Artykuły w czasopismach: „SHIFTER DESIGN”

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Rajeswari, P., P. Sushmitha, E. Divya i A. Sherin Jensila. "Design and Implementation of Phase Shifter for Wireless Communication". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 6 (30.06.2022): 1512–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44088.

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Abstract: Phase shifters are common microwave devices that are widely used to control the phase of a microwave signal in mobile satellite systems, microwave instrumentation and measurement systems, modulators, noise cancellation systems, frequency converters, electronic beam scanning phase arrays, microwave imaging, and many other industrial applications is used for. Phase shifters are passive devices used to perform variable phase changes in the wave propagating through it. Phase shifters require compact size, low cost and low insertion loss in the desired bandwidth. The size of the phase shifters is a crucial parameter, especially in the design of portable microwave devices, due to the space constraints. The significantly higher insertion loss of phase shifters used in a transmitter causes a significant reduction in transmitting power levels, while it causes a severe drop in signal to noise ratio when the phase shifter is a part of the receiver.. Phase shifters are essential components in phased array antennas for wireless and Radio Detection And Ranging (RADAR) applications. Loaded line phase shifter, reflective line phase shifter and switched line phase shifters are the most commonly used. The electrical performance of a phase shifter is specified in terms of insertion loss, phase error, operating bandwidth and power handling capacity.. Emerging wireless systems have transceivers that require compact and cost effective phase shifters. Physical size and weight of phase shifters are the major issues in mobile and the wireless applications. Therefore, miniaturization of phase shifters has become an important objective of radio frequency (RF) designers to provide portability and affordability in wireless/mobile systems. The present research work mainly focuses on planar phase shifter design with linear phase shift. In this a Defected Ground Structures (DGS) is proposed where as ,Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMIC), Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and fractals have emerged as the possible techniques for miniaturization of RF systems and antennas. However the existence of defected cells on the ground plane may limit the use of DGS based phase shifters. MMIC technology increases the cost and complexity of manufacturing whereas MEMS based phase shifter is prone to limited life and yield. In this thesis, fractal techniques are adapted to design and develop miniaturized phase shifters for wireless applications.

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Kotiyal, Saurabh, i Himanshu Thapliyal. "Design Methodologies for Reversible Logic Based Barrel Shifters". Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 25, nr 02 (23.12.2015): 1650003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126616500031.

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Barrel shifter is an integral component of processor datapaths in computing systems since it can shift and rotate multiple bits in a single cycle. Furthermore, reversible logic has applications in emerging computing paradigms such as quantum computing, quantum dot cellular automata, optical computing, etc. In this work, we propose efficient methodologies for designing reversible barrel shifters. The proposed methodologies are designed using Fredkin gate and Feynman gate (FG). The Fredkin gate is used because it can implement a 2:1 MUX with minimum quantum cost, minimum number of ancilla inputs and garbage outputs, and the Feynman gate is used to avoid a fanout since a fanout is not allowed in reversible logic. In the existing literature, design methodologies are limited to the design of a ([Formula: see text]) reversible left rotator that can only perform the left rotate operation. This work explores the other primary functionalities of a reversible barrel shifter such as the design of a reversible: (i) logical right shifter, (ii) universal right shifter that supports logical right shifter, arithmetic right shifter and right rotate operation, (iii) bidirectional logical shifter and (iv) universal bidirectional shifter that supports bidirectional logical and arithmetic shifter and rotate operations. The other types of reversible barrel shifters can also be easily designed by making minor modifications in the proposed methodologies. The proposed design methodologies are generic in nature and can be implemented using any barrel shifter of ([Formula: see text]) size, where n and k are the number of data bits and shift value, respectively. In order to minimize the number of ancilla inputs and garbage outputs, strategies such as the implementation of an n number of 2:1 MUXes as a chain of n Fredkin gates and the mapping of the two different 2:1 MUXes that are controlled by a common control signal but having the swapped controlled signals on a single Fredkin gate, are utilized. The design methodologies are evaluated in terms of the number of garbage outputs, the number of ancilla inputs and quantum cost. For a ([Formula: see text]) reversible barrel shifter, the relations between the varying values of n and k and their impact on the number of garbage outputs, the number of ancilla inputs and quantum cost are also established to help the designers in choosing an efficient barrel shifter according to their design needs.

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Alqaisei, Mohammed A., Abdel-Fattah A. Sheta, Ibrahim Elshafiey i Majid Altamimi. "Design of Hybrid Beamforming System Based on Practical Circuit Parameter of 6-Bit Millimeter-Wave Phase Shifters". Micromachines 14, nr 4 (19.04.2023): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14040875.

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This paper addresses the design of a hybrid beamforming system considering the circuit parameter of six-bit millimeter-wave phase shifters based on the process design kit. The phase shifter design adopts 45 nm CMOS silicon on insulator (SOI) technology at 28-GHz. Various circuit topologies are utilized, and in particular, a design is presented based on switched LC components, connected in a cascode manner. The phase shifter configuration is connected in a cascading manner to get the 6-bit phase controls. Six different phase shifters are obtained, which are 180°, 90°, 45°, 22.5°, 11.25°, and 5.6°, with a minimum number of LC components. The circuit parameters of the designed phase shifters are then incorporated in a simulation model of hybrid beamforming for a multiuser MIMO system. The number of OFDM data symbols used in the simulation is ten for eight users, 16 QAM modulation schemes, −25 dB SNR, 120 simulation runs, and around 170 h runtime. Simulation results are obtained considering four and eight users, assuming accurate technology-based models of RFIC components of the phase shifter as well as ideal phase shifter parameters. The results indicate that the performance of the multiuser MIMO system is affected by the accuracy level of the phase shifter RF component models. The outcomes also reveal the performance tradeoff based on user data streams and the number of BS antennas. By optimizing the amount of parallel data streams per user, higher data transmission rates are achieved, while maintaining acceptable error vector magnitude (EVM) values. In addition, stochastic analysis is conducted to investigate the distribution of the RMS EVM. The outcomes show that the best fitting of RMS EVM distribution of the actual and ideal phase shifters agreed with the log-logistic and logistic distributions, respectively. The obtained (mean, variance) values of the actual phase shifters based on accurate library models are (46.997, 481.36), and for ideal components the values are (36.47, 10.44).

