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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Silicone rubber insulators"
1
Yang, Haitao, Zhensheng Wu, Weinan Dong, Junpeng Dang i Hao Ren. "Analysis of the Influence of Silicone Rubber Aging on the Transmission Parameters of Terahertz Waves". Energies 14, nr 14 (14.07.2021): 4238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144238.
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In this study, a method for testing the aging of silicone rubber insulators using terahertz waves in the 0.17–0.22 THz frequency band is proposed, aiming at the problem of online non-destructive testing of the aging degree of composite insulators. The relationship between the aging degree of silicone rubber composite insulators and the relative dielectric constant was studied through first-principles calculations and molecular chain scission models. In addition, the electromagnetic model of the terahertz signal incident on the silicon rubber sheet was simulated and the relationship between the aging degree of the silicon rubber and the terahertz input return loss was obtained. Eleven insulator samples with different degrees of aging were selected. In these samples, the degree of aging was calibrated according to the degree of surface deterioration and the average partial discharge voltage. The terahertz return loss measurement experiment was performed after that. Finally, the results of experiment and calculation simulation were compared and the reliability of the relationship between the aging degree of the silicone rubber insulator and the terahertz input return loss was verified.
2
Mavrikakis, N., K. Siderakis, E. Koudoumas, E. Drakakis i E. Kymakis. "Laboratory Investigation of the Hydrophobicity Transfer Mechanism on Composite Insulators Aged in Coastal Service". Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 6, nr 5 (23.10.2016): 1124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.614.
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Silicone rubber (SIR) insulators are known to maintain their surface hydrophobicity even under severe pollution conditions in contrast to the other composite insulator materials used at the last decades. This critical advantage of silicone rubber insulators has made them dominant in high voltage power systems despite the fact that there are other composite materials with better static hydrophobicity. In service conditions, priority is given to the dynamic performance of hydrophobicity due to the unpredictable environmental pollution conditions. This dynamic performance of silicone rubber insulators is also known as hydrophobicity transfer mechanism. In literature, the hydrophobicity transfer mechanism of silicone rubber is related to the reorientation of methyl-groups and the existence of low molecular weight components. However there are many parameters which can change the effectiveness of this mechanism. Some of them referred to the ageing effects on the material structure. Thus it is of great importance to investigate the hydrophobicity transfer mechanism of field aged composite insulators. For this reason a new experimental procedure is introduced based on Cigre TB 442. The results of field aged insulators are compared to that of a new SIR insulator revealing the superiority of silicone rubber even after 17 years of field ageing.
3
Wang, Xiaoqing, Haonan Fan, Wenrong Li, Yuyang Zhang, Ruiqi Shang, Fanghui Yin i Liming Wang. "Effect of Ultraviolet—A Radiation on Alicyclic Epoxy Resin and Silicone Rubber Used for Insulators". Polymers 14, nr 22 (12.11.2022): 4889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224889.
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Compared with the high-temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (HTVSR) insulator, the alicyclic epoxy resin insulator has higher hardness and better bonding between the core and the sheath. This makes the latter very promising in the coastal area of Southern China. Outdoor insulators are often subjected to high intensity of ultraviolet (UV)-A radiation. The influence of UV-A radiation is significant for alicyclic epoxy resin insulators. To help address the concern, the surface of two kinds of samples, namely the alicyclic epoxy resin insulator and HTVSR insulator, with UV-A aging time was characterized by tests of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The operation properties (mechanical properties, hydrophobicity) for outdoor insulators were also analyzed. It was found that the appearance color of the alicyclic epoxy resin has changed greatly, and there is a certain degree of fading. The mechanical properties of the alicyclic epoxy resin are maintained well and, the hydrophobicity decreases gradually. For silicone rubber, the appearance color change of silicone rubber is smaller, and the mechanical properties of silicone rubber decreased greatly. In addition, although the hydrophobicity of silicone rubber decreased gradually, it is still better than that of alicyclic epoxy resin. Both materials have broken chemical bonds, but the degree is relatively light, which meets the requirements of insulators for outdoor operation.
4
Li, B., H. Huang, L. Fan, G. X. Pan, Z. Tan, F. Li, X. W. Xie i Z. J. Zhang. "Analysis of aging status of silicone rubber insulation material and research progress of its repair countermeasures". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2045, nr 1 (1.10.2021): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2045/1/012016.
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Abstract Due to its good hydrophobicity and hydrophobicity migration, silicone rubber can be used as umbrella sheath of insulators. With the continuous deterioration of environmental conditions, silicone rubber insulators in the process of power grid operation are vulnerable to a variety of environmental factors, such as humidity, partial discharge, ultraviolet radiation, icing and so on, which lead to a significant decline in hydrophobicity, mechanical properties and electrical properties, and bring serious threats to the safe operation of power grid. At present, the anti-pollution flashover mode of power grid power transmission and transformation equipment, which takes cleaning as the main method, can-not adapt to the current power grid operation environment and the impact of harsh environment, resulting in frequent power grid safety accidents. This paper summarizes the influencing factors, aging mechanism and evaluation methods of aging degree of silicone rubber insulators at present, and how to repair aging insulators and improve their anti-pollution flashover performance. Finally, the effective repair of aging silicone rubber insulator is summarized and prospected, the aging factors of insulator in specific environment are analysed, and corresponding countermeasures are taken to repair, which lays a good theoretical foundation for the future research of silicone rubber insulation materials.
