Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Silky oak”

Grevillea robusta es un árbol nativo de Australia, descubierto y descrito por el explorador europeo Alan Cunningham en 1827. La especie pertenece a las angiospermas, dicotiledóneas, familia Proteaceae, y es llamada simplemente silky oak, grevillea géant, roble sedoso, silver oak, he-oak, o simplemente grevillea, y su sinónimo es Grevillea umbricata A. Cunn. Esta especie australiana es la más grande de su género, que comprende más de 260 especies, alcanzando alturas de 40 m y diámetros de hasta 1,2 m. La especie ha despertado gran interés, pues se trata de un árbol de fácil adaptación, de rápido crecimiento y con objetivos múltiples. En su región de origen es la especie de mayor resistencia, regenera vigorosamente y coloniza en forma agresiva las áreas alteradas. Para ser un árbol tan grande crece rápidamente y tiene éxito en un amplio rango de condiciones climáticas y edáficas, lo que lo hace de un gran interés. El éxito que ha tenido la especie se debe entre otros factores a su variedad productiva, no quedando excluida de ningún producto o servicio. Principalmente en las áreas bajas y secas, los agricultores han encontrado que la grevillea se reproduce y maneja fácilmente, presenta buenos rendimientos de leña y postes y no compite notoriamente con los cultivos adyacentes.

Four granular formulations of preemergence herbicides-oxadiazon, oxadiazon in combination with simazine, dichlobenil, and oxyfluorfen + oryzalin-were evaluated for weed control and phytotoxic effects on 10 species of container-grown Australian rain forest plants. Herbicides were applied at half and at one and two times the manufacturer's recommended rate. Oxyfluorfen + oryzalin, oxadiazon, and oxadiazon + simazine controlled all weed species at half the recommended rates (1.0 + 0.5, 2.0, and 2.0 + 0.5 kg·ha-1, respectively) with no phytotoxic effects after 10 weeks to nine of the 10 rain forest species tested: broad-leafed lilly-pilly [Acmena hemilampra (F. Muell. ex Bailey) Merr. and Perry], red ash [Alphitonia excelsa (Cunn. ex Fenzl) Reisseck ex Benth.], rusty bean [Dysoxylum rufum (A. Rich.) Benth.], macaranga [Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell. Arg.], fibrous satinash [Syzygium fibrosum (Bailey) T. Hartley and Perry], Queensland golden myrtle [Metrosideros queenslandica L.S. Smith], cluster fig [Ficus racemosa L.], corduroy tamarind [Arytera lautereriana (Bailey) Radlk.], and celerywood [Polyscias elegans (F. Muell and C. Moore) Harms]. Dichlobenil depressed plant growth of red ash and failed to control bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta L.) and green amaranth (Amaranthus viridus L.), even at twice the recommended rate (4.0 kg·ha-1). All herbicides applied at half the recommended rates produced minor to moderate plant injury within 5 weeks of the first application to corduroy tamarind and northern silky oak [Cardwellia sublimis F. Muell.]. A second application 10 weeks after the first caused no significant plant injury to corduroy tamarind but resulted in severe plant injury to northern silky oak. This finding validates the previously reported sensitivity of Proteaceous spp. to preemergence herbicides. Chemical names used: (2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4 oxadiazoline-5-one) (oxadiazon); (2-chloro-4,6-bisethylamino-1,3,5-triazine) (simazine); 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil); 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (oxyfluorfen); and 3,5-dinitro-N4,N4 -dipropylsulfanilamide (oryzalin).

As the seasons change, public and private gardens become a riot of colour. Winter shows the scarlet flags of poinsettia – Brisbane's emblem, which, if really a Mexican beauty, has made itself very much at home. The lavender glow of jacaranda and the gold of laburnum, the green umbrella of poinciana crowned with gleaming scarlet, the massed magnificence of magenta bougainvillea, the creamy blossoms and heavy tropical scent of frangipani filling the air with sweetness, the glare of cannas, the pink and white of bauhinia, the old-gold feathers of silky oak and the red and green of hibiscus – these are but a few of the array of colours.C. C. D. BrammallBrisbane has been relentlessly cleared since the first British soldiers and convicts set up at Redcliffe and then moved to the site we know as Brisbane today. As in other Australian colonies the new settlers were keen to grow crops and to exploit the timber both as a building material and later as a rich source of export income. While early explorers and botanists recorded the richness of the vegetation most new settlers saw the landscape as a resource to be exploited, not a pristine environment to be treated with respect.