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Tong, Weiyu, Yanxian Wei, Hailong Zhou, Jianji Dong i Xinliang Zhang. "The Design of a Low-Loss, Fast-Response, Metal Thermo-Optic Phase Shifter Based on Coupled-Mode Theory". Photonics 9, nr 7 (25.06.2022): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070447.

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A thermo-optic phase shifter is of great importance in silicon photonics. However, it is difficult to simultaneously achieve a good performance in insertion loss and in response speed by using traditional thermal tuning through a metallic heater. In this paper, based on coupled-mode theory, we propose a method to place high-loss materials close to the optical waveguide while maintaining the low loss of the optical device, which ensures the low insertion loss (~0.78 dB) of the phase shifter. Additionally, thanks to the very short distance between the rib waveguide and the chromium (Cr) heater, the phase shifter exhibits a high response speed (1.15 μs in rise time and 2.18 μs in decay time) with a measured bandwidth (BW) of 186 kHz. Moreover, we further optimize the structure of phase shifters, leading to the reduction of π-shift power consumption from 25.1 mW to 13.6 mW. Our proposed phase shifters have great potential in large-scale silicon photonic integrated circuits.

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Aggarwal, Meenakshi, i B. S. Matheru. "Virtual Prototyping and Development of Rotary Field Ferrite Phase Shifter". Defence Science Journal 66, nr 2 (23.03.2016): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.66.9309.

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Review of the virtual prototyping and physical development of the rotary field ferrite phase shifter is presented. A description of the basic principle of operation of the rotary field ferrite phase shifter has been given along with the key aspects about the design and virtual prototyping of various parts of the phase shifter viz ferrite rod, yoke, polarisers and matching section using HFSS and 3-D Maxwell softwares. Calibrated simulation performance of the phase shifters is presented and it shows good agreement with physical measurement results. Three prototypes and one hundred production capable phase shifter modules were fabricated, functionally tested and RF characterised. This is an indigenous development of the physical prototypes of rotary field class of ferrite phase shifters of C-band. This class of ferrite phase shifters finds application in phased array radars, such as battery level radar and weapon locating radar, because of its high phase accuracy and high power handling capability.

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VS, Nandish, i Dr Uma B V. "Design of GPIO Transmitter". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, nr 8 (31.08.2023): 1957–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.55455.

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Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive design approach for a versatile 1.8V GPIO transmitter tailored for a 5pf load capacitance. The work introduces a novel design that accommodates 1.8V IO supply, enhancing the flexibility and compatibility of the GPIO transmitter. The GPIO consists of a level shifter and a driver. A level up shifter is used along with a driver capable of driving the signals without any data loss. The work embarks on the objective of designing a robust GPIO transmitter by utilizing a combination of level shifting and driver circuitry. The methodology encompasses meticulous simulation-driven design, encompassing a 45nm technology node and the Cadence Virtuoso platform. The design incorporates a level shifter that elevates input data from a core domain operating at 0.8V to IO levels of 1.8V , ensuring seamless communication across various voltage domains. The driver circuit, implemented with progressive sizing, effectively drives the substantial load capacitance of 5pF, maintaining the integrity of input data. Through detailed analysis, the architecture ensures compliance with the demanding specifications of Intel Max 10 FPGA. Simulation results exhibit the efficacy of the proposed design. The level shifter successfully transforms an incoming 0.8V data signal to 1.79V , aligning with the 1.8V IO requirements. The driver also drives the same signal out with a load of 5pf. The level shifter and driver is combined to check for the working of transmitter, with input at 0.8V and the signal is obtained at the expected voltage level at the output of driver

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Grattoni, V., J. E. Baader i S. Casalbuoni. "Superconducting Phase shifter design for the afterburner at the European XFEL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2380, nr 1 (1.12.2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2380/1/012008.

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Abstract At the European XFEL, we are designing a superconducting afterburner for the SASE2 hard X-ray beamline. It will consist of a series of five undulator modules plus a pre-series one called S-PRESSO. One module corresponds to two superconducting undulator (SCU) coils of 2m length plus one phase shifter. Such an afterburner will enable photon energies above 30 keV. We foresee to install superconducting (SC) phase shifters in each undulator module to keep the correct phase delay between the electron beam and photon beam. In this contribution, we present the required SC phase shifter parameters to enable operation in the electron beam energy range 11.5-17.5 GeV. We also analyze different magnetic designs satisfying the calculated specifications.

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Hu, Wei, Di Jiang, Weiyi Zhang, Yuxin Liu, Kai Zhu i Tiedi Zhang. "Design of a W-Band Dielectric Phase Shifter Based on Liquid Crystal". International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2022 (15.11.2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6486628.

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In this paper, a W band (75–110 GHz) phase shifter based on the liquid crystal of continuous tunability and the three-electrode bias network of excellent electrical manipulation is designed. Taking Rexolite 1422 as the transmission dielectric, in which slots are dug and filled with liquid crystal. The voltage is regulated by the electrode bias network, and then the liquid crystal dielectric constant is changed to realize phase shift. The measured results show that the phase shift of the liquid crystal dielectric phase shifter can be up to 440° through the electrical control of the bias electrode network, which surpasses many designed phase shifters. In the whole W band, the insert loss is about 3 dB and the return loss is almost over 10 dB, emerging excellent matching.

