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Hong, Haizheng. "Toxicological studies of paralytic shellfish toxins in mammalian systems /". View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?BIOL%202003%20HONG.
Pełny tekst źródłaIncludes bibliographical references (leaves 101-111). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
Hold, Georgina Louise. "The role of bacteria in paralytic shellfish poisoning". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301622.
Pełny tekst źródłaLi, Pilong. "Radiobiosynthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins in the dinoflagellate alexandrium tamarense /". View Abstract or Full-Text, 2002. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?BIOL%202002%20LI.
Pełny tekst źródłaHo, Yam Tat. "The roles of bacteria in the production of paralytic shellfish toxins in two dinoflagellate cultures /". View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?BIOL%202003%20HO.
Pełny tekst źródłaIncludes bibliographical references (leaves 118-130). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
Stranghetti, Bruno Garcia. "Monitoração toxinológica do pescado comercializado nos municípios de São Sebastião e Caraguatatuba, SP". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41135/tde-06112007-180200/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins are well-known natural bioactive compounds due to their accidental consumption in contaminated seafood. These molecules, of which the most potent representative is saxitoxin (STX), are a class of neurotoxic alkaloids, having different isoforms and varied toxicities, that are produced by some cyanobacteria and some species of dinoflagellates from the genus Alexandrium, Gymnodinium and Pyrodinium. PSP toxins are water-soluble neurotoxins that act on nerve and muscle cells by blocking sodium channels voltage-dependent, thus preventing the conductance of neuron signal leading to muscular paralysis. In severe cases, death may result due to respiratory failure. Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) is a gastrointestinal illness with symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, chills and moderate to severe abdominal pain. DSP is usually a consequence of consuming contaminated shellfish that have ingested dinoflagellates of the genera Dinophysis and Prorocentrun through their filter feeding activities. Contamination of seafood by PSP and DSP toxins has posed serious problems to the fisheries industry as well to public health. In this study, was stabilized a monitoring program to shellfish (Perna perna) and finfish (Sardinella brasiliensis, Anchoviella lepidentostole and Brevoortia aurea) collected in fish markets in Caraguatatuba and São Sebastião cities, São Paulo state. The extracts for PSP were prepared by two ways: according to AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), through the heating for 5 min of blend of 100 g of well mixed sample with 0.1 N HCl; or through of the concentration of ethanolic extracts from finfishs muscle + skin. The PSP mouse bioassay for PSP toxins involves intraperitonial injection (i.p.) of 1 mL of the acid extract into each of three mice (~ 20 g). The mice were observed for classical PSP symptoms and the time to mouse death was recorded and the toxicity was determinate (in mouse units, MU) from the Sommers table. To DSP toxins, the extracts was prepared trough the extraction of digestive glands with acetone, and i.p injection in mice was used to determine the presence of theses toxins. In the mouse bioassay for the extracts prepared by AOAC method no positive results was obtained. For the mouse bioassay with ehtanolic extracts was obtained positive results to 77.8 % of the tested extracts. The media of MU of all samples, in this case, was 0,147 MU/g. To the mouse bioassay for the DSP toxins, three samples gives evidence of presence of the diarrhetic toxins, because the mice showed signal like diarrhea. The ethanolic extracts, that was positive to the PSP toxins, was fractionated by a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge. The first elution, with 0.1 M acetic acid, was analyzed by using prechromatographic oxidation and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The HPLC analysis indicated the presence of the PSP toxins, confirming the bioassays. Therefore, in the first time in Brazil was demonstrated that the species S. brasiliensis, A. lepidentostole and B. aurea are carriers of toxins like PSP in little concentrations and that a monitoring program is necessary in our country to verify the presence of these toxins in organisms that are used as food by the population.
Harper, Terry L. "Improved methods of detection for the difficult to identify marine toxin, Okadaic acid /". Electronic version (PDF), 2005. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2005/harpert/terryharper.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaContreras, Garces Andrea Maud. "Physiological Effects and Biotransformation of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in New Zealand Marine Bivalves". Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5181.
Pełny tekst źródłaBurgess, Vanessa Anne, i n/a. "Toxicology Investigations With The Pectenotoxin-2 Seco Acids". Griffith University. School of Public Health, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030905.090222.
Pełny tekst źródłaBurgess, Vanessa Anne. "Toxicology Investigations With The Pectenotoxin-2 Seco Acids". Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365382.
Pełny tekst źródłaThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Public Health
Faculty of Health Sciences
Full Text
Barber, Kathleen Gladys. "Response of the shore crabs Hemigrapsus oregonesis and Hemigrapsus nudus to paralytic shellfish toxins". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27797.