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Liang, Pei Song, Ying Liang i Yun Peng Liu. "Study of the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics Modified Composite Insulator Materials". Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (październik 2014): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.70.
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A large number of ceramic insulators that are widely used in the power systems are returning shipment every year but there is no better processing method. Silicone rubber insulators have highly required the additive of the formulation. So this article combining the advantages of ceramic insulators and chemical composition, studies the mechanical properties of ceramics modified composite insulator materials. The measurements include the tensile strength, tear strength, hardness, SEM and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy test of the new silicone rubber. The effects of adding different proportions of ceramic powder on the mechanical properties of silicone rubber are compared. And from the microscopic analysis the mechanism of the improved properties of the modified silicone rubber is analyzed. The results showed that a proportion of the ceramic part can replace aluminum hydroxide powder and the fumed silica powder can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the silicone rubber.
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Jiang, Yuze, Yong Zhang, Diwen Jiang, Chao Wang i Yimin Chen. "Resource utilization of composite insulator silicone rubber". E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 05066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019405066.
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Composite insulators provide highly effective insulation support, and their application in power transmission lines has seen rapid growth in recent years. However, every year, a large quantity of composite insulators are scrapped on reaching the end of their service life. Due to the exceptional chemical inertness of the silicone rubber in the insulators, they have poor self-degradation characteristics, and end up filling landfills and occupying a lot of space, which inadvertently endangers the ecological environment. So far, there has not been any effective means to recycle composite insulators. This paper analyzes the material composition and characteristics of the silicone rubber in the core and housing of composite insulators, and proposes a resource utilization approach for the application of the pulverized silicone rubber powder from the insulators in the following three applications: use in producing silicone rubber asphalt at a blending ratio of 15%–18%—the corresponding market demand is large enough to meet the disposal needs of scrapped composite insulators; use in modification of waste rubber powder and blending with ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) at a blending ratio of 10%—as the annual production capacity of EPDM is more than 850,000 tons in China, thousands of tons of waste insulators can be thus disposed; and use as an aggregate for non-slip coatings, which accounts for more than 40% of the coatings material. Thus, there is tremendous scope for recycling waste insulator.
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Liu, Song Tao, Yong Chao Liu, Li Na Zhu, Hong Wei Cao i Chuan Min Chen. "Analysis on Aging Characteristics of Composite Insulators". Applied Mechanics and Materials 768 (czerwiec 2015): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.768.406.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Composite insulator was widely used in the power grid because its excellent performance. Aging issue of composite insulators was appeared with the long-term operating. The internal structure of silicone rubber may be changed with the broken of macromolecular chains of silicone rubber, because long-term operating in the environments of surface discharge, ultraviolet, pollution and other harsh conditions. In order to study the aging characteristics of composite insulator at the different operating life, the components and thermal stability were analyzed using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) respectively. The results of FTIR showed that silicon rubber composition in composite insulator changed slightly with different operating life, especially in the internal surface. However, the absorption peaks of Si-CH3 and Si-O-Si on external surface of the insulator were decreased obviously with operating life longer. The thermal gravimetric analysis results showed that the thermostability of composite insulator was almost not changed with different operating life. The temperature of 5% weightlessness was between 320°C to 335°C. It illustrated that the composite insulator had a good thermostability at room temperature and qualitative change wouldn't occur for a long time laying aside. The study of the aging characteristics of composite insulators will provided the reference for performance evaluation of running composite insulators.
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Zhou, Chao, Ran Jia, Jiafeng Qin, Hui Liu, Na Li i Hao Shen. "Study on aging index of mechanical and electrical properties of high temperature vulcanized silicone rubber". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 983, nr 1 (1.02.2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/983/1/012023.
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Abstract Composite insulators are affected by various factors in operation. With the increase of operation time, the shed of silicone rubber composite insulators will become hard and brittle. In this paper, it is found that the hardness of long-term silicone rubber shed meets the standard requirements. The tear strength, tensile strength, elongation at break, resistance to electric tracking and corrosion loss decrease significantly after 5-10 years of operation. The decline of silicone content on the micro surface and the escape of inorganic fillers are the reasons for the deterioration of macro performance. Finally, the evaluation system for aging performance of insulators is preliminarily established, according to the aging degree of insulator, operation and maintenance suggestions are proposed.
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Zhang, Zhijin, Jianjie Zhao, Xiaodong Wan, Xingliang Jiang i Jianlin Hu. "Mechanical Properties of High Temperature Vulcanized Silicone Rubber Aged in the Natural Environment". Polymers 14, nr 20 (20.10.2022): 4439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14204439.
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Composite insulators operate in harsh field environments all year round. Their various properties and states of aging require attention. It is important to study the performance changes of composite insulator sheds after aging to evaluate the life of insulators operating on grids. For this reason, 22 composite insulator sheds from different factories, with different voltage levels and different ages years were selected to conduct mechanical properties testing. The mechanical properties include hardness, tensile strength, and elongation at break, and were investigated by thermogravimetric (TGA) testing, surface morphology, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) characterization. The changes in mechanical properties of high temperature vulcanization (HTV) composite insulator silicone rubber aged in the natural environment were analyzed, including the reasons for these changes. The results showed that the transverse relaxation time T2 of the sample was closely related to its aging state. The more serious the silicone rubber’s aging, the smaller was the T2. The state of the composite insulator can be evaluated by using T2 and aging years simultaneously. With the actual degree of aging in the silicone rubber intensified, its tensile strength and elongation at break generally showed a downward trend.
