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Kafui, Atsu Divine, István Seres i István Farkas. "Efficiency Comparison of Different Photovoltaic Modules". Acta Technologica Agriculturae 22, nr 1 (1.03.2019): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2019-0002.
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Abstract Solar photovoltaic power generation capacity is rising continuously as a result of various regional, sub-regional renewable energy policies and the impact of technology development, as well as the increasing environmental concerns. Characteristics of photovoltaic modules are provided by manufacturers after they have been tested indoors under standard test conditions. These parameters may vary under exterior conditions. It is thus imperative to establish the quantity of the energy produced by photovoltaic modules under real operation conditions. This study sought to assess the performance of different kinds of photovoltaic module technologies in the city of Gödöllő, Hungary, and ascertain the behaviour of the modules under real outdoor conditions. Modules include amorphous silicon (a-Si), monocrystalline silicon (mc-Si), polycrystalline silicon (pc-Si), transparent monocrystalline silicon module (mc-Si). Measurement of the module characteristics was performed and various meteorological parameters were obtained. Performance parameters such as performance ratio and efficiency are given and analysed. Module temperature was estimated and evaluated in comparison with experimental values. Energy conversion rates of the modules were determined as 9.4%, 4.4%, 10.3%, 8.2% and 10.4% for mc-Si module transparent glass (165 Wp), a-Si module (glass 40Wp), pc-Si module (105 Wp), pc-Si module (60 Wp) and mc-Si (PV-T 180 Wp), respectively. Under the given outdoor conditions, the highest average performance ratio of 85.2% was obtained for the mc-Si module (transparent glass, 165 Wp), exhibiting the best performance, while pc–Si module (60 Wp) showed the least average performance ratio of 71.8%.
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Ali, Hafiz, Mubashar Mahmood, Muhammad Bashir, Muzaffar Ali i Aysha Siddiqui. "Outdoor testing of photovoltaic modules during summer in Taxila, Pakistan". Thermal Science 20, nr 1 (2016): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci131216025a.
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An experimental study has been carried out to measure the performance of commercially available photovoltaic modules during summer months in the climate of Taxila, near the capital of Pakistan. The modules used in the study are monocrystalline silicon (c-Si), polycrystalline silicon (p-Si) and single junction amorphous silicon (a-Si). The analysis has been focused on the measurement of module efficiency, performance ratio and temperature of each module at actual operating conditions using outdoor monitoring facility. The measured results are compared with the already published data of peak winter month at the same site. Overall, the monocrystalline module showed high average module efficiency while amorphous silicon module was better in term of average performance ratio. Furthermore, the module efficiency and performance ratio has shown decreasing trend with increase of module temperature. It was found that modules have much higher temperature in summer months (about 20?C higher) and showed low efficiency and performance ratio than peak winter month. The average ambient temperature varied from 18.1?C to 38.6?C from winter to summer.
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Ali, Hafiz, Muhammad Zafar, Muhammad Bashir, Muhammad Nasir, Muzaffar Ali i Aysha Siddiqui. "Effect of dust deposition on the performance of photovoltaic modules in Taxila, Pakistan". Thermal Science 21, nr 2 (2017): 915–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140515046a.
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The air borne dust deposited on the surface of photovoltaic module influence the transmittance of solar radiations from the photovoltaic modules glazing surface. This experimental work aimed to investigate the effect of dust deposited on the surface of two different types of photovoltaic modules (monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon). Two modules of each type were used and one module from each pair was left exposed to natural atmosphere for three months of winter in Taxila, Pakistan. Systematic series of measurements were conducted for the time period of three months corresponding to the different dust densities. The difference between the output parameters of clean and dirty modules provided the information of percentage loss at different dust densities. The dust density deposited on the modules surface was 0.9867 mg/cm2 at the end of the study. The results showed that dust deposition has strong impact on the performance of photovoltaic modules. The monocrystalline and polycrystalline modules showed about 20% and 16% decrease of average output power, respectively, compared to the clean modules of same type. It was found that the reduction of module efficiency (?clean ? ?dirtv) in case of monocrystalline and polycrystalline module was 3.55% and 3.01%, respectively. Moreover the loss of output power and module efficiency in monocrystalline module was more compared to the polycrystalline module.
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Zekri, Wafaa Abd El-Basit. "Photovoltaic Modules for Indoor Energy Harvesting". JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 14, nr 1 (7.03.2018): 5222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v14i1.7063.
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This paper presents the performance of indoor energy harvesting systems based on different photovoltaic modules (monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon and polymer) and artificial electric lighting sources (incandescent, fluorescent and cool white flood LED). In this concern, it is clearly proved that, maximum output power densities to be harvested from the photovoltaic module depends mainly on the spectral responses of both the light source and the module material. Herein, and from the study, experimental work, results and analysis, it is clear that monocrystalline silicon is the optimum solution for all light sources, followed by polycrystalline, whenever used with spot-and incandescent - lamps. On the other hand, amorphous samples were proved to be lightly sensitive to fluorescent light and cool white flood LED. Finally, polymer samples were weakly responded whenever exposed to any of the investigated light sources.
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Jamel Kadia, Noor, Emad T. Hashim i Oday I. Abdullah. "PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES FOR AMORPHOUS SILICON (A-SI) AND COPPER INDIUM GALLIUM DI-SELENIDE (CIGS) PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES". Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development 26, nr 1 (3.01.2022): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.26.1.10.
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In this work, the analysis of performance of two types of photovoltaic (PV) (Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS) technologies were achieved out under under Iraqi (Baghdad)climate conditions. The elevation of the selected site is 9 m above ground level. The experimental work covered the eight commercially available PV technologies. The two technologies that employed in this work are, Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) and Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS). The total period of the experimental work was 7 months, and the data were analyzed simultaneously. Special attention is given to the influence of temperature and solar radiation the performance of the PV modules. Where, it was proposed a simple I-V curve test for PV modules. The results showed that the proposed system successfully experimentally extracted I-V curves of the selected two PV modules (amorphous and CIGS solar modules). The maximum values of power (Pmax) at solar radiation intensity 750 W/m² are 2.742 W, and 2.831 W for amorphous silicon and copper indium gallium di-selenide respectively. This is occurred because the lowest solar module operating temperature (19 oC and 17 oC for solar radiation 750 and 1000 W/m2 respectively) and ambient temperature (7 oC) and for Jan., 2021 than other months. Consequently, the same behavior for the two modules at solar irradiance 1000 W/m2 with the highest power value; 2.680 W, and 3.198 W of amorphous silicon and copper indium gallium di-selenide respectively. Furthermore, the minimum values of power (Pmax) at solarradiation intensity 750 W/m² are 2.530, and 2.831 for amorphous silicon and copper indium gallium di-selenide respectively because we have the highest solar module operating temperature (57 oC, and 55 oC respectively) and ambient temperature (45 oC) for April, 2021 than other months. Consequently, the same behavior for the two modules at solar irradiance 1000 W/m2 with the highest power value; 2.680 W, and 3.198 W of amorphous silicon and copper indium gallium di-selenide respectively. The highest efficiency can be notes for CIGS solar module with a value 7.3%, while the lowest one is 5.5% for amorphous solar module.
