Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Shan State Correctional Camp”

The article examines documents about camps belonging to the Gulag system in the West Kazakhstan region in the 30-50s of the twentieth century, including about a separate camp point No. 12, found in the department of secret funds of the regional archive. The creation and activities of a separate camp point No. 12 and its subordinate legal institutions located in the village of Pridorozhnoye in the Terektinsky district of the West Kazakhstan region are being studied for the first time, secret archival documents have been declassified and are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The article outlines the policy of mass imprisonment of those who resisted the Soviet government and the purpose of using their labor as "manpower" on the construction sites of the Soviet national economy. According to the content of the scientific article, the documents found in the state archive of the West Kazakhstan Region indicate that the situation of political prisoners in the camps should be analyzed comparably with the problems of prisoners of the KARLAG system and the department of camp No. 12 of the West Kazakhstan Region (ITC No. 12). The state archive of the West Kazakhstan Region contains quarterly and annual reports of the department of camp No. 12 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Kazakh SSR for 1947-1952, financial reports of the farm, conditions of detention of prisoners, lists and other statistical data that allow for a comprehensive study, to determine how large-scale and systematic the political repressions carried out in our region were.

Using the example of the Corrective Labor Camp of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, some economic aspects of the effectiveness of forced labor in the Soviet camp system in the first half of the 50s are considered. The twentieth century particular attention is paid to the issue of expenses and income of the forced labor camp. Based on archival materials from the current archive of the Main Directorate of the Federal Penitentiary Service for the Kemerovo Region, a list of expenses is given, as well as the amount of money spent by the state on the maintenance of the prison population and the forced labor camp as a whole. Data on the costs required to maintain the camp economy are correlated with the amount of money for which the contingent produced marketable products annually. Information is provided on the amount of financial assistance received by the forced labor camp from the state budget and from the departmental unit under the jurisdiction of which it was located. The novelty of the research lies in the appeal to unpublished archival documents of the current archive of the Main Directorate of the Federal Penitentiary Service for the Kemerovo region and in local history topics that have not received widespread scientific coverage. The author comes to the conclusion that the income received from the labor activities of the prison population not only did not compensate for the costs of servicing the activities of the correctional labor camp, but also significantly exceeded them. Analysis of documentary material clearly showed that the use of forced labor was not cheap for the state, much less free. The state spent significant sums to organize camp production and maintain the prison population. The camp existed thanks to annually received government grants and subsidies.

All county juvenile probation camps operating in California in 1984 were surveyed and 2,835 randomly selected camp releases and removals were followed up for two years. Although the camps provided considerable immediate and longer-term community protection, 65% of the cohort recidivated during the follow-up and 29% were committed to state correctional institutions. However, by comparing camps with each other, several sets of camp characteristics were found to be associated with sizable reductions in recidivism and state commitment. This and related findings suggest that substantial improvements may be possible in the degree of protection camps can provide, and this has implications for the juvenile justice system as a whole. For instance, less recidivism at the county level can lead to lower state commitment rates. This, in turn, can mean less crowding in California's state institutions, less need to construct new facilities, and proportionately more funds remaining for quality programming and for alternatives to incarceration.

Despite a significant number of works devoted to the history of the GULAG, the problem of the formation and functioning of small regional camps in the areas where the camp system was not widespread still remains practically uncovered both in Russian and in foreign historiography. Fishing camps in the Caspian Sea region remain practically unstudied. The Prorvinskii correctional labor camp also known as the Prorva Island camp (Prorvlag) is among them. The aim of this study was to fill the gap in the historiography of the GULAG, to reveal the causes and conditions of the formation of the fishing camp complex on the shores of the Northern Caspian Sea, to analyze the industrial activities of Prorvlag, and to determine the location of individual structural subdivisions of the camp. The study is based on the documents from the archives of the Main Administration of Places of Confinement (Glavnoe upravlenie mest zaklyucheniya, GUMZ) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (GARF, F. R-9414) supplemented by a considerable collection of other publications. The underlying methodological principle is the critical analysis of the entire body of factual material and the new archival documents in the first place. It has been established that in 1932, the OGPU received a new fishing area for its future use, the Prorva district located in the northeastern part of the Caspian Sea. For the purposes of its development and further organization of fisheries, a correctional labor camp was established there, with its administration originally stationed on Prorva Island in the Caspian Sea. The camp, which functioned from 1932 to 1940, included several subcamps, camp stations, and camp detachments. Among the prisoners, there were many fishing specialists who were convicted of various counter-revolutionary crimes. The camp had a fishing fleet of 1 115 units, production workshops for its maintenance, and coastal and floating fish factories. All the products produced by Prorvlag were sold within the GULAG system. It has been revealed that the OGPU established the Prorva Island camp in order to create its own base for supplying the camp population with fish products, since in 1932 the state stopped supplying camps with fish. The prisoners who developed the new fishing area in the most difficult climatic, domestic, industrial, and sanitary conditions made a significant contribution to the development of the Kazakhstan sector of the Caspian Sea.

