Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Shellfish toxins

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Shellfish toxins”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 20 lutego 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Shellfish toxins"

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Bouchouar, Etran, Samantha Bruzzese, Chelsea Pyles i Kate Stechyshyn. "Shellfish toxins a public health concern for Canadians". Environmental Health Review 57, nr 01 (1.03.2014): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5864/d2014-013.

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are increasing worldwide as a result of climate change and global marine traffic. HABs contain high concentrations of algal toxins. Toxin contaminated shellfish cannot be detected by taste, sight, or smell; the toxins are heat-stable and therefore are not destroyed by cooking. Human consumption of toxin-contaminated shellfish leads to illness. Treatment of shellfish poisoning is limited to symptom management. The burden of shellfish poisoning in humans is often underestimated, and the effects of chronic exposure are unknown. Currently there are regulatory practices for shellfish monitoring in Canada and the United States. Yet there is poor communication of HAB risks to the public.
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Reis Costa, Pedro, Ana Braga i Andrew Turner. "Accumulation and Elimination Dynamics of the Hydroxybenzoate Saxitoxin Analogues in Mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis Exposed to the Toxic Marine Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum". Toxins 10, nr 11 (26.10.2018): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110428.

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Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a severe food-borne illness, caused by the ingestion of seafood containing paralytic shellfish toxins (PST), which are naturally produced by marine dinoflagellates and accumulate in shellfish during algae blooms. Novel PST, designated as hydroxybenzoate analogues (also known as GC toxins), was relatively recently discovered in Gymnodinium catenatum strains worldwide. However, to date, there have been no studies examining their accumulation in shellfish. In this study, mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were exposed to G. catenatum for five days and then exposed to a non-toxic diet for 24 h, to investigate the toxin’s accumulation/elimination dynamics. As determined by UHPLC-HILIC-MS/MS, the hydroxybenzoate analogues, GC1 to GC6, comprised 41% of the algae toxin profile and only 9% in mussels. Elimination of GC toxins after 24 h was not evident. This study highlights that a relevant fraction of PST in mussels are not routinely analysed in monitoring programs and that there is a need to better understand the toxicological potential of the hydroxybenzoate analogues, in order to properly address the risk of G. catenatum blooms.
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Goya, Alejandra B., Danial Baqer, Ryan P. Alexander, Patrycja Stubbs, Karl Dean, Adam M. Lewis, Lewis Coates, Benjamin H. Maskrey i Andrew D. Turner. "Marine Biotoxins in Whole and Processed Scallops from the Argentine Sea". Marine Drugs 20, nr 10 (10.10.2022): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20100634.

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Harmful algal blooms are an increasing worldwide threat to the seafood industry and human health as a consequence of the natural production of biotoxins that can accumulate in shellfish. In the Argentine Sea, this has been identified as an issue for the offshore fisheries of Patagonian scallops (Zygochlamys patagonica), leading to potentially harmful effects on consumers. Here we assess spatial and temporal patterns in marine biotoxin concentrations in Patagonian scallops harvested in Argentinian waters between 2012–2017, based on analyses for paralytic shellfish toxins, lipophilic toxins, and amnesic shellfish toxins. There was no evidence for concentrations of lipophilic or amnesic toxins above regulatory acceptance thresholds, with trace concentrations of pectenotoxin 2, azaspiracid 2 and okadaic acid group toxins confirmed. Conversely, paralytic shellfish toxins were quantified in some scallops. Gonyautoxins 1 and 2 dominated the unusual toxin profiles (91%) in terms of saxitoxin equivalents with maximum concentrations reaching 3985 µg STX eq/kg and with changes in profiles linked in part to seasonal changes. Total toxin concentrations were compared between samples of the adductor muscle and whole tissue, with results showing the absence of toxins in the adductor muscle confirming toxin accumulation in the digestive tracts of the scallops and the absence of a human health threat following the processing of scallop adductor meat. These findings highlight that paralytic shellfish toxins with an unusual toxin profile can occur in relatively high concentrations in whole Patagonian scallops in specific regions and during particular time periods, also showing that the processing of scallops on board factory ships to obtain frozen adductor muscle is an effective management process that minimizes the risk of poisonings from final products destined for human consumption.
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JAMES, K. J., B. CAREY, J. O'HALLORAN, F. N. A. M. van PELT i Z. ŠKRABÁKOVÁ. "Shellfish toxicity: human health implications of marine algal toxins". Epidemiology and Infection 138, nr 7 (23.04.2010): 927–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810000853.

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SUMMARYFive major human toxic syndromes caused by the consumption of shellfish contaminated by algal toxins are presented. The increased risks to humans of shellfish toxicity from the prevalence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) may be a consequence of large-scale ecological changes from anthropogenic activities, especially increased eutrophication, marine transport and aquaculture, and global climate change. Improvements in toxin detection methods and increased toxin surveillance programmes are positive developments in limiting human exposure to shellfish toxins.
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Sato, Shigeru, Yoshinobu Takata, Sunaho Kondo, Akiko Kotoda, Naoto Hongo i Masaaki Kodama. "Quantitative ELISA Kit for Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Coupled with Sample Pretreatment". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 97, nr 2 (1.03.2014): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.sgesato.