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Luboń, Wojciech, Grzegorz Pełka, Konstanty Marszałek i Anna Małek. "Performance Analysis of Crystalline Silicon and CIGS Photovoltaic Modules in Outdoor Measurement". Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 24, nr 4 (1.12.2017): 539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2017-0035.
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Abstract The outdoor measurements (during two months experiment) of photovoltaic silicon and CIGS modules as well as simulation of energy production during the period experiment are presented in this paper. This paper offer comparison of construction and electrical characteristics of multicrystalline silicon based modules and CIGS based modules. The measuring system for PV modules efficiency research is shown. The nominal power of installed modules is 250 W for m-Si and 280 W for CIGS modules. The energy production in outdoor conditions at direct current side and alternating current side of each photovoltaic panel was measured. Each PV panel was also equipped with temperature sensor for screening panel temperature. The photovoltaic panels were connected to the electrical network with micro inverters. To determine the influence of irradiance at sunshine on power conversion efficiency of PV panels, the pyranometer was installed in the plane of the modules. Measurement of the instantaneous power and irradiance gave the information about the efficiency of a particular photovoltaic panels. In the paper all data from research installation were analysed to present the influence of solar cell technology on the power conversion efficiency. The results of energy production show that m-Si module produced more energy from square meter (30.9 kWh/m2) than CIGS module (28.0 kWh/m2). Thin film module shows the higher production per kWp than multicrystalline module: 217.3 kWh/kWp for CIGS and 201.9 kWh/kWp for m-Si. The energy production simulation (made by PV SOL software and outdoor measurements test are in the good agreement. Temperature power coefficient for the CIGS module is twice lower than for the multicrystalline silicon module: 0.56%/°C and 0.35%/°C for m-Si and CIGS modules, respectively. The obtained results revealed strong influence of irradiance and temperature on energy production by PV panels. Performed studies have a large field of potential application and could improve designing process of PV installation.
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Nover, Jessica, Renate Zapf-Gottwick, Carolin Feifel, Michael Koch i Juergen Heinz Werner. "Leaching via Weak Spots in Photovoltaic Modules". Energies 14, nr 3 (29.01.2021): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030692.
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This study identifies unstable and soluble layers in commercial photovoltaic modules during 1.5 year long-term leaching. Our experiments cover modules from all major photovoltaic technologies containing solar cells from crystalline silicon (c-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). These technologies cover more than 99.9% of the world market. We cut out module pieces of 5 × 5 cm2 in size from these modules and leached them in water-based solutions with pH 4, pH 7, and pH 11, in order to simulate different environmental conditions. Unstable layers open penetration paths for water-based solutions; finally, the leaching results in delamination. In CdTe containing module pieces, the CdTe itself and the back contact are unstable and highly soluble. In CIGS containing module pieces, all of the module layers are more or less soluble. In the case of c-Si module pieces, the cells’ aluminum back contact is unstable. Module pieces from a-Si technology also show a soluble back contact. Long-term leaching leads to delamination in all kinds of module pieces; delamination depends strongly on the pH value of the solutions. For low pH-values, the time dependent leaching is well described by an exponential saturation behavior and a leaching time constant. The time constant depends on the pH, as well as on accelerating conditions such as increased temperature and/or agitation. Our long-term experiments clearly demonstrate that it is possible to leach out all, or at least a large amount, of the (toxic) elements from the photovoltaic modules. It is therefore not sufficient to carry out experiments just over 24 h and to conclude on the stability and environmental impact of photovoltaic modules.
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Bashir, Muhammad Anser, Hafiz Muhammad Ali, Shahid Khalil, Muzaffar Ali i Aysha Maryam Siddiqui. "Comparison of Performance Measurements of Photovoltaic Modules during Winter Months in Taxila, Pakistan". International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/898414.
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This paper presents the comparative performance evaluation of three commercially available photovoltaic modules (monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and single junction amorphous silicon) in Taxila, Pakistan. The experimentation was carried out at outdoor conditions for winter months. Power output, module efficiency, and performance ratio were calculated for each module and the effect of module temperature and solar irradiance on these parameters was investigated. Module parameters showed strong dependence on the solar irradiance and module temperature. Monocrystalline and polycrystalline modules showed better performance in high irradiance condition whereas it decreased suddenly with decrease in irradiance. Amorphous solar module also showed good performance in low irradiance due to its better light absorbing characteristics and thus showed higher average performance ratio. Monocrystalline photovoltaic module showed higher monthly average module efficiency and was found to be more efficient at this site. Module efficiency and performance ratio showed a decreasing trend with increase of irradiance and photovoltaic module back surface temperature.
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Takatsuka, Hiromu, Yasuhiro Yamauchi, Keisuke Kawamura, Hiroshi Mashima i Yoshiaki Takeuchi. "World's largest amorphous silicon photovoltaic module". Thin Solid Films 506-507 (maj 2006): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2005.08.011.
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Fanney, A. Hunter, Mark W. Davis, Brian P. Dougherty, David L. King, William E. Boyson i Jay A. Kratochvil. "Comparison of Photovoltaic Module Performance Measurements". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 128, nr 2 (5.01.2006): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2192559.
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Computer simulation tools used to predict the energy production of photovoltaic systems are needed in order to make informed economic decisions. These tools require input parameters that characterize module performance under various operational and environmental conditions. Depending upon the complexity of the simulation model, the required input parameters can vary from the limited information found on labels affixed to photovoltaic modules to an extensive set of parameters. The required input parameters are normally obtained indoors using a solar simulator or flash tester, or measured outdoors under natural sunlight. This paper compares measured performance parameters for three photovoltaic modules tested outdoors at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). Two of the three modules were custom fabricated using monocrystalline and silicon film cells. The third, a commercially available module, utilized triple-junction amorphous silicon cells. The resulting data allow a comparison to be made between performance parameters measured at two laboratories with differing geographical locations and apparatus. This paper describes the apparatus used to collect the experimental data, test procedures utilized, and resulting performance parameters for each of the three modules. Using a computer simulation model, the impact that differences in measured parameters have on predicted energy production is quantified. Data presented for each module includes power output at standard rating conditions and the influence of incident angle, air mass, and module temperature on each module’s electrical performance. Measurements from the two laboratories are in excellent agreement. The power at standard rating conditions is within 1% for all three modules. Although the magnitude of the individual temperature coefficients varied as much as 17% between the two laboratories, the impact on predicted performance at various temperature levels was minimal, less than 2%. The influence of air mass on the performance of the three modules measured at the laboratories was in excellent agreement. The largest difference in measured results between the two laboratories was noted in the response of the modules to incident angles that exceed 75deg.
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Werner, Jürgen Heinz. "How Much Photovoltaic Efficiency Is Enough?" Solar 2, nr 2 (14.04.2022): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/solar2020012.