"The contribution outlines a particular dimension of the internment experience, that “remnant of spiritual freedom, of the free attitude of the ego towards the world – as Viktor Frankl explains – even in that state, only apparently of absolute compulsion”. Furthermore, it aims to present two cases in which this “remnant of humanity” is embodied in a literary memory which thus becomes a memory of authentic life, capable of brightening and shattering the nonsense of the forced labour camp. This is the experience that Primo Levi recounts in Chapter XI of Se questo è un uomo, in which the memory and the existential re-actualization of Dante’s Ulysses overcome the professed desperation of Levi’s title. This is the same experience as Georgij Aleksandrovič Lesskis did in 1939, when, in the horror of the Soviet correctional labour camp, was rescued, according to his own testimony, by the “fair, bright and warm world of Tolstoy’s War and Peace”."

The article is devoted to the history of the Prorva-Astrakhan correctional labor camps (1932-1950), which were included in the GULAG system on the scale of the USSR, the historical documents of which were not included in scientific circulation. The history of the camp is analyzed using the documents of the The State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Special Archive of the Information Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Astrakhan region, Atyrau Regional State Archive and the special State archive of the Atyrau Region Police Department. From the information of the funds related to the topic in the archives, it follows that the Prorva-Astrakhan camps are located on the Caspian coast, search the territory of the deployment, the contigent in archival materials, determine the everyday and social situation of prisoners, the directions of studying the topic, analyze the methodology, bibliographic and special scientific works and documentary documents.

Introduction. Since vectors of natural resources, construction and infrastructure development across the vast Soviet territories (including that of the Kazakh SSR) were determined by geographical aspects of correctional labor camps’ territorial organization, it was the geographical factor that proved crucial to the shaping of camps system proper. So, an insight into experiences of the Prorva (Astrakhan) Correctional Labor Camp is of certain interest. Goals. The study aims at assessing impacts of geographical factors on the shaping and functioning of the mentioned labor camp’s territorial organizational structure and economic activity between 1932 and 1950. Materials and methods. The work explores documents housed by the State Archive of the Russian Federation, Archive of Internal Affairs Ministry Department in Astrakhan Oblast, outcomes of history and geography research expeditions to Mangystau and Atyrau Regions of Kazakhstan undertaken in July 2021, geographical maps. The study employs a variety of research methods, such as general scientific (analysis, synthesis, mathematical and descriptive techniques), geographical (analytical tools of cartography, comparative, physical and economic geography, expeditionary, system territorial, and factorial methods) and historical (retrospective, comparative, structural approaches) ones. Results. The paper presents a geographical analysis of six localities, reveals territorial organizational structure of the camp (the latter to have covered northern and northeastern parts of the Caspian coastline), provides an assessment of physical and geographical conditions of the camp’s economic arrangements. The latter had predetermined the availability of rich biological sea resources. However, in general, the physical and geographical components of natural environment were unfavorable (arid climate, infertile soil cover, sparse vegetation) for commercial agricultural production. The study of economic and geographical factors shows different economic potentials across localities of the camp. The economic geographical factors resulted in the shaping and functioning of a territorial organizational structure primarily aimed at efficient industrial fishing practices. Conclusions. The geographical factors proved of utmost importance and served a basis for the development of fisheries in the northern and northeastern parts of the Caspian Sea. In addition, efforts were made to initiate agricultural production and construction activities that still were to play a secondary economic role due to unfavorable conditions.

Introduction. Since vectors of natural resources, construction and infrastructure development across the vast Soviet territories (including that of the Kazakh SSR) were determined by geographical aspects of correctional labor camps’ territorial organization, it was the geographical factor that proved crucial to the shaping of camps system proper. So, an insight into experiences of the Prorva (Astrakhan) Correctional Labor Camp is of certain interest. Goals. The study aims at assessing impacts of geographical factors on the shaping and functioning of the mentioned labor camp’s territorial organizational structure and economic activity between 1932 and 1950. Materials and methods. The work explores documents housed by the State Archive of the Russian Federation, Archive of Internal Affairs Ministry Department in Astrakhan Oblast, outcomes of history and geography research expeditions to Mangystau and Atyrau Regions of Kazakhstan undertaken in July 2021, geographical maps. The study employs a variety of research methods, such as general scientific (analysis, synthesis, mathematical and descriptive techniques), geographical (analytical tools of cartography, comparative, physical and economic geography, expeditionary, system territorial, and factorial methods) and historical (retrospective, comparative, structural approaches) ones. Results. The paper presents a geographical analysis of six localities, reveals territorial organizational structure of the camp (the latter to have covered northern and northeastern parts of the Caspian coastline), provides an assessment of physical and geographical conditions of the camp’s economic arrangements. The latter had predetermined the availability of rich biological sea resources. However, in general, the physical and geographical components of natural environment were unfavorable (arid climate, infertile soil cover, sparse vegetation) for commercial agricultural production. The study of economic and geographical factors shows different economic potentials across localities of the camp. The economic geographical factors resulted in the shaping and functioning of a territorial organizational structure primarily aimed at efficient industrial fishing practices. Conclusions. The geographical factors proved of utmost importance and served a basis for the development of fisheries in the northern and northeastern parts of the Caspian Sea. In addition, efforts were made to initiate agricultural production and construction activities that still were to play a secondary economic role due to unfavorable conditions.

