Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Sheltered load”
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1
Llaurens, Violaine, Lucy Gonthier i Sylvain Billiard. "The Sheltered Genetic Load Linked to the S Locus in Plants: New Insights From Theoretical and Empirical Approaches in Sporophytic Self-Incompatibility". Genetics 183, nr 3 (14.09.2009): 1105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.109.102707.
Streszczenie:
Inbreeding depression and mating systems evolution are closely linked, because the purging of deleterious mutations and the fitness of individuals may depend on outcrossing vs. selfing rates. Further, the accumulation of deleterious mutations may vary among genomic regions, especially for genes closely linked to loci under balancing selection. Sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI) is a common genetic mechanism in angiosperm that enables hermaphrodite plants to avoid selfing and promote outcrossing. The SSI phenotype is determined by the S locus and may depend on dominance relationships among alleles. Since most individuals are heterozygous at the S locus and recombination is suppressed in the S-locus region, it has been suggested that deleterious mutations could accumulate at genes linked to the S locus, generating a “sheltered load.” In this article, we first theoretically investigate the conditions generating sheltered load in SSI. We show that deleterious mutations can accumulate in linkage with specific S alleles, and particularly if those S alleles are dominant. Second, we looked for the presence of sheltered load in Arabidopsis halleri using CO2 gas treatment to overcome self-incompatibility. By examining the segregation of S alleles and measuring the relative fitness of progeny, we found significant sheltered load associated with the most dominant S allele (S15) of three S alleles tested. This sheltered load seems to be expressed at several stages of the life cycle and to have a larger effect than genomic inbreeding depression.
2
Stone, J. L. "Sheltered load associated with S-alleles in Solanum carolinense". Heredity 92, nr 4 (4.02.2004): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800425.
3
Callejas, Ivan Julio Apolonio, Luciane Cleonice Durante, Emeli Lalesca Aparecida da Guarda i Raquel Moussalem Apolonio. "Thermal Performance of Partially Bermed Earth-Sheltered House: Measure for Adapting to Climate Change in a Tropical Climate Region". Proceedings 58, nr 1 (17.11.2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wef-06919.
Streszczenie:
This study addresses passive adaptation strategies to reduce the effects of global warming on housing, focusing on low-income houses, for which passive adaptation strategies should be prioritized, aiming for environmental sustainability. The passive strategy chosen is thermal mass for cooling, through the adoption of earth-sheltered walls in contact with the ground. Thus, the goal of this study is to evaluate the thermal load and thermal impact of implementing a thermal mass strategy for cooling, using bermed earth-sheltered walls in bedrooms, for a building located in a tropical climate region. For that, a base scenario (1961–1990) is considered alongside two future scenarios: 2020 (2011 to 2040) and 2050 (2041 to 2070), both considering the effects of climate change, according to the Fourth Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The methodologies adopted are (i) the computational simulation of the annual thermal load demand and (ii) the quantification of the Cooling Degree-Hours (CDH) with the subsequent comparative analysis. The results show that in both the 2020 and 2050 scenarios there will be an increase in the thermal loads for cooling and the CDH, regardless of using a bermed earth-sheltered wall. Nonetheless, it is shown that this passive strategy works as a global warming adaptation measure, promoting building sustainability in tropical climate regions.
4
Croce, Pietro, Paolo Formichi i Filippo Landi. "Probabilistic Assessment of Roof Snow Load and the Calibration of Shape Coefficients in the Eurocodes". Applied Sciences 11, nr 7 (26.03.2021): 2984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11072984.
Streszczenie:
In modern structural codes, the reference value of the snow load on roofs is commonly given as the product of the characteristic value of the ground snow load at the construction site multiplied by the shape coefficient. The shape coefficient is a conversion factor which depends on the roof geometry, its wind exposure, and its thermal properties. In the Eurocodes, the characteristic roof snow load is either defined as the value corresponding to an annual probability of exceedance of 0.02 or as a nominal value. In this paper, an improved methodology to evaluate the roof snow load characterized by a given probability of exceedance (e.g., p=0.02 in one year) is presented based on appropriate probability density functions for ground snow loads and shape coefficients, duly taking into account the influence of the roof’s geometry and its exposure to wind. In that context, the curves for the design values of the shape coefficients are provided as a function of the coefficient of variation (COVg) of the yearly maxima of the snow load on the ground expected at a given site, considering three relevant wind exposure conditions: sheltered or non-exposed, semi-sheltered or normal, and windswept or exposed. The design shape coefficients for flat and pitched roofs, obtained considering roof snow load measurements collected in Europe during the European Snow Load Research Project (ESLRP) and in Norway, are finally compared with the roof snow load provisions given in the relevant existing Eurocode EN1991-1-3:2003 and in the new version being developed (prEN1991-1-3:2020) for the “second generation” of the Eurocodes.
5
Larsson, Gustaf, Per Johan Gustafsson, Erik Serrano i Roberto Crocetti. "Duration of load behaviour of a glued shear plate dowel joint". European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 78, nr 1 (5.11.2019): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-019-01474-z.
Streszczenie:
Abstract An experimental study on the duration of load effects in a glued shear plate dowel joint was conducted. The joint design features a single large diameter dowel for load transfers between members, via external steel plates, which are bonded to the timber with a low stiffness bond line. Due to the low bond line stiffness, the timber element is subjected to a close to uniform shear stress distribution over the bond area. The study comprises a total of 80 test specimens loaded in shear, both parallel and perpendicular to the grain, at three load levels in the range of 50–80% of the short-term failure load. All specimens failed within approximately 110 days in outdoor sheltered conditions during which time deformations were recorded for one specimen of each type and load level. The study found a significantly larger influence of duration of load for this dominant shear action than what is reported in the literature for bending tests. The method of ranked stress was used to determine a suggested reduction factor kmod for the shear plate dowel joint to 0.10 and 0.30 for parallel and perpendicular loading, respectively. This is a rough estimate based upon a 50-year extrapolation of 4-month data. Thus, it must be concluded that the studied shear plate dowel joint is not efficient in terms of long-duration loads in outdoor sheltered climate, and that further studies are needed in order to verify the use in other climates. It is also evident in this study that there is a lack of knowledge and empirical evidence on the duration of load effects in timber for shear loading.
6
Gafter, Roy, i Nitai Drimer. "A Design Method to Assess the Primary Strength of the Delta-Type VLFS". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, nr 9 (18.09.2021): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9091026.
Streszczenie:
Very large floating structure (VLFS) is a sustainable concept centered around creating solid platforms at sea. The Delta is a new type of VLFS, designed to withstand open-sea conditions and to form, in addition to a broad deck areas, a sheltered basin of year-round operability. The design of this unique hull relies on direct calculations in order to identify critical load cases and assess their load effects. This study formulates a theoretical procedure for the initial assessment of the primary strength. The procedure analytically integrates the floatation loads while the hull rests at hydrostatic equilibrium on a wave surface and obtains the vertical and horizontal bending moment. This preliminary assessment tool enables a fast review of many load cases and provides the basic insights necessary for a reasonable initial design. Using the procedure, we conducted a primary load assessment for the design of Delta. By calculating the load response to 588 load cases, we identified the critical load scenario and the maximal axial stress. As the stress was too high, we improved the geometry in order to reduce loads and assessed proper scantlings for the critical section. We present the formulation of the procedure, the validation of the results, and the implementation for the structural design of the Delta VLFS.
7
Yu, Qian-Qian, Xiang Li i Xiang-Lin Gu. "Durability of concrete with CFRP wrapping". MATEC Web of Conferences 199 (2018): 09009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819909009.
Streszczenie:
Carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) material has a high strength-to-weight ratio and good resistance to corrosion and environmental attacks. It has been widely used in rehabilitation of aged infrastructure. However, the durability of the strengthened system has not been yet assessed thoroughly since most of the previous study was conducted based on accelerated tests while the long-term investigation was less reported. This paper investigated the effect of CFRP wrapping on the axial behaviour of concrete cylinders subjected to different environments for more than 13 years. The specimens were exposed to five different conditions, including standard curing, immersion in distilled water, immersion in saturated Na2SO4 solution, outdoor sheltered from the rain, and outdoor without shelter from the rain. Axial compression tests were performed on the wrapped concrete cylinders. The load-bearing capacity and stress-strain responses were recorded. It was found that CFRP wrapping could effectively improve the ultimate strength and ductility of the columns. Though scatter existed, no significant effect of the environmental exposure on the load-bearing capacity of the cylinder specimens was observed which indicates a good durability of the strengthening system.