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At present, the purchasing prices for silicon-based photovoltaic modules with 20% efficiency and more are between 20 and 40 EURct/Wp. These numbers correspond to 40 to 80 EUR/m2 and are in the same range as the mounting costs (material prices plus salaries) of such modules. Installers and operators of photovoltaic systems carefully balance the module and mounting costs when deciding among modules of different efficiencies. This contribution emulates the installer’s decision via a simple, analytical module mounting decision (Mo2De) model. A priori, the model, and the resulting conclusions are completely independent of the photovoltaically active material inside the modules. De facto, however, based on the present state (cost, efficiency, reliability, bankability, etc.) of modules fabricated from (single) crystalline Si cells, conclusions on other photovoltaic materials might also be drawn: On the one hand, the model suggests that lower-efficiency modules with efficiencies below 20% will be driven out of the market. Keeping in mind their installation costs, installers will ask for large discounts for lower-efficiency modules. Technologies based on organic semiconductors, CdTe, CIGS, and even multicrystalline Si, might not survive in the utility market, or in industrial and residential applications. Moreover, this 20% mark will soon reach 23%, and finally will stop at around 25% for the very best, large-area (square meter sized) commercial modules based on single crystalline silicon only. On the other hand, it also seems difficult for future higher-efficiency modules based on tandem/triple cells to compete with standard Si-based reference modules. Compared to their expected higher efficiency, the production costs of tandem/triple cell modules and, therefore, also their required markup in sales, might be too high. Depending on the mounting cost, the Mo2De-model predicts acceptable markup values of 1 EURct/Wp (for low mounting costs of around 10 EUR/m2) to 11 EURct/Wp (for high mounting costs of 100 EUR/m2) if the module efficiency increases from 23% to 30%. Therefore, a 23% to 24% module efficiency, which is possible with silicon cells alone, might be enough for many terrestrial photovoltaic applications.
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Hahsim, Emad Talib, i Akram Abdulameer Abbood. "Temperature Effect on Power Drop of Different Photovoltaic Modules". Journal of Engineering 22, nr 5 (1.05.2016): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2016.05.09.
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Solar module operating temperature is the second major factor affects the performance of solar photovoltaic panels after the amount of solar radiation. This paper presents a performance comparison of mono-crystalline Silicon (mc-Si), poly-crystalline Silicon (pc-Si), amorphous Silicon (a-Si) and Cupper Indium Gallium di-selenide (CIGS) photovoltaic technologies under Climate Conditions of Baghdad city. Temperature influence on the solar modules electric output parameters was investigated experimentally and their temperature coefficients was calculated. These temperature coefficients are important for all systems design and sizing. The experimental results revealed that the pc-Si module showed a decrease in open circuit voltage by -0.0912V/ºC while mc-Si and a-Si had nearly -0.07V/ºC and the CIGS has -0.0123V/ºC. The results showed a slightly increase in short circuit current with temperature increasing about 0.3mA/ºC ,4.4mA/ºC and 0.9mA/ºC for mc-Si , pc-Si and both a-Si and CIGS. The mc-Si had the largest drop in output power about -0.1353W/ºC while -0.0915, -0.0114 and -0.0276 W/ºC for pc-Si, a-Si and CIGS respectively. The amorphous silicon is the more suitable module for high operation temperature but it has the lowest conversion efficiency between the tested modules.
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., Jalaluddin, i Baharuddin Mire. "Performansi aktual modul photovoltaik dengan pengarah matahari". Jurnal Teknik Mesin Indonesia 12, nr 2 (7.03.2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36289/jtmi.v12i2.80.
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Actual performance of photovoltaic module with solar tracking is presented. Solar radiation can be converted into electrical energy using photovoltaic (PV) modules. Performance of polycristalline silicon PV modules with and without solar tracking are investigated experimentally. The PV module with dimension 698 x 518 x 25 mm has maximum power and voltage is 45 Watt and 18 Volt respectively. Based on the experiment data, it is concluded that the performance of PV module with solar tracking increases in the morning and afternoon compared with that of fixed PV module. It increases about 18 % in the morning from 10:00 to 12:00 and in the afternoon from 13:30 to 14:00 (local time). This study also shows the daily performance characteristic of the two PV modules. Using PV module with solar tracking provides a better performance than fixed PV module.
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Huang, Jingsheng, Hongtao Li, Yaojie Sun, He Wang i Hong Yang. "Investigation on Potential-Induced Degradation in a 50 MWp Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Power Plant". International Journal of Photoenergy 2018 (28.10.2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3286124.
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The regular performance deterioration of P-type crystalline silicon solar modules and module strings caused by potential-induced degradation in a photovoltaic power plant was found in the field. The PID-affected solar modules dismounted from the photovoltaic power plant were further investigated systematically in the laboratory. For the first time, we found that the neutral point of voltage in a module string moved forward to the positive pole for a PID-affected module string as time goes on. Even if low positive voltage is applied to a PID-prone module, it could cause PID. The thermographic and electroluminescence (EL) images of a PID-affected module string also exhibit a regular degradation pattern. This is in good agreement with the measured power loss of the dismounted solar modules under standard test conditions. The results obtained in this paper show that the maximum power degradation rate of solar modules was as high as 53.26% after only one year of operation because of PID in the field. Due to the vast amount of solar modules and incomplete recovery, this is a terrible catastrophe for the owner of a power plant and module producer.
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Chen, Zijian, Haoyuan Jia, Yunfeng Zhang, Leilei Fan, Haina Zhu, Hong Ge, Baowen Cao i Shiyu Wang. "Research on Performance Improvement of Photovoltaic Cells and Modules Based on Black Silicon". Crystals 10, nr 9 (26.08.2020): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10090753.
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This paper mainly studied the electrical performance improvement of black silicon photovoltaic (PV) cells and modules. The electrical performance of the cells and modules matched with black silicon was optimized through three different experiments. Firstly, in the pre-cleaning step, the effect of lotion selection on the cell performance was studied. Compared with alkaline lotion, using acidic lotion on black silicon wafer can achieve an efficiency improvement of the black silicon cell by nearly 0.154%. Secondly, the influence of oxygen flux control of the thermal oxidation step on the improvement of cell efficiency was studied. The addition of the thermal oxidation step and its oxygen flux control resulted in an efficiency increase of the black silicon cell of nearly 0.11%. The most optimized volume control of the oxygen flux is at 2200 standard cubic centimeter per minute (SCCM). Finally, in the module packaging process, the selection of components will also greatly affect the performance of the black silicon PV module. The most reasonable selection of components can increase the output power of the black silicon PV module by 6.13 W. In a word, the technical indication of the electrical performance improvement suggested in this study plays an important guiding role in the actual production process.
