Rozprawy doktorskie: „Shabazz”

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Barreto, Carolina de Oliveira. "Narrativas da ”frátria imaginada” Ferréz, Sérgio Vaz, Dugueto Shabazz, Allan da Rosa". Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2011. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/5404.

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Esta dissertação se propõe a fazer um estudo da literatura brasileira contemporânea produzida a partir das periferias urbanas com ênfase nos autores Ferréz, Dugueto Shabazz, Sérgio Vaz e Allan da Rosa. Este trabalho baseia-se no desenvolvimento teórico do termo narrativa da “frátria imaginada”. Para isso, levantaram-se possíveis implicações políticas, estéticas, sociais, entre outras, que estariam inseridas nessa expressão. Inicialmente mapeou-se o conceito de “frátria imaginada”, de modo a investigar as relações entre as vozes que a constituíam. As discussões acerca da “frátria imaginada” foram feitas, principalmente, em relação às proposições dos seguintes autores: Benedict Anderson, Maria Rita Kehl, Silviano Santiago, Mikhail Bahktin e Édouard Glissant. Considerando as questões formuladas nessa etapa da dissertação, passou-se a discutir o conceito de narrativa, construído a partir da leitura de obras dos autores a seguir: Leandro Konder, Clifford Geertz, James Clifford, Walter Benjamin, Hayden White, Roger Chartier, Roland Barthes e Néstor Garcia Canclini. Finalmente, concluem-se as leituras, por meio de uma breve reflexão através da qual se articula a questão central deste trabalho, em função de sua contemporaneidade e dos deslocamentos que provoca.
This dissertation intends to do a study of contemporary Brazilian literature produced from urban peripheries with emphasis on the authors Ferréz, Dugueto Shabazz, Sérgio Vaz e Allan da Rosa. This work is based on the theoretical development of the term the narrative of "imagined phratry." In order to do this, we raised the possible aesthetic, social, political implications, among others that would be inserted in this expression. First, the concept of "imagined phratry" was mapped in order to investigate the relations between the voices that constituted it. The discussions on the "phratry imagined" were based on the propositions of the following authors: Anderson, Maria Rita Kehl, Silviano Santiago, Mikhail Bahktin and Édouard Glissant. Considering the questions rose at this stage of the dissertation, we started to discuss the concept of narrative. It was constructed from the reading of works by these authors: Leandro Konder, Clifford Geertz, James Clifford, Walter Benjamin, Hayden White, Roger Chartier, Roland Barthes and Nestor Garcia Canclini. Finally, the readings were concluded through a brief reflection by which the main question was articulated due to its contemporaneity and the displacements it causes.

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Kosman, Admiel. "Sikum Hilkhot Shabat". Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4253/.

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Maszka, John Edward. "A strategic analysis of al Shabaab". Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2017. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/28752/.

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This thesis makes an original contribution to the body of literature by applying strategic theory to the Somali militant group al Shabaab. By tracing the line of thinking of the organisation, I endeavour to more fully comprehend the group’s strategic objective(s). The U.S. State Department designated al Shabaab a terrorist organization in February 2008 (Shinn 2011), but has the group been engaged in terrorism or should it more accurately be labeled an insurgent group? The answer to this question is not as straight forward as it may seem because the group has gone through a number of transitions in which its ideology and tactical operations have changed considerably. In fact, I argue that even its strategic goals appear to have changed. Therefore, we need more than a superficial understanding of the organization and what it hopes to achieve through violence. The first order of business is to clearly define what we mean by “terrorism” and what we understand an “insurgent” to be. While the definition of terrorism is a hotly debated subject, this thesis employs the definition articulated by Neumann and Smith. According to Neumann and Smith (2005, p. 574), terrorism is “the deliberate creation of fear, usually by the use or threat of the use of symbolic acts of physical violence, to influence the behavior of a given target group.” Furthermore, while conventional warfare seeks to conquer the enemy, terrorism merely seeks to manipulate political change through terror (Ruby 2002; Neumann and Smith 2005). In the most generic sense, we can differentiate between conventional warfare (which seeks to conquer the enemy) and terrorism (which aims to manipulate political change through terror). However, because the decision to employ terrorist violence is strategic, we can also distinguish between groups that employ terrorist violence as simply part of an overall strategy and those that rely solely on terrorist violence to achieve their goals. By employing this three-part typology, we are left with three basic categories of militant violence: (1) military violence intended to overthrow a regime, (2) terrorist violence employed along with a number of other tactics intended to coerce political concessions from a regime, and (3) terrorist violence employed as the sole means for obtaining political concessions. Neumann and Smith refer to this third category of violence as strategic terrorism, and they define it as the attempt to obtain political objectives through the use of primarily terrorist activity rather than through some other means. The main focus of this thesis is to determine al Shabaab’s strategic goal(s), and therefore, whether it is an insurgent group or a terrorist organization. After tracing al Shabaab’s ideological underpinnings back through its predecessors, I examine the various phases the organization has passed through and attempt to determine what its strategic objective is and whether it has changed from one phase to another. I conclude that al Shabaab has passed through three phases and is currently in phase four. While the organization began as an insurgent group, it has since altered its strategic goal from overthrowing the Somali government to the use of violence to coerce political concessions from foreign governments. It has also adopted strategic terrorism. A component of this analysis is the theory of perception of the other. Perception plays a huge role in both the decision to engage in terrorist violence and in the way target governments respond. Strategy is the use of one’s resources towards the attainment of one’s goals. Therefore, how an actor perceives its own resources vis-a-vis the resources of another plays as large a role as the strategic goal itself. Furthermore, because al Shabaab has adopted the takfiri doctrine―which dramatically affects its tactical operations―perception of the other is indispensable for understanding how to interpret the group’s actions as a means for obtaining its respective goals. Perception of the other is also critical for comprehending both who al Shabaab directs its acts of symbolic violence towards and why this audience has changed over time.