8
Keightley, Peter D. "Nature of Deleterious Mutation Load in Drosophila". Genetics 144, nr 4 (1.12.1996): 1993–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/144.4.1993.
Streszczenie:
Much population genetics and evolution theory depends on knowledge of genomic mutation rates and distributions of mutation effects for fitness, but most information comes from a few mutation accumulation experiments in Drosophila in which replicated chromosomes are sheltered from natural selection by a balancer chromosome. I show here that data from these experiments imply the existence of a large class of minor viability mutations with approximately equivalent effects. However, analysis of the distribution of viabilities of chromosomes exposed to EMS mutagenesis reveals a qualitatively different distribution of effects lacking such a minor effects class. A possible explanation for this difference is that transposable element insertions, a common class of spontaneous mutation event in Drosophila, frequently generate minor viability effects. This explanation would imply that current estimates of deleterious mutation rates are not generally applicable in evolutionary models, as transposition rates vary widely. Alternatively, much of the apparent decline in viability under spontaneous mutation accumulation could have been nonmutational, perhaps due to selective improvement of balancer chromosomes. This explanation accords well with the data and implies a spontaneous mutation rate for viability two orders of magnitude lower than previously assumed, with most mutation load attributable to major effects.
9
Mena-Alí, Jorge I., Lidewij H. Keser i Andrew G. Stephenson. "The effect of sheltered load on reproduction in Solanum carolinense, a species with variable self-incompatibility". Sexual Plant Reproduction 22, nr 2 (6.01.2009): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00497-008-0092-x.
10
Ye, Xin, Bo Shan, Qian Yue i Zhenyu Wang. "Long-term behavior of connections for glubam-concrete composite beams". MATEC Web of Conferences 275 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927501001.
Streszczenie:
Glubam-concrete composite (BCC) structure is a construction technique where glue-laminated bamboo beam is connected to an upper concrete slab using different types of connectors. The long-term behavior and creep mechanism of BCC system are very complex due to different time-dependent behavior of three components. This paper performed a series long-term push-out tests on four types of connections under static load. The tests lasted for a period of seven months in uncontrolled sheltered indoor condition. Important results such as the relative slip-time curves are presented in order to characterize time-dependent behavior of connectors. Furthermore creep coefficient constitutive models are provided for predicting the long-term behavior of connections.
11
Alkhalidi, Ammar, i Yara Nidal Zaytoun. "Reuse Waste Material and Carbon Dioxide Emissions to Save Energy and Approach Sustainable Lightweight Portable Shelters". Environmental and Climate Technologies 24, nr 1 (1.01.2020): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2020-0009.
Streszczenie:
AbstractDespite their great significance, lightweight structures have poor thermal inertia. In order to enhance the thermal comfort inside such buildings, architects need lightweight thermal storage. In this paper a model was used to experimentally investigate Heating Load profiles in lightweight shelters. The profiles were created for the climate in Jordan, then simulated for other climate zones. The proposed design concept was used to create a replacement for a thermal mass in lightweight structures such as shelters; by combining passive solar gain with energy storage embodied within the shelter floor (thermal-floor) to absorb solar radiation. This shelter design decreased the Heating Load during the winter season by acting as heat storage that releases energy at night time after being exposed to solar radiation during the day. The passive design depends on shading elements and overhangs shades to control solar gain during different seasons to prevent overheating during the summer. An experimental investigation of this model was performed to validate the simulation results. Validated simulation results showed that the designed thermal-floor is 25 % of the total shelter’s floor area, which was crucial for obtaining favourable results. With CO2 as a thermal mass, heat load was reduced up to 68 % compared to a 20 cm concrete slab floor. The use of this thermal storage material yielded a reduction in annual heating demand by 85 kWh/m2.
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Zamboni, Dario S., i Michel Rabinovitch. "Nitric Oxide Partially Controls Coxiella burnetii Phase II Infection in Mouse Primary Macrophages". Infection and Immunity 71, nr 3 (marzec 2003): 1225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.3.1225-1233.2003.
Streszczenie:
ABSTRACT In most primary or continuous cell cultures infected with the Q-fever agent Coxiella burnetii, bacteria are typically sheltered in phagolysosome-like, large replicative vacuoles (LRVs). We recently reported that only a small proportion of mouse peritoneal macrophages (PMΦ) infected with a nonvirulent, phase II strain of C. burnetii developed LRVs and that their relative bacterial load increased only slowly. In the majority of infected PMΦ, the bacteria were confined to the small vesicles. We show here that nitric oxide (NO) induced by the bacteria partially accounts for the restricted development of LRVs in primary macrophages. Thus, (i) PMΦ and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMΦ) challenged with phase II C. burnetii produced significant amounts of NO; (ii) the NO synthase inhibitors aminoguanidine and N-methyl-l-arginine reduced the production of NO and increased the frequency of LRVs (although the relative bacterial loads of individual LRVs did not change, the estimated loads per well increased appreciably); (iii) gamma interferon (IFN-γ) or the NO donor sodium nitroprusside, added to BMMΦ prior to or after infection, reduced the development and the relative bacterial loads of LRVs and lowered the yield of viable bacteria recovered from the cultures; and (iv) these effects of IFN-γ may not be entirely dependent on the production of NO since IFN-γ also controlled the infection in macrophages from inducible NO synthase knockout mice. It remains to be determined whether NO reduced the development of LRVs by acting directly on the bacteria; by acting on the traffic, fusion, or fission of cell vesicles; or by a combination of these mechanisms.
13
Petti, Marco, Sara Pascolo i Silvia Bosa. "Relocation of Dredged Material from Marano and Grado Lagoon: An Example of Sustainable Management". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, nr 2 (1.11.2021): 022104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022104.
Streszczenie:
Abstract The high degree of dynamism of coastal and lagoon morphodynamic processes often implies the need for dredging operations to maintain the navigability of the main waterways towards harbours or sites which have important tourist or economical value. In particular, within sheltered and shallow lagoons this phenomenon is continuous and involves large volumes of material that requires to be properly managed. The dredged materials can provide sediments for environmental enhancement and they can be used, as an example, to create or improve habitats, mudflats and salt marshes. Numerical model can be a valuable tool to investigate the morphological evolution of the disposals, especially in the medium term, with the aim of verifying the sediment stability and the bed level changes. The present paper shows an example of sustainable management of cohesive materials dredged from two channels of the Marano and Grado lagoon. The non-linear interactions between tidal currents and locally generated wind waves are reproduced by means of a coupled spectral-hydrodynamic model associated with a transport equation to compute sediment load concentration. The comparison of the results confirms the validity of the adopted procedure.
14
Zamboni, Dario S., i Michel Rabinovitch. "Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells Increases the Susceptibility of Macrophages to Infection with Coxiella burnetii Phase II through Down-Modulation of Nitric Oxide Production". Infection and Immunity 72, nr 4 (kwiecień 2004): 2075–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.4.2075-2080.2004.
Streszczenie:
ABSTRACT Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q fever in humans and coxiellosis in other mammals, is an obligate intracellular bacterium which is sheltered and multiplies within typically large phagolysosome-like replicative vacuoles (LRVs). We have previously shown that, compared with fibroblasts, mouse resident peritoneal macrophages control the development of LRVs and bacterial multiplication within these vacuoles. Earlier experiments with the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG) revealed that the control is exerted by NO induced by the bacteria. We report here that phagocytosis of apoptotic-like, but not of aldehyde-killed, lymphocytes by the macrophages reduced the production of NO induced by the bacteria and increased the development of LRVs and, therefore, the total bacterial load in the cultures. Experiments with macrophages from mice deficient for inducible NO synthase (iNOS−/−) confirmed the involvement of NO in the control of infection, since neither apoptotic lymphocytes nor AG affected the development of LRVs in these phagocytes. Since macrophages are important for the clearance of apoptotic bodies and C. burnetii is able to induce apoptosis in human monocytes, the phenomenon shown here may be biologically relevant to the development of Q fever and coxiellosis.