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Amy, SW, i MI Large. "A Simple Microstrip Phase Shifter". Australian Journal of Physics 45, nr 1 (1992): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph920105.

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A novel, inexpensive, series-connected loaded-line (SCOLL) phase shifter has been developed for the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope. The phase shifter, which operates at 0�843 GHz, consists of a ",3>'/8 length of microstrip with series connected varactors at each end. Although designed as a binary phase shifter, the insertion phase varies almost linearly with varactor reactance, with very little gain variation for phase ranges up to 90�. Thus, driven by a digital-to-analogue (D/ A) converter, a SCOLL becomes a programmable phase shifter of any desired resolution. The same technique would be suitable for narrow-band low power applications in the frequency range 0�1 to 10 GHz. This paper gives the basic theory of SCOLL phase shifters, a design chart, construction details and performance data.

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Popela, Miroslav, Jaroslav Láčík i Libor Dražan. "Waveguide power phase shifter with a ferrite circulator in S-band". Journal of Electrical Engineering 73, nr 3 (1.06.2022): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2022-0029.

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Abstract This paper presents the application of a phase shifter with a ferrite Y-circulator in band S. Global literature addresses primarily the basic types of power waveguide phase shifters, however, there has been minimal literature on a phase shifter that uses a ferrite circulator for phase shifting. The paper describes theoretical and practical results where a ferrite circulator is used to shift the phase. A power phase shifter utilizing a ferrite circulator could be used in power applications where high demands are placed on the phase shift accuracy with minimal power losses. The phase shift is handled by a tunable waveguide short circuit that is connected to the port 2 of the ferrite circulator. By changing the waveguide length, the phase is changed. The measured results are compared with theoretical calculations and evaluated. The proposed phase shifter utilizing the ferrite circulator has its advantages in its simple design, in the accuracy of the phase adjustment and in the speed of the tuning. Another great advantage is its quite low cost due to its simple design.

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Esteban Eraso, Uxua, Carlos Sánchez-Azqueta, Concepción Aldea i Santiago Celma. "A 19.5 GHz 5-Bit Digitally Programmable Phase Shifter for Active Antenna Arrays". Electronics 12, nr 13 (28.06.2023): 2862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12132862.

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This paper presents the design of a new phase shifter to be used in a receiver of active antenna array operating in the range from 17 GHz to 22 GHz. Beamforming is achieved by controlling the phase of the signal in each radiant element. In this context, the phase shift is obtained by the combination of a quadrature signal generator (QSG) and a variable gain amplifier (VGA). This work is focused on the design of a VGA which has a set of dummy transistors to keep the input and output impedance constant. The phase shifter is digitally programmable using a 5-bit word. The system was laid out using a 65 nm CMOS process, and the physical post-layout results show that the phase shifter achieves root mean square errors of 4.5° for the phase and 0.79 dB for the gain at a frequency of 19.5 GHz. A comparative analysis with other recently published phase shifters shows that the proposed phase shifter presents a good compromise between power consumption and accuracy.

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Gagarin, Alexander, Roman Platonov, Tatiana Legkova i Andrey Altynnikov. "Estimation of Ferroelectric Material Properties and Phase-Shifter Design Key Parameters Influence on Its Figure of Merit for Optimization of Development Process". Crystals 11, nr 5 (12.05.2021): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11050538.

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A model of the estimation of the ferroelectric-based phase-shifter figure of merit concerning the material properties and phase-shifter design parameters is presented. The influence of ferroelectric material tunability and losses on phase-shifter characteristics are analyzed. Two approaches to phase-shifter design (transmission line and band-pass filter) are considered. The review of the published results on the ferroelectric phase-shifter design was performed to approve the method proposed. Recommendations to optimize the phase-shifter development process are suggested on the basis of the elaborated model and analysis performed.

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Rajan V., Prithivi, i Punitha A. "Design and experimental analysis of MEMS-based Ku band phase shifter". Circuit World 44, nr 3 (6.08.2018): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-12-2017-0073.

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Purpose This paper aims to design a radio frequency micro-electro-mechanical system (RF MEMS)-based phase shifter using chamfered coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line (t-line) with open-circuit interdigital metal–air–metal (ID MAM) capacitors. Design/methodology/approach The proposed phase shifter achieves maximum differential phase shift with low loss at Ku band. The phase shifter is built with one switchable fixed-fixed beam (MEMS switch) on chamfered CPW t-line in series with two planar open-circuit ID MAM capacitors. An equivalent circuit model for the proposed phase shifter is derived, and its parameters are extracted using an electromagnetic (EM) solver. Findings The MEMS switch is actuated using an electrostatic method with the calculated residual stress of 44.26 MPa. The fabricated phase shifter exhibits low insertion loss, close to 0.14 dB at 17 GHz, with the maximum phase shift of 15.06°. The return loss is greater than 23 dB between 12 and 18 GHz. Originality/value This phase shifter presents a promising solution for low loss applications in the Ku band with a maximum phase shift. As the maximum phase shift of 15.06° is achieved for a unit cell with low insertion loss, the phase shifter is found to be feasible for modern electronically tunable phased arrays used for satellite communication and radar systems.

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Sahithi, P., K. Hari Kishore, E. Raghuveera i P. Gopi Krishna. "Design of voltage level shifter for power-efficient applications using 45nm technology". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 2.8 (19.03.2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.8.10339.