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Abstract A new ELISA kit to quantitate the level of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in crude shellfish extracts was developed. A conjugate for preparing antigen and a novel antibody used in the ELISA wasprepared based on the unique reactions between C11-O-sulfate toxins such as gonyautoxins 2 and 3 (GTX2,3) and various thiol compounds, followed by coupling to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The compounds necessary for competitive ELISA, labeled toxin and an artificial standard toxin to replace saxitoxin in the analysis, were also produced by the same techniques. Theresulting ELISA recognized all the toxin components tested; however, carbamoyl-N-sulfate derivatives such as B and C toxins and N1-OH toxins such as neoSTX and GTX1,4 showed low affinity to the antibody. The difference in the reactivity of the antibody observed among the toxin components prevents accurate quantification of the toxin amounts in shellfish extracts. To address this problem, the former toxin components were transformed to corresponding carbamate toxins by mild HCl treatment according to a conventional method. The reduction of N1-OH of the latter toxins to N1-H was performed by our original method using hemin as a catalyst. We report here the new ELISA kitcoupled with the pretreatment process to transform the toxin components favorable for the quantitative analysis of PSP toxins.
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Rourke, Wade A., Andrew Justason, Jennifer L. Martin i Cory J. Murphy. "Shellfish Toxin Uptake and Depuration in Multiple Atlantic Canadian Molluscan Species: Application to Selection of Sentinel Species in Monitoring Programs". Toxins 13, nr 2 (22.02.2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13020168.

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Shellfish toxin monitoring programs often use mussels as the sentinel species to represent risk in other bivalve shellfish species. Studies have examined accumulation and depuration rates in various species, but little information is available to compare multiple species from the same harvest area. A 2-year research project was performed to validate the use of mussels as the sentinel species to represent other relevant eastern Canadian shellfish species (clams, scallops, and oysters). Samples were collected simultaneously from Deadmans Harbour, NB, and were tested for paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and amnesic shellfish toxin (AST). Phytoplankton was also monitored at this site. Scallops accumulated PSTs and AST sooner, at higher concentrations, and retained toxins longer than mussels. Data from monitoring program samples in Mahone Bay, NS, are presented as a real-world validation of findings. Simultaneous sampling of mussels and scallops showed significant differences between shellfish toxin results in these species. These data suggest more consideration should be given to situations where multiple species are present, especially scallops.
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Mackintosh, Fiona H., Susan Gallacher, Aileen M. Shanks i Elizabeth A. Smith. "Assessment of MIST Alert™, a Commercial Qualitative Assay for Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Bivalve Molluscs". Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 85, nr 3 (1.05.2002): 632–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/85.3.632.

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Abstract A recently developed commercial rapid test kit (MIST Alert™) was assessed for determination of the presence of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in shellfish. Several commercially important shellfish species obtained from the UK shellfish toxin monitoring program, containing a range of total PSP toxicities as determined by the mouse bioassay (MBA), were tested. The kit detected toxin in all samples containing the European Community tolerance level of 80 μg saxitoxin (STX) equivalents/100 g shellfish flesh as determined by the MBA. With one exception, the kit detected toxin in all samples that contained >40 μg STX equivalents/100 g according to the MBA. Among samples in which the MBA did not detect toxin, the kit disagreed in 25% of the tests, although further analysis by liquid chromatography (LC) and MBA of some samples confirmed the presence of toxins. These results suggest that MIST Alert may be suitable as an initial screen for PSP toxins as part of routine monitoring programs, thereby greatly reducing the number of MBAs. Trials were also performed by nonscientific personnel to evaluate the ease of use and interpretation of results obtained by MIST Alert. The results indicated that the kits could be readily used and accurately interpreted by individuals with no technical or scientific background.
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Yasumoto, T., M. Murata, Y. Oshima, M. Sano, G. K. Matsumoto i J. Clardy. "Diarrhetic shellfish toxins". Tetrahedron 41, nr 6 (styczeń 1985): 1019–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(01)96469-5.

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Pradhan, Biswajita, Hansol Kim, Sofia Abassi i Jang-Seu Ki. "Toxic Effects and Tumor Promotion Activity of Marine Phytoplankton Toxins: A Review". Toxins 14, nr 6 (8.06.2022): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14060397.

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Phytoplankton are photosynthetic microorganisms in aquatic environments that produce many bioactive substances. However, some of them are toxic to aquatic organisms via filter-feeding and are even poisonous to humans through the food chain. Human poisoning from these substances and their serious long-term consequences have resulted in several health threats, including cancer, skin disorders, and other diseases, which have been frequently documented. Seafood poisoning disorders triggered by phytoplankton toxins include paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP), ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), and azaspiracid shellfish poisoning (AZP). Accordingly, identifying harmful shellfish poisoning and toxin-producing species and their detrimental effects is urgently required. Although the harmful effects of these toxins are well documented, their possible modes of action are insufficiently understood in terms of clinical symptoms. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding phytoplankton toxins and their detrimental consequences, including tumor-promoting activity. The structure, source, and clinical symptoms caused by these toxins, as well as their molecular mechanisms of action on voltage-gated ion channels, are briefly discussed. Moreover, the possible stress-associated reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related modes of action are summarized. Finally, we describe the toxic effects of phytoplankton toxins and discuss future research in the field of stress-associated ROS-related toxicity. Moreover, these toxins can also be used in different pharmacological prospects and can be established as a potent pharmacophore in the near future.
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Andres, John Kristoffer, Aletta T. Yñiguez, Jennifer Mary Maister, Andrew D. Turner, Dave Eldon B. Olano, Jenelyn Mendoza, Lilibeth Salvador-Reyes i Rhodora V. Azanza. "Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Uptake, Assimilation, Depuration, and Transformation in the Southeast Asian Green-Lipped Mussel (Perna viridis)". Toxins 11, nr 8 (9.08.2019): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11080468.