15
Ayuningtyas, Purwati, Sugito Sugito i Di Asih I. Maruddani. "PENENTUAN MODEL ANTREAN NON-POISSON DAN PENGUKURAN KINERJA PELAYANAN BUS RAPID TRANSIT TRANS SEMARANG (STUDI KASUS: SHELTER PEMBERANGKATAN BRT KORIDOR V)". Jurnal Gaussian 10, nr 1 (28.02.2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/j.gauss.v10i1.30932.
Streszczenie:
One of the queue systems that is often found in daily life is the transportation service system, for example a queue system at the shelters departure of corridor V Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Trans Semarang. Corridor V has three departure shelters, they are Shelter Victoria Residence, Shelter Marina, and Shelter Bandara Ahmad Yani. Corridor V was choosen, because of its high load factor on January to June 2019. Based on the observation, the service time at the departure shelter is usually longer than the normal shelter. This causes the rise of queue at the departure shelters. The queue at the departure shelters can hamper the arrival of BRT at the other shelters, so the application of the queue theory is needed to find out the extent of operational effectiveness at the departure shelters. The resulting queue model is the Non-Poisson queue model, the queue model for Victoria Residence Shelter: (DAGUM/GEV/1):(GD/∞/∞), Marina Shelter: (DAGUM/G/1):(GD/∞/∞), and Bandara Ahmad Yani Shelter: (GEV/GEV/1):(GD/∞/∞). Based on the value from measurement of the queue system performance, it can be conclude that the three departure shelters of corridor V BRT Trans Semarang have some optimal condition. Keywords: Shelter Departure of Corridor V, Non-Poisson Queueing Model, Dagum, Generalized Extreme Value, System Perfomance Measure
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Gafter, Roy, i Nitai Drimer. "Nonlinear Hydrodynamic Analysis of Ships Moored in a VLFS Service Basin in the East Mediterranean Sea". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, nr 3 (7.03.2022): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030382.
Streszczenie:
Very large floating structure (VLFS) is an environmentally sensitive technology which creates artificial land at sea. Designated for the open sea, the Delta is a new type of VLFS. Formed, inherently, by the innovative geometry, the sheltered basin is a unique feature of the Delta. Its year-round operability as the gateway of the structure directly affects the Delta’s utilization. This study examines the basin in terms of its operability as a service port. Relying on potential flow theory and applying the boundary element method, we conducted a nonlinear hydrodynamic analysis of a moored vessel at the basin. It consists of a time-domain simulation of a tanker, berthed via nonlinear mooring system along the Delta’s side hull under severe wave conditions typical to the East Mediterranean Sea. The system is evaluated in terms of acceptable motion of the ship and permissible load on the mooring system. The favorable results indicate that the basin enables most cargo handling operations under waves conditions of Hmo=2.5 m, and minimal downtime of less than 6% of the year. In this paper we present the analysis procedure, the evaluation criteria, and the mooring system’s design. The study results and their significance are presented and discussed as well.
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van Oosterhout, Cock. "A new theory of MHC evolution: beyond selection on the immune genes". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, nr 1657 (4.11.2008): 657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1299.
Streszczenie:
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a dense region of immune genes with high levels of polymorphism, which are arranged in haplotype blocks. Traditional models of balancing selection (i.e. overdominance and negative frequency dependence) were developed to study the population genetics of single genes. However, the MHC is a multigene family surrounded by linked (non-neutral) polymorphisms, and not all of its features are well explained by these models. For example, (i) the high levels of polymorphism in small populations, (ii) the unexpectedly large genetic differentiation between populations, (iii) the shape of the allelic genealogy associated with trans-species evolution, and (iv) the close associations between particular MHC (human leucocyte antigen, HLA) haplotypes and the approximately 100 pathologies in humans. Here, I propose a new model of MHC evolution named Associative Balancing Complex evolution that can explain these phenomena. The model proposes that recessive deleterious mutations accumulate as a ‘sheltered load’ nearby MHC genes. These mutations can accumulate because (i) they are rarely expressed as homozygotes given the high MHC gene diversity and (ii) purifying selection is inefficient with low recombination rates (cf. Muller's ratchet). Once fixed, these mutations add to balancing selection and further reinforce linkage through epistatic selection against recombinants.
18
Rubanenko, Olena. "Energy Consumption Optimisation of Emergency Shelters for Ukrainian War Refugees". Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 21, nr 1 (lipiec 2023): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj21.352.
Streszczenie:
The paper deals with optimisation of energy consumption of emergency shelters (tiny houses) for Ukrainian War refugees. Significant amount of Ukrainian citizens lost their homes or were forced to leave their properties. These refugees overcrowd the rest of the country and bring huge problems with accommodation and inclusion into existing communities. Accommodation in schools or gyms is just temporary solution with another unpleasant influence on the society. It is necessary to construct new quarters or communities using cheap but energy very efficient constructions. Several variants of tiny house with various equipment features and living or comfort standard are being discussed and compared. These studies are based on real project realised between Ukrainian non-government organisation Synergy and German development agency weChange. Main goal of this research is consumption optimisation of not particular single shelter but rather of large community of shelters containing hundreds or thousands units called shelter city. The tiny houses itself are designed according to passive solar systems standards and with accent to minimal purchasing costs and operational energy needs. Second important requirement is strong optimisation of shelter’s load chart to significantly decrease influence of the shelter city to power grid connection point. Both tasks are important because the Russian attack against Ukraine brings new tasks for power engineering sector. Electricity production, transmission, distribution and consumption must face new challenges. Nowadays more than 35 % of critical infrastructure is being damaged. Remaining infrastructure would be more overloaded, if new customers are connected without energy needs optimisation.
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Gabibova, E. N. "Optimization of bush structure of white Muscat grapes grown in shelter crop". Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), nr 2 (5.07.2022): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2022-63-2-11-18.
Streszczenie:
In this article, the authors proposed the optimization of the bush structure of white Muscat grapes grown in a sheltered crop. Modern domestic viticulture is based on the use of industrial-type formations capable of producing the highest and highest quality yields. Industrial technology forms the basis for promising systems for vineyard management and bush formation. These technologies are best suited for the mechanization of vineyard maintenance work and allow for increased productivity and quality of work in the vineyards. The adaptive wine growing strategy is to increase production profitability by significantly increasing yields while at the same time improving product quality. A set of interrelated measures is needed to achieve this objective. These measures include improving the assortment and placement of varieties in the zones with the most favorable soil and climatic conditions. The adaptive viticulture strategy is to increase production profitability by significantly increasing yields while at the same time improving product quality. The most favorable opportunities to realize its productive potential are in simplified single-wire trellis plantations. Such plantings with long-stranded forms permit a dramatic increase in the shot load per unit area. The increased shoot capacity of the long-stranded forms and the corresponding optical characteristics of the leaf apparatus contribute to a yield increase of 1.5-2.0 times compared with conventional trellis forms.
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Kotsiuruba, Volodymyr, Ivan Datsenko, Volodymyr Dachkovsky, Ruslan Cherevko, Vasyl Polyulyak, Oleksandr Ivashchuk i Ihor Furman. "Influence of air shock wave on shelter". Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures, nr 105 (30.11.2020): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2410-2547.2020.105.133-144.
Streszczenie:
In modern conditions, sheltering people in protective structures, as a way of protection from dangers, in combination with evacuation from the affected areas (pollution) and the use of personal protective equipment, increases the reliability of public protection. In conditions when evacuation measures from cities can be complicated in a short time, protection of the population in shelters becomes the only possible and effective. Therefore, an important task is to study the impact of loads caused by the explosion of various munitions, substantiate recommendations for improving the protective properties of the shelter and the choice of their location.
The most common issues are considered in the article that arise during the arrangement of shelter in buildings and outside them. Based on experimental studies, Taylor's formula and the system of non-stationary Navier-Stokes equations for gas, it’s conducted an analysis of the influence of external and internal factors on the possible nature of the dynamic load from the shock wave on buildings, structures and structural elements in which shelters are located.