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The paper describes a voltage level shifter for power efficient applications which is simulated in tanner spice tool using 45nm technology. The conservative voltage level shifter is designed by using 6 transistors. The voltage level shifter cell generally used for shifting the voltage range of the signal from one voltage domain to another. This is required when the chip operate at multiple voltage domains. The circuit parameters like leakage voltage and average power dissipation are calculate for this circuit. Mainly level shifter consists of two voltage levels. One is low logic supply voltage (VDDL) another one is high logic supply voltage (VDDH). The simulation results of proposed level shifter with Wilson current mirror by 45nm technology for the input frequency of 1MHZ, the power dissipation of 0.177nW with 3db gain of 9.78.

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Yih, S. J., M. Cheng i W. S. Feng. "Multilevel barrel shifter for CORDIC design". Electronics Letters 32, nr 13 (1996): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19960780.

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Palomba, Mirko, Diego Palombini, Sergio Colangeli, Walter Ciccognani i Ernesto Limiti. "Broadband Nonreciprocal Phase Shifter Design Technique". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 66, nr 4 (kwiecień 2018): 1964–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2017.2785816.

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Dani, Sunil, Raj Singh, S. V. Kulkarni i Icrh-Rf Group. "Design of multi limb phase shifter". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 208 (1.02.2010): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/208/1/012032.

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Yeo, Sung-Dae, Tae-Il Cho, Seung-Il Cho i Seong-Kweon Kim. "Design of DC Level Shifter for Daisy Chain Interface". Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences 11, nr 5 (31.05.2016): 479–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.13067/jkiecs.2016.11.5.479.

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Prof. Nitin Sherje. "Phase Shifters with Tunable Reflective Method Using Inductive Coupled Lines". International Journal of New Practices in Management and Engineering 6, nr 01 (31.03.2017): 08–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijnpme.v6i01.50.

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A coupler forms essential aspect of a phase shifters with tunable reflector, which is a 3 decibel quadrature coupler (λ/4). In this paper, a model which shows that by reducing the length of the coupler a wide phase range is achieved for a reflective type phase shifter. The approach used in this method is by having a variable instead of constant Even and Odd impedances. The ultimate aim is to design a Reflective Type Phase Shifter which has a very low area, low return and insertion losses and a large phase range. The proposed model is done using Advanced Design System (ADS) and the results are verified for the frequency of 2.4GHz.

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WHEATLEY, Greg, i Ahmed ALI. "SHIFTER MECHANISM DESIGN FOR FSAE MOTOR SPORTS VEHICLE JCU". Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 113 (1.12.2021): 219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2021.113.17.

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This report provides a design analysis of a replacement’s shifter mechanism for the 2014 model JCU Motorsports FSAE vehicle. Common FSAE shifter mechanisms were researched and reviewed to provide a better understanding of the needs required. A design approach was constructed to ultimately design a mechanism that conformed to all existing constraints and FSAE rules. Realistic load cases were identified and employed in the FEA analysis of the design. Supporting hand calculations were developed, proving the analysis to be accurate. Results showed the shifter mechanism does not fail under infinite life, with some parts of the design having a reasonably high safety factor, ensuring stability.

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Zhuang, Qinghe, Zhengfeng Xiong, Feng Yan, Meng Yang i Yingjun Liu. "A novel T-shaped high-power waveguide phase shifter with continuous linear phase adjustment". Review of Scientific Instruments 94, nr 3 (1.03.2023): 034704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0097739.

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A novel T-shaped high-power waveguide phase shifter is investigated in this paper. The phase shifter consists of straight waveguides, four 90° H-bend waveguides, a stretching metal plate, and a metal spacer linked with the stretching metal plate. The entire structure for the phase shifter is symmetrical along both sides of the metal spacer. The phase-shifting principle for the phase shifter is to change the microwave transmission path by moving the stretching metal plate and then realize the linear phase adjustment. An optimal design approach of the phase shifter based on the boundary element method is described in detail. On this basis, a T-shaped waveguide phase shifter prototype with a center frequency of 9.3 GHz is designed. Simulation results show that the phase shifters can achieve 0°–360° linear phase adjustment by altering the distance of the stretched metal plate to 24 mm, and the efficiency of power transmission is more than 99.6%. In the meanwhile, experiments were conducted and the test results are in good agreement with simulation results. The return loss is more than 29 dB, and the insertion loss is less than 0.3 dB at 9.3 GHz in the entire phase-shifting range.

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Kumaresan, Raja Sekar, Marshal Raj i Lakshminarayanan Gopalakrishnan. "Design and implementation of a nano magnetic logic barrel shifter using beyond-CMOS technology". Journal of Electrical Engineering 73, nr 1 (1.02.2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2022-0001.

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Abstract Bit manipulation plays a significant role in high-speed digital signal processing (DSP) and data computing systems, and shift and rotation operations are crucial functions in it. In general, barrel shifters are used to perform these operations effectively. Nano magnetic logic circuits are among the promising beyond-CMOS alternative technologies for the design of high-speed circuits. Most of the existing circuits that have been developed using nano magnets are combinational circuits. In this work, a barrel shifter is implemented and realised using in-plane nano magnetic logic. The proposed design is the first of its kind nano magnetic logic circuit. The nano magnetic logic circuit implementation, layout generation, simulation, and validation were performed using the ToPoliNano and ModelSim tools. The logical equivalent design was synthesised and evaluated using the Synopsys Design Compiler tool. The proposed barrel shifter was realised using majority logic has 1769037 nano magnets with a boxing area of 481 × 13104 µm2 and 3276 clock zones after optimisation with the Barycenter algorithm. The proposed barrel shifter realised using Boolean logic has 315276 nano magnets with a boxing area of 265 × 5028 µm2 and 1257 clock zones after optimisation with the Barycenter algorithm. The proposed design results demonstrate that complex systems can be developed using nano magnetic logic by combining combinational and sequential circuits.

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Jakkannavar, Shravan M. "Contention Mitigation based Level Shifter Architecture". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, nr VI (20.06.2021): 1664–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35343.