Pełny tekst źródłaLand and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
Bauder, Andrew G. "Dynamics of diarrhetic shellfish toxins from the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima in the bay scallop Argopecten irradians". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq24799.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaWong, Barbara Carleton University Dissertation Chemistry. "Novel approaches to the oxidation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins for analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography". Ottawa, 1996.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaPercy, Linda Ann. "An investigation of the phytoplankton of the Fal Estuary, UK and the relationship between the occurrence of potentially toxic species and associated algal toxins in shellfish". Thesis, University of Westminster, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434277.
Pełny tekst źródłaBoullot, Floriane. "Implication des canaux sodium voltage-dépendant dans la réponse aux toxines chez Crassostrea gigas : le cas des phycotoxines paralysantes". Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0014/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuring bloom of microalgae producing paralytic shellfish toxins (PST), filtering bivalves can bio-accumulate a large quantity of toxins and become toxic for human consumption. The amount of accumulated PST can greatly vary from one individual to another within a bivalve population. Indeed, under our experimental conditions, the amount of accumulated PST by Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, exposed to the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum, varied by a factor of 450. To explain such variability we hypothesized the existence of several forms of voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV), target of the PST, resulting in different sensitivities to PST. The main objective of this thesis was to understand whether there are relationships between nerve sensitivity to PST, the different forms of NaV and the amount of accumulated PST.The NaV was first characterized in C. gigas by a molecular biology approach. Two NaV genes were reported in C. gigas: CgNaV1, encoding a sodium channel and CgNaV2 encoding a channel potentially selective for sodium and calcium. Alternative splicing of CgNaV1 produced three variants (A, B and C) with different expression profiles: at the neuromuscular junctions for CgNaV1A, in the nerve cells for CgNaV1B and in both for CgNaV1C. The amino acid Q observed in the binding site of PST (domain II), of the sequence CgNaV1 for the 3 variants and in all individuals from the 4 studied populations possibly provide some PST resistance to oysters. Thus, the variants resulting from the genotyping/splicing of CgNaV1 would not therefore be the determining factor of the level of bioaccumulation in oysters.A second part allowed studying the nerve sensitivity to PST of C. gigas oyster in relation to the accumulation of PST by an electrophysiology approach. The sensitivity to saxitoxin (STX, a PST) of the cerebro-visceral nerves from oysters was assessed by studying their action potential (CNAP). C.gigas nerves have been shown to have sensitivity to STX of the micromolar range, which gives them intermediate sensitivity among bivalves. This nerve sensitivity may vary depending on the period at which the oysters were collected and potentially according to their physiological condition. A preexposure of oysters to A. minutum appears to increase nerve resistance to STX. However, there was no significant correlation between STX nerve sensitivity and PST content in the oyster digestive gland.Overall, it appears that the variability of the PST accumulation by oysters would result rather from a physiological plasticity, in terms of filtration, ingestion and assimilation, than from a differential sensitivity of the NaV
Adu-Ampratwum, Daniel Dr. "Synthesis of the ABCD- and EFGHI-Domains of Azaspiracid-3". The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461310628.
Pełny tekst źródłaCastrec, Justine. "Impacts des efflorescences du dinoflagellé toxique Alexandrium minutum sur la reproduction et le développement de l'huître Crassostrea gigas". Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0080.
Pełny tekst źródłaRecent decades have witnessed the intensification and spread of harmful algal blooms (HAB). HAB are known to disrupt coastal ecosystems and to be toxic for marine organisms. These phenomena are also suspected to be responsible for recruitment failures of bivalves. The aim of this PhD was to study the consequences of blooms of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum on the reproduction, development and recruitment of the oyster Crassostrea gigas, a species of major economic importance. A. minutum is known to produce paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) and bioactive extracellular compounds (BEC). Gametes and early life stages were the most sensitive, particularly to the bioactive extracellular compounds (BEC) produced by A. minutum, which inhibited fertilization and embryogenesis. A. minutum modified the behaviour of veliger larvae, decreased their filtration, growth and settlement. Exposure of adult oysters during gametogenesis affected the development of offspring, reflecting alterations in gamete content and/or vertical transfer of PST. Mode of action of PST and BEC are to further investigate. These oyster exposures, conducted at environmentally relevant concentrations of microalgae, suggest that recurrent blooms of A. minutum during oyster spawning and larval development could have long-term consequences on the structure of wild and cultured populations of C. gigas
Allen, Sara E. "Florida Red Tides: Public Perceptions of Risk". [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002267.