The results of studies of the parameters of dynamic loads showed that if the storage facilities are located in the basements of buildings, their stability is characterized by three parameters: maximum pressure, time to increase the load to maximum and effective time. The parameters of the loads and the law of their change over the time depend on the location of the structure relative to the surface of the earth and the building, the force of the explosion and the distance to the center of the explosion.
21
Fauzan, Abdul Hakam, Rina Yuliet i Jonathan Vincensius Osman. "Structural evaluation of Ikhwatun shelter building constructed on liquefaction potential area in Padang city, Indonesia". MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927601019.
Streszczenie:
Indonesia has often experienced seismic natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis especially Padang City, the capital city of West Sumatera, Indonesia. In order to face the future earthquake and tsunami disaster, the local government has built a number of vertical evacuation shelters. One of the shelters is Ikhwatun shelter building located in Koto Tangah Subdistrict of the Padang City. The shelter was built near to the coastal and expected has liquefaction potential. This study is conducted in order to evaluate the shelter to restrain the earthquake and tsunami loads. The building is made of the reinforced concrete structure with the floor area of 2680 m2 and the high of 22.78 m. Based on the result of the soil evaluation, it was found that the soil deposit in the shelter has high liquefaction potential. Therefore, the upper and lower structures are analyzed using special response spectrum of the earthquake loads for soil liquefaction, which is 1.5 higher than those on the non-soil liquefaction. The analysis result shows that the beams, columns, and foundations are all not able to resist the applied tsunami loads. It is suggested that the building to be strengthened before being used as a vertical evacuation shelter.
22
Krukovska, Viktoriia, Oleksandr Krukovskyi i Serhii Demchenko. "Numerical analysis of the possibility of noxious gases infiltration into a shelter located in a gas-bearing coal-rock mass". Geo-Technical Mechanics, nr 166 (2023): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/geotm2023.166.095.
Streszczenie:
Shelters in coal mines are used to protect miners during accidents associated with gassing of roadways, fires, explosions of methane-air mixture. Supporting of the shelter must provide the necessary level of tightness to prevent the penetration of noxious gases from the mine atmosphere or gas-bearing rocks. The purpose of this work is to study the possibility of noxious gases penetration into a shelter in case of its sealing failure for the early detection of weak constructional elements and to ensure safe conditions for people in the shelter during accidents. To achieve the goal, methods of numerical simulation of time-dependent processes of elastic-plastic deformation and gas filtration were used. A coal-rock mass with a roadway and an adjacent shelter with typical supporting elements were considered at a depth of 400 m and 1000 m. The study of the stress state of the shelter support showed that under the considered conditions, in the case of a relatively small depth, hard steel and concrete constructional elements withstand the load without loss of their stability. With an increase in the depth of the shelter location, inelastic deformation of the concrete barrier between the shelter and the roadway occurs on a small area. The probable destruction of this zone will not lead to a violation of the entire barrier integrity, which makes it impossible to start mass exchange processes between clean air in the shelter and harmful combustion products in the roadway. The roof and walls of the shelter, covered with reinforced concrete and sealed, remain practically impermeable from the next day after their construction in both the first and second cases. But later, in the lower left corner of the shelter at a depth of 1000 m, methane from the coal seam begins infiltrating through the unsupported and unsealed floor. The developed numerical model can be used with other basic data on mining and geological conditions to identify constructional elements of a shelter, which lose stability during operation and threaten the shelter's tightness. Timely strengthening of such weak elements will prevent the danger of noxious gases infiltrating into the shelter. Keywords: time-dependent rock deformation, shelter, sealing failure, gas filtration, numerical simulation.
23
PIMANMAS, A., P. JOYKLAD i P. WARNITCHAI. "STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINE FOR TSUNAMI EVACUATION SHELTER". Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 04, nr 04 (grudzień 2010): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431110000868.
Streszczenie:
The tsunami that hit the Andaman beach of Thailand on 26 December 2004 demonstrated the need for safe evacuation shelter for the public. However, there exists no guideline for designing such a shelter. In response to this need, the Department of Public Works and Town & Country Planning (DPT) funded a project to develop the guidelines for designing tsunami shelters. The results of the project have been published as a design manual for tsunami resistant shelter. In this paper, the design approaches for such tsunami shelters are described. The shelters are classified into two categories: (1) shelter in the area where large debris is unlikely and (2) shelter in the area where large debris is likely. In the former case, a static load of a certain magnitude representing small-to-medium debris is assumed to act at random points on the structure at the inundation depth. In the latter case, the work-energy principle is adopted to balance kinetic energy of large moving mass with the work done through energy-absorbing devices installed around the perimeter of the lower floors of the building. In both cases, the structure consists of a main inner structure and an outer protection structure. The function of the main structure is to provide usable spaces for evacuees, whereas the outer protection structure protects the inner structure from debris impact. The main structure is designed to be either elastic or with a low acceptable damage level. The structural framing of the main and the protection structures can be concrete or steel structures that are capable of resisting lateral forces. The major difference between the two types of building lie in the way the outer structure is connected to the inner one. In the first category, the connector is rigid so that both the inner and outer structures resist the load together. In the second category, energy-absorbing connectors are used to absorb the impact energy. The structure must, therefore, be analyzed using a nonlinear static approach. The design guidelines for both building types are described conceptually in this paper.
24
Hao, Yan’e, i Yongqiang Lan. "Study on Mechanical Calculation Model of Arch Ring in Freestanding Stone Cave-Dwelling". Sustainability 15, nr 12 (14.06.2023): 9545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129545.
Streszczenie:
The freestanding stone cave-dwelling is a kind of arched and sheltered house built with stones in the Loess Plateau region of northwest China. Amazingly, before construction, this kind of cave-dwelling was not formally calculated and designed in theory, but only built on the experience passed down by predecessors. The arch ring is the main load-bearing component of the freestanding stone cave-dwelling, through which the upper loads are transmitted to the legs on the left and right sides of the cave-dwelling and then to the foundations. Therefore, it is a prerequisite to ensure the safety of cave dwellings by adopting a reasonable and accurate mechanical calculation model for the arch ring of a stone cave-dwelling to reveal the distribution of internal forces in the arch ring and scientifically design the arch ring accordingly. Three mechanical calculation models (structural calculation diagrams) are adopted for the arch ring of stone cave-dwelling, namely, hingeless arch, two-hinged arch, and three-hinged arch. Based on the force equilibrium and the force method from the structure mechanics, the formulae for calculating the internal force of the stone arch ring under these three different mechanical calculation models are derived respectively. The mechanical calculation results of three calculation models are compared and analyzed to clarify the difference and rationality of the stress results of the arch ring under the three mechanical calculation models and the degree of influence on the force of the lower cave-dwelling leg members. Lastly, in accordance with the internal force calculation results, the calculation formulae for the design of the arch ring thickness are proposed. The study shows that the hingeless arch and two-hinged arch models are more consistent with the actual failure characteristics, two-hinged arch calculation model is safer, more accu-rate, and more reliable than the hingeless arch calculation model when it is used in the mechanical analysis of circular arc arch ring. The findings are intended to serve as theoretical references for the design and construction, protection and reinforcement, and sustainable development and inheritance of cave dwellings in the future.
25
Anas Ismail, Febrin, Jati Sunaryati i Deded Eka Sahputra. "Optimum Structural Design of Self-Supported Shelter for Tsunami Evacuation in Padang City". E3S Web of Conferences 156 (2020): 05013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015605013.