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Zsiborács, Henrik, Nóra Hegedűsné Baranyai, András Vincze, István Háber, Philipp Weihs, Sandro Oswald, Christian Gützer i Gábor Pintér. "Changes of Photovoltaic Performance as a Function of Positioning Relative to the Focus Points of a Concentrator PV Module: Case Study". Applied Sciences 9, nr 16 (17.08.2019): 3392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9163392.
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This article examines the positioning features of polycrystalline, monocrystalline, and amorphous silicon modules relative to the focus points of concentrator photovoltaic modules under real meteorological conditions using a dual tracking system. The performance of the photovoltaic modules mounted on a dual-axis tracking system was regarded as a function of module orientation where the modules were moved step by step up to a point where their inclination differed by 30° compared to the ideal focus point position of the reference concentrator photovoltaic module. The inclination difference relative to the ideal focus point position was determined by the perfect perpendicularity to the rays of the sun. Technology-specific results show the accuracy of a sun tracking photovoltaic system that is required to keep the loss in power yield below a defined level. The loss in power yield, determined as a function of the measurement results, also showed that the performance insensitivity thresholds of the monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous silicon modules depended on the direction of the alignment changes. The performance deviations showed clear azimuth dependence. Changing the tilt of the modules towards north and south showed little changes in results, but inclination changes towards northwest, southwest, southeast, and northeast produced results diverging more markedly from each other. These results may make the planning of solar tracking sensor investments easier and help with the estimate calculations of the total investment and operational costs and their return concerning monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous silicon photovoltaic systems. The results also provide guidance for the tracking error values of the solar tracking sensor.
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Liu, Guo Ning, Hua Dong Zhao, Wei Yang, Sheng Gang Ma i Ming Hao Zhao. "Effect of Loading Rates on the Nominal Bonding Strength between Soft Substrate and Photovoltaic Silicon Wafer". Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (maj 2012): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.51.
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Aiming at expanding and extending the application of photovoltaic energy technology into a bigger scope, a kind of soft substrate with multilayer structure is designed and fabricated to be bonded with photovoltaic silicon wafer to manufacture photovoltaic system. Pure aluminum thin film is introduced in the designed structure, which consists of mainly organic polymeric materials, to improve the thermal conducting behavior and anti-corrosion properties of the whole photovoltaic system. To study the reliability of the eventual structure with photovoltaic module of silicon wafer, various loading rates are chosen to measure the nominal bonding strength between the soft substrate and photovoltaic module.
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Zeman, Miroslav. "Thin-Film Silicon PV Technology". Journal of Electrical Engineering 61, nr 5 (1.09.2010): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10187-010-0039-y.
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Thin-Film Silicon PV TechnologyThin-film silicon solar cell technology is one of the promising photovoltaic technologies for delivering low-cost solar electricity. Today the thin-film silicon PV market (402MWpproduced in 2008) is dominated by amorphous silicon based modules; however it is expected that the tandem amorphous/microcrystalline silicon modules will take over in near future. Solar cell structures based on thin-film silicon for obtaining high efficiency are presented. In order to increase the absorption in thin absorber layers novel approaches for photon management are developed. Module production and application areas are described.
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Combari, Dioari Ulrich, Emmanuel Wendsongré Ramde, Idrissa Sourabie, Martial Zoungrana, Issa Zerbo i Dieudonné Joseph Bathiebo. "Performance Investigation of a Silicon Photovoltaic Module under the Influence of a Magnetic Field". Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2018 (18.11.2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6096901.
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Aside from the terrestrial magnetic field that is generated from the earth core, power transmission, and distribution lines, transformers and other equipment do produce a certain amount of magnetic field that could interfere with the performance of photovoltaic modules. This study conducted an experiment and investigated the performance of a silicon photovoltaic module subjected to a magnetic field. The current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics were plotted in the same axis system and allowed us to find, as a function of the magnetic field, the electrical parameters of the photovoltaic module such as maximum electric power, fill factor, conversion efficiency, and charge resistance at the maximum power point. These electrical parameters were then used to calculate the series and shunt resistances of the equivalent circuit of the photovoltaic module. The results have shown that the efficiency of a solar module is affected by the presence of magnetic fields. However, the magnitude of ambient magnetic field generated by power transmissions lines and other equipment is extremely low (in the order of 10−2 mT or less) as compared to the values of the magnetic field used in this study. That made it difficult to conclude as to the impact of such field on solar photovoltaic installations.
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Liu, Jing Jing, i Yang Fan. "Studies on Improved Silicon Module for Concentration Photovoltaic System". Advanced Materials Research 629 (grudzień 2012): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.629.536.
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This paper presents the experimental study of an improved PV solar module based on an outdoor point-focus two-axis tracking reflective concentration photovoltaic system in Nanjing. The special improved silicon solar cell was utilized to fabricate the module. Relationship between the concentration ratio and maximum power of the module was illustrated. The results showed that the electricity output was improved by enlarging the illumination on the solar cell through increasing the number of flat-glass mirrors. The optimum performance of concentration photovoltaic system was obtained with 18 mirrors. Nonideal module design and cooling approach may result in the deterioration of silicon module efficiency for higher concentration ratio application.
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Carlson, D. E. "Overview of amorphous silicon photovoltaic module development". Solar Cells 30, nr 1-4 (maj 1991): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6787(91)90060-3.
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Okhorzina, Alena, Alexey Yurchenko i Artem Kozloff. "Autonomous Solar-Wind Power Forecasting Systems". Advanced Materials Research 1097 (kwiecień 2015): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1097.59.
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The paper reports on the results of climatic testing of silicon photovoltaic modules and photovoltaic power systems conducted in Russia (Siberia and the Far East). The monitoring system to control the power system work was developed. Testing over 17 years and a large amount of experimental studies enabled us to develop a precise mathematical model of the photovoltaic module in natural environment taking into account climatic and hardware factors.
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Kata, N'detigma, Y. Moussa Soro, Djicknoum Diouf, Arouna Darga i A. Seidou Maiga. "Temperature impact on dusty and cleaned photovoltaic module exposed in sub-Saharan outdoor conditions". EPJ Photovoltaics 9 (2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2018007.
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In this work, impacts of temperature and dust cleaning on photovoltaic module performance operating in sub-Saharan's climate are investigated. Two single junction technologies, monocrystalline and polycrystalline silicon, and one micromorph (amorphous/micrystalline) thin film silicon tandem technology are considered. We have recorded at the same time under real operating conditions, the module temperature and the current versus voltage characteristics of each module, and the local solar irradiation. All the measurements were performed with the outdoor monitoring and test facility located at Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso. The results show the drop of generated power of dusty modules for the same irradiation level. Between April and June (where temperatures are higher) a significant drop of output power is observed, despite a daily cleaning. Furthermore, performance losses are observed for all technologies compared to that under standard test conditions. However, the micromorph silicon tandem technology with low temperature sensitivity present the less losses in performance compared to the monocrystalline and the polycrystalline single junction modules, even if the modules are not cleaned.