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Energy efficiency is one of the most important issues that needs to be solved in the current system on chip design. To overcome this issue, many circuits inside the chip run at low power. However there are some blocks like memories that run at relatively higher voltages. This means, modern day SOC contains different voltages running through it. The problem arises when two blocks operating at different voltages want to communicate with each other. This problem is solved by using Level Shifters as an interfacer between the blocks. The function of Level Shifter is to convert voltage level of input signal to that of the output. In this paper a cross coupled architecture of Level Shifter is proposed which operates between 1.5v and 5v. The speciality of this architecture is there is less contention between pull up network and pull down network, which reduces the rise and fall delay significantly. The proposed design is simulated at different operating conditions and the functionality is checked.

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Shin, Hyun-Ji, Jun-Seok Ma, Jin-Young Choi i Wook-Sung Kim. "Phase Shifting Enhancement of a Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Phase Shifter Based on Liquid Crystal". Applied Sciences 13, nr 4 (15.02.2023): 2504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042504.

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A novel technique to enhance the phase shifting range of a liquid crystal (LC)-based, substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) phase shifter by inserting inductive posts (IPs) is presented for the first time. The IPs inserted in the LC-based SIW phase shifter produce a phase advance based on the relative permittivity of the LC, resulting in an additional differential phase shift. At 28 GHz, the proposed structure with IPs achieves a ratio of maximum differential phase shift (Δϕmax) to maximum insertion loss (ILmax) (FoM1) = 52.82 °/dB and ratio of maximum differential phase shift to length (FoM2) = 2.62 °/mm. Compared with conventional LC-based SIW phase shifters that lack an IP and use the same amount of LC, the FoM1 increased by 16% and the FoM2 increased by 55%. In addition, compared to the typical structure that uses additional LCs instead of IPs, the FoM1 decreased by 7%, and FoM2 increased by 21%. Therefore, inserting IPs into the LC-based SIW phase shifter can reduce the dimensions of the phase shifter and the amount of LCs required to achieve the desired differential phase shift. We believe this work can contribute to the design of compact and efficient SIW phase shifters for future telecommunication systems.

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Mytsenko, I., i O. Roenko. "QUICK-ACTING, CONTROLLABLE PHASE SHIFTER FOR PHASE ANGLE ADJUSTMENT IN RADIO SIGNALS". RADIO PHYSICS AND RADIO ASTRONOMY 27, nr 3 (2022): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/rpra27.03.213.

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Subject and Purpose. The phase shifters intended for controlling the phase of radio signals are widely used in ultra-high frequency technology, communication systems, radar, and a variety of measuring and special-purpose radio equipment. Designers of phased array antennas face the need of providing for broad beam scanning angles and high antenna gains, which leads to the necessity of greatly increasing the number of array elements, each of which is to be controlled by a phase shifter. Therefore, the development and creation of quick-acting phase shifters is an urgent task. The purpose of this work is to develop high-speed, controllable phase shifters for performing phase angle adjustments and thus provide, at an acceptable cost, for desirable parameters of phased antenna arrays, frequency stabilizing systems of magnetrons, etc. Methods and Methodology. The functional diagram of the proposed quick-acting, controllable phase shifter has been analyzed mathematically and modelled numerically. Results. The controllable phase shifter can be successfully implemented through the use of two parallel-connected resonators at the input of a specific receiver. Analysis of the signal amplitude and phase at the output of the phase shifter in dependence on the values at the input confirms the possibility of adjusting the phase of the output signal over a wide range of angles. Conclusions. A design concept of quick-acting, controllable phase shifters for producing adjustable phase angles has been developed. The device can be employed in phased antenna arrays or frequency stabilizing systems as a means of improving their operation parameters and reducing their cost at that.

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Pandey, Shilpi, Deepak Bansal, Prachi Jhanwar, Seema Verma i K. J. Rangra. "Design of Reliable Analog DMTL Phase Shifter with Improved Performance for Ku Band Applications". Defence Science Journal 65, nr 5 (11.09.2015): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.65.8377.

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An analog phase shifter based on distributed MEMS transmission line (DMTL) is designed for Ku band applications. Traditional RF MEMS phase shifter comprising 6 switches has limited phase shift of 37.75° due to instability region. A new concept of stopper is incorporated to achieve high phase shift. In the present paper, optimisation of the analog phase shifter is done to increase its phase shift upto 88.63°. Phase shift is a strong function of capacitance ratio which is increased from 1.75 to 2.95. The maximum operating voltage and mechanical resonant frequency for the phase shifter are 16 V and 8.3 KHz, respectively. The switching time is calculated to 56 μs. The simulated insertion loss of the phase shifter is -1.75 dB with return loss of -20.49 dB at 17 GHz. The simulated results are verified with analytical modelling which are in close match.

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ElKhorassani, Mohamed T., Angel Palomares-Caballero, Antonio Alex-Amor, Cleofás Segura-Gómez, Pablo Escobedo, Juan F. Valenzuela-Valdés i Pablo Padilla. "Electronically Controllable Phase Shifter with Progressive Impedance Transformation at K Band". Applied Sciences 9, nr 23 (1.12.2019): 5229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235229.

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This communication presents the design of a two-port electronically tunable phase shifter at K band. The phase shifter consists of a 3 dB hybrid coupler loaded with reflective phase-controllable circuits. The reflective circuits are formed by varactors and non-sequential impedance transformers which increase the operational bandwidth and the provided phase shift. The final phase shifter design is formed by two loaded-coupler stages of phase shifting to guarantee a complete phase turn. An 18 GHz phase shifter design with dynamic range of 600 degrees of phase shift is depicted in this document. The prototype is manufactured and validated through measurements showing good agreement with the simulation results.