Streszczenie:
A Self-Supported Shelter is a building that has an area about 100 m2 to 1000 m2 designated as a temporary vertical shelter for tsunami evacuation. The Self-Supported Shelter is built and managed by the community. That size of shelter is fit for mosques or mushollas (small Mosques) which is about 700 units spreading in the districts of Padang City. The Self-Supported Shelters are proposed since the number of vertical shelter is very limited at the moment. There are only four vertical shelters available in Padang City which are built by Government with capacity 2000-3000 people. Meanwhile, there is at least 600,000 people of Padang City must be evacuated in case of tsunami. There are four reasons for proposing the mosques or mushollas to be vertical shelters: First, that kind of building are available to small sub-district. Second, the land may be free to be developed. Third, they have an organization chosen by the community. Forth, it is easy to get construction funding for the religion reason. However, the community does not have guidance for developing a shelter for tsunami evacuation. This study is purposing to develop the optimum design of shelter in term of structural analysis. Here, the shelters are categorized into three types base on the area of the mosque or musholla: 10m x10m, 20m x20m and 30m x30m. Frame Structural Systems are used for the main structure of the building with or without the bracing system are involved. The optimum structural design is taken based on the strongest structure to restrain the applied loads. The soil-structure interaction analysis is also considered in to get a more reliable design. The results of the study may be used to guide the communities to build a proper shelter in their area
26
Shoemaker, W. Lee, Gregory A. Kopp i Jon Galsworthy. "Design of Braced Frames in Open Buildings for Wind Loading". Engineering Journal 48, nr 3 (30.09.2011): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.62913/engj.v48i3.1012.
Streszczenie:
Open-frame buildings are often used to provide a measure of weather protection over equipment or other sheltered storage on industrial sites. These shelters have a roof covering and minimal wall cladding, if any. ASCE 7 provides no guidance on the wind loads acting perpendicular to the frames that would control the design of the longitudinal braces. This paper summarizes wind tunnel tests that were performed on open-frame, low-rise buildings with a roof covering to determine the base shear and bracing loads parallel to the ridge. Two examples are provided to illustrate how the results of this study may be used to obtain the forces in longitudinal bracing.
27
Wilken, Dennis, Tina Wunderlich, Peter Feldens, Joris Coolen, John Preston i Natascha Mehler. "Investigating the Norse Harbour of Igaliku (Southern Greenland) Using an Integrated System of Side-Scan Sonar and High-Resolution Reflection Seismics". Remote Sensing 11, nr 16 (13.08.2019): 1889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11161889.
Streszczenie:
This study presents the results of a marine geophysical survey performed in the Igaliku fjord in southern Greenland in order to understand the harbour setting of the former Norse settlement Garðar (modern Igaliku). The aims of the survey were (a) to reconstruct the former coastline during the first centuries of the Norse settlement period (c. 11/12th centuries) and (b) to search for archaeological remains on the seabed connected to maritime traffic and trade. In order to approach these goals, we used an integrated marine survey system consisting of a side-scan sonar and a reflection seismic system. The system was designed for lightweight transport, allowing measurements in areas that are logistically difficult to access. The side-scan sonar data revealed no remains of clear archaeological origin. Bathymetric data from seismic seabed reflection and additional Differential GPS height measurements yielded a high-resolution bathymetric map. Based on estimates of Holocene relative sea level change, our bathymetry model was used to reconstruct the shift of the high and low-water line since the early Norse period. The reconstructed coastline shows that a small island, which hosts the ruins of a tentative Norse warehouse at the mouth of the present harbour, was connected to the shore at low tide during the early Norse period. In addition, reflection seismics and side-scan sonar images reveal a sheltered inlet with steep slopes on one side of the island, which may have functioned as a landing bridge used to load ships. We also show that the loss of fertile land due to sea level rise until the end of the Norse settlement was insignificant compared to the available fertile land in the Igaliku fjord and is thus not the reason for the collapse of the colony.
28
Gam, Meriame, Xavier de Montaudouin i Hocein Bazairi. "Do trematode parasites affect cockle (Cerastoderma edule) secondary production and elimination?" Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 89, nr 7 (15.05.2009): 1395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409000599.
Streszczenie:
Digenean trematodes are omnipresent in the cockle Cerastoderma edule, a common coastal bivalve of (semi-)sheltered north-eastern Atlantic coasts. They can use their host as a second intermediate host where they remain in a relatively latent stage as metacercariae. Cockle population dynamics and trematode parasite load were monitored for two years in two sites, Arcachon (France) and Merja Zerga (Morocco) for the cockle cohort of 2005. Individual growth was slightly higher at Arcachon than at Merja Zerga (Von Bertalanffy parameters: K = 1.5 yr−1 in both sites but L∞ = 31.2 mm at Merja Zerga against 38.3 mm at Arcachon). Production during cockle life was twice as high at Merja Zerga (48.5 compared to 22.2 gDW.m−2 at Arcachon). Elimination compensated production at Merja Zerga while elimination was low at Arcachon (8.1 gDW.m−2) due to sediment dynamics which concentrated cockles within the sampling area. P/B was similar in both sites (2.4–2.6 yr−1) while E/B was higher at Merja Zerga (2.2 yr−1 versus 1.0 yr−1). Trematode communities were similar in both sites in terms of species and abundance. During the cockle cohort lifespan, there were 3 to 5 events in the parasite abundance survey that suggested parasite-dependent mortality. At Merja Zerga, trematodes metacercariae did not affect P/B (2.4 yr−1) but increased E/B (+14%). At Arcachon, they also had no effect on P/B (2.6 yr−1) but on the contrary increased E/B (+20%). The threshold of metacercariae abundance beyond which cockles are affected was lower for Echinostomatid trematodes at Merja Zerga, suggesting an interaction with other factors such as temperature which is higher at the southern limit of cockle distribution.
29
Belik, Milan. "Battery storage technology optimisation for Ukrainian War Refugees Emergency Shelters". Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 21, nr 1 (lipiec 2023): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj21.350.
Streszczenie:
The paper deals with optimisation of energy storage systems technology for emergency shelters (tiny houses) for Ukrainian War refugees. Huge number of Ukrainian citizens lost their houses or had to leave their homes. These refugees increase population in the rest of Ukraine what escalates problems with accommodation and integration into native communities. Emergency living in communal properties has unpleasant influence on the communities and is acceptable just for limited period. It becomes important to build new quarters or urban areas using cheap but energy efficient technologies. This research is based on real shelter project realised between Ukrainian non-government organisation Synergy and German development agency weChange. Main task of this paper is optimisation of energy strategy in community consisting of hundreds or thousands units and called shelter city. Solution of one single tiny house with implemented RES is task deeply evaluated in several projects, but we must take into account cooperation of large amount of units to limit total influence on Ukrainian distribution and transmission networks. Ukrainian infrastructure was already in unpleasant state before war and new connections of these consumers would dramatically overload existing infrastructure. This task is yet more complicated in nowadays war conditions, where crucial parts of the networks are being repeatedly damaged. From this point of view, it is essential to design the shelter community like consumer o prosumer with perfectly balanced load and production chart. The shelters should be built in passive standard to achieve minimal acquisition and operational costs. Also very efficient but cheap energy storage system must be integrated on the level of particular shelter or entire shelter city. Influence of various battery technologies using different coupling schemes is being discussed. AC coupling, DC coupling with intermediate circuit or PV generator circuit are tuned for specific load charts to optimise the influence on distribution network.
30
Du, PhD, Shuming. "On the effectiveness of shelter-in-place as a measure to reduce harm from atmospheric releases". Journal of Emergency Management 12, nr 3 (1.05.2014): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2014.0177.
Streszczenie:
Shelter-in-place (SIP) is recommended by numerous entities as a measure to reduce harm in the event of a chemical accident or chemical attack taking place in the atmosphere. This article, based on solving mass conservation equation for indoor hazardous material, examines how effective SIP is to reduce the harm. It is shown that SIP can be effective when the shelter's air exchange rate is low and when the release duration is short. The effectiveness is strongly affected by the hazardous material itself: SIP is more effective for hazardous material with higher toxic load exponent. Another finding is that leaving the shelter promptly after the event can also be critical.
31
Hulida, Ye, i V. Sharуу. "THE EFFECTS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHING VEHICLES FIRE DISTRIBUTION IN INDOORS MANUFACTURING AND WAREHOUSE FACILITIES". Fire Safety 35 (26.02.2020): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.35.2019.04.
Streszczenie:
Most modern production and storage facilities are fire hazardous. A large area, a large fire load, the use of technologies with high temperatures, contributes to the rapid development of fire in a short period of time over a large area. The current direction of providing the fire safety system at the enterprises is to eliminate the conditions of rapid development of the fire and minimize its consequences through the use of fire curtains.
Develop a method for determining the optimum dimensions of the enclosed volume of a closed warehouse facility by using fire-proof curtains to limit the rate of fire spread.