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Sarniak, Mariusz T., Jacek Wernik i Krzysztof J. Wołosz. "Application of the Double Diode Model of Photovoltaic Cells for Simulation Studies on the Impact of Partial Shading of Silicon Photovoltaic Modules on the Waveforms of Their Current–Voltage Characteristic". Energies 12, nr 12 (24.06.2019): 2421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12122421.
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Photovoltaics (PV) is the phenomenon of converting sun energy into electric energy by using photovoltaic cells. Furthermore, solar energy is the major renewable energy source. PV modules are systematically more efficient and manufacturing costs decrease at the same time. The PV module performance is affected by ambient temperature, humidity, wind speed, rainfall, incident solar radiation intensity and spectrum, dust deposition, pollution, and shading, which are environmental factors. The problem of partial shading of the generator often arises when designing photovoltaic installations. If it is not possible to avoid this phenomenon, its impact on the operation of the photovoltaic system should be estimated. The classical method is to measure the current–voltage characteristics, but it requires switching off the installation for the duration of the measurements. Therefore, this paper proposes a method using a computer simulation in the Matlab package with the implemented component “Solar Cell” for this purpose. Three cases of partial shading of photovoltaic modules with different degrees of shading were analyzed. The obtained results of the computer simulation were verified for two types of silicon PV modules: Mono- and polycrystalline.
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Yin, Zirui, Tao Zhang, Jingyong Cai, Yi Fan i Zhengrong Shi. "Ventilation and heat dissipation analysis of photovoltaic roof". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2534, nr 1 (1.06.2023): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2534/1/012001.
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Abstract In recent years, the development and utilization of new energy have attracted more and more attention. As a green and clean energy, the utilization and development of solar energy have attracted much attention. Moreover, solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has been vigorously promoted, with building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) technology widely used in the building sector. However, in BIPV, although PV modules can be used as building envelope materials and provide electricity for buildings, due to various conditions during installation and design, PV modules are prone to overheating problems and affect photovoltaic performance. Hence, in the present study, a novel type of PV roof structure with lightweight crystalline silicon PV modules installed on the building surface is proposed, and an air space is provided between the novel lightweight crystalline silicon PV modules and the building surface, the novel lightweight crystalline silicon PV module has the characteristics of thinness and flexibility. After that, an experimental test platform with air space is established, and the data of typical meteorological days are selected to analyze the electrothermal performance of the novel lightweight PV roof, to obtain the optimal structure with the best PV performance. The results show that, under the same conditions, when the spacing is 0 mm and 80 mm, the temperature of the backplane and the substrate of the PV module gradually decreases with the increase of the air space. In contrast, the PV power and electricity generation gradually increase with the growth of the spacing. At the same time, when the distance exceeds 40 mm, the changing trend of the backplane of the PV module temperature, the temperature of the roof substrate, and the electricity generation is not apparent. In the present study, the optimal spacing of the novel lightweight PV roof is 40 mm.
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Nishioka, Kensuke, So Pyay Moe i Yasuyuki Ota. "Long-Term Reliability Evaluation of Silica-Based Coating with Antireflection Effect for Photovoltaic Modules". Coatings 9, nr 1 (15.01.2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9010049.
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Not all sunlight irradiated on the surface of a photovoltaic (PV) module can reach the cells in the PV module. This loss reduces the conversion efficiency of the PV module. The main factors of this loss are the reflection and soiling on the surface of the PV module. With this, it is effective to have both antireflection and antisoiling effects on the surface of PV modules. In this study, the antireflection and antisoiling effects along with the long-term reliability of the silica-based layer easily coated on PV modules were assessed. A silica-based layer with a controlled thickness and refractive index was coated on the surface of a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 PV array. The array was exposed outdoors to assess its effects and reliability. As a result of the coating, the output of the PV array increased by 3.9%. The environment of the test site was relatively clean and the increase was considered to be a result of the antireflection effect. Moreover, it was observed that the effect of the coating was maintained without deterioration after 3.5 years. The coating was also applied to a silicon PV module and an effect similar to that of the CIGS PV module was observed in the silicon PV module.
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Lee, Koo, Sungbae Cho, Junsin Yi i Hyosik Chang. "Prediction of Power Output from a Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Module with Repaired Cell-in-Hotspots". Electronics 11, nr 15 (24.07.2022): 2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11152307.
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Recycling of problematic photovoltaic modules as raw materials requires considerable energy. The technology to restore cells in hotspot modules at a relatively low cost is more economical than replacing them with new modules. Moreover, a technology that restores power by replacing a cell-in-hotspot of a photovoltaic module with a new cell rather than replacing the whole module is useful for operating power plants. In particular, power plants that receive government subsidies have to use certified modules of specific models; the modules cannot be replaced with other modules. Before putting resources into module restoration, predicting the power of a module to be restored by replacing a cracked cell with a new cell is essential. Therefore, in this study, the module output amount after restoration was calculated using the previously proposed relative power loss analysis method and the recently proposed cell-to-module factor analysis method. In addition, the long-term degradation coefficient of the initial cell and the loss due to the electrical mismatch between the initial and new cell were considered. The output of the initial cell was estimated by inversely calculating the cell-to-module factor. The differences between the power prediction value and the actual experimental result were 1.12% and 3.20% for samples 190 A and 190 B, respectively. When the initial rating power and tolerance of the module were corrected, the differences decreased to 0.10% and 2.01%, respectively. The positive mismatch, which restores cells with a higher power, has no loss due to the reverse current; thus, the efficiency of the modules is proportional to the average efficiency of each cell. In this experiment, the electrical mismatches were only 0.37% and 0.34%. This study confirmed that even if a replacement cell has a higher power (<20%) than the existing cell, the power loss is not significantly affected, and heat generation of the existing normal cell is not observed. Hence, it was concluded that when some cells are damaged in a crystalline solar cell, the module could be restored by replacing only those cells instead of disposing of the entire module. However, for commercialization of the proposed method, a long-term reliability test of the module repaired using this method must be performed to confirm the results. Following this, recycling cells instead of recycling modules will be an economical and eco-friendly alternative.
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Li, Jiangman, Xiaoli Wang, Jianlin Shen i Junjie Xu. "Overall Design and Power Generation Calculation of Photovoltaic System in Shanyin meteorological station". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2527, nr 1 (1.06.2023): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2527/1/012002.
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Abstract Based on the data of Shanyin meteorological station and Solargis database, this paper evaluates the local solar energy resources, and carries out the overall scheme design and power generation estimation of the feasibility study stage of the 50MW photovoltaic power generation project in Shanyin county. After analysis, it is proposed to select crystalline silicon solar modules for the project. The specification of polycrystalline silicon solar modules is 305wp, and the specification of monocrystalline silicon solar modules is 315wp. It is recommended to adopt fixed installation for the photovoltaic module array. In addition, the component support of the project is fixed with an installation angle of 35°. 500mx inverter is selected for the project because of its high cost performance ratio. Based on the above work, the total power generation in 25 years is calculated.
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Cho, Un Chung. "Fabrication of a Spherical Silicon Solar Cell Module". Advanced Materials Research 126-128 (sierpień 2010): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.126-128.125.