Pełny tekst źródłaSelander, Erik. "Chemical ecology of paralytic shellfish toxin producing dinoflagellates /". Göteborg : Fiskebäckskil : Dept. of Marine Ecology, Göteborg University, Kristineberg ; Kristineberg Marine Research Station, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0804/2007440828.html.
Pełny tekst źródłaSemones, Molly C. "Regulation and Testing for Marine Biotoxins". Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1283867789.
Pełny tekst źródłaJohn, E. H. "Growth dynamics and physiology of paralytic shellfish toxin producing dinoflagellates". Thesis, Swansea University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637432.
Pełny tekst źródłaChiu, Ellen, i 招雅莉. "Proteomic and physiological studies of paralytic shellfish toxin producing dinoflagellates: Alexandriumtamarense and Gymnodinium catenatum". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38827761.
Pełny tekst źródłaChiu, Ellen. "Proteomic and physiological studies of paralytic shellfish toxin producing dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense and Gymnodinium catenatum /". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38827761.
Pełny tekst źródłaPate, Susan Elizabeth. "Impacts of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexadrium monilatum on three ecologically important shellfish species". NCSU, 2006. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03062006-182116/.
Pełny tekst źródłaWindust, Anthony James. "The physiological ecology of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxin production by the dinoflagellate Exuviaella lima (Ehr.) Bütschli". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ36593.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródła蕭嘉裕 i Ka Yu Gavin Siu. "An investigation of a toxic red tide dinoflagellate alexandrium catenella: physiology, occurrence andtoxicity". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31235293.
Pełny tekst źródłaFartouna-Bellakhal, Mouna. "Distribution spatiale des kystes de résistance des Dinoflagellés au niveau du sédiment superficiel de la lagune de Bizerte : cas de l’espèce invasive Alexandrium pacificum R.W. Litaker, 2014". Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2081/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe ballast water discharges in Bizerte harbor and shellfish aquaculture farms in Bizerte lagoon can be potentials sources with an interest in the introduction of harmful species, especially those that are potentially toxic like A. pacificum, A. pseudogonyaulax, A.minutum, A.affine and Polysphaeridium zoharyi, without neglecting the role of currents in the distribution of cysts. The study of the vessel traffics for 7 years before our prospection in Bizerte harbour have showing that the percentage of vessels coming from the Pacific road is around 14%. In order to identify species of Dinoflagellates producing resting cysts incriminated on potentially toxic blooms, a high spatial resolution sampling of the surface sediment for the identification and counting of resistance cysts was carried out to estimate the cyst density based on sedimentary characteristics, water content, organic matter, granulometry, abundance of vegetative forms and environmental factors. This study allowed the identification of 48 morphotypes of dinoflagellate cysts, mainly dominated by Brigantidinium simplex, Votadinum spinosum, Alexandrium pacificum, Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax and Lingulodinum machaerophorum. The density of cysts ranged from 1276 to 20126 cysts g-1 dry sediment. Significant differences between cyst distributions were recorded, which enabled us to distinguish two areas in the Bizerte lagoon. Particular attention was given to the complex Alexandrium tamarense (HABs). In addition, morphological examination and ribotyping of vegetative cells obtained from microalgal cultures following extraction process, isolation of resistance cysts from sediment, and their germination led to the production of monospecific culture: ABZ1 characterized by a μ (growth rate) = 0.33 day-1 and a generation time T = 2.1 day. These reviews have confirmed the newly identified genus and species in the Mediterranean sea and mentioned specifically in the lagoon of Bizerte: Alexandrium pacificum. The toxin profile obtained from an extract of ABZ1 culture in exponential phase revealed the presence of N-sulfocarbamoyl toxin C1 (9.82 pg toxin Cell-1), the GTX6 (3.26 pg toxin Cell-1), carbamoyl and the Neo-STX toxin (0.38 pg cell toxin-1), representing 2.8% of total toxins of this strain.A correlation between the abundance of cysts of Alexandrium pacificum and water percentage well as organic matter was found. Moreover, sediment fraction <63μm proved potentially favorable to initiate Alexandrium pacificum blooms in Bizerte lagoon. A significant difference in the cyst distribution diagram was shown, highlighting a zoning of the lagoon with a greater abundance in shellfish farm areas
Chang, Jia-Wei, i 張家維. "Isolation and characterization of paralytic shellfish toxins from Alexandrium minutum Halim of Taiwan and the routine monitoring of paralytic shellfish toxins". Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19602378076867221273.