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Cunha, Keila Souza Fernandes da. "A Música do Shabat em Recife". Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2011. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6593.

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The issue treated in this study case is the repertorie of Cabalat Shabat that was brought to Recife. It is one of the three rituals celebrated by jews on the day separated to rest e prays, where the songs and prays still can be heard on local synagogue. The search gathered informations from the Isaac Shachnick Synagogue, in the Centro Israelita de Pernambuco (CIP), and on the Synagogue Kahal Zur Israel Museum, the first synagogue of Brazil, where today is the Jewish Historian Archive of Pernambuco, where are preserved, ocasionally, the ceremonies of Shabat. Departing from the perspective of musical cultural study this work intend to understand the music as cultural behavior and verify the task of this religious practice to their fellowers, trying to situate the music in its sociocultural context. According to the local information, we have nearly 100 fellowers of the Shabat, what represent 10% of the jewish community in Recife. We not only registered the special repertorie sung on the local synagogues, but the study begins with the historic construction of the social group, going to the negociations of the permanencies e adaptation of the cultural traces, specially musical, until reach the reflection over the relevance of this religious tradition. After confirmed the close conection between shabatic music and the jewish identity, that helps to keep the ethical stability and the social union of the ethnical group, the work wants to contribute to the discussions about the ethnicity and the cultural behavior of Immigrant, reaching a more broad aspect, as the Social Science.
O tema transversal deste estudo de caso é o repertório musical do Cabalat Shabat transterritorializado para Recife. Trata-se de um dos três rituais celebrados pelos judeus nos dias reservados para o descanso e rezas, onde as canções/orações ainda podem ser ouvidas nas sinagogas locais. A pesquisa de campo recolheu dados na Sinagoga Isaac Shachnick, do Centro Israelita de Pernambuco (CIP), e no Museu Sinagoga Kahal Zur Israel, a primeira sinagoga do Brasil, onde hoje sedia o Arquivo Histórico Judaico de Pernambuco, mas onde são preservadas, esporadicamente, as cerimônias do Shabat. Levando em conta a perspectiva etnomusicológica, o trabalho pretende compreender a música enquanto comportamento cultural e verificar o papel dessa prática religiosa para os seus adeptos, tentando situar a música no seu contexto sociocultural. Segundo informações de campo, constam aproximadamente cem (100) praticantes do Shabat, o que representa 10% da comunidade judaica em Recife. Além de registrar o repertório principal cantado em duas sinagogas locais, a abordagem compreende desde a construção histórica do grupo social em questão, passando pelas negociações da permanência e adaptação dos traços culturais, sobretudo musicais, até alcançar a reflexão sobre a relevância de tal tradição religiosa. Confirmada a relação intrínseca entre a música shabática e a identidade judaica, que ajudam a garantir a estabilidade ética e coesão social do grupo étnico, o estudo pretende contribuir, também, para as discussões sobre etnicidade e comportamento cultural dos imigrantes, atingindo um espectro mais amplo, como o das Ciências Sociais.

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Westcott, Stephen. "The impact of foreign elements over Somalia's al Shabaab". Thesis, Westcott, Stephen (2011) The impact of foreign elements over Somalia's al Shabaab. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2011. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/6753/.