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George, Deepa, i Saurabh Sinha. "BiCMOS Colpitts oscillator for vector-sum interpolators". Microelectronics International 33, nr 2 (3.05.2016): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-03-2015-0029.

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Purpose The demand for higher bandwidth has resulted in the development of mm-wave phased array systems. This paper aims to explore a technique that could be used to feed the individual antennas in a mm-wave phased array system with the appropriate phase shifted signal to achieve the required directivity. It presents differential Colpitts oscillators at 5 and 60 GHz that can provide differential output signals to the quadrature signal generators in the proposed phase shifter system. Design/methodology/approach The phase shifter system comprises a differential Colpitts voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and utilizes the vector-sum technique to generate the phase shifted signal. The differential VCO is connected in the common-collector configuration for the 5-GHz VCO, and is extended using a cascode transistor for the 60-GHz VCO for better stability at mm-wave. The vector sum is achieved using a variable gain amplifier (VGA) that combines the in-phase and quadrature phase signal, generated from oscillator output using hybrid Lange couplers. The devices were fabricated using IBM 130-nm SiGe BiCMOS process, and simulations were performed with a process design kit provided by the foundry. Findings The measured results of the 5-GHz and 60-GHz VCOs indicate that differential Colpitts VCO could generate oscillator output with good phase noise performance. The simulation results of the phase shifter system indicate that the generation of signals with phases from 0° to 360° in steps of 22.5° was achieved using the proposed approach. A Gilbert mixer topology was used for the VGA and the linearity was improved by a pre-distortion circuit implemented using an inverse tanh cell. Originality/value The measurement results indicate that differential Colpitts oscillator in common-collector configuration could be used to generate differential VCO signals for the vector-sum phase shifter. The simulation results of the proposed phase shifter system at mm-wave show that the phase shift could be realised at a total power consumption of 200 mW.

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Kumar, Manoj, Sandeep K. Arya i Sujata Pandey. "Level Shifter Design for Low Power Applications". International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 2, nr 5 (29.10.2010): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcsit.2010.2509.

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Chen, Tai-Hua, Jinhui Chen i Lawrence T. Clark. "Subthreshold to Above Threshold Level Shifter Design". Journal of Low Power Electronics 2, nr 2 (1.08.2006): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jolpe.2006.071.

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Okamura, Y., T. Negami i S. Yamamoto. "A design for a nonreciprocal phase shifter". Optical and Quantum Electronics 17, nr 3 (maj 1985): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00620362.

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Shukla, Vandana, O. P. Singh, G. R. Mishra i R. K. Tiwari. "Design and Implementation of Four Bit Binary Shifter Circuit Using Reversible Logic Approach". International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) 4, nr 3 (1.11.2015): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v4.i3.pp213-218.

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Shifter circuits are the key component of arithmetic logic unit as well as storage unit of any digital computing device. Designing these shifter circuits using reversible logic approach leads to create low power loss digital systems. Reversible circuit design approach is nowadays widely applicable in various disciplines such as Nanotechnology, Low power CMOS design, Optical computing etc. This paper presents two design approaches for four bit binary combinational shifter circuit with the help of different types of reversible logic gates. The proposed optimized design is simulated using Modelsim tool and synthesised for Xilinx Spartan 3E with Device XC3S500E with 200 MHz frequency.

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Moniwa, Akemi, Tsuneo Terasawa, Norio Hasegawa i Shinji Okazaki. "Algorithm for Phase-Shift Mask Design with Priority on Shifter Placement". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 32, Part 1, No. 12B (30.12.1993): 5874–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.32.5874.

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Psychogiou, Dimitra, Yunjia Li, Jan Hesselbarth, Dimitrios Peroulis, Christofer Hierold i Christian Hafner. "Continuously variable W-band phase shifters based on MEMS-actuated conductive fingers". International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 5, nr 4 (3.04.2013): 477–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078713000226.

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This paper presents four continuously variable W-band phase shifters in terms of design, fabrication, and radiofrequency (RF) characterization. They are based on low-loss ridge waveguide resonators tuned by electrostatically actuated highly conductive rigid fingers with measured variable deflection between 0.3° and 8.25° (at a control voltage of 0–27.5 V). A transmission-type phase shifter based on a tunable highly coupled resonator has been manufactured and measured. It shows a maximum figure of merit (FOM) of 19.5°/dB and a transmission phase variation of 70° at 98.4 GHz. The FOM and the transmission phase shift are increased to 55°/dB and 134°, respectively, by the effective coupling of two tunable resonances at the same device with a single tuning element. The FOM can be further improved for a tunable reflective-type phase shifter, consisting of a transmission-type phase shifter in series with a passive resonator and a waveguide short. Such a reflective-type phase shifter has been built and tested. It shows a maximum FOM of 101°/dB at 107.4 GHz. Here, the maximum phase shift varied between 0° and 377° for fingers deflections between 0.3° and 8.25°.

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Gao, Feng, Wu Xie, James You Sian Tan, Chew Ping Leong, Chao Li, Xianshu Luo i Guo-Qiang Lo. "Thermo-Optic Phase Shifter with Interleaved Suspended Design for Power Efficiency and Speed Adjustment". Micromachines 13, nr 11 (8.11.2022): 1925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13111925.

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Conventional thermo-optic devices—which can be broadly categorized to that with and without a thermal isolation trench—typically come with a tradeoff between thermal tuning efficiency and tuning speed. Here, we propose a method that allows us to directly define the tradeoff using a specially designed thermo-optic phase shifter with an interleaved isolation trench. With the design, the tuning efficiency and speed can be precisely tailored simply by controlling the duty ratio (suspended length over total heater length) of the suspended design. Phase shifters are one of the main components in photonic-integrated circuits, and having phase shifters with a flexible design approach may enable the wide adoption of photonic applications such as an optical neural network and LiDAR.