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Bivalve molluscs represent an important food source within the Philippines, but the health of seafood consumers is compromised through the accumulation of harmful algal toxins in edible shellfish tissues. In order to assess the dynamics of toxin risk in shellfish, this study investigated the uptake, depuration, assimilation, and analogue changes of paralytic shellfish toxins in Perna viridis. Tank experiments were conducted where mussels were fed with the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum. Water and shellfish were sampled over a six day period to determine toxin concentrations in the shellfish meat and water, as well as algal cell densities. The maximum summed toxin concentration determined was 367 µg STX eq./100 g shellfish tissue, more than six times higher than the regulatory action limit in the Philippines. Several uptake and depuration cycles were observed during the study, with the first observed within the first 24 h coinciding with high algal cell densities. Toxin burdens were assessed within different parts of the shellfish tissue, with the highest levels quantified in the mantle during the first 18 h period but shifting towards the gut thereafter. A comparison of toxin profile data evidenced the conversion of GTX1,4 in the source algae to the less potent GTX2,3 in the shellfish tissue. Overall, the study illustrated the temporal variability in Perna viridis toxin concentrations during a modelled algal bloom event, and the accumulation of toxin from the water even after toxic algae were removed.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Shellfish toxins"

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Hong, Haizheng. "Toxicological studies of paralytic shellfish toxins in mammalian systems /". View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?BIOL%202003%20HONG.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-111). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Hold, Georgina Louise. "The role of bacteria in paralytic shellfish poisoning". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301622.

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Li, Pilong. "Radiobiosynthesis of paralytic shellfish toxins in the dinoflagellate alexandrium tamarense /". View Abstract or Full-Text, 2002. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?BIOL%202002%20LI.

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Ho, Yam Tat. "The roles of bacteria in the production of paralytic shellfish toxins in two dinoflagellate cultures /". View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?BIOL%202003%20HO.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-130). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Stranghetti, Bruno Garcia. "Monitoração toxinológica do pescado comercializado nos municípios de São Sebastião e Caraguatatuba, SP". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41135/tde-06112007-180200/.