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Spherical silicon balls are applied to photovoltaic energy conversion. Silicon balls are produced by droplet spray method as well as abrasive machining of a single crystalline silicon wafer. A reflective mirror is used to maximize the solar cell efficiency. It is demonstrated the solar cell efficiency depends on the crystalline structure of silicon balls and the mirror in the module.
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Park, Hyeonwook, Sungho Chang, Sanghwan Park i Woo Kyoung Kim. "Outdoor Performance Test of Bifacial n-Type Silicon Photovoltaic Modules". Sustainability 11, nr 22 (7.11.2019): 6234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226234.
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The outdoor performance of n-type bifacial Si photovoltaic (PV) modules and string systems was evaluated for two different albedo (ground reflection) conditions, i.e., 21% and 79%. Both monofacial and bifacial silicon PV modules were prepared using n-type bifacial Si passivated emitter rear totally diffused cells with multi-wire busbar incorporated with a white and transparent back-sheet, respectively. In the first set of tests, the power production of the bifacial PV string system was compared with the monofacial PV string system installed on a grey concrete floor with an albedo of ~21% for approximately one year (June 2016–May 2017). In the second test, the gain of the bifacial PV string system installed on the white membrane floor with an albedo of ~79% was evaluated for approximately ten months (November 2016–August 2017). During the second test, the power production by an equivalent monofacial module installed on a horizontal solar tracker was also monitored. The gain was estimated by comparing the energy yield of the bifacial PV module with that of the monofacial module. For the 1.5 kW PV string systems with a 30° tilt angle to the south and 21% ground albedo, the year-wide average bifacial gain was determined to be 10.5%. An increase of the ground albedo to 79% improved the bifacial gain to 33.3%. During the same period, the horizontal single-axis tracker yielded an energy gain of 15.8%.
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Kulkarni, Prasad, Tushar Patil, Aditya Pandey, Vishwesh Vyawahare, Dhiraj Magare i Gajanan Birajdar. "Performance Assessment of Hetero-Junction Intrinsic Thin Film HIT Photovoltaic Module Using Machine Learning Methods". ITM Web of Conferences 44 (2022): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20224401009.
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A solar cell built of ultra-thin amorphous silicon and high-quality mono-crystalline silicon is known as a hetero-junction intrinsic thin film. It has a pyramid surface on the front that increases sunlight absorption. The operating environment has a significant impact on the performance of hetero-junction intrinsic thin-film photovoltaic modules with real I–V (current-voltage) characteristics. Changes in the environment have a significant impact on solar irradiation. Clouds also have a significant impact on the solar irradiation that a PV cell receives. In this project, we will use the Random Forest Regression machine learning algorithm to investigate the effects of sudden changes in environmental conditions on power output and module temperature of an HIT (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin Layer) module, where irradiance, temperature, and module efficiency parameters are taken into account when designing modules. The algorithm’s output will be studied to gain a better understanding of performance variations as well as the behavior of the power output and module temperature when subjected to random influences induced by various environmental variables. The suggested algorithm is not restricted to a certain module technology or geographic location.
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Deng, Rong, Yuting Zhuo i Yansong Shen. "Recent progress in silicon photovoltaic module recycling processes". Resources, Conservation and Recycling 187 (grudzień 2022): 106612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106612.
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Ayaz, R., I. Nakir i M. Tanrioven. "An Improved Matlab-Simulink Model of PV Module considering Ambient Conditions". International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/315893.
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A photovoltaic (PV) model is proposed on Matlab/Simulink environment considering the real atmospheric conditions and this PV model is tested with different PV panels technologies (monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and thin film). The meteorological data of Istanbul—the location of the study—such as irradiance, cell temperature, and wind speed are taken into account in the proposed model for each technology. Eventually, the power outputs of the PV module under real atmospheric conditions are measured for resistive loading and these powers are compared with the results of proposed PV model. As a result of the comparison, it is shown that the proposed model is more compatible for monocrystal silicon and thin-film modules; however, it does not show a good correlation with polycrystalline silicon PV module.
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Cruz-Campa, Jose-Luis, Bongsang Kim, Bradley Jared, Murat Okandan, Gregory N. Nielson, Mark Ballance, Chris Nordquist, William Sweatt i Anthony Lentine. "New Challenges in Testing and Failure Analysis for Microsystems-Enabled Photovoltaics Modules". EDFA Technical Articles 15, nr 1 (1.02.2013): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.edfa.2013-1.p004.
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Abstract Engineers at Sandia National Laboratories have developed a technology that may bring down the cost and improve the efficiency of photovoltaic energy conversion. Here they explain how they manufacture photovoltaic modules containing as many as 100,000 silicon solar cells using conventional IC fabrication and PCB assembly techniques. They also explain how they estimate module efficiency based on the IV characteristics of individual cells and the detection of open and short circuits.
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Park, N. C., W. W. Oh i D. H. Kim. "Effect of Temperature and Humidity on the Degradation Rate of Multicrystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Module". International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/925280.
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In a PV module, the relative humidity (rh) of a front encapsulant is different from that of a backside encapsulant (rhback). In this study, the effective humidity (rheff) in a PV module was investigated to study the effects of moisture variation on the degradation rate (RD). rheffrepresents uniform humidity in a PV module when it is exposed to certain damp heat conditions. Five types of accelerated tests were conducted to derive the relation between rheffand rhback. rheffshowed a linear relationship with rhbackat constant temperature. Two types of models, namely, Eyring and Peck models, were used for predicting theRDof PV modules, and their results were compared. TheRDof PV modules was thermally activated at 0.49 eV. Furthermore, the temperature and rheffhistory of PV modules over one year were determined at two locations: Miami (FL, USA) and Phoenix (AZ, USA). The accumulatedRDvalues based on the temperature and rheffof the modules were calculated by summing the hourly degradation amounts over the time history.
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Osayemwenre, Gilbert, i Edson Meyer. "Mechanical Degradation Analysis of an Amorphous Silicon Solar Module". Energies 13, nr 16 (10.08.2020): 4126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164126.
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This work examines the degradation of photovoltaic modules. It assesses the structural defects of amorphous silicon solar cells, which result from mechanical stress at nanoscale level. Firstly, it analyses the interface morphology, deformation, and internal delamination of a single junction amorphous silicon solar module. Secondly, it explores the interface deformation of the layers of the defective region of the module with some statistical tools including root mean root (RSM) and arithmetic mean (Rq). It used the aforementioned tools to demonstrate the effect of microstructural defects on the mechanical behaviour of the entire layers of the module. The study established that the defect observed in the module, emanated from long-term degradation of the a-Si solar cells after years of exposure to various light and temperature conditions. It tested the mechanism of mechanical degradation and its effect on the reliability and stability of the defective and non-defective regions of the module with adhesion force characterisation.
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Kim, Ju-Hee, Jongsung Park, Donghwan Kim i Nochang Park. "Study on Mitigation Method of Solder Corrosion for Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules". International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/809075.