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Xie, Pengkang, i Kai Ning. "Study on the aging characteristics of silicone rubber materials for composite insulators". E3S Web of Conferences 242 (2021): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124202002.
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The electron beam radiation method is emitted by electronic accelerators, which can change the chemical physical properties of radiation. Silicone rubber samples after different irradiation intesities were carried out for the 1000h aging test, and the electronic scanning microscopy (SEM), mechanical tensile and hydrophhy angle of the silicone rubber sample were measured, the test results shows that: after 1000h aging test, the visual apperence of the sample did not changed, the SEM showed that the surface of the silicone rubber became rough and the porosity increased, and the mechanic tension decrease. For moderate Irradiation intensity(60KGy), the aging characteristics of silicon rubber can be improved.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Silicone rubber insulators"
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Krzma, Adnan. "Comparative laboratory performance characterisation of silicone rubber textured insulators". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/91934/.
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Silicone rubber (SiR) outdoor insulators are increasingly being deployed in new AC and DC high voltage transmission systems thanks to their superior performance in wet-polluted conditions compared to traditional porcelain and glass insulators. However, in severely polluted environments, sustained discharge activities and dry band arcing due to surface contamination cause tracking, erosion, and the loss of hydrophobicity on the SiR insulator surface. This degradation can accelerate damage to the insulator surfaces, increasing the probability of a flashover and enduring insulator failure. This thesis presents an experimental study on the electric performance of polluted and aged outdoor SiR polymeric insulators using AC and DC voltages. The research involved an extensive review of the published literature and an investigation of the performance of SiR insulators subjected to different ambient conditions and identifies the modes where most failure and degradation occurred on SiR surfaces. Experimental investigations were carried out to compare the aging performance of two 11kV SiR insulator designs using a rotating wheel dip test under AC and positive DC excitations. A standard polymeric insulator design was used and compared with insulators that had a textured surface. Both insulator designs were fabricated in-house using a vacuum casting machine. Several electrical parameters were measured during the test to characterise the performance of each insulator. Dry band arcing activities were mainly observed on the trunk surface of the conventional profile. A decrease in hydrophobicity was measured on the tested surfaces, and tracking and erosion defects were also observed on both insulator designs. Leakage current measurements showed that drying and discharge activity was greater for a conventional insulator compared with the textured insulator, and more severe degradation appeared under positive DC tests than under AC. These studies showed that insulators with a textured design can improve the performance of SiR insulators against tracking and erosion under AC and positive DC excitations. The electric field and potential distributions along the leakage surface of the 11 kV SiR insulators under dry clean and wet polluted conditions were studied using finite element method COMSOL Multiphysics. The critical of high field regions on SiR surfaces were identified and the power dissipated in the pollution layer along insulator surface was calculated. This study showed useful information about surface heating, which could be used to predict of the formation of dry bands. An investigation of the pollution layer characterisation on conventional and textured pattern designs is described. Several tests were conducted to evaluate the behaviour of the insulator surfaces under different conditions. ESDD and NSDD parameters were measured for different materials, and evaluations for each design were also performed. Leakage conductance measurements on surface designs were determined, and the distribution trends of surface conductance were also characterised. Different rectangular SiR samples were assessed, and an improvement for reducing the pollutant deposition on textured surfaces was observed. In 4-shed insulators, the textured design showed comparable ESDD value with conventional profile. Textured designs also showed slower growth of the leakage current than the conventional design. Clean fog tests (based on a high voltage ramp test) were carried out to investigate the flashover performance of conventional and textured insulator designs. For different ranges of wetting and pollution severity conditions, the textured design showed an improvement in the flashover performance that could reach 16 % compared to the conventional surface. This indicates that the textured surface seems to be more effective under severe ambient conditions. It was also observed that the textured insulator design can improve the electrical performance of SiR insulators under AC and DC voltages.
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Atari, Jabarzadeh Sevil. "Prevention of Biofilm Formation on Silicone Rubber Materials for Outdoor High Voltage Insulators". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Polymera material, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-174091.