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As toxinas do envenenamento paralisante por moluscos (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning – PSP) são compostos naturais bioativos conhecidos devido ao consumo acidental de frutos do mar contaminados. Estas moléculas, das quais a mais potente é a saxitoxina (STX), são uma classe de alcalóides neurotóxicos que possuem diferentes análogos e diferentes toxicidades, e são produzidas por algumas cianobactérias e algumas espécies de dinoflagelados do gênero Alexandrium, Gymnodinium e Pyrodinium. As toxinas paralisantes são neurotoxinas solúveis em água que agem sobre células nervosas e musculares através do bloqueio dos canais de sódio dependentes de voltagem, desta maneira, impedindo a condução do sinal no neurônio o que leva a uma paralisia muscular. Em casos graves, pode ocorrer morte por insuficiência respiratória. O envenenamento diarréico por moluscos (Diarrhetic Shelfish Poisoning – DSP) é caracterizado por problemas gastrointestinais com sintomas como diarréia, náusea, vômito, dor de cabeça, calafrios e dores abdominais. DSP é conseqüência do consumo de mariscos contaminados que ingeriram dinoflagelados do gênero Dynophysis e Prorocentrun através de sua alimentação por filtração da água. Contaminação de frutos do mar por toxinas PSP ou DSP coloca-se como sério problema para a indústria pesqueira e para a saúde pública. Neste estudo, estabeleceu-se um programa de monitoração para mexilhões (Perna perna) e para peixes (Sardinella brasiliensis, Anchoviella lepidentostole e Brevoortia aurea) coletados em peixarias e entrepostos de pesca no municípios de Caraguatatuba e São Sebastião, São Paulo. Os extratos para PSP foram preparados de duas maneiras: de acordo com a AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), através do aquecimento por 5 min de uma mistura de 100 g de tecidos homogeneizados com ácido acético 0,1 N; ou a partir da concentração de extratos etanólicos de músculo + pele dos peixes. Os bioensaios com camundongos para PSP consistem na injeção intraperitonial de 1 mL do extrato ácido em cada um dos três camundongos (~ 20 g). O animal é observado quanto aos sintomas clássicos de PSP e o tempo de morte é anotado e então a toxicidade é determinada (em mouse units, MU) pela tabela de Sommer. Para as toxinas causadoras de DSP, os extratos foram preparados pela extração com acetona do homogeneizado das glândulas digestivas, e a determinação da presença destas toxinas é feita através da injeção intraperitonial em camundongos. Nos bioensaios com os extratos preparados segundo o método da AOAC, não houve casos positivos. Para o bioensaio realizado com extratos etanólicos obtiveram-se resultados positivos para 77,8% dos extratos testados. A média de MU de todas as amostras, neste caso, foi de 0,147 MU/g. Nos bioensaios para DSP, três amostras resultaram em sinais que evidenciam a presença destas toxinas, pois os camundongos injetados apresentaram quadro diarréico. Os extratos etanólicos, com positividade para as toxinas de PSP, foram fracionados usando-se colunas Sep-Pak C18. A primeira eluição, com ácido acético 0,1 M, foi analisada usando-se o método de préderivatização e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção de fluorescência. As analises em CLAE indicaram a presença de compostos semelhantes às toxinas paralisantes de PSP, confirmando os bioensaios. Portanto, pela primeira vez no Brasil demonstrou-se que as espécies S. brasiliensis, A. lepidentostole e B. aurea são portadoras de toxinas paralisantes, semelhantes às PSP, em pequenas concentrações e que um programa de monitoração é necessário em nosso país para verificação da presença dessas toxinas em organismos que são usados como alimento pela população.
The Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins are well-known natural bioactive compounds due to their accidental consumption in contaminated seafood. These molecules, of which the most potent representative is saxitoxin (STX), are a class of neurotoxic alkaloids, having different isoforms and varied toxicities, that are produced by some cyanobacteria and some species of dinoflagellates from the genus Alexandrium, Gymnodinium and Pyrodinium. PSP toxins are water-soluble neurotoxins that act on nerve and muscle cells by blocking sodium channels voltage-dependent, thus preventing the conductance of neuron signal leading to muscular paralysis. In severe cases, death may result due to respiratory failure. Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) is a gastrointestinal illness with symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, chills and moderate to severe abdominal pain. DSP is usually a consequence of consuming contaminated shellfish that have ingested dinoflagellates of the genera Dinophysis and Prorocentrun through their filter feeding activities. Contamination of seafood by PSP and DSP toxins has posed serious problems to the fisheries industry as well to public health. In this study, was stabilized a monitoring program to shellfish (Perna perna) and finfish (Sardinella brasiliensis, Anchoviella lepidentostole and Brevoortia aurea) collected in fish markets in Caraguatatuba and São Sebastião cities, São Paulo state. The extracts for PSP were prepared by two ways: according to AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists), through the heating for 5 min of blend of 100 g of well mixed sample with 0.1 N HCl; or through of the concentration of ethanolic extracts from finfish’s muscle + skin. The PSP mouse bioassay for PSP toxins involves intraperitonial injection (i.p.) of 1 mL of the acid extract into each of three mice (~ 20 g). The mice were observed for classical PSP symptoms and the time to mouse death was recorded and the toxicity was determinate (in mouse units, MU) from the Sommer’s table. To DSP toxins, the extracts was prepared trough the extraction of digestive glands with acetone, and i.p injection in mice was used to determine the presence of theses toxins. In the mouse bioassay for the extracts prepared by AOAC method no positive results was obtained. For the mouse bioassay with ehtanolic extracts was obtained positive results to 77.8 % of the tested extracts. The media of MU of all samples, in this case, was 0,147 MU/g. To the mouse bioassay for the DSP toxins, three samples gives evidence of presence of the diarrhetic toxins, because the mice showed signal like diarrhea. The ethanolic extracts, that was positive to the PSP toxins, was fractionated by a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge. The first elution, with 0.1 M acetic acid, was analyzed by using prechromatographic oxidation and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The HPLC analysis indicated the presence of the PSP toxins, confirming the bioassays. Therefore, in the first time in Brazil was demonstrated that the species S. brasiliensis, A. lepidentostole and B. aurea are carriers of toxins like PSP in little concentrations and that a monitoring program is necessary in our country to verify the presence of these toxins in organisms that are used as food by the population.
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Harper, Terry L. "Improved methods of detection for the difficult to identify marine toxin, Okadaic acid /". Electronic version (PDF), 2005. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2005/harpert/terryharper.pdf.

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Contreras, Garces Andrea Maud. "Physiological Effects and Biotransformation of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in New Zealand Marine Bivalves". Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5181.