Oak Tasar is wild silk with natural golden brown colour and unique texture available in Himalayan region of India. A lot of fibre waste is generated during hand spinning of oak Tasar silk yarn which can be utilized by blending it with compatible fibre to incorporate the properties of both fibres in the yarn. The present study aimed to develop Oak Tasar silk waste and acrylic blended fabrics and study their comfort properties. The oak Tasar silk and acrylic blended plain weave and twill weave fabrics were prepared with five different blend ratios viz. 100:0, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60 and 0:100. The prepared fabrics were studied for comfort properties like thermal insulation (clo, TIV %), Q-max (warm/cool feeling), air permeability, water vapour transport rate and were statistically analysed. Results revealed that thermal insulation and clo value were found to be increased with increasing acrylic content in the fabric whereas Q- max, air permeability, water vapour permeability values were reduced with the addition of oak Tasar silk fiber in the blend. The 50:50 blended plain weave fabric among the blended fabrics had the highest clo value, i.e. 0.52 and 50:50 blended twill weave fabric had highest Q max value i.e. 0.109W/cm2. It was found from the study that the developed fabrics are comfortable and can be used for light winters.

In this study an attempt was made to utilize the oak tasar silk spinning waste through blending it with acrylic fibre and prepared yarn in mechanised spinning system. The oak tasar silk and acrylic blended yarn were prepared on ring spinning machine with five different blend ratios viz. 100:0, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60 and 0:100. The prepared yarns were of medium to fine yarn count. Yarn Physical properties of yarns, unevenness and imperfections were studied and statistically analysed. Results revealed that the 100% acrylic and 50:50 tasar acrylic blended yarns had better properties as compared to 60:40 and 40:60. The addition of acrylic fibre content improved the physical properties, unevenness and imperfection of the blended yarns.

Root and shoot phenology were observed, and root length within rootballs were calculated for Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (green ash), Quecus coccinea Muenchh. (scarlet oak), Corylus colurna L. (Turkish hazelnut), and Syringa reticulata (Blume) Hara `Ivory Silk' (tree lilac) trees established in a rhizotron. Easy-to-transplant species (green ash and tree lilac) had more root length within rootballs than difficult-to-transplant species (Turkish hazelnut and scarlet oak). Shoot growth began before root growth on all species except scarlet oak, which began root and shoot growth simultaneously. Fall root growth ceased for all species just after leaf drop. Implications for tree transplanting are discussed.

Silk is one of the important natural protein fibre produced by certain insect larvae, Major source are mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori, Tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta, Oak tasar silkworm Antheraea proyeli, Eri silkworm Philosamia ricini and Muga silkworm Antheraea assamensis. Silk is having pleotropic effect of being novel aid in drug delivery because of its properties like self-assembly, mechanical toughness, processing flexibility, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Silkworm silk has been widely used as biomedical sutures, 3D- silk fibroin scaffolds, films, nanofibers, nanoparticles, microspheres, for coatings, microneedles etc. Present review article covers these with sufficient information. © 2011 IGJPS. All rights reserved.

Quercus coccinea (scarlet oak), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash), Corylus colurna (Turkish hazelnut) and Syringa reticulata 'Ivory Silk' (tree lilac) trees were transplanted bare-root throughout the spring and fall planting season. Post-transplant response was compared with the root growth activity of established trees at the time of transplanting. Root growth rate of established trees at transplanting was not related to transplantability. Green ash and tree lilac transplanted well at all dates. Scarlet oak and Turkish hazelnut transplanted poorly during the late spring and early fall, but survival was good in early spring and mid fall.