A study of the process of normative-legal regulation of the activity of the punitive-penitentiary system in the territory of Transcarpathia in 1944-1946 was carried out.After the liberation of the territory of Transcarpathia in October 1944 local authorities faced the need to address a number of issues, including the formation of a system of punishments and the implementation of penitentiary activities. The processes of punitive-penitentiary nature took place as a gradual process of transformation, as a result of which Czechoslovak democratic traditions gradually adopted the features of the Soviet administrative-totalitarian system.The implementation of the above tasks began with the proclamation of a full amnesty to citizens of Transcarpathian Ukraine for crimes committed before the liberation of Transcarpathia. At the same time, work on the creation of correctional institutions begins. According to the relevant Resolution of the People’s Council of Transcarpathian Ukraine, a labor camp was established to serve sentences by persons sentenced to imprisonment.In some cases, as a form of punishment, the death penalty could be applied. However, such court decisions were executed only after approval by the People’s Council, which could replace them with imprisonment.At the same time, the leaders of Transcarpathia considered the re-education of offenders to be their main task. Therefore, forced (corrective) labor was considered the main type of punishment for offenders. For its organization, the position of referents for forced labor was established. At the same time, parole measures, pardon of convicts could be applied, and in cases where trials were inappropriate, a monetary fine was imposed. All this testified to the significant social orientation of state policy in Transcarpathia in the period 1944-1946.

Since ancient times India has been a multilingual society and languages in India have thrived though at times many races and religions came into conflict. The states in modern India were reorganised on linguistic basis in 1956 yet in contrast to the European notion of one language one nation, majority of the states have more than one official language. The Linguistic Survey of India (LSI) conducted by Grierson between 1866 and 1927 identified 179 languages and 544 dialects. The first post-independence Indian census after (1951) listed 845 languages including dialects. The 1991 Census identified 216 mother tongues were identified while in 2001 their number was 234. The three-language formula devised to maintain the multilingual character of the nation and paying due attention to the importance of mother tongue is widely accepted in the country in imparting the education at primary and secondary levels. However, higher education system in India impedes multilingualism. According the Constitution it is imperative on the “Union to promote the spread of the Hindi language, to develop it so that it may serve as a medium of expression for all the elements of the composite culture of India … by drawing, wherever necessary or desirable, for its vocabulary, primarily on Sanskrit and secondarily on other languages.” However, the books translated into Hindi mainly from English have found favour with neither the students nor the teachers. On the other hand the predominance of English in various competitive examinations has caused social discontent leading to mass protests and cases have been filed in the High Courts and the Supreme Court against linguistic imperialism of English and Hindi. The governments may channelize the languages but in a democratic set up it is ultimately the will of the people that prevails. Some languages are bound to suffer a heavy casualty both in the short and long runs in the process. References Basil, Bernstein. (1971). 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Abstract On October 26, 1989, the Governor of Pennsylvania telephoned the authorities at Camp Hill to congratulate them for a job well done. The previous night, they had successfully terminated a brief but serious riot by negotiating the release of hostages. The institution had been peacefully secured, and the situation was calm. A few hours after this call, inmates seized more hostages and took control of most of the facility. By early the following morning, much of the prison was in ruin. The disappointment and shock produced by this second riot proved to be the catalyst for important changes in the Pennsylvania correctional system.

Abstract This disturbance received no great attention and produced no legislative hearings or blue-ribbon commission. Yet for every “noteworthy” riot, defined loosely as something akin to an Atlanta or a Camp Hill, there are dozens more like this brief but deadly disturbance. It is hard to identify “underlying causes” for this riot, but we can identify factors that enabled a small incident to expand and disrupt the entire prison. Located a few miles south of Boise, the Idaho State Correctional Institution {ISCI) was planned in the early 1960s and completed in 1973. It was designed as the 375-inmate medium-security component of what would become a three-prison complex. According to one senior corrections official, when the ISCI was being planned, the emphasis was on creating a “rehabilitative” environment without, in hindsight, sufficient attention being given to security concerns. Thus, the interior walls were built with cinder blocks without steel bars to reinforce them.