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Microbial colonization on the surface of silicone rubber high voltage outdoor insulators often results in the formation of highly hydrated biofilm that influence the surface properties, such as surface hydrophobicity. The loss of hydrophobicity might lead to dry band formation, and, in the worst cases, flashover and failure of the insulator. In this work, the biocidal effects of various antimicrobial compounds in silicone rubber materials were determined. These materials were evaluated according to an ISO standard for the antimicrobial activity against the growth of aggressive fungal strains, and microorganisms that have been found colonizing the surfaces of outdoor insulators in several areas in the world. Several compounds suppressed microbial growth on the surfaces of the materials without compromising the material properties of the silicone rubber. A commercial biocide and thymol were very effective against fungal growth, and sodium benzoate could suppress the fungal growth to some extent. Thymol could also inhibit algal growth. However, methods for preservation of the antimicrobial agents in the bulk of the material need to be further developed to prevent the loss of the compounds during manufacturing. Biofilm formation affected the surface hydrophobicity and complete removal of the biofilm was not achieved through cleaning. Surface analysis confirmed that traces of microorganisms were still present after cleaning. Further, surface modification of the silicone rubber was carried out to study how the texture and roughness of the surface affect biofilm formation. Silicone rubber surfaces with regular geometrical patterns were evaluated to determine the influence of the surface texture on the extent of microbial growth in comparison with plane silicone rubber surfaces. Silicone rubber nanocomposite surfaces, prepared using a spray-deposition method that applied hydrophilic and hydrophobic nanoparticles to obtain hierarchical structures, were studied to determine the effects of the surface roughness and improved hydrophobicity on the microbial attachment. Microenvironment chambers were used for the determination of microbial growth on different modified surfaces under conditions that mimic those of the insulators in their outdoor environments. Different parts of the insulators were represented by placing the samples vertically and inclined. The microbial growth on the surfaces of the textured samples was evenly distributed throughout the surfaces because of the uniform distribution of the water between the gaps of the regular structures on the surfaces. Microbial growth was not observed on the inclined and vertical nanocomposite surfaces due to the higher surface roughness and improved surface hydrophobicity, whereas non-coated samples were colonized by microorganisms.QC 20151002
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Nekeb, Abdelbaset. "Effect of some of climatic conditions in the performance of outdoor HV silicone rubber insulators". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/68905/.
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Silicone rubber (SiR) insulators are increasingly being used mainly because of their superior performance under wet polluted conditions compared to conventional porcelain and glass. However, in polluted environments with high moisture levels, electrical discharges will develop on the insulator surfaces. In the long term, electrical discharges cause degradation of SiR insulator in the form of tracking and erosion due to dry-band arcing that takes place when leakage current (LC) develops, and both are detrimental to the life of the insulation. This thesis presents an experimental study on the electric performance of aged high voltage outdoor silicone rubber insulators. In addition to the literature reviewed of the performance of silicone rubber insulators subjected to different climatic conditions, which is resulting in loss of their unique property named ‘hydrophobicity’, the research is concentrated in three areas: (i) Study of the effect of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the performance of silicone rubber insulation systems: 11kV non-textured and 4mm Textured Shank insulators (TS4) (TS4 is a new insulator design using intersection of 4mm square texture pattern on the shank regions of the insulator) were prepared in vacuum casting machine. Irradiated insulators were tested under different conditions. Dry-band formation and electrical discharges on their surfaces are dependent on the UV doses. Degradation of SiR insulators in a form of tracking and erosion is result in loss the surface hydrophobicity by UV irradiation, and decrease of the expected life of the insulators. Silicone rubber insulator electric performance was found to be affected by the experimental conditions. LC on relatively hydrophobic surfaces was found to exist and increase on overall insulators with increasing the exposure doses of UV irradiation, by increase the number of applied UV cycles. (ii) Development a new test set-up to determine the effectiveness of orientation angle on the performance of silicone rubber insulators subjected to different wet and pollution conditions: LC of silicone rubber insulators were increased with changes in the orientation angle from vertical to horizontal, where the TS4 showed its superior performance under fog conditions in the vertical orientation. (iii) A new test procedure, based on the high voltage ramp test method and standard wet test method, named ‘high voltage rain ramp test’, is proposed to evaluate the flashover performance of the TS4 silicone rubber insulators under simulated rain conditions at different orientations. Its flashover performance was compared with non-textured insulators. TS4 silicone rubber insulators are less suitable for wet weather conditions in any orientation, due to the following reasons: (a) in vertical orientation a very low flashover voltage was observed due to the development of high magnitude electric fields in the insulator shank region, and (b) for the inclined and horizontal orientations, non-textured insulators exhibit a better flashover performance than their textured equivalents. Hence, less improvement is achieved, due to use an expensive and intricate insulator design.
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Bastidas, Erazo Pablo Daniel. "Degradation of composite insulators at material interfaces". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/degradation-of-composite-insulators-at-material-interfaces(69477a7e-9cc1-496e-a527-4bb64488493d).html.
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High-voltage (HV) outdoor composite insulators used in transmission lines are made of two polymers, comprising the core and housing, bonded together with metallic end-connections. The interface between these polymers is parallel to the electric field, which makes the insulators more prone to interfacial problems at these common points [1]. If interfacial ageing occurs, degradation and catastrophic breakdown can result [2]. Therefore, the design reliability of outdoor composite insulators depends on the high-strength bond between the core and the housing [3],[4]. Research findings by Kutil and Froshlic [5] indicate that delaminated areas, cavities and/or micro cracks in the medium are enough to initiate streamer discharges along the interface that are capable of degrading both insulating materials. The heat, UV radiation, and high-energy electrons produced from such discharge activity resulted in the growth of carbon paths along the interface, known as âtrackingâ, ultimately causing failure [6]. This investigation focuses on the development of tracking between silicone rubber and epoxy resin, with a view to replicating the tracking phenomena seen within composite insulators in service. A fine wire is placed between the dielectrics materials to enhance the local electric field magnitude and initiate discharge processes. The resulting partial discharge (PD) activity has been monitored. This Information has been used to understand the inception and propagation of the interfacial tracking. A strong relationship was found between maximum PD magnitude and track length. PD patterns and unique detailed images of the interfacial tracking development, allowed identification of the growth characteristics of interfacial channels and phases of tracking growth. Furthermore, a correlation in the mechanisms of interfacial degradation was found between the lab-fabricated samples and commercial composite rods. Finally, a growth model of interfacial ageing has been developed with the information from FEA models, PD patterns and the detailed images of tracking growth. The physical structure and chemical analysis of interfacial tracking is also disclosed to provide an insight into interfacial ageing mechanisms that occur in the composite insulators under electrical stress.