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The corrosion of 62Sn36Pb2Ag solder connections poses serious difficulties for outdoor-exposed photovoltaic (PV) modules, as connection degradation contributes to the increase in series resistance (RS) of PV modules. In this study, we investigated a corrosion mitigation method based on the corrosion mechanism. The effect of added sacrificial metal on the reliability of PV modules was evaluated using the oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction under damp heat (DH) conditions. Experimental results after exposure to DH show that the main reason for the decrease in power was a drop in the module’s fill factor. This drop was attributed to the increase ofRS. The drop in output power of the PV module without added sacrificial metal is greater than that of the sample with sacrificial metal. Electroluminescence and current-voltage mapping analysis also show that the PV module with sacrificial metal experienced less degradation than the sample without sacrificial metal.
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Naveed, A. T., E. C. Kang i E. J. Lee. "Effect of Unglazed Transpired Collector on the Performance of a Polycrystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Module". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 128, nr 3 (23.03.2006): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2212438.
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The electrical power generated by a polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) module mounted on an unglazed transpired solar collector (UTC) has been studied and compared to that of a PV module without UTC for a quantitative analysis of electrical output and its role in reducing the simple payback periods of photovoltaic electrical systems. A 75W polycrystalline silicon PV module was fixed on an UTC in front of the ventilation fan, and effectiveness of cooling by means of the forced ventilation at the rate of 160CFM was monitored. The temperature reduction under forced ventilation was in the range of 3-9°C with a 5% recovery in the electrical output power on a typical day of the month of February 2005. The simulated and measured electrical power outputs are in reasonable agreement with root-mean-square error of 2.40. The life cycle assessment of a hypothetical PV system located at Daejeon, South Korea and consisting of 3kW PV modules fixed on a 50m2 UTC shows that with a possible reduction of 3-9°C in the operating temperatures, the system requires three 75W fewer PV modules. The simple payback period of PV system is reduced from 23yearsto15years when integrated into an UTC air heating system.
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Peerapong, Prachuab, i Bundit Limmeechokchai. "Assessment of Electricity Generation on Different Inorganic and Metallic Embedded in Solar Photovoltaic Panels: Cases of Thailand". Key Engineering Materials 658 (lipiec 2015): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.658.101.
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Photovoltaic (PV) has recently undergone impressive growth and substantial cost decreases. Basically wafer-based crystalline-Si PV technologies have the advantage of higher module efficiency as compared to thin-film PV, but thin-film PV has the advantage of lower production cost. The silicon-based solar PV needs light-induced charge separation at the p-n junction between two slices (wafers) of doped silicon in either single-crystal silicon (sc-Si) or polycrystalline (poly-Si). However until recently thin-film PV modules both amorphous silicon (a-Si) and non-silicon thin film technology have been advantageous developed. Metallic based modules such as cadmium telluride, CdTe and copper indium gallium diselenide, CIGS thin-film PV technologies have currently efficiencies of 16.1% and 15.7%, respectively. A high efficiency makes thin-film PV technologies more competitive with wafer-based crystalline-Si PV. This study investigates the electricity generation of both silicon based and non-silicon based solar PV modules. The implementation uses solar irradiation with average of higher than 18 MJ/m2.day in high solar radiation provinces in Thailand. A High solar radiation is observed in mostly in central and the east regions of the country. The result shows that the commercial amorphous PV module is appropriate for large scale installation while wafer-based crystalline-Si PV can be installed both in cases of solar rooftop and solar PV farm. Thin-film PV modules both silicon based (a-Si) and non-silicon based is basically appropriate for small installation such as solar rooftop and building integrated PV (BIPV). But in the near future the metallic based PV modules will be competitive with crystalline-Si PV in terms of both efficiency and with its lower cost.
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Andrea, Yotham, Tatiana Pogrebnaya i Baraka Kichonge. "Effect of Industrial Dust Deposition on Photovoltaic Module Performance: Experimental Measurements in the Tropical Region". International Journal of Photoenergy 2019 (20.12.2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1892148.
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Dust particle accumulation affects outdoor photovoltaic module transmittance of solar cell glazing and thus leads to significant degradation of conversion efficiency owing to lower irradiance reaching the surface. In this study, the sensitivity of the polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic module towards industrial dust deposition was experimentally investigated under the tropical climatic condition of Arusha, Tanzania. Dust involved in the study came from fertilizer, gypsum, aggregate crusher, and coal mine industries. The experimental measurements were outdoor conducted under 720 W/m2, 800 W/m2, and 900 W/m2 solar irradiances. Results indicated that dust accumulation on the polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic module negatively affected output power as well as short-circuit current, however having no significant impact on open-circuit voltage. Maximum module efficiency loss was observed to be 64%, 42%, 30%, and 29% for coal, aggregate, gypsum, and organic fertilizer dust, respectively; hence, coal dust was the most effecting dust among the four. It was also demonstrated that PV module performance deteriorated with temperature rise owing to heat dissipation caused by dust accumulation.
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Sarniak, Mariusz T. "Simulation Model of PV Module Built from Point-Focusing Fresnel Radiation Concentrators and Three-Junction High-Performance Cells". Applied Sciences 12, nr 2 (13.01.2022): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020806.
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The silicon photovoltaic modules that dominate the market today are constantly being modified, but at the same time, the search for new, more efficient design solutions is underway. The study examined a less popular photovoltaic module built from point-focusing Fresnel radiation concentrators and high-efficiency three-junction cells. The advantage of this type of module is its high overall efficiency, exceeding 30%. The disadvantage is that they require biaxial precision tracking mechanisms because even a small deviation of the direction of direct solar radiation from the perpendicular to the module’s surface causes a large and abrupt drop in efficiency. This type of photovoltaic module structure is often also marked with the symbol C3PV. A mathematical model and simulation calculations were carried out in the Matlab/Simulink package for the C3PV module—the CX-75/200 model based on the “Solar Cell” component. The concentration of direct solar radiation was taken into account. For the module under consideration, experimental and simulation results show the necessity of accurate positioning concerning the direction of solar radiation—deviation of the radiation angle by about 5° causes a very high power loss (by about 92%).
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Vygranenko, Y., A. Khosropour, R. Yang, A. Sazonov, A. Kosarev, A. Abramov i E. Terukov. "Lightweight amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules on flexible plastic substrate". Canadian Journal of Physics 92, nr 7/8 (lipiec 2014): 871–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2013-0566.
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Solar cells on lightweight and flexible substrates have advantages over glass- or wafer-based photovoltaic devices in both terrestrial and space applications. Here, we report on development of amorphous silicon thin film photovoltaic modules fabricated at maximum deposition temperature of 150 °C on 100 μm thick polyethylene-naphtalate plastic films. Each module of 10 cm × 10 cm area consists of 72 a-Si:H n-i-p rectangular structures with transparent conducting oxide top electrodes with Al fingers and metal back electrodes deposited through the shadow masks. Individual structures are connected in series forming eight rows with connection ports provided for external blocking diodes. The design optimization and device performance analysis are performed using a developed SPICE model.