To provide fire protection for warehouse facilities, the following tasks must be addressed first and foremost
to investigate the process of fire spread in enclosed premises at production and storage facilities;
to develop a method of determining the optimal size of the volume of premises, closed production facilities and to investigate the impact of the use of fire curtains on the speed of fire.
In order to solve the first problem, materials were stored in the production and storage facilities, the combustion of which was accompanied by a thermal decomposition with the release of gaseous combustion products. The rate of burning of solid materials depends not only on the physical nature of the material, but also on the location of the fire load structure. In addition, the rate of burnout indoors differs from the rate of burnout in open space.
Two modes of development of combustion of materials in a room are possible: 1) with the presence of sufficient amount of air (oxygen), that is, the resulting fire is regulated by the fire load; 2) with insufficient air (oxygen), that is, the resulting fire is regulated by ventilation.
Indoors in real conditions, the first mode of fire gradually goes into the second, and after reaching the temperature in the room at which the windows are destroyed, the gas exchange process becomes two-sided and the fire goes to the first mode.
To solve the second problem, a method of determining the optimal size of the volume of premises, closed production and storage facilities was developed.
Conclusions and specific suggestions:
The number of sheltered volumes of storage facilities and their optimal area depends on the storage area of the equipment and equipment not protected from free spread of fire.
The accuracy of determining the optimal area of fire depends on the accepted probability of hit points to be within the range of acceptable solutions of the optimization problem.
The presence of a protected volume of storage facilities reduces the rate of fire spread by 1.8 times.
In the protected volume of the room with fire curtains on the roof of the warehouse it is necessary to arrange 3-piece air-exhaust lights to remove smoke in case of fire.
32
Santi, Leonardo, i Marcos Tavares. "Polychaete assemblage of an impacted estuary, Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 57, nr 4 (grudzień 2009): 287–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592009000400004.
Streszczenie:
Thirty-eight stations were sampled in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to assess the spatio-temporal diversity and biomass of sublittoral polychaetes. Samples were collected during the dry (September 2000) and rainy season (May 2001) in shallow sublittoral sediments. The polychaete spatial composition showed a heterogeneous distribution throughout the bay. A negative gradient of diversity and biomass was observed towards the inner parts of the bay and sheltered areas. A wide azoic area was found inside the bay. Some high-biomass and low-diversity spots were found near a sewage-discharge point. In these areas, the polychaete biomass increased after the rainy season. A diversified polychaete community was identified around the bay mouth, with no dramatic changes of this pattern between the two sampling periods. Deposit-feeders were dominant in the entire study area. The relative importance of carnivores and omnivores increased towards the outer sector, at stations with coarse sediment fractions. Guanabara Bay can be divided into three main zones with respect to environmental conditions and polychaete diversity and biomass patterns: A) High polychaete diversity, hydrodynamically exposed areas composed of sandy, oxidized or moderately reduced sediments with normoxic conditions in the water column. B) Low diversity and high biomass of deposit and suspension-feeding polychaete species in the middle part of the bay near continental inflows, comprising stations sharing similar proportions of silt, clay and fine sands. C) Azoic area or an impoverished polychaete community in hydrodynamically low-energy areas of silt and clay with extremely reduced sediments, high total organic matter content and hypoxic conditions in the water column, located essentially from the mid-bay towards the north sector. High total organic matter content and hypoxic conditions combined with slow water renewal in the inner bay seemed to play a key role in the polychaete diversity and biomass. Sedimentation processes and organic load coming from untreated sewage into the bay may have negatively affected the survivorship of the fauna.
33
Kiran, K. K., i JagadishG Kori. "Blast Mitigation of SDOF systems by using M.R.Damper and Base Isolations". Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, nr 1 (19.12.2022): 1095–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.626.
Streszczenie:
Shelter is a basic need for living creatures. The shelter should be safe and secure. The damage of the shelter occurs due to natural hazards and manmade activities. Natural hazards such as earthquake, volcanic eruptions, landslides, flood, etc. Manmade activities may be accidental or intentional. Accidental activities include, internal explosions such as chemical reactions occurring at nuclear power plants, mining, rock cutting etc, gas explosions leakage etc. Hence while designing the structure, additional precautions and considerations should be taken to resist the unpredictable load. Boat load and earthquake load are dynamic, impulse loads. The earthquake load occurs in seconds, In the height of the structures force are distributed and is proportion to mass concentrations, blast load occurs in milli seconds compare to seismic load. In the present study SDOF system exposed to blast load is considered. MATLAB simulation technique is used in the analysis of the SDOF system. The SDOF system consists of Front wall, rear wall and Roof. The load is acting on the structural system are calculated by using analytical method. Base isolations method is one the recent method is used to reduce the response of the structural system under impact load. The semi active control system is used in the analysis. The response is reduced by considerable amount by using Base isolation and MR Damper.
34
Olzhabay, Yerassyl, Muhammad N. Hamidi, Dahaman Ishak, Arjuna Marzuki, Annie Ng i Ikechi A. Ukaegbu. "Performance Evaluation of Emerging Perovskite Photovoltaic Energy-Harvesting System for BIPV Applications". Smart Cities 6, nr 5 (13.09.2023): 2430–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities6050110.
Streszczenie:
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are emerging photovoltaics (PVs) with promising optoelectronic characteristics. PSCs can be semitransparent (ST), which is beneficial in many innovative applications, including building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs). While PSCs exhibit excellent performance potential, enhancements in their stability and scalable manufacturing are required before they can be widely deployed. This work evaluates the real-world effectiveness of using PSCs in BIPVs to accelerate the development progress toward practical implementation. Given the present constraints on PSC module size and efficiency, bus stop shelters are selected for investigation in this work, as they provide a suitably scaled application representing a realistic near-term test case for early-stage research and engineering. An energy-harvesting system for a bus stop shelter in Astana, Kazakhstan, demonstrates the potential performance evaluation platform that can be used for perovskite solar cell modules (PSCMs) in BIPVs. The system includes maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and charge controllers, which can supply PSCM energy to the electronic load. Based on our design, the bus stop shelter has non-transparent and ST PSCMs on the roof and sides, respectively. May (best-case) and December (worst-case) scenarios are considered. According to the results, the PSCMs-equipped bus stop shelter can generate sufficient daily energy for load even in a worst-case scenario.
35
Hou, Junfu, Li Chen, Jingchao Guan, Wei Zhao, Ichirou Hagiwara i Xilu Zhao. "A Laminated Spherical Tsunami Shelter with an Elastic Buffer Layer and Its Integrated Bulge Processing Method". Designs 7, nr 4 (20.07.2023): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs7040095.
Streszczenie:
When a tsunami occurs, people can enter floating shelters and save their lives. Tsunami shelters consisting of thin-walled fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) spherical shells have been developed and are currently in use. In this study, a novel three-layer laminated spherical tsunami shelter and its fabrication method have been proposed as an alternative to the conventional thin-walled spherical FRP tsunami shelter. First, the inner and outer layers were made of thin-walled stainless-steel spherical shells using the integral hydro-bulge-forming (IHBF) method. The inter-layers between the inner and outer layers were filled with elastic rubber to provide a laminated spherical tsunami shelter with elastic cushioning layers. After the fabrication process was developed, a laminated spherical tsunami shelter with a plate thickness of 1.0 mm, an inner spherical shell design radius of 180 mm, and an outer spherical shell design radius of 410 mm was fabricated. The shape accuracy of the process was determined. The roundness values of the inner and outer layers of the spherical shell were 0.88 and 0.85 mm, respectively. The measured radii of the actual inner and outer spherical shells were 180.50 and 209.97 mm, respectively, and the errors between the design and measured radii were 0.28% and −0.01%. In this study, acceleration sensors were attached to the inner and outer layers of the processed, laminated spherical tsunami shelter. A hammer impact load was applied to the outer layer, and the response acceleration values measured by the acceleration sensors in the inner and outer layers were compared. It was confirmed that the response acceleration value of the inner layer was 10.17% smaller than that of the outer layer. It was then verified that the spherical tsunami shelter proposed in this study has a good cushioning effect and processing performance.