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Although there are no authenticated records of human illness due to PSP in New Zealand, nationwide phytoplankton and shellfish toxicity monitoring programmes have revealed that the incidence of PSP contamination and the occurrence of the toxic Alexandrium species are more common than previously realised (Mackenzie et al., 2004). A full understanding of the mechanism of uptake, accumulation and toxin dynamics of bivalves feeding on toxic algae is fundamental for improving future regulations in the shellfish toxicity monitoring program across the country. This thesis examines the effects of toxic dinoflagellates and PSP toxins on the physiology and behaviour of bivalve molluscs. This focus arose because these aspects have not been widely studied before in New Zealand. The basic hypothesis tested was that bivalve molluscs differ in their ability to metabolise PSP toxins produced by Alexandrium tamarense and are able to transform toxins and may have special mechanisms to avoid toxin uptake. To test this hypothesis, different physiological/behavioural experiments and quantification of PSP toxins in bivalves tissues were carried out on mussels (Perna canaliculus), clams (Paphies donacina and Dosinia anus), scallops (Pecten novaezelandiae) and oysters (Ostrea chilensis) from the South Island of New Zealand. Measurements of clearance rate were used to test the sensitivity of the bivalves to PSP toxins. Other studies that involved intoxication and detoxification periods were carried out on three species of bivalves (P. canaliculus, P. donacina, P. novaezelandiae), using physiological responses (clearance and excretion rate) and analysis of PSP toxins in the tissues over these periods. Complementary experiments that investigated other responses in bivalves fed with the toxic cells were also carried out. These included byssus production, and the presence of toxic cells in the faeces of mussels, the siphon activity and burrowing depth in clams and the oxygen consumption in scallops. The most resistant species to PSP toxins were the mussel, Perna canaliculus and the clam, Dosinia anus. Both species fed actively on toxic dinoflagellates and accumulated toxins. The intoxication and detoxication rate of the mussel was faster than the other species of bivalve studied (P. donacina and P. novaezelandiae) which confirm mussels as a good sentinel species for early warning of toxic algal blooms. The clearance rate of the clam, Paphies donacina decreased when fed on Alexandrium species but the effect of the PSP toxins on this physiological response was not confirmed. Over the detoxification period of 8 days, this clam did not detoxify which suggests that its ability to retain high level of toxins for an extensive period may be critical for public health management. The scallop, Pecten novaezelandiae was clearly the most sensitive species to the PSP toxins and the clearance rate was significantly lower in the presence of the toxic dinoflagellate A. tamarense. Although the clearance rate was low, the scallops still fed on the toxic dinoflagellate and accumulated PSP toxins in the tissues. The scallops detoxified slowly which would affect the market for this bivalve in the presence of a toxic algal bloom. This bivalve would retain PSP toxins for longer period of time than other species such as mussels. The oyster, Ostrea chilensis, had erratic clearance rate and did not respond clearly to any of the variables tested over the time. Oysters accumulated more toxins than the sensitive species, but they had been exposed to two more days of feeding with A. tamarense; therefore this species may actually have a similar intoxication responses to P. novaezalandiae and P. donacina. The results from this thesis suggest further directions for the aquaculture sector and ongoing research in this field, which in future will lead to a better selection of suitable species for culture as well as species for monitoring of PSP toxins. In the future, research that integrates field and controlled laboratory studies will expand to other species of interest and a more complete record will in time be available in order to manage more efficiently the negative effects that harmful algal blooms may have in New Zealand.
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Burgess, Vanessa Anne, i n/a. "Toxicology Investigations With The Pectenotoxin-2 Seco Acids". Griffith University. School of Public Health, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030905.090222.

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Pectenotoxins (PTXs) are a group of large cyclic polyether compounds associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) as they are often found in combination with other DSPs such as okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysis toxins (DTXs) in shellfish. Although classified and regulated with the DSPs, there is debate over whether these toxins should be classified with DSP toxins. To date, ten different analogues of PTXs have been identified from shellfish and algae, and of these, the pectenotoxin-2 seco acids (PTX2-SAs) are of particular interest as they have previously been implicated in a shellfish poisoning incident in Australia, but relatively little was known of their toxicology. One such incident occurred in December 1997, when approximately 200 people were reported with severe diarrhoetic shellfish poisoning in Northern New South Wales (NSW). Analysis of the shellfish associated with this incident revealed relatively high PTX2-SA concentrations (approx. 