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Kim, Soo-Woo, Ho-Yong Choi, Sehyuk An i Nam-Soo Kim. "Application of cascode level shifter for EMI reduction in LCD driver IC". Microelectronics International 32, nr 2 (5.05.2015): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi-11-2014-0052.

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Purpose – This paper aims to design the circuit for electromagnetic interface (EMI) reduction in liquid crystal display (LCD). Design/methodology/approach – The cascode level shifter and segmented driver circuit are applied in LCD column driver integrated circuit (IC) for EMI reduction. Cascode current mirror is used in the proposed level shifter for DC voltage biasing and reduction of the driving current which passes through the level shifter. The on-off switching currents and transient times are measured and compared between the conventional and proposed level shifters. Additionally, a segmented data latch is obtained by the timing spread solution in data latch, and applied to split the large peak switching current into a number of smaller peak current. The timing spread-operation does not actually reduce the total power of the noise, instead, it spreads the noise power evenly over the frequency bandwidth. The optimal number of latch is dependent on the operating frequency and EMI allowance. The column driver IC and clock controller are integrated in 0.18 μm CMOS technology with 1-poly and 4-metal process. Findings – The post-layout simulation shows that the proposed column driver circuit for LCD driver IC significantly reduces the peak switching current, and it results in the reduction of EMI noise level by more than 15 dB. It is obtained with 20 segmented operations in data latch at 40 MHz frequency. Originality/value – The advantage of the cascode current source is that it can provide a well-controlled bias current with an accurate current transfer ratio. To reduce the EMI noise in LCD driver circuit, the cascode current source is properly located for the DC bias block in the level shifter. The application is rarely done by others, and a significant EMI noise reduction is found. The well-controlled current source provides a high performance switching in the level shifter.

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Jang, Seongjin, Choul-Young Kim i Changkun Park. "Design Technique of K-Band CMOS Phase Shifter with L-C-L T-Type Low Pass Structure". Electronics 12, nr 17 (31.08.2023): 3678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12173678.

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In this study, we designed a 5-bit K-band CMOS switch type phase shifter. In order to minimize phase and gain errors, a design technique for bits constituting the phase shifter was proposed. The proposed design technique has been achieved by adjusting the resonant frequencies of inductance and capacitance in the L-C-L T-type low pass filter structure. Through this, a method of optimizing the phase shifter with the T-type low pass filter structure was presented. The K-band 5-bit phase shifter was designed with a 65 nm CMOS process to verify the feasibility of the proposed design technique. The core size was 0.78 × 0.21 mm2. At the frequency ranges of 22.0 to 23.0 GHz, the insertion loss and RMS phase and gain errors were measured to be 7.44 ± 2.0 dB, 2.6°, and 1.2 dB, respectively.

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Ayaz, Muhammad, Adnan Iftikhar, Benjamin D. Braaten, Wesam Khalil i Irfan Ullah. "A Composite Right/Left-Handed Phase Shifter-Based Cylindrical Phased Array with Reinforced Particles Responsive to Magneto-Static Fields". Electronics 12, nr 2 (6.01.2023): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020306.

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A conformal cylindrical phased array antenna excited with composite right/left-handed (CRLH) phase shifters is proposed. The phase tuning of the CRLH phase shifter is achieved by embedding novel magneto-static field-responsive micron-sized particles in its structure. It is shown that through the tiny magnet activation of these novel magneto-static particles at appropriate locations along the length of CRLH stub and inter-digital fingers, variable phase shifts are obtained. The proposed particle-based CRLH phase shifter operates in C-band (5–6) GHz with a low insertion loss and phase error. The 1 × 4 cylindrical phased array is excited with the four unit cells of the proposed particle-embedded CRLH transmission line phase shifters to scan the main beam at desired scan angles. A prototype of a 1 × 4 cylindrical phased array excited with the particle-based CRLH phase shifters was fabricated, and the results show that the simulated results are in close agreement with the measured results. The conformal cylindrical array with the proposed particle-based CRLH phase shifters has great potential for use in printed and flexible electronics design where commercially available phase shifters have a definite drawback.

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Lohilahti Bladfält, Sanna, Camilla Grane i Peter Bengtsson. "Comparison of Usability between Gear Shifters with Varied Visual and Haptic Patterns and Complexities". Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 4, nr 2 (29.05.2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti4020024.

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Shift-by-wire technology enables more options concerning the design, placement and functions of gear shifters compared to traditional gear shifters with manual transmission. These variations can impact usability and driver performance. There is a lack of research regarding the potential advantages and disadvantages of different types of gear shifters. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency and subjective ease-of-use of mono- and polystable joystick gear shifter types at different complexity levels and with full or limited visibility. An experimental study with 36 participants was conducted. The results showed that monostable joysticks, especially those with an I/J-shape, were overall less efficient and easy to use than polystable joysticks. The highest complexity level clearly affected the efficiency for the monostable joystick with an I/J-shape (mono I/J) compared with the other gear shifter types. The monostable joystick with an I/J-shape (mono I/J) was also most affected by reduced visibility at the highest level of complexity, indicating that it was more prone to causing users to take their eyes off the road.

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Strunck, Sebastian, Alexander Gaebler, Onur H. Karabey, Andreas Heunisch, Baerbel Schulz, Torsten Rabe, Ruediger Follmann i in. "Reliability study of a tunable Ka-band SIW-phase shifter based on liquid crystal in LTCC-technology". International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 7, nr 5 (14.07.2014): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175907871400083x.