36
Kiran, K. K., JagadishG Kori i K. Krishne Gowda. "Blast Mitigations of Mid rise structural systems by using Base Isolations". Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, nr 1 (19.12.2022): 1237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.646.
Streszczenie:
Shelter is a basic need for living creatures. The shelter should be safe and secure. The damage of the shelter occurs due to natural hazards and manmade activities. Natural hazards such as earthquake, volcanic eruptions, landslides, flood, etc. Manmade activities may be accidental or intentional. Accidental activities include, internal explosions such as chemical reactions occurring at nuclear power plants, mining, rock cutting etc, gas explosions leakage etc. Hence while designing the structure, additional precautions and considerations should be taken to resist the unpredictable load. Boatload is a dynamic and impulse loads. The earth load occurs in seconds, In the height of the structures force are distributed and is proportion to mass concentrations, the blast load occurs in milli seconds that is one thousand shorter than the earthquake load and magnitude and locations of the blast load rather than mass the force is concentrated. In the present study Five storey structural system exposed to blast load is considered. MATLAB simulation technique is used in the analysis of the Five storey structural The load is acting on the structural system are calculated. Base isolations method is one the recent method is used to reduce the response of the structural system. The semi active control system is used in the analysis. The response is reduced by considerable amount by using Base isolation.
37
Nuberg, I. K., S. J. Mylius, J. M. Edwards i C. Davey. "Windbreak research in a South Australian cropping system". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, nr 6 (2002): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02014.
Streszczenie:
This paper presents the results of 3 years (1994–96) work on the effect of shelter created by a 9 m high Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) windbreak in the Mediterranean environment of South Australia on the productivity of wheat, canola, faba beans and oats. Elements of the classic windbreak signature could be detected in the yield responses of 6 of 8 crop years. For example, in the dry year of 1994, yields in the sheltered zone (3–6 H) were 44, 49 and 81% greater than in the exposed zone (18–24 H) for wheat, faba beans and canola, respectively. In 1995, a wet year, only faba beans showed a response (18% increase). In 1996, oats showed an apparent 25% yield increase in the sheltered zone compared with the unsheltered zone. However, these yield differences were not due to shelter alone. For example, covariate analysis of 1995 wheat and bean yield data with soil texture indicated that yield variation across the paddock could be explained by variation in depth to calcareous clay loam. Cumulative water use of wheat was greater in the 3–12 H zone in 1994 (dry year) but less in 1995 (wet year); however, these differences are likely to be also due to soil variation in the 2 plots used. Nevertheless, the windbreak effectively altered the microclimate. Cumulative temperature was measured at 4 distances on the leeward side of the windbreak and used to predict the time taken for wheat to reach anthesis at each location. The correlation between normalised values of observed and predicted times to anthesis was found for 3 wheat crops with different times of sowing in 1995 (r2 = 0.62). It was concluded that (i) shelter will affect the physiology of crops grown in this environment, (ii)�the shelter effect on enhancing crop yield is relatively subtle compared with other sources of yield variation and (iii)�the evidence for a water-saving mechanism in enhancing crop yield is inconclusive.
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Sari, Mega Mutiara, Takanobu Inoue, Regil Kentaurus Harryes, Kuriko Yokota, Iva Yenis Septiariva, Sapta Suhardono, Ika Bagus Priyambada, Shigeru Kato, Suprihanto Notodarmojo i I. Wayan Koko Suryawan. "Potential Utilization of Plastic River Debris as Electricity Power Plant in Jakarta, Indonesia". Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI) 3, nr 2 (30.08.2022): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47540/ijsei.v3i2.602.
Streszczenie:
River debris is the main problem from the negative impact of poor waste management. The composition of river debris in Jakarta consists mostly of plastic waste. Plastic waste from river debris has an opportunity for energy recovery. This study aimed to see the potential for utilizing river debris in energy recovery in power plants. This research was conducted at three sampling shelter points in Pesing, Pluit, and Perintis. Waste generation and composition were quantified using the load count method on Indonesian state standards for seven consecutive days. River debris generation in Pesing, Pluitm, and Pernting averaged 7.2; 3; and 1.8 tons/day. More than 60% (w/w) of plastic bag waste was found in the Pesing and Pluit shelters, while 67.3% was found in the Perintis shelter. Based on the calorific value of each plastic waste, the energy potential from plastic waste recovery can reach 16,197,109 kWh/year. This is equivalent to an electricity supply of 0.05% of the total electricity demand in Jakarta.
39
Geethu, Elsa Thomas, Kulbhushan Rai i S. Sithara. "Analysis and Design of Blast Resistant Structure". Applied Mechanics and Materials 857 (listopad 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.857.1.
Streszczenie:
In the past few years, the increase in the number of terrorist attacks has shown that the effect of blast loads on buildings is a serious matter that should be taken into design consideration. These man-made disasters have created a challenge to structural engineers world over about the deficiency in the design process. Blast loads are extreme, instaneous, unpredictive impulses acting over milliseconds. Due to this nature of blast loads, it is complicated to analyse the dynamic responses of the structures. Usage of advanced engineering materials for construction can solve these structural problems to an extent. This paper presents the analysis and design of an underground blast resistant shelter made up of high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites (HPFRCC). This research focuses on an alternative section of cylindrical module of the shelter. The dynamic behavior of module under blast load is studied in finite element software Abaqus CAE 6.12. It is observed that the material stress-strain behavior is greatly influenced by strain rates of loadings. Shelter manually designed using codes in working stress method is verified with the analytical analysis
40
Mikheev, Victor N., Anna F. Pasternak, Andrew Yu Morozov i Jouni Taskinen. "Innate antipredator behavior can promote infection in fish even in the absence of predators". Behavioral Ecology 31, nr 1 (12.11.2019): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz188.
Streszczenie:
Abstract Natural enemies—predators and parasites—largely shape the dynamics of ecosystems. It is known that antipredator and antiparasite defense can be mutually conflicting, however consequences of this trade-off for the regulation of infection burden in animals are still poorly understood. We hypothesize that even in the absence of cues from predators, innate antipredator behavior (“ghost of predation past”) interferes with defense against parasites and can enhance the infection risk. As a case study, we explore interactions between a commercial species, the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and its parasite, the trematode eye-fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum. Fish–parasite interactions were tested in compartmentalized tanks where shelters and parasites were presented in different combinations providing various conditions for microhabitat choice and territorial behavior. Shelters were attractive and contestable despite the absence of predators and presence of parasites. The individuals fighting for shelters acquired more than twice the number of cercariae as compared to those in infected shelter-free compartments. Most infected were subordinate fish with a higher ventilation rate. Fish possessing shelters were less vulnerable to parasites than fighting fish. Grouping reduced the infection load, although less efficiently than sheltering. Our data demonstrate that the innate antipredator behavior can undermine antiparasite tactics of the fish and result in higher infection rates. Using our empirical results, we construct a mathematical model which predicts that enriching the environment in fish farming will be beneficial only when a large number of shelters is provided. Using insufficient number of shelters will increase the parasite burden in the fish.
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Zaidir i Mariadi. "The structural analysis of school buildings in West Pasaman as tsunami shelters". E3S Web of Conferences 464 (2023): 15001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346415001.
Streszczenie:
The shelter buildings of SDN 02 Sasak Ranah Pasisie and MTS Darul Hikmah Sikilang at West Pasaman were built in year 2010-2011, but until year 2021, the construction were not completed yet. To continue the construction of these shelters, the structural analysis is first carried out to know the existing condition of the buildings. The structural analysis is carried out in order to find out whether the shelter buildings is still feasible to resist the working loads. The calculation of the working loads using the new SNI 1726-2019, including tsunami loads. Data of concrete quality is taken using a hammer test and the reinforcing steel by conducting a tensile test from the reinforcement sample taken in the field. To find out the capacity of foundation, the DCP (Dutch Cone Penetrometer) testing is carried out to obtain the qc (conus) value and the depth of hard soil. Structural analysis using a computer program with a 3D building model. From structural analysis is found that all dimensions of element as well as reinforcement of flexure and shear of structural element such as columns and beams including foundation are able to resist the working loads in accordance with the new SNI 1726-2019.