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Adiyabat, Amarbayar, Bat-Erdene Ganbaatar, Kenji Otani i Naruush Enkhmaa. "Long Term Performance Analysis of Photovoltaic Modules in the Sainshand of Dornogobi Province". Физик сэтгүүл 17, nr 362 (13.03.2022): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/physics.v17i362.715.
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This paper presents the evaluation results of a long-term performance of 2 type PV module from actual data measured over a period of more than 6 years in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. For the purpose of estimating solar energy potentials and durability of PV systems in the Gobi desert area, a data acquisition system, which includes crystalline silicon (c-Si), polycrystalline silicon (p-Si) modules and precision pyranometer, thermometer and anemometer, have been installed at the Sainshand city in October, 2002. This system has been measuring 23 parameters including solar irradiation and meteorological parameters in every 10 minutes. It has been observed that the high output gain due to the operating condition in an extreme low ambient temperature and the PV module degradation rate indicated over -1.5[%/yr] after 6 years exposure test.
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Guo, S., J. P. Singh, I. M. Peters, A. G. Aberle i T. M. Walsh. "A Quantitative Analysis of Photovoltaic Modules Using Halved Cells". International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/739374.
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In a silicon wafer-based photovoltaic (PV) module, significant power is lost due to current transport through the ribbons interconnecting neighbour cells. Using halved cells in PV modules is an effective method to reduce the resistive power loss which has already been applied by some major PV manufacturers (Mitsubishi, BP Solar) in their commercial available PV modules. As a consequence, quantitative analysis of PV modules using halved cells is needed. In this paper we investigate theoretically and experimentally the difference between modules made with halved and full-size solar cells. Theoretically, we find an improvement in fill factor of 1.8% absolute and output power of 90 mW for the halved cell minimodule. Experimentally, we find an improvement in fill factor of 1.3% absolute and output power of 60 mW for the halved cell module. Also, we investigate theoretically how this effect confers to the case of large-size modules. It is found that the performance increment of halved cell PV modules is even higher for high-efficiency solar cells. After that, the resistive loss of large-size modules with different interconnection schemes is analysed. Finally, factors influencing the performance and cost of industrial halved cell PV modules are discussed.
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Cosnita, Mihaela, Ileana Manciulea i Cristina Cazan. "All-Waste Hybrid Composites with Waste Silicon Photovoltaic Module". Polymers 12, nr 1 (31.12.2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010053.
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Nowadays, global warming, energy issues and environmental concern have forced energy production stakeholders to find new low carbon solutions. Photovoltaic technologies as renewable energy resources represent a competitive way for the transition from conventional fossil fuels towards a renewable energy economy. The highest renewable energy systems (RES) market share is based on silicon photovoltaic (Si-PV). The installed RES have rapidly increased over the last two decades, but, after the end of their service life, they will be disposed of. Therefore, the constant increase of the installed RES has attracted the global concern due to their impact on the environment and, most of all, due to the content of their valuable resources. However, the rational management of RES waste has not been addressed so far. The paper represents an extension of a previous work focused on Si-PV recycling by developing all waste hybrid composites. The extension research conducted in this paper is related to the influence of Si-PV characteristics on the mechanical performances and water stability of the hybrid composites. All waste hybrid composites developed by embedding different Si-PV grain sizes were tested before and after water immersion in terms of mechanical strength, interfacial adhesion, crystallinity and morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The results revealed the better performance of such Si-PV composites compared to that of sieved composites even after long term water immersion. Therefore, high-content Si-PV hybrid composites could be developed without Si-PV powder sieving. Further on, all waste hybrid composites could be used as paving slabs, protective barriers for outdoor applications.
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Deng, Rong, Nathan L. Chang, Zi Ouyang i Chee Mun Chong. "A techno-economic review of silicon photovoltaic module recycling". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 109 (lipiec 2019): 532–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.04.020.
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Akhmad, Kholid, Hiroaki Okamoto, Fumio Yamamoto i Akio Kitamura. "Long-Term Performance Modelling of Amorphous Silicon Photovoltaic Module". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 36, Part 1, No. 2 (15.02.1997): 629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.36.629.
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Yang, Hong, He Wang i Dingyue Cao. "Investigation of soldering for crystalline silicon solar cells". Soldering & Surface Mount Technology 28, nr 4 (5.09.2016): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssmt-04-2015-0015.
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Purpose Tabbing and stringing are the critical process for crystalline silicon solar module production. Because of the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients between silicon and metal, phenomenon of cell bowing, microcracks formation or cell breakage emerge during the soldering process. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of soldering on crystalline silicon solar cells and module, and reveal soldering law so as to decrease the breakage rates and improve reliability for crystalline silicon solar module. Design/methodology/approach A microscopic model of the soldering process is developed by the study of the crystalline silicon solar cell soldering process in this work. And the defects caused by soldering were analyzed systematically. Findings The defects caused by soldering are analyzed systematically. The optimal soldering conditions are derived for the crystalline silicon solar module. Originality/value The quality criterion of soldering for crystalline silicon solar module is built for the first time. The optimal soldering conditions are derived for the crystalline silicon solar module. This study provides insights into solder interconnection reliability in the photovoltaic (PV) industry.
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Park, Jongsung, Wangou Kim, Namjun Cho, Haksoo Lee i Nochang Park. "An eco-friendly method for reclaimed silicon wafers from a photovoltaic module: from separation to cell fabrication". Green Chemistry 18, nr 6 (2016): 1706–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5gc01819f.
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Crozier, Jacqui L., Ernest E. Van Dyk i Frederick J. Vorster. "Identification and characterisation of performance limiting defects and cell mismatch in photovoltaic modules". Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 26, nr 3 (23.09.2015): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2015/v26i3a2126.
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The performance and longevity of photovoltaic (PV) modules can be severely limited by cell mismatch occurring when a solar cell in a series-connected string produces a lower current than the other cells in that string. The current output of the entire string is limited by the weakest cell in the string so shading or damage to a single cell in a module can affect the entire module’s current output. Electrolumin-escence (EL) occurs when a positive current and voltage are applied to a solar cell and is used to identify damage and defects in the cell. In this study, the cell mismatch in three single crystalline silicon modules was investigated using EL and current-voltage (I-V) characterisation techniques. Two modules have a white discolouration that affects the majority of the cells in the module and also have signs of mechanical damage, while the third module acts as a reference as it has no discolouration and appears undamaged. The EL signal intensity is related to cell performance and identifies material defects, bad contacts and broken cells. Cell mismatch in a module results in a decrease in the performance parameters obtained from the I-V characteristic curve of the module. The I-V curves indicate the presence of current mismatch in the degraded modules, which is supported by the EL images of these modules. The use of EL images, in conjunction with the I-V curves, allows the degradation in the modules to be characterised.