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A tunable substrate-integrated waveguide phase shifter using low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC)-technology is presented in this paper. By changing the effective permittivity in the liquid crystal (LC)-filled waveguide, the differential phase can be tuned continuously. This is achieved by means of an analog signal applied to the electrodes, surrounding the LC. The design allows for precise tuning of the differential phase, which is proven with a Monte Carlo measurement resulting in phase errors of less than 3° at 28 GHz. Besides that, the ambient temperature dependency of the module is shown. The phase shifter has a high integration level and can be included into a complete and lightweight single-phased array antenna module. The phase shifter is realized with a high level of integration which is available through the multilayer process of the LTCC. It has a length of 50 and provides a differential phase shift of more than 360° at 28 GHz. The figure of merit for tunable phase shifters is >40°/dB.

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Raveu, Nathalie, E. Perret, H. Aubert i H. Legay. "Design of MEMS Controlled Phased Shifter Using SCT". PIERS Online 3, nr 2 (2007): 230–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2529/piers060907032452.

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Zhao, Shiwei, Zongxi Tang i Biao Zhang. "Design of novel 6 bit digital phase shifter". JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENT 24, nr 1 (11.03.2010): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1187.2010.00101.

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Sung, Gyu-Je. "Equivalent Circuit Design of Broadband 90° Phase Shifter". Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 19, nr 5 (31.05.2008): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2008.19.5.541.

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Okada, F., Y. Nikawa, S. Honda, C. Shibata, H. Tamai i Y. Minamitani. "Design of CW high power nonreciprocal phase shifter". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 23, nr 5 (wrzesień 1987): 3346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.1987.1065238.

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Atwater, H. A. "Circuit Design of the Loaded-Line Phase Shifter". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 33, nr 7 (lipiec 1985): 626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.1985.1133038.

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., G. Srinivasulu. "DESIGN OF LOW POWER HIGH SPEED LEVEL SHIFTER". International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 03, nr 16 (25.05.2014): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0316003.

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Boskovic, Nikola, Branka Jokanovic i Vera Markovic. "Frequency scanning antenna arrays with metamaterial based phased shifters". Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 32, nr 3 (2019): 449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1903449b.

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This paper presents a simple design of linear series-fed frequency scanning antenna arrays with: (a) identical rectangular dipoles and (b) pentagonal dipoles having different impedances to provide enhanced side lobe suppression. Phase shifters are designed as a metamaterial unit cell consisting of split-ring resonators coupled with the parallel microstrip line. Shifter models variations are described and control of phase is demonstrated. Two antenna arrays are manufactured and measured.

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48

Salem Hesari, Sara, i Jens Bornemann. "Design of a SIW Variable Phase Shifter for Beam Steering Antenna Systems". Electronics 8, nr 9 (11.09.2019): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8091013.

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This paper proposes a new beam steering antenna system consisting of two variable reflection-type phase shifters, a 3 dB coupler, and a 90° phase transition. The entire structure is designed and fabricated on a single layer of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW), which makes it a low loss and low-profile antenna system. Surface mount tuning varactor diodes are chosen as electrical phase control elements. By changing the biasing voltage of the varactor diodes in the phase shifter circuits, the far-field radiation pattern of the antenna steers from −25° to 25°. The system has a reflection coefficient better than −10 dB for a 2 GHz bandwidth centered at 17 GHz, a directive radiation pattern with a maximum of 10.7 dB gain at the mid-band frequency, and cross polarization better than 20 dB. A prototype is fabricated and measured for design verification. The measured far-field radiation patterns, co and cross polarization, and the reflection coefficient of the antenna system agree with simulated results.

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Ghosalkar, Samikshya Suresh, K. P. Ray, Rajesh G. Rangari i Saylee Milind Gharge. "Design of Phase Shift Control For Transmit/ Receive Module of ST Radar". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 12, nr 4 (19.01.2014): 3428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v12i4.3191.

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The paper mainly focuses on the beam forming and its analysis for planar phased- array antenna, which is being developed as part of the ST Radar. The beam steering is done electronically by controlling the phase of the T/R module in such a way that the phase difference between each module is equal and it corresponds to the steering angle. The relative phase shift of each T/R module for a specified beam position is worked out using MATLAB and implemented using 6- bit digital phase shifter. The analytical results are practically demonstrated using the STM32F4xx kit of STMicroelectronics. Theoretical values of the elemental phase for each antenna element in the array, are calculated for various positions of the beam (Î¸ & Ï†). The 6-bit phase shifter results in 5.6250 phase resolution.Â In the second part of the work, the calculation of the element phase with 6-bit digital phase shifter is discussed. The calculated values of the elemental phase are truncated to an integral multiple of 5.6250.Â

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Hosseininia, Nayereh, Soudabeh Boroumand i Majid Haghparast. "Novel Nanometric Reversible Low Power Bidirectional Universal Logarithmic Barrel Shifter with Overflow and Zero Flags". Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 24, nr 04 (4.03.2015): 1550049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126615500498.

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One of the most important issues in designing VLSI circuits is power consumption. Reversible logic which is widely utilized in quantum computing, low power CMOS design, optical information processing, bioinformatics and nanotechnology-based systems decreases power loss. A reversible circuit has zero internal power dissipation because it does not lose information. Reversible barrel shifters are required to construct reversible embedded digital signal and general-purpose processors. Data shifting is often used in high-speed/low-power error-control applications, floating point normalization, address decoding and bit indexing. This paper proposes a novel reversible bidirectional universal barrel shifter which is applied in high speed and high performance applications. The proposed barrel shifter is designed in a single circuit with overflow and zero flags. It performs three operations consisting of rotating, logical and arithmetic shifting that transfers and shifts data in both directions. The design is evaluated and formulated in terms of number of garbage outputs, number of constant inputs, quantum cost, number of reversible gates and hardware complexity. All the scales are in nanometric area.

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