300 micrograms/kg shellfish meat), with only trace amounts of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and OA. Following this incident, PTX2-SAs were considered a health threat and guidelines were implemented in the absence of toxicological data, which has caused a great economic burden to shellfish industries around the globe, in particular to Australia, New Zealand and Ireland. Such regulation created in the absence of scientific data demonstrated the need to determine the toxicology of PTX2-SAs in commercial shellfish. Thus a comprehensive study on the toxicology and possible health implications of the PTX2-SAs in Australian shellfish was conducted. PTX2-SAs were isolated in different batches from shellfish (pipis, oysters and mussels) and from algal bloom samples of Dinophysis caudata. Toxin extraction was conducted with several purification stages and chemical analysis was performed with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS). The chemical stability of the PTX2-SAs was investigated to ensure consistency of doses between toxicology experiments. Acute dosing studies with mice were then performed and included toxicopathology investigations with light microscopy and electron microscopy, in addition to toxin distribution studies and investigation of in vivo lipid peroxidation. In vitro studies with HepG2 cells included cytotoxicity assays, cell cycle investigations using flow cytometry and gene expression profiling of cells exposed to PTX2-SAs employing cDNA microarray technology. Acute pathology studies demonstrated that the PTX2-SAs do not cause the characteristic symptoms or lesions associated with DSP toxins. No diarrhoea was observed at any dose level in mice and no deaths occurred up to the maximum dosing level of 1.6mg/kg PTX2-SA. Only one batch of PTX2-SA extract produced toxic lesions characteristic of a DSP toxin (batch 1-pilot study) but after follow up studies, it was determined that this first batch of shellfish most likely contained an additional unidentified shellfish toxin or contaminant that co-extracted with PTX2-SAs during toxin isolation and purification procedures. This finding highlighted the importance of supporting the inclusion of the mice bioassay in procedures for shellfish toxin testing to enable detection of new toxins, and also highlighted the importance of toxin purification for toxicology studies. A significant rise in malondialdehyde excretion was observed within 24 hours of dosing mice, indicating that the PTX2-SAs may cause damage by lipid peroxidation in vivo. In vitro studies showed HepG2 cells to have cell cycle and gene expression changes within 24 hours of a dose of 800ng/mL PTX2-SAs. Cell cycle arrest was observed at the G2/M checkpoint and gene expression changes included alterations in genes involved in cell cycle control, lipid metabolism and transport, lipid genesis and trace metal transport. Many genes involved in DNA repair processes were moderated at the 24 hour point, but as no apoptosis was observed up to 72 hours post dosing it is a promising indication that any DNA damage that may have been caused by the administration of PTX2-SAs was not lethal, and was able to be repaired. In light of the information provided by toxicology investigations in this PhD, with particular reference to evidence of in vivo lipid peroxidation by raised levels of MDA in mouse urine, and changes in cell cycle distribution and gene expression in a cultured human cell line, it is concluded that there is potential for these toxins to induce biological changes in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro, and hence potential for PTX2-SAs to cause health effects in humans. During the course of this three-year study, developments in techniques for shellfish toxin identification within our laboratories have revealed that the shellfish responsible for the 1997 NSW poisoning incident contained significant concentrations of okadaic acid acyl esters that were not detected at the time of the NSW incident. Although reportedly less toxic than okadaic acid itself, the OA ester concentrations present may have been sufficient to cause the observed symptoms. It is also theorized that these esters could be hydrolyzed in the human gastro-intestinal tract to release okadaic acid. In the light of this new evidence and with no pathology lesions or symptoms of diarrhoea being observed in PTX2-SA dosing studies with mice, we now believe these OA acyl esters to be the causative agent in the 1997 NSW DSP incident and not the PTX2-SAs. Nothing is currently known of the chronic toxicology of PTX2-SAs and thus their potential implications to public health in the long term cannot determined. The toxicology investigations in this thesis were acute studies, and it has not been established if the observed changes could be repaired or returned within normal limits without the manifestation of illness or disease occurring. Utilizing the acute toxicology information in this thesis, a health risk assessment for consumption of PTX2-SA contaminated shellfish was performed. This risk assessment, employing numerous safety factors essential for an incomplete data set, produced guideline values that are lower than the current recommend concentrations. To date, there has been no solid evidence that PTX2-SAs cause illness in humans – all documented incidents involving the PTX2-SAs have also included other DSP contaminants that are known to cause human illness. Pathology has not unequivocally been demonstrated in animal studies and thus, in consideration of the epidemiological evidence, PTX2-SAs cannot be considered as high a risk to public health as was previously thought. For the reasons discussed above, and weighing up risk-benefit considerations of the economic burden the current guideline values are causing to shellfish industries around the globe, it is recommended that levels of PTX2-SAs be monitored in recognition of the precautionary principle, but no longer regulated as tightly with other DSPs until such a time that toxicological or epidemiological evidence can prove that the PTX2-SAs are a DSP and are a more considerable threat to human health than has been indicated by toxicology studies in this thesis. This study has produced a substantial amount of acute toxicology data and has provided a good basis for future chronic toxicology investigations with the PTX2-SAs for regulatory purposes.
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9