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Hinde, David Derek. "Corona discharges on the surfaces of high voltage composite insulators". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2009. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/29320/2/David_Hinde_Thesis.pdf.
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The degradation of high voltage electrical insulation is a prime factor that can significantly influence the reliability performance and the costs of maintaining high voltage electricity networks. Little information is known about the system of localized degradation from corona discharges on the relatively new silicone rubber sheathed composite insulators that are now being widely used in high voltage applications.
This current work focuses on the fundamental principles of electrical corona discharge phenomena to provide further insights to where damaging surface discharges may localize and examines how these discharges may degrade the silicone rubber material. Although water drop corona has been identified by many authors as a major cause of deterioration of silicone rubber high voltage insulation until now no thorough studies have been made of this phenomenon.
Results from systematic measurements taken using modern digital instrumentation to simultaneously record the discharge current pulses and visible images associated with corona discharges from between metal electrodes, metal electrodes and water drops, and between waters drops on the surface of silicone rubber insulation, using a range of 50 Hz voltages are inter compared. Visual images of wet electrodes show how water drops can play a part in encouraging flashover, and the first reproducible visual images of water drop corona at the triple junction of water air and silicone rubber insulation are presented.
A study of the atomic emission spectra of the corona produced by the discharge from its onset up to and including spark-over, using a high resolution digital spectrometer with a fiber optic probe, provides further understanding of the roles of the active species of atoms and molecules produced by the discharge that may be responsible for not only for chemical changes of insulator surfaces, but may also contribute to the degradation of the metal fittings that support the high voltage insulators.
Examples of real insulators and further work specific to the electrical power industry are discussed. A new design concept to prevent/reduce the damaging effects of water drop corona is also presented.
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Hinde, David Derek. "Corona discharges on the surfaces of high voltage composite insulators". Queensland University of Technology, 2009. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/29320/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The degradation of high voltage electrical insulation is a prime factor that can significantly influence the reliability performance and the costs of maintaining high voltage electricity networks. Little information is known about the system of localized degradation from corona discharges on the relatively new silicone rubber sheathed composite insulators that are now being widely used in high voltage applications.
This current work focuses on the fundamental principles of electrical corona discharge phenomena to provide further insights to where damaging surface discharges may localize and examines how these discharges may degrade the silicone rubber material. Although water drop corona has been identified by many authors as a major cause of deterioration of silicone rubber high voltage insulation until now no thorough studies have been made of this phenomenon.
Results from systematic measurements taken using modern digital instrumentation to simultaneously record the discharge current pulses and visible images associated with corona discharges from between metal electrodes, metal electrodes and water drops, and between waters drops on the surface of silicone rubber insulation, using a range of 50 Hz voltages are inter compared. Visual images of wet electrodes show how water drops can play a part in encouraging flashover, and the first reproducible visual images of water drop corona at the triple junction of water air and silicone rubber insulation are presented.
A study of the atomic emission spectra of the corona produced by the discharge from its onset up to and including spark-over, using a high resolution digital spectrometer with a fiber optic probe, provides further understanding of the roles of the active species of atoms and molecules produced by the discharge that may be responsible for not only for chemical changes of insulator surfaces, but may also contribute to the degradation of the metal fittings that support the high voltage insulators.
Examples of real insulators and further work specific to the electrical power industry are discussed. A new design concept to prevent/reduce the damaging effects of water drop corona is also presented.
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BEZERRA, Daniella Cibele. "Revestimento de isoladores elétricos utilizando borracha de silicone/alumina trihidratada/nanosílica". Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2014. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/244.
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CNPq
Um dos principais problemas do isolamento elétrico externo é o acúmulo de contaminantes em sua superfície. A ocorrência deste evento faz com que a resistência da superfície diminua, aumentando a presença de correntes de fuga pela superfície. Entre as técnicas desenvolvidas para diminuir esse tipo de efeito, está o revestimento do isolador existente convencional (porcelana ou vidro, conforme o caso) com uma borracha de silicone que é vulcanizada à temperatura ambiente (BS). O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma mistura de borracha de silicone/alumina trihidratada/nanosílica (BS/ATH:NS) para ser usada em revestimento de isoladores elétricos de vidro. Cargas de ATH e NS foram adicionadas à BS, produzindo uma mistura feita em diferentes proporções mássicas (79/21; 77/23 e 75/25) de BS/ATH:NS, utilizada nos revestimento dos isoladores elétricos de vidro. As cargas e os revestimentos foram caracterizados por difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), teste de inflamabilidade, ensaio na câmara de névoa salina, molhabilidade e avaliação da hidrofobicidade. As cargas apresentaram características morfológicas bem distintas, o que interferiu diretamente na morfologia dos revestimentos. A silanização das cargas favoreceu uma interação entre elas, assim como houve uma pequena melhora na interação das cargas com a BS. Observou-se também que no teste de inflamabilidade, os revestimentos que continham ATH, apresentaram resultados mais significativos, não havendo queima. Para os ensaios na câmara de névoa salina, o revestimento com BS/20:1 e os revestimentos com cargas silanizadas apresentaram os menores valores de corrente de fuga, o que foi comprovado com a avaliação da hidrofobicidade, na qual estes conseguiram recuperar a hidrofobicidade até HC=1 (nível de hidrofobicidade), de acordo com o guia STIR (Swedish Transmission Research Institute).
