of the development is LKS with an online simulation approach on fluid material that meets the valid, practical, and effective criteria
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Hamza, Muhammed Murtala, Godwin Ojemeri i Samaila Kamba Ahmad. "Insights of an Analytical Similation of a Natural Convection Flow Controlled by Arrhenius Kinetics in a Micro-Channel". SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4176721.
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Langer, Sandra J. "Ein Land, nur Opfer? Zu Gruppenstereotypen in der Auseinandersetzung um die lettische Sprachenpolitik am Beispiel des Sprachreferendums von 2012". Linguistik Online 79, nr 5 (7.11.2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.79.3336.
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On February 18th 2012 the referendum on the Draft Law ‘Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia’ took place in Latvia. Its purpose was to decide whether or not the Russian language should be made the second official language of the Republic of Latvia. But this referendum was just the preliminary climax in a chain of events that exposed the relations between the ethnic Latvian and the ethnic Russian parts of Latvian society. The burden of historical events concerning the loss of Latvia's independence after World War II and its as-similation in the Sowjet Union including deportations and the repression of the Latvian national identity still effects the relations between Latvia’s citizens, especially when it comes to political decisions. This article gives an overview over the chain of events leading to the referendum including observations about the perticular importance of language in terms of national identity. The main focus, however, will be on the analysis of relations between ethnic Latvians and ethnic Russians based on Niklas Luhmann's concept of trust. Mistrust as the downside of trust is constitutive for many parts of Latvian public life, which is widely discussed in all social sectors and even passed on through the generations. Considering the trust issues within Latvian society severe consequences for everyday life can be detected: long-term stereotypes and prejudice between the ethnic groups. In this article the kind and content of the stereotypes and prejudices are named and analyzed. This leads to the question, if it is even necessary to use Erving Goffmans concept of stigma to describe the relations.
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Jacques, Guillaume. "Similative and Equative Constructions in Japhug". Linguistic Discovery 16, nr 1 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1349/ps1.1537-0852.a.484.
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Mauri, Caterina, i Andrea Sansò. "Heterogeneous sets: a diachronic typology of associative and similative plurals". Linguistic Typology, 15.02.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2021-2072.
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Abstract This paper provides a diachronic typology of what we call ‘heterogeneous plurals’, an overarching term comprising associative plurals (expressions meaning X[person] & company) and similative plurals (expressions meaning X and similar entities). Based on a 110-language sample, we identify the most recurrent sources of these two types of plurals by means of various types of evidence (homophony/identity, internal reconstruction, comparison with cognate languages). The two types of plurals develop out of different source types: while the sources of associative plurals include elements that work as set constructors (plural anaphoric elements, plural possessives, names meaning ‘group’), those of similative plurals comprise elements with vague reference such as interrogative/indefinite items or uncertainty markers. There are also a few source types that may develop into both associative and similative plurals, such as connectives (‘and/with’) and universal quantifiers (‘every/all’). The differences in the diachronic pathways leading to the two types of plurals are explained in terms of the different referential properties of the nominal bases from which they are formed (proper names/kin terms vs. common nouns), but also taking into account the typical discourse contexts in which the two types of plurals are employed.
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Wiemer, Björn. "Polish jakoby: an exotic similative-reportive doughnut? Tracing the pathway and conditions of its rise". Linguistics, 14.06.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2021-0199.
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Abstract Of similative origin, Polish jakoby derives from the connective jako ‘how, that’ univerbated with the irrealis enclitic by. From the earliest attested stages (late 14th century) into the 17th century, jakoby was used as a comparison marker and as a subordinator of manner or purpose clauses. The former use has persisted, and the latter was ousted. After the 16th century jakoby further evolved into a reportive marker, as a particle or complementizer. Contrary to what pathways explaining the connection between similative and evidential marking would suggest, jakoby’s now predominant function as a reportive marker was apparently not prepared by inferential use, nor was its complementizer function mediated by a purpose function. Instead, purpose and reportive complementizers belong to different “branches”, both of which can be motivated by an indiscriminate similative-manner function. The evidence in favor of this derives from a systematic evaluation of extant research and a corpus study covering almost the entire period from 1600 to our day. A crucial moment to understanding jakoby’s functional changes is the insight that similatives can acquire propositional scope prior to entering the evidential domain and marking a metonymic relation between speech acts and epistemic attitudes expressed by the former.
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Smith, Ryan Walter. "Similative plurality and the nature of alternatives". Semantics and Pragmatics 13, nr 15 (9.11.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/sp.13.15.
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Vuillermet, Marine. "Comparative, similative and simulative expressions in Ese Ejja". Linguistic Discovery 16, nr 1 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1349/ps1.1537-0852.a.489.
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Martins, José Endoença. "Racial and textual translation through signifyin(g) and eshu in Ika Hügel-Marshall’s Invisible Woman: Growing Up Black in Germany (2008)". Research Journal in Advanced Humanities 2, nr 1 (30.12.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.58256/rjah.v2i1.485.
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This study outlines the “call and response” process, by means of which African-German Ika Hügel-Marshall’s (2012) autobiography Daheim unterwegs: Ein deutsches Leben and its English version Invisible Woman: Growing up Black in Germany (2008) establish translational dialogues through both interraciality and intertextuality. Racially, both entanglement and separation between white Germany and black America is under analysis; linguistically, both disentanglement and harmony between German and English languages invites study. The emphasis on interraciality and intertextuality helps us see translation as conversation between two racialized worlds (Germany/USA) and two specific literary products (source/target texts). The analysis of Marshall’s translation highlights her dealing with black and white values, through the notions Negriceness, Negritude and Negriticeness; the study of the narrative’s rendition emphasizes manipulations of source and target languages through the concepts Paralatio, Similatio and Translatio.
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Biagetti, Erica. "From Standard Marker to Adaptor: The Case of Vedic iva". 1 | 2 | 2022, nr 2 (28.10.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/bhasha/2785-5953/2022/01/002.
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In Early Vedic, the particle iva primarily functions as a standard marker of similative constructions; in Middle Vedic, iva retains its function of marking comparison of equality but also behaves as an adaptor, i.e. an approximation marker which flags the semantically loose use of a lexical expression. Informed by cross-linguistic evidence in the domain of approximation, this paper traces iva’s development from standard marker to adaptor within the oldest layer of Vedic literature, represented by the R̥gveda. The analysis is carried out from a grammaticalization perspective, detecting the different steps that led to the emergence of the new function.
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Kumar, Chandan. "Echo Construction and Ad hoc Categories: Semantics of Group Reference in Magahi". Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities 15, nr 2 (27.07.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v15n2.22.
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Recent studies in the domain of heterogeneous plural indicate homogeneous and heterogeneous categories as two separate functional mechanisms. Given the strategic usage of language, the paper locates the pluralizing strategies in speech context and investigates their interpretive nature from the perspective of (non)/restrictive parametric features of categories like associative (APL), similative (SPL) and definite plural in Magahi (ISO639-2 mag), an Indo-Aryan language. Focusing on variables within members of the ad hoc set over the speech act variables like context, intersubjectivity, and culture, the paper endeavours to perceive pluralizing as a strategic approach that extends beyond the realm of mere a number reference. It closely observes the phenomenon of homogeneous and heterogeneous plurality and makes the following claims: (a) echo construction functions as heterogeneous plural in Magahi, (b) the heterogeneous plural falls within the parametric feature of nominal plurality, (c) there is heterogeneity in the homogeneous sets, thus, pluralizing is beyond plural, (d) SPL and APL are two categories because of their interpretational differences and not because of operational, and (e) APLs can have describable references.