Burgess, Vanessa Anne. "Toxicology Investigations With The Pectenotoxin-2 Seco Acids". Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365382.

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Streszczenie:
Pectenotoxins (PTXs) are a group of large cyclic polyether compounds associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) as they are often found in combination with other DSPs such as okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysis toxins (DTXs) in shellfish. Although classified and regulated with the DSPs, there is debate over whether these toxins should be classified with DSP toxins. To date, ten different analogues of PTXs have been identified from shellfish and algae, and of these, the pectenotoxin-2 seco acids (PTX2-SAs) are of particular interest as they have previously been implicated in a shellfish poisoning incident in Australia, but relatively little was known of their toxicology. One such incident occurred in December 1997, when approximately 200 people were reported with severe diarrhoetic shellfish poisoning in Northern New South Wales (NSW). Analysis of the shellfish associated with this incident revealed relatively high PTX2-SA concentrations (approx. 300 micrograms/kg shellfish meat), with only trace amounts of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2) and OA. Following this incident, PTX2-SAs were considered a health threat and guidelines were implemented in the absence of toxicological data, which has caused a great economic burden to shellfish industries around the globe, in particular to Australia, New Zealand and Ireland. Such regulation created in the absence of scientific data demonstrated the need to determine the toxicology of PTX2-SAs in commercial shellfish. Thus a comprehensive study on the toxicology and possible health implications of the PTX2-SAs in Australian shellfish was conducted. PTX2-SAs were isolated in different batches from shellfish (pipis, oysters and mussels) and from algal bloom samples of Dinophysis caudata. Toxin extraction was conducted with several purification stages and chemical analysis was performed with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS/MS). The chemical stability of the PTX2-SAs was investigated to ensure consistency of doses between toxicology experiments. Acute dosing studies with mice were then performed and included toxicopathology investigations with light microscopy and electron microscopy, in addition to toxin distribution studies and investigation of in vivo lipid peroxidation. In vitro studies with HepG2 cells included cytotoxicity assays, cell cycle investigations using flow cytometry and gene expression profiling of cells exposed to PTX2-SAs employing cDNA microarray technology. Acute pathology studies demonstrated that the PTX2-SAs do not cause the characteristic symptoms or lesions associated with DSP toxins. No diarrhoea was observed at any dose level in mice and no deaths occurred up to the maximum dosing level of 1.6mg/kg PTX2-SA. Only one batch of PTX2-SA extract produced toxic lesions characteristic of a DSP toxin (batch 1-pilot study) but after follow up studies, it was determined that this first batch of shellfish most likely contained an additional unidentified shellfish toxin or contaminant that co-extracted with PTX2-SAs during toxin isolation and purification procedures. This finding highlighted the importance of supporting the inclusion of the mice bioassay in procedures for shellfish toxin testing to enable detection of new toxins, and also highlighted the importance of toxin purification for toxicology studies. A significant rise in malondialdehyde excretion was observed within 24 hours of dosing mice, indicating that the PTX2-SAs may cause damage by lipid peroxidation in vivo. In vitro studies showed HepG2 cells to have cell cycle and gene expression changes within 24 hours of a dose of 800ng/mL PTX2-SAs. Cell cycle arrest was observed at the G2/M checkpoint and gene expression changes included alterations in genes involved in cell cycle control, lipid metabolism and transport, lipid genesis and trace metal transport. Many genes involved in DNA repair processes were moderated at the 24 hour point, but as no apoptosis was observed up to 72 hours post dosing it is a promising indication that any DNA damage that may have been caused by the administration of PTX2-SAs was not lethal, and was able to be repaired. In light of the information provided by toxicology investigations in this PhD, with particular reference to evidence of in vivo lipid peroxidation by raised levels of MDA in mouse urine, and changes in cell cycle distribution and gene expression in a cultured human cell line, it is concluded that there is potential for these toxins to induce biological changes in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro, and hence potential for PTX2-SAs to cause health effects in humans. During the course of this three-year study, developments in techniques for shellfish toxin identification within our laboratories have revealed that the shellfish responsible for the 1997 NSW poisoning incident contained significant concentrations of okadaic acid acyl esters that were not detected at the time of the NSW incident. Although reportedly less toxic than okadaic acid itself, the OA ester concentrations present may have been sufficient to cause the observed symptoms. It is also theorized that these esters could be hydrolyzed in the human gastro-intestinal tract to release okadaic acid. In the light of this new evidence and with no pathology lesions or symptoms of diarrhoea being observed in PTX2-SA dosing studies with mice, we now believe these OA acyl esters to be the causative agent in the 1997 NSW DSP incident and not the PTX2-SAs. Nothing is currently known of the chronic toxicology of PTX2-SAs and thus their potential implications to public health in the long term cannot determined. The toxicology investigations in this thesis were acute studies, and it has not been established if the observed changes could be repaired or returned within normal limits without the manifestation of illness or disease occurring. Utilizing the acute toxicology information in this thesis, a health risk assessment for consumption of PTX2-SA contaminated shellfish was performed. This risk assessment, employing numerous safety factors essential for an incomplete data set, produced guideline values that are lower than the current recommend concentrations. To date, there has been no solid evidence that PTX2-SAs cause illness in humans – all documented incidents involving the PTX2-SAs have also included other DSP contaminants that are known to cause human illness. Pathology has not unequivocally been demonstrated in animal studies and thus, in consideration of the epidemiological evidence, PTX2-SAs cannot be considered as high a risk to public health as was previously thought. For the reasons discussed above, and weighing up risk-benefit considerations of the economic burden the current guideline values are causing to shellfish industries around the globe, it is recommended that levels of PTX2-SAs be monitored in recognition of the precautionary principle, but no longer regulated as tightly with other DSPs until such a time that toxicological or epidemiological evidence can prove that the PTX2-SAs are a DSP and are a more considerable threat to human health than has been indicated by toxicology studies in this thesis. This study has produced a substantial amount of acute toxicology data and has provided a good basis for future chronic toxicology investigations with the PTX2-SAs for regulatory purposes.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Public Health
Faculty of Health Sciences
Full Text
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10

Barber, Kathleen Gladys. "Response of the shore crabs Hemigrapsus oregonesis and Hemigrapsus nudus to paralytic shellfish toxins". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27797.

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The following research deals with the response of the small shore crabs, Hemigrapsus oreqonesis and Hemigrapsus nudus to paralytic shellfish toxins (PST). These shore crabs were shown to develop a remarkable seasonal resistance to administered saxitoxin (STX). No similar change in sensitivity was found after administration of tetrodotoxin (TTX), another marine neurotoxin with similar actions to the PST. Resistance to STX in the small shore crabs was linked to the presence of PST in the viscera, and this in turn was related to the presence of toxic dinoflagellate blooms in the area. Furthermore, this research provides, for the first time, evidence of a protein component (MW 145,000 daltons) which appears to be associated with acquired resistance to PST in the shore crab. In addition, this protein component was shown to appear in sensitive crab extracts after the administration of low doses of saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin in vivo.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Książki na temat "Shellfish toxins"

1

Sin, Il-sik. Sikpʻum chung sŏlsasŏng, kiŏk sangsilsŏng pʻaedok oyŏm siltʻae chosa =: Monitoring of diarrhoeic shellfish poison (DSP) and amnesic shellfish poison (ASP) in shellfish. [Seoul]: Sikpʻum Ŭiyakpʻum Anjŏnchʻŏng, 2007.

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2

International Conference on Toxic Dinoflagellates (3rd 1985 St. Andrews, N.B.). Toxic dinoflagellates: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Toxic Dinoflagellates, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada, June 8-12, 1985. Redaktorzy Anderson Donald M, White Alan W i Baden Daniel G. New York: Elsevier, 1985.