Pełny tekst źródła國立臺灣大學
漁業學系
84
This is the first research ever attempting to isolate two components of paralytic shellfish toxins from Alexandrium minutum Halim in Taiwan. The two toxins were obtained by means of two different yet successive preparative chromatography on the water soluble extract that taken from a mass culture of Alexandrium minutum Halim AM-1. The sample was first seperated by a gel filtration chromatography, then the toxin fraction obtained was then puried by an linear gradient elution with 0-0.025N acetic acid and a subsequent 0.027-0.03N acetic acid elution on the toxin fraction. Gonyautoxin-1 and Gonyautoxin-4 were thus purified and confirmed by 1H-NMR spectroscopic analysis. There exist two other minor toxins which have been confirmed yet not purified in A. minutum are Gonyautoxin-3 and Gonyautoxin-2. Solution of pure Gonyautoxin-1 and Gonyautoxin-4 were found loosing their nature gradually within 12 days even in pH=3.3 acetic acid solution and a temperature below -20℃. Pure form of toxins was also found to degrade or to convert to its epimer in a solution of higher pH or higher temperature. A drying procedure such as lyophilization may cause degradation and interconversion. The second portion of this research is the routine monitoring result of paralytic shellfish toxins in the culturing shellfishes along the south western coast of Taiwan during the year of 1993- 1995. Among the three man-raised shellfishes, clam, oyster and purple clam, only purple clam was found to be toxic occasionally. It was also found that almost all the toxic purple clams were from Pintung area. The toxic purple clams were found to contain Gonyautoxin-1, Gonyautoxin-2, Gonyautoxin-3, and Gonyautoxin-4 which were the same composition of toxins found in A. minutum collceted in the same area. Sometimes, the toxicity of purple clam may exceeded the quarantine allowance of U.S. or Japan by
Lage, Sandra 1987. "Transfer and accumulation of paralytic and amnesic shellfish toxins in secondary consumers of the marine trophic chain". Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/2057.
Pełny tekst źródłaResumo alargado em português disponível no documento
Paralytic and amnesic shellfish toxins can enter in the marine trophic chain by filterfeeding and benthic organisms. Then due to trophic interrelationships the toxins are transferred to theirs predators. In the last instance, top predators (marine mammals and sea birds) can be intoxicated after fed on primary and secondary consumers. The wild horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus) was collected in NW and S Portuguese coast between September of 2009 and March of 2010. The results show for the first time that horse mackerel can accumulate high concentrations of PSTs in theirs gastrointestinal tract. Which increased the requirement of evaluated the dynamics of accumulation and elimination of PSTs in secondary consumer fish. Thus aquaculture fishes, white sea breams, were fed with toxin-contaminated cockles. After 5 days of toxin exposure, the fishes were fed with non toxic cockles during 10 days. In this feeding experiment, an increasing of toxin concentration over the exposure period was noticed in the fish gastrointestinal tract. B1 and dcSTX were the only toxins continuously detected during the exposure/elimination period, which reveal a slower elimination than the others PSTs. These two PSTs were also the main toxins in the mackerel toxin profile, which may suggest a specific PSTs elimination by fish species. Although AST were not detected in any mackerel specimen, in octopus (Octopus vulgaris) specimens captured in the same fishing area, domoic acid (DA) was detected in the digestive glands. This accumulation of DA in the octopus was previously identified. However this is the first time that DA was detected during periods of absence of ASP events. Plus DA was predominantly found in the cytosol which increased the evidence of a retention mechanism. Since DA as a hydrophilic compound should be easily release. This thesis supplies relevant data to the growing knowledge on the dynamics of accumulation and elimination of PSTs and AST in secondary consumers and on the toxin transfer in the marine food web.