Proteins that recognise the sugar surface structures on cells have an enormous potential to be used as tools in the characterisation of these structures. A group of proteins, called lectins, have been identified that can bind to carbohydrate complexes on the receptors of cells. The crude extract from Grevillea robusta seeds was found to contain lectin-like proteins that were different from most other lectins, as they would specifically target the receptors of white blood cells and not those found on red blood cells. Therefore, the lectin isolated from G.robusta could be used as a tool to identify the specific surface structures on white blood cells. The lectin was isolated using affinity chromatography where a complex (oligosaccharide) matrix was used. Agglutination, binding and sugar inhibition assays confirmed the isolated protein was a lectin. The lectin was found in low amounts (up to 5% of the total protein content) within the seeds of G.robusta. As a result of this low yield, the identification of the lectin by PAGE was difficult because the levels of protein were beyond the detection limit of the commercial staining reagents. The lectin was called the GR2 protein and was characterised as a monocot mannose binding lectin based on its sugar specificity for only mannose. A serine protease inhibitor was isolated from the seeds of G.robusta using two different chromatography methods, reverse phase HPLC (GR1.HPLC) and gel filtration chromatography (GR1.GF). Ion exchange chromatography was used to initially separate the proteins in the crude extract and the fraction containing the GR1 protein was further purified using reverse phase HPLC (GR1.HPLC). N-terminal sequencing results of the GR1.HPLC protein, showed evidence of proteolytic cleavage during the extraction process, which lead to the second purification method being established. Protease inhibitors were added to the buffers prior to being purified by gel filtration chromatography, which resulted in the GR1 protein being isolated from the crude extract without the presence of the contaminating protein. Mass spectroscopy identified the molecular weight of the GR1 protein to be 6669Da and the full amino acid sequence was derived by cDNA techniques. Sequence alignment studies of the GR1 protein showed significant similarities with the Bowman-Birk inhibitor. The positioning of the cysteine residues were conserved throughout the Bowman-Birk superfamily, however these residues were not conserved within the GR1 protein. Competitive inhibition assays on the GR1 protein revealed the protein could inhibit both trypsin and chymotrypsin at similar levels to that seen for the Bowman-Birk inhibitor. Therefore, the GR1 protein was characterised as a member of the Bowman-Birk superfamily of serine protease inhibitors. The three-dimensional structure of the GR1 protein was determined using two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Computer programs such as XEASY, DYANA and SYBYL® were used to tabulate the information taken from the 2D experiments, generate structures and minimise these structures respectively. The solution structure of the GR1 protein was found to contain a region of antiparallel β-sheet structure that corresponded to the trypsin binding site and the remainder of the protein consisted of loops and turns that were held together by disulfide bridges (the chymotrypsin-binding region). Structural similarities between the GR1 protein and the Bowman-Birk inhibitor existed only in the trypsin-binding site of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor. The GR1 protein is the first member of the Proteaceae family to be characterised as a Bowman-Birk inhibitor. This thesis outlines the isolation and biochemical characterisation of the two proteins found within Grevillea robusta and also describes the steps involved and results obtained in determining the three-dimensional structure of the GR1 protein.