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Fauzan, Fauzan, Febrin Anas Ismail i Zev Al Jauhari. "Effect of Tsunami Loads on Ulak Karang Shelter Building in Padang City". International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Special Issue, Special Issue-ICAEIT2017 (30.11.2018): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd19130.
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Hanzal-Kashi, Amy, i E. Raedene Combs. "Differences in Loan Officers’ Perceptions of Earth-Sheltered Housing". Housing and Society 14, nr 1 (styczeń 1987): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08882746.1987.11429991.
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Moris, Joaquin, Andrew Kennedy i Joannes Westerink. "EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WAVE LOADING AND ITS REDUCTION ON SHELTERED BUILDINGS". Coastal Engineering Proceedings, nr 36v (28.12.2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36v.structures.21.
Streszczenie:
Wave loading from inundation events like storms and tsunamis can cause severe structural damage to buildings (Xian et al., 2015); therefore, it is important to predict wave loading as accurately as possible. One uncertainty in estimating wave loads during inundation events is the possible reduction of loads by sheltering from other buildings. Understanding and quantifying this effect could reduce overestimated loads in sheltered buildings and avoid over-conservative structural design. This work aims to quantify the reduction of wave loads in sheltered buildings through the analysis of experimental data and numerical simulations.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/89QblLjDBnI
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Fonseca, Patrícia C. de F., Eduardo A. de Almeida i Roberta Passini. "Thermal comfort indices in individual shelters for dairy calves with different types of roofs". Engenharia Agrícola 31, nr 6 (grudzień 2011): 1044–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162011000600002.
Streszczenie:
Among the building materials used in rural facilities, roofs are noteworthy for being largely responsible for thermal comfort, influencing the thermal balance within the shelter. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of roof on the Enthalpy (H), Thermal Load of Radiation (TLR), and Black Globe Temperature and Humidity Index (BGHI) in individual shelters for dairy calves. The design was completely randomized with three treatments: Z - zinc tile, AC - asbestos-cement tile and ACW - asbestos-cement tile painted white on the upper side. The averages were compared by the Scott Knott test at 1% probability. The results showed no statistical difference between treatments (P<0.01) and the external environment for H. For TLR, there was statistical difference among all treatments, where ACW showed the lowest TLR, 489.28 W m-2, followed by AC with 506.72 W m-2 and Z with the highest TLR, 523.55 W m-2. For BGHI, the lowest values were observed for ACW (76.8) and AC (77.4), differing significantly from Z, which obtained the highest value (81.6). The tiles with white paint on the upper side promoted the lowest TLR and the lowest BGHI, favoring the thermal environment in the shelter.
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Meilani i William Herrison Liong. "The Using of Container For Earthquake Mitigation Shelter In West Jawa". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1324, nr 1 (1.04.2024): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/012039.
Streszczenie:
Abstract Bandung is a city in West Java. Bandung has unique topography because it is surrounded by volcanoes. This condition causes Bandung to become an earthquake prone area. It is necessary to plan the disaster mitigation if an earthquake occurs. One thing that needs to be planned is a refugee shelter. The shelter must be strong enough to resist the aftershocks and quick to install.and disassemble. Container can be one of the best option for the shelter. This research uses container material as the existing structure that will be tested for resistance to seismic loads (Bandung). Seismic load testing is carried out using the ETABS software following the design requirements according to SNI 1726:2019. There are six variations of the containers arrangement tested for stiffness and strength. All variations of the modified container arrangement meet the requirements for stiffness and strength against earthquake forces according to SNI 1726:2019 regulations.
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Dawson, TJ, i SK Maloney. "Fur versus feathers: the different roles of red kangaroo fur and emu feathers in thermoregulation in the Australian arid zone." Australian Mammalogy 26, nr 2 (2004): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am04145.
Streszczenie:
Fur or feathers provide protection against heat loads from solar radiation for birds and mammals. The red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) and the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) are conspicuous in arid environments of Australia where there is potential for high solar loads. The diurnal D. novaehollandiae feeds in the open yet it has a dark coat with a high absorptivity (83%), which contrasts with that of M. rufus (61%), but M. rufus generally shelters in shade during the day. We examined the effect of coat characteristics on the heat load from solar radiation at skin level. Coat depth and density (thermal conductance or insulation) and the level of penetration of solar radiation into the coat were important determinants of solar heat load. For M. rufus less than 25% of incident radiation reached the body at low wind speeds and this diminished to below 15% at moderate wind speeds. In the modest shade M. rufus seeks on summer days, their heat load from solar radiation appears minimal. Colour differences among M. rufus did not affect thermal load. D. novaehollandiae on the other hand is exposed to the full incident solar load in the open but its plumage provides almost complete protection from solar radiation. Solar radiation is absorbed at the feather surface and the insulation provided by the deep coat prevents heat transmission to the skin.
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Tahouri, B., N. Toy i J. Booker. "Wind loads and flow regimes associated with sheltered lightweight greenhouses". Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 38, nr 2-3 (lipiec 1991): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(91)90059-6.
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Baryłka, A., i M. Szota. "Material and construction solutions in the construction of civil defence shelters". Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 120, nr 1 (1.09.2023): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.9620.
Streszczenie:
An analysis is presented of the use of material and construction solutions used in construction, mainly residential, for the construction of OC (civil defence) shelters.The article presents procedures for designing reinforced concrete structures that make it possible to properly determine the load capacity of critical sections. In the present work, a study of the deformation stability of a zone of reinforced concrete sections that is subjected to compression is used. Computational methods based on Drucker's postulate were used to solve the problem. The proposed approach enables the determination of the values of ultimate and failure strains based on the analysis of the loading path of a reinforced concrete section.Generally, shelters built into residential buildings are analysed, intended to be constructed in the rooms of the basement floor. A reduced need for ancillary space, the basement room, is observed. Garage functions are located on the basement floor. The plan contours of the basement are often larger than those of the ground floor. It is possible to design a shelter for the residents of the building, which ensures the greatest efficiency in its use. It is desirable to maintain uniform material and construction solutions while maintaining technological and organisational solutions during the erection of the entire building.The paper indicates the possibility of using some of the material and structural solutions of the housing construction in the realisation of OC shelters built into the basement floor. The construction of free-standing shelters was not analysed separately, but the proposals presented in the paper can also be applied to the type of OC shelters. Some results of the analysis of the adaptation of material and structural solutions of the housing construction to the needs of OC shelters construction will be presented during the symposium.It is advisable to develop models for the construction of OC shelters using contemporary technologies used in the construction industry.Useful tool can be the proposed scheme for improving activities based on the EFQM model.
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Klopfer, Michael J., Joy E. Pixley, Armen Saiyan, Amir Tabakh, David Jacot i Guann-Pyng Li. "Evaluating the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Residential Energy Use in Los Angeles". Applied Sciences 11, nr 10 (14.05.2021): 4476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104476.
Streszczenie:
The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic provided an opportunity to assess energy use during times of emergency that disrupt daily and seasonal patterns. The authors present findings from a regional evaluation in the city of Los Angeles (California, USA) with broad application to other areas and demonstrate an approach for isolating and analyzing residential loads from community-level electric utility feeder data. The study addresses effects on residential energy use and the implications for future energy use models, energy planning, and device energy standards and utility program development. In this study we review changes in residential energy use during the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic from four residential communities across Los Angeles covering approximately 6603 households within two microclimate sub regional areas (Los Angeles Basin and San Fernando Valley). Analyses address both absolute and seasonal temperature-corrected energy use changes while assessing estimated changes on energy usage from both temperature-sensitive loads (e.g., air conditioning and electric heating) and non-temperature-sensitive loads (e.g., consumer electronics and major appliance use). An average 5.1% increase in total residential energy use was observed for non-temperature sensitive loads during the pandemic period compared to a 2018–2019 baseline. During mid-spring when shelter in place activity was highest a peak monthly energy use of 20.9% increase was seen compared to a 2018–2019 composite baseline. Considering an average of the top five warmest summer days, a 9.5% increase in energy use was observed for events during summer 2020 compared to summer 2018 (a year with similar magnitude summer high heat events). Based on these results, a potential trend is identified for increased residential load during pandemics and other shelter-in-place disruptions, net of any temperature-sensitive load shifts with greater impacts expected for lower-income communities.