Chebib, Hanadie A. "The accumulation, biotransformation and elimination of paralytic shellfish toxins in Mytilus edulis as a function of prior seasonal exposure to natural blooms of Alexandrium excavatum". Thesis, 1992. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/4416/1/MM84714.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaAlmeida, João Carlos Cristóvão Martins de. "Síndrome parética em gaivotas (Laridae): Qual é a etiologia?" Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/38922.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe paretic syndrome, of unknown etiology, is one of the main causes of admission to wildlife rescue centres in Portugal and it mainly affects seabirds such as seagulls. Among others, intoxication by paralytic marine biotoxins (PSP - Paralytic Shelfish Poisoning), namely saxitoxin (STX), has been considered as one of the main differential diagnoses, as it develops a clinical picture compatible with this syndrome. The present study aimed to determine the exposure of two species of gulls to STX and to correlate with the severity of the syndrome presented by these species. For this purpose, saxitoxin concentrations were determined by an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) in liver samples (n = 23) of the species Larus fuscus (n = 17) and Larus michahellis (n = 6) that were admitted to the Centro de Reabilitação de Animais Marinhos - CRAM / Ecomare, between August 2019 and April 2021. Of the 23 samples analyzed, 3 presented saxitoxin values between 11.1 and 17.2 ng/mL, with a frequency of 16% of the animals with suspected saxitoxin poisoning. In the remaining samples, the saxitoxin concentration values were below the LOQ. Based on these preliminary results, and given the problem of biotoxins in human and animal health, it reinforces the importance of conducting STX biomonitoring studies using seagulls as biomonitors (animals at the top of the food chain and with a wide geographic distribution). The continuity of these studies is also important to improve knowledge about the etiology of the paretic syndrome that affects these animals.
Jaime, Elke [Verfasser]. "Analytik und Vorkommen von Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)-Toxinen in marinen Organismen / von Elke Jaime". 2003. http://d-nb.info/968060919/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaRühl, Alexander [Verfasser]. "Entwicklung und Anwendung von flüssigchromatographischen Analyseverfahren zum Nachweis von Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP)-Toxinen / von Alexander Rühl". 2004. http://d-nb.info/971963800/34.
Pełny tekst źródła黃振平. "Comparison of the Toxin Accumulation and Detoxification in Two Hiatula Species Exposed to Paralytic Shellfish Poison-containing Alexandrium Minutum Halim". Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98090819560150784505.
Pełny tekst źródła國立臺灣大學
漁業科學研究所
87
Purple clam is a kind of shellfish of high economic importance in Taiwan. Since the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) incidents due to the ingestion of contaminated purple clam occured in 1986 and 1991, the consumption and aquaculture industry of purple clam has been declining. According to the long term survey of toxic shellfish monitoring, it was noted that most of the toxic cases were related to one of the purple clam species, Hiatula rostrata, but none to H. diphos, another popular species cultured. In this research we used a high performance liquid chromatography for PSP toxin analysis in Alexandrium minutum, known as the toxin producing organism responsible for the PSP in Taiwan, and purple clams. Accumulation and detoxification of toxins in these two hiatula species were compared after continously feeding with toxic A. minutum for 24 days and nontoxic Isochrysis and Pavlova for another 24 days. Toxin metabolism and translocation in the purple clams were also studied and compared between two species. The result showed that both Hiatula species accumulated the toxins according to the amount of filtered A. minutum cells. Although H. diphos showed a higher rate in toxicity increase than H. rostrata, both species showed a similar level of highest toxicity in the experiment period. Most of the ingested algal toxins remained in the digestive glad of the clam. Some of the toxins were translocation to muscle tissue after several days. It was found that were the same feeding behavior H. diphos showed toxicity in muscle the earlier than H. rostrata. There was a consitency on dates when the digestive gland and muscle showed their highest toxicity. However H. rostrata showed it's highest toxicity in muscle one sampling period after the date that the digestive gland had its highest toxicity. Generally, GTX-Ⅰand GTX-Ⅱwer more stable that the after two, GTX-Ⅲ and GTX-Ⅳ in the clam tissue due to the result that GTX-Ⅲ and GTX-Ⅳ remained almost the same concentration in the tissue during feeding period. From the monitoring survey of toxic purple clam cultured in different areas along the south western coast of Taiwan it was noticed that the toxic clams were all from Tungkang of Pingtung. They had toxicities exceeding the safety level in several occasions. During the study period there seems no significant seasonal variation of the occurrence of toxic clam due to the widely ditsribution of the toxic specimens in almost every months of the year. There was a coincidence to show the toxic clams were H.rostrata and cultured mainly in Tungkang area and nontoxic ones were H. diphos, cultured elsewhere. Since our result showed no significant difference in toxin accumulation removal between these two Hiatula species, we speculated the geographic distribution of toxic clams was due the different environment and different culture behavior that brought the blooming of toxic algae and contaminated the clams.
Helbig, Tina [Verfasser]. "Analytik und Vorkommen lebensmittelrechtlich relevanter mariner Biotoxine unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP)-Toxinen und Tetrodotoxinen (TTXs) / von Tina Helbig". 2010. http://d-nb.info/1008204323/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaSmith, Christa Belle. "Nitrogen nutrition of Alexandrium tamarense : using δ¹⁵N to track nitrogen source used for growth". Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-05-82.
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