One of the main problems of external electrical isolation is due to accumulation of contaminants on its surface. The occurrence of this event causes the insulation resistance of the surface decreases, increasing the flow of leakage currents on the surface. Among the techniques developed to reduce this type of event is the coating of the conventional existing insulator (porcelain or glass, as appropriate) with a silicone rubber vulcanized at room temperature (BS). The aim of this study was to develop a mixture of silicone rubber/ alumina trihydrate/nanosílica (BS/ATH:NS) for use in coating glass electrical insulators. Loads of ATH and NS were added to BS, producing a mixture made in different mass ratios (79/21, 77/23 and 75/25) BS/ATH:NS used in the coating of glass electrical insulators. Loads and coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), flammability test, measurement salt spray chamber, test of wettability and hydrophobicity. Loads showed distinct morphological features, which directly affects the morphology of the coatings. The silanization loads favored interaction among them, as there was a small improvement in the interaction of the loads with the BS. It was also observed that the flammability test, the coatings containing ATH showed more significant results, without burning. For tests of the salt spray chamber, coat with BS/20:1 and with silanized fillers had the lowest leakage current, which was confirmed by measuring the hydrophobicity, where they managed to recover the hydrophobicity HC = 1 (level of hydrophobicity) according to STIR (Swedish Transmission Research Institute) guide.
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Ghaderi, Abbas. "Self-powered system for the detection and location of faulted insulators in overhead distribution power lines". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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Post insulators as the weakest component of transmission lines, are highly exposed to breakdown. Insulators breakdown leads to outage and economic loss for transmission companies. Faulted post insulator detection and location is very important to minimum duration of outage. Depending on type of post insulators types, they can be detected in case of breakdown. Silicon rubber post insulators as new generation of insulators, have better insulation characteristics compare to others. Away from all of its advantages, detection and location of broken ones are difficult for system operator due to no external damage. In this thesis design of a self-powered system to detect the broken silicon rubber post insulator has been pursued. An innovative optical effect triggered by self-powered system has been deployed to detect faulted post insulator.
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Chakraborty, Rahul. "Studies on Silicone Rubber Insulators used for High Voltage Transmission". Thesis, 2017. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/3981.
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Recently high temperature vulcanized (HTV) silicone rubber (SIR) / polymeric/composite insulators are gaining wider acceptance as overhead transmission line insulators for extra high voltage (EHV) and ultra-high voltage (UHV) systems due to some promising features like hydrophobicity recovery, light weight, ease of handling and installation, better pollution ashover performance, admirable resistance against vandalism etc. Since polymeric insula-tors are of recent origin, their long-term eld performance is yet to be understood. Owing to their organic nature, and exposure to environmental stresses like pollution, temperature, UV radiation, humidity, fog, rain etc., the insulator performance degrades over a period. The sheds/petticoats of the insulators become wettable leading to frequent ashover in humid and contaminated environment. Hence, long term reliability of the composite insulators is of foremost concern to the power utilities. The available literature on the long term eld performance of these insulators for di erent climatic conditions and under multiple environ-mental stresses for both the HTV SIR and Liquid Silicone Rubber (LSR) is scant. Also there is no reference standard for evaluation of these insulators for pollution/contamination test methods in the laboratory. However currently, CIGRE Work Group is working towards the standardization of the test methods for arti cial pollution tests for polymeric insulators. The thesis addresses some of the issues in detail.
In the first part of the thesis, a new and simple pre-treatment methodology to achieve uniform contamination layer on inherently hydrophobic HTV SIR Insulator samples is presented for laboratory pollution performance evaluation. The surface water level di usion in the dipping period is found to make the insulator surface temporarily hydrophilic. Then the uniform contamination layer is applied by dipping the sample immediately in the pollution slurry. Exhaustive experiments were conducted on full scale SIR insulators as well as SIR slabs to investigate the hydrophilicity appearance on the SIR surface. A specially fabricated arrangement for assessment of Wettability Class (WC) is made as per IEC stds. The results of WC measurement and wet ashover studies support the temporary reduction in hydrophobicity of SIR due to dipping phase in the proposed pre-treatment methodology.
The next part of the thesis presents the results for the effeect of long term thermal aging experimentation conducted on HTV SIR with difffeerent degrees of pollution (medium, heavy), the effeect of arid desert climate on polymeric insulators is studied. The experimental set-up consists of controlled HVAC source, temperature controlled furnace with a provision for high voltage (HV) and Leakage Current (LC) monitoring, a Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO), compact DAQ-9201 of National Instruments operated in LabVIEW platform etc. Two types of HTV SIR Insulators are considered for the study. Flat slabs as well as full-scale insulator samples of creepage length 725 mm are stressed simultaneously to simulate the in-service condition. The experimentation is conducted for about 575 hours with application of 21.0 kVrms at 60oC. The results of the hydrophobicity recovery for thermally aged contaminated polymeric insulators are reported. Besides, monitoring electrical and mechanical proper-ties, changes in material properties of SIR are also analyzed using Physiochemical analysis techniques like Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Some of the key findings of the study are increased surface oxidation, surface roughness and mechanical stress due to thermal aging of polymeric insulators. Experimental investigations show that the characteristics of power frequency component of leakage current can be linked with thermal aging of SIR.