Proteins that recognise the sugar surface structures on cells have an enormous potential to be used as tools in the characterisation of these structures. A group of proteins, called lectins, have been identified that can bind to carbohydrate complexes on the receptors of cells. The crude extract from Grevillea robusta seeds was found to contain lectin-like proteins that were different from most other lectins, as they would specifically target the receptors of white blood cells and not those found on red blood cells. Therefore, the lectin isolated from G.robusta could be used as a tool to identify the specific surface structures on white blood cells. The lectin was isolated using affinity chromatography where a complex (oligosaccharide) matrix was used. Agglutination, binding and sugar inhibition assays confirmed the isolated protein was a lectin. The lectin was found in low amounts (up to 5% of the total protein content) within the seeds of G.robusta. As a result of this low yield, the identification of the lectin by PAGE was difficult because the levels of protein were beyond the detection limit of the commercial staining reagents. The lectin was called the GR2 protein and was characterised as a monocot mannose binding lectin based on its sugar specificity for only mannose. A serine protease inhibitor was isolated from the seeds of G.robusta using two different chromatography methods, reverse phase HPLC (GR1.HPLC) and gel filtration chromatography (GR1.GF). Ion exchange chromatography was used to initially separate the proteins in the crude extract and the fraction containing the GR1 protein was further purified using reverse phase HPLC (GR1.HPLC). N-terminal sequencing results of the GR1.HPLC protein, showed evidence of proteolytic cleavage during the extraction process, which lead to the second purification method being established. Protease inhibitors were added to the buffers prior to being purified by gel filtration chromatography, which resulted in the GR1 protein being isolated from the crude extract without the presence of the contaminating protein. Mass spectroscopy identified the molecular weight of the GR1 protein to be 6669Da and the full amino acid sequence was derived by cDNA techniques. Sequence alignment studies of the GR1 protein showed significant similarities with the Bowman-Birk inhibitor. The positioning of the cysteine residues were conserved throughout the Bowman-Birk superfamily, however these residues were not conserved within the GR1 protein. Competitive inhibition assays on the GR1 protein revealed the protein could inhibit both trypsin and chymotrypsin at similar levels to that seen for the Bowman-Birk inhibitor. Therefore, the GR1 protein was characterised as a member of the Bowman-Birk superfamily of serine protease inhibitors. The three-dimensional structure of the GR1 protein was determined using two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Computer programs such as XEASY, DYANA and SYBYL® were used to tabulate the information taken from the 2D experiments, generate structures and minimise these structures respectively. The solution structure of the GR1 protein was found to contain a region of antiparallel β-sheet structure that corresponded to the trypsin binding site and the remainder of the protein consisted of loops and turns that were held together by disulfide bridges (the chymotrypsin-binding region). Structural similarities between the GR1 protein and the Bowman-Birk inhibitor existed only in the trypsin-binding site of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor. The GR1 protein is the first member of the Proteaceae family to be characterised as a Bowman-Birk inhibitor. This thesis outlines the isolation and biochemical characterisation of the two proteins found within Grevillea robusta and also describes the steps involved and results obtained in determining the three-dimensional structure of the GR1 protein.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Science
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In the days when the spinning-wheels hummed busily in the farmhouses—and even great ladies, clothed in silk and thread-lace,^* had their toy spinning-wheels of polished oak—there might be seen in districts far away among the lanes, or deep in the bosom of...

India has a huge potential for sericulture development unlike other agro industries since sericulture is a unique agro-based industry comprising of several components such as mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing, silk reeling and other connected activities. Each of these components appear to be independent but closely linked with one another having intricacies of their own. The major activities of these components comprises of mulberry food-plant cultivation to feed the silkworms which spin silk cocoons and reeling the cocoons for unwinding the silk filament for manufacturing silk goods, subjecting them to the process of degumming, bleaching, dyeing, weaving and printing. Thus sericulture industry provides employment to approximately 7.85 million in rural and semi urban areas in India. Of these, a sizeable number belongs to the economically weaker sections of the society, including women. In addition to this, India has the unique credibility of producing all the five known commercial silk viz., mulberry, tropical tasar, oak tasar, eri and muga of which muga with its golden yellow glitter is unique and prerogative of India. Though silk is a luxury item, it is produced by the rural populace and purchased by urban rich, causing money to flow from urban to rural. It also prevents rural people to migrate to urban areas. The United Nation's recent endeavor “Millennium Development Goals” has an eight point programme to make our earth more healthy wealthy and free from inequalities by 2015. Sericulture being a rural and women friendly business aligns well with many of these ideas which are explained in detail in the chapter.

Many plant–insect interactions crucially affect human lives, like pollination of crops or insect infestations of useful plants. Some directly benefit our lives. Honey bees produce honey from floral nectars. The composition of honey is discussed. Adulteration of honey can be detected by H-NMR techniques. The chemical composition of beeswax is described and compared with fats and oils and paraffin wax from crude oil. Silk is produced by silk moths whose larvae are raised on a diet of mulberry leaves. Silk, the strongest natural fiber, consists of two main proteins: fibroin and sericin. Several secondary plant metabolites in mulberry leaves make them attractive to silk moth caterpillars. Kermes, a red dye, is derived from the kermes scale insect Kermes vermilio that feeds on kermes oaks. Cochineal is a red dye obtained from the cochineal scale insect (Dactylopius coccus) that lives on cactus pads of the genus Opuntia. Both are anthraquinone dyes. Plant compounds that repel or kill herbivorous insects have diverse chemical structures. Azadirachtin from the neem tree and pyrethrins from the pyrethrum plant are examples of strong insect repellents from plants. Pyrethroids are synthetically derived from pyrethrins. Rotenone from the roots of Derris sp. is a broad-spectrum pesticide. Nicotine is a potent and highly toxic broad-spectrum insecticide. The natural compounds inspired the development of synthetic products.