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3

Colloque sur les biotoxines marines (1991 Paris, France). Actes du Colloque sur les biotoxines marines: Paris, 30-31 janvier 1991 = Proceedings of Symposium on Marine Biotoxins. Redaktorzy Fremy J. Marc i Centre National d'études vétérinaires et alimentaires (France). Maisons-Alfort, France: Centre National d'études vétérinaires et alimentaires, 1991.

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4

Cunningham, Patricia Marr. Pisces guide to venomous & toxic marine life of the world. Houston, Tex: Pisces Books, 1996.

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5

Egmond, H. P. van. Marine biotoxins. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2004.

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6

J. M. van de Riet. A routine HPLC fluorescence method for the determination of the diarrhetic shellfish toxins okadaic acid and DTX-1 in shellfish. Ottawa, Ont: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1995.

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7

M, Botana Luis, red. Seafood and freshwater toxins: Pharmacology, physiology, and detection. Wyd. 2. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2008.

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8

Canadian Workshop on Harmful Marine Algae (5th 1996 St. John's, Nfld.). Proceedings of the Fifth Canadian Workshop on Harmful Marine Algae. St. John's, Nfld: Science Branch, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, 1996.

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Ireland) Irish Marine Science Biotoxin Workshop (2nd 2001 Galway. 2nd Irish Marine Science Biotoxin Workshop: Galway, Thursday 11th October 2001. Ireland: Marine Institute, 2001.

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10

Selander, Erik. Chemical ecology of paralytic shellfish toxin producing dinoflagellates. Göteborg: Dept. of Marine Ecology, Göteborg University, Kristineberg, 2007.

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Części książek na temat "Shellfish toxins"

1

Qayoom, Ubaid, Zahoor Mushtaq i E. Manimozhi. "Paralytic Shellfish Toxins". W Handbook of Plant and Animal Toxins in Food, 283–98. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003178446-16.

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2

Bhunia, Arun K. "Fish and Shellfish Toxins". W Foodborne Microbial Pathogens, 175–80. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7349-1_9.

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3

Kelly, Grahame J., i Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff. "Dinoflagellate Toxins in Australian Shellfish". W Toxins and Targets, 1–9. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315076911-1.

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4

Ben-Gigirey, Begoña, Andrew David Turner i Ana Gago-Martínez. "Instrumental Methods for Paralytic Shellfish Toxins". W Marine and Freshwater Toxins, 43–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6419-4_27.

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Ben-Gigirey, Begoña, Andrew David Turner i Ana Gago-Martínez. "Instrumental Methods for Paralytic Shellfish Toxins". W Marine and Freshwater Toxins, 1–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6650-1_27-1.

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6

Sullivan, John J. "High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method Applied to Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Research". W Marine Toxins, 66–77. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1990-0418.ch004.

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Pearson, Leanne Andrea, i Brett Anthony Neilan. "Saxitoxin and Related Paralytic Shellfish Toxins". W Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 1045–55. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, [2019] | Series: Food microbiology series | “A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.”: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22030-98.

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Ishizuka, Hayate, i Kazuo Nagasawa. "Synthesis of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins: Saxitoxins". W Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry, 131–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7081_2020_44.

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Guldberg, Trude S., T. Hatlen i K. Aarstad. "Searching for Internal Standard for Chemical Routine Analysis of Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins". W Molluscan Shellfish Safety, 187–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6588-7_16.

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Raine, R., A. M. Wilson, G. Hermann i J. P. Lacaze. "A Comparison of Assay Techniques for the Analysis of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Shellfish". W Molluscan Shellfish Safety, 205–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6588-7_18.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Shellfish toxins"

1

Cruz, Marco G. N., Nadia S. Ferreira, Maria Teresa S. R. Gomes, Maria Joao Botelho, Sara T. Costa, Carlos Vale i Alisa Rudnitskaya. "Determination of paralytic shellfish toxins using potentiometric electronic tongue". W 2017 ISOCS/IEEE International Symposium on Olfaction and Electronic Nose (ISOEN). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isoen.2017.7968908.

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Otero, Paz, Carmen Vale, Andrea Boente-Juncal, Sandra Raposo-García, Celia Costas, M. Carmen Louzao i Luis Botana. "Contamination status of lipophilic marine toxins in commercial shellfish from Spain, Chile and South East Pacific." W 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxins. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iect2021-09143.

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Antelo, Álvaro, Ana Botana, Veronica Rey, Mercedes Álvarez i Luis Botana. "Computational model of adsorption for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs) on graphene surface." W The 20th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-20-e006.

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Pires, Cristiana L., Susana F. Nascimento, Elsa T. Rodrigues, Lia P. Godinho, Catarina Churro, Miguel A. Pardal i Maria João Moreno. "Bioavailability and Biotransformation of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Assessed by Permeability Assays Using Caco-2 Monolayers". W Biosystems in Toxicology and Pharmacology – Current Challenges. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bitap-12880.

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Falk, Michael. "The Role Of FT-IR In The Identification Of Domoic Acid, A New Shellfish Toxin". W Intl Conf on Fourier and Computerized Infrared Spectroscopy, redaktor David G. Cameron. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.969641.

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