Further, a unique climatic aging experimental facility is established to evaluate the long-term reliability of SIR under environmental stresses like UV, Humidity, temperature and applied electric stress. The investigations are conducted on two different types of HTV SIR and LSR at samples as well as full-scale insulator samples. The experimentation is conducted for 500 hours with 10.0 kVrms at 50oC, with 85% humidity and 1 W/m2 UV ir-radiation which is in accordance with the aging cycle specified in IEC standard. The results of the comparative studies conducted for the electrical, mechanical and material properties indicate leakage current pulses, brittleness, Salt deposition for multistress aged samples.
In summary, an attempt has been made to contribute a pollution methodology with sim-ple pre-treatment technique for inherently hydrophobic HTV SIR surface to achieve better uniformity of contamination layer. Also, electro-thermal and multiple stresses investigations were conducted for long term performance on polymeric insulators.
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Chakraborty, Rahul. "Studies on Silicone Rubber Insulators used for High Voltage Transmission". Thesis, 2017. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3981.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Recently high temperature vulcanized (HTV) silicone rubber (SIR) / polymeric/composite insulators are gaining wider acceptance as overhead transmission line insulators for extra high voltage (EHV) and ultra-high voltage (UHV) systems due to some promising features like hydrophobicity recovery, light weight, ease of handling and installation, better pollution ashover performance, admirable resistance against vandalism etc. Since polymeric insula-tors are of recent origin, their long-term eld performance is yet to be understood. Owing to their organic nature, and exposure to environmental stresses like pollution, temperature, UV radiation, humidity, fog, rain etc., the insulator performance degrades over a period. The sheds/petticoats of the insulators become wettable leading to frequent ashover in humid and contaminated environment. Hence, long term reliability of the composite insulators is of foremost concern to the power utilities. The available literature on the long term eld performance of these insulators for di erent climatic conditions and under multiple environ-mental stresses for both the HTV SIR and Liquid Silicone Rubber (LSR) is scant. Also there is no reference standard for evaluation of these insulators for pollution/contamination test methods in the laboratory. However currently, CIGRE Work Group is working towards the standardization of the test methods for arti cial pollution tests for polymeric insulators. The thesis addresses some of the issues in detail.
In the first part of the thesis, a new and simple pre-treatment methodology to achieve uniform contamination layer on inherently hydrophobic HTV SIR Insulator samples is presented for laboratory pollution performance evaluation. The surface water level di usion in the dipping period is found to make the insulator surface temporarily hydrophilic. Then the uniform contamination layer is applied by dipping the sample immediately in the pollution slurry. Exhaustive experiments were conducted on full scale SIR insulators as well as SIR slabs to investigate the hydrophilicity appearance on the SIR surface. A specially fabricated arrangement for assessment of Wettability Class (WC) is made as per IEC stds. The results of WC measurement and wet ashover studies support the temporary reduction in hydrophobicity of SIR due to dipping phase in the proposed pre-treatment methodology.
The next part of the thesis presents the results for the effeect of long term thermal aging experimentation conducted on HTV SIR with difffeerent degrees of pollution (medium, heavy), the effeect of arid desert climate on polymeric insulators is studied. The experimental set-up consists of controlled HVAC source, temperature controlled furnace with a provision for high voltage (HV) and Leakage Current (LC) monitoring, a Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO), compact DAQ-9201 of National Instruments operated in LabVIEW platform etc. Two types of HTV SIR Insulators are considered for the study. Flat slabs as well as full-scale insulator samples of creepage length 725 mm are stressed simultaneously to simulate the in-service condition. The experimentation is conducted for about 575 hours with application of 21.0 kVrms at 60oC. The results of the hydrophobicity recovery for thermally aged contaminated polymeric insulators are reported. Besides, monitoring electrical and mechanical proper-ties, changes in material properties of SIR are also analyzed using Physiochemical analysis techniques like Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Some of the key findings of the study are increased surface oxidation, surface roughness and mechanical stress due to thermal aging of polymeric insulators. Experimental investigations show that the characteristics of power frequency component of leakage current can be linked with thermal aging of SIR.
Further, a unique climatic aging experimental facility is established to evaluate the long-term reliability of SIR under environmental stresses like UV, Humidity, temperature and applied electric stress. The investigations are conducted on two different types of HTV SIR and LSR at samples as well as full-scale insulator samples. The experimentation is conducted for 500 hours with 10.0 kVrms at 50oC, with 85% humidity and 1 W/m2 UV ir-radiation which is in accordance with the aging cycle specified in IEC standard. The results of the comparative studies conducted for the electrical, mechanical and material properties indicate leakage current pulses, brittleness, Salt deposition for multistress aged samples.
In summary, an attempt has been made to contribute a pollution methodology with sim-ple pre-treatment technique for inherently hydrophobic HTV SIR surface to achieve better uniformity of contamination layer. Also, electro-thermal and multiple stresses investigations were conducted for long term performance on polymeric insulators.
Książki na temat "Silicone rubber insulators"
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Institute Of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE 1523-2018 IEEE Guide for the Application, Maintenance, and Evaluation of Room-Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Rubber Coatings for Outdoor Ceramic Insulators. IEEE, 2018.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Silicone rubber insulators"
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Papailiou, Konstantin, i Frank Schmuck. "Material Selection and Manufacturing Processes for Composite Insulators with Silicone Rubber Housing". W Silicone Composite Insulators, 197–283. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15320-4_7.
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Kamarudin, Najwa, Jeefferie Abd Razak, Nurbahirah Norddin, Noraiham Mohamad, Lau Kok Tee, Tony Chew i Nurzallia Mohd Saad. "Hardness and Water Absorption Properties of Silicone Rubber Based Composites for High Voltage Insulator Applications". W Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 343–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9539-0_34.
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Bhavya, S., Unnam Mahesh, R. Velmurugan i R. Sarathi. "Comparative Study of Nano and Micro Fillers in EPDM/Silicone Rubber for Outdoor Insulator Application". W Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 761–69. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7711-6_75.
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Wan, Xinyuan, Xiaojian Xia, Yiyang Chen, Deyuan Lin, Jiceng Han, Yinghao Ye i Wenzhe Zhang. "The Performances of RTV Coated Surfaces and Their Services in Transmission Lines". W Advances in Energy Research and Development. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/aerd220033.
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With climate change and global warming, there are extreme weather phenomena in some places. Excessive temperature can adversely affect room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (RTV) insulators. Other factors such as air pollution, dust, fog, rain, ice and snow, and ultraviolet rays can cause damage to the surface hydrophobicity of the RTV surface and reduce its service life. Contamination from the above factors increases the risk of flashover and corona discharge, which can lead to accidents in the transmission system, resulting in economic loss or personal injury. In recent decades, scientists have investigated a variety of materials that can be compounded with RTV to improve their chemical and physical properties in order to extend the service life of RTV insulators. In this review, we conduct an extensive literature survey and summary on the development and application of RTV coated insulators.
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Pal, Argha, Arijit Baral i Abhijit Lahiri. "Electric stress control on post-type porcelain insulators using a coating of RTV Silicone Rubber with BaTiO3 nanofillers". W Foundations and Frontiers in Computer, Communication and Electrical Engineering, 387–90. CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b20012-76.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Silicone rubber insulators"
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Ravera, C. N. "Silicone rubber insulators on Eskom's AC transmission lines". W Sixth International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission. IEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19960335.
Pełny tekst źródła
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Verma, Alok Ranjan, i B. Subba Reddy. "Multistress aging studies on HTV silicone rubber insulators". W 2017 3rd International Conference on Condition Assessment Techniques in Electrical Systems (CATCON). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/catcon.2017.8280202.
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Khaing, May Thin, Kosei Yoshimura, Tatsuya Sakoda, Junki Oasa, Shoichi Higashiyama i Yuko Inaoka. "Degradation Monitoring of Silicone Rubber Used for Insulators". W 2022 9th International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/cmd54214.2022.9991539.
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Fernando, M. A. R. M., H. Rajamantri i S. M. Gubanski. "Performance of Silicone Rubber Composite Insulators in Sri Lanka". W 2006 International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciinfs.2006.347112.
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Itsuki Umeda, Kenji Tanaka, Takanori Kondo, Kuniaki Kondo i Yoshihiro Suzuki. "Acid aging of silicone rubber housing for polymer insulators". W 2008 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iseim.2008.4664472.
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Zhongdong Chen, Zhangquan Rao, Chunyao Lin, Can Chen, Zhidong Jia, Hai Lu i Zhaoxiang Yang. "Non-destructive Condition Assessment of silicone rubber composite insulators". W 2014 IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena - (CEIDP 2014). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ceidp.2014.6995748.
Pełny tekst źródła
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Fernando, M. A. R. M., H. Rajamantri i S. M. Gubanski. "Performance of Silicone Rubber Composite Insulators in Sri Lanka". W First International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciis.2006.365627.
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Atef Ghunem, Refat. "Measurments of Hydrophobicity for Silicone Rubber Coating on Outdoor Insulators". W NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2015.34.
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In this paper condition assessment of silicone rubber coating applied to high voltage insulators is proposed. Electrical, thermal and chemical measurement methods are used to evaluate the condition of silicone rubber coating. From an asset management perspective, hydrophobicity is shown to be the key indicator of aging, and thus the remnant life, of the coating material. The increase in the content of surface oxygen is an indicator of hydrophobicity deterioration under the power system stresses. In addition, detecting the diffusion of the low-molecular-weight siloxane from the bulk to the surface can be utilized to indicate the relative ability to recover hydrophobicity after aging.
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Debus, Jan, Volker Hinrichsen, Jens M. Seifert i Michael Hagemeister. "Investigation of composite insulators with microvaristor filled silicone rubber components". W 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics (ICSD). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsd.2010.5568046.
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Ramirez-Vazquez, Isaias, i Ramiro Hernandez-Corona. "Tracking and erosion requirements for high voltage silicone rubber insulators". W 2016 IEEE International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icd.2016.7547722.
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