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Al Shabaab is currently one of the most powerful groups operating in contemporary Somalia. In control of much of southern Somalia, al Shabaab has sustained an insurgency against the internationally supported transitional government and its allies throughout the country and beyond since early 2007. In contrast to previous Somali Islamist groups, al Shabaab also actively seeks to participate in the wider Islamist movement currently sweeping the Muslim world. As such the organisation has engaged a number of foreign elements to assist with its struggle. This thesis explores the double-sided impact that these various foreign elements have had and argues that they have been a crucial factor in al Shabaab‟s relative success. Ranging from al Qaeda and other militant Islamist movements to the foreign contingent that has travelled to Somalia to fight for al Shabaab to the multitude of minor actors the organisation engages for mutual benefit, these foreign elements have noticeably enhanced al Shabaab‟s tactical and strategic capabilities. There have been some serious negative repercussions stemming from this heavy foreign influence, alienating sections of Somali society and attracting the hostile attention of the West. However, this thesis concludes that the benefits provided by al Shabaab‟s engagement with foreign elements has notably outweighed the negatives and that the organisation, despite its recent setbacks, will continue to pose a threat at least within the region.

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Flores, Lorrie. "Motivating Factors in Al-Shabaab Recruitment in Minneapolis, Minnesota". ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3093.

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Over the past 5 years, a number of U.S. citizens residing in Minneapolis have been reported to have been recruited and radicalized by Al-Shabaab, organization that has played a role in major international terrorist attacks. This, in turn, creates a significant concern related to national security in the United States. Using Hirsch's social bond theory and Merton's theory of relative depravation, the purpose of this hermeneutic phenomenological study was to explore the factors that motivate radicalization of young males aged 18 to 25 in Minneapolis. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 6 Somali American adults between the ages of 18 to 25 years old and 6 Somali American community leaders. Data were coded using Posteriori word coding and analyzed using a thematic analysis procedure. Findings indicated participants perceive that social inequality among American Somali participants contributes to motivation to radicalize. Similarly, the level of attachment and commitment to family and other social units the participants experienced played a role in the decision to radicalize or not. To deter this phenomenon, recommendations to the United States government include developing empowerment programs to provide educational and employment opportunities to American Somali communities. Both groups suggested in using media to help effect positive social change through unbiased news reporting, which does not aggravate the sense of social injustice against Muslims. By creating programs or educational campaigns against terrorism, the media can be used to educate young Somali Americans.

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Blommaert, Jan. "A Shaba Swahili life story". Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-95469.

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This paper presents an edited version of a hand written text in Shaba Swahili and French, accompanied by an English translation. The original text was written in ballpoint by a Shaba Zairean ex-houseboy, and sent to his former employer in Belgium It provides an account of his life, with special focus on the period after his Belgian employers left Zaire in 1973. It documents the conditions of hardship in the life of a semi-educated Zairean and provides a detailed account of the migrations he has to undertake in order to find means to support himself and his family. The author Wiote the `recit` at the request of the former employer`s wife, as a symbolic way to repay the debt he had incurred over the years in which he had received money and other goods from the Belgian lady. The text was sent to me by the former employer, who asked me to translate it into Dutch. The former employer granted me the permission to edit and publish the text in its totality. For reasons of privacy, we decided to alter the names of the people mentioned in the text. Thus, for instance, the employer is named Andni Deprins, his wife (who is the central addressee of the text) Helena Arens, and the author of the text is identified as Julien.

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Reid, Gabrielle Paxton. "Al Shabaab as a transnational actor : a critical theoretical analysis". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20698.

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The Somalia-based militant group, Al Shabaab, has conducted mass casualty transnational terrorist attacks and has become a regional security threat. In an effort to uncover the best explanation of the drivers behind the group's use of transnational terror, a critical analysis of Rational Choice Theory, Spill-over Conflict Theory and Regional War Complex Theory was conducted. Evaluating each theory according to whether its assumptions held true, the theory offered a parsimonious explanation of Al Shabaab's use of transnational terror which could be supported by at least three types of evidence, the strengths and weaknesses of each theory, with regard to explaining Al Shabaab's transnational terror were identified. The findings showed that Al Shabaab as a transnational actor should not be seen as a linear transformation of the group, moving outwards from Somalia, but connected to an interlinked web between countries in the Horn of Africa, where domestic vulnerabilities such as political and socioeconomic marginalisation and a vulnerability to radicalisation allow for the cross-pollination of intent, and the capabilities to carry out attacks. As such, the regional and international interconnections captured by the Regional War Complex offered the best explanation of the drivers of Al Shabaab's use of transnational terror. Although Rational Choice Theory most clearly highlighted Al Shabaab's intent to transform from a domestic actor to a regional one, and the Spill-over Model showed that refugees could offer a recruitment source, it was the increased regional capabilities through the establishment of affiliates located outside of Somalia which gave the group the capacity to carry out transnational attacks and to operate as a transnational actor.

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Muthoni, Linet. "Al-Shabaab in Kenya: Regional Variations in Grievances, Ideology and Identity". Thesis, Griffith University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/419068.

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This thesis draws on concepts from terrorism, political violence and criminology literature to examine the internal variations of al-Shabaab attacks in Kenya and the significance of grievances, ideology, social identity, social networks and physical geography. Overall, the findings from this research illustrate that the threat of terrorism from a single group can vary significantly across a country according to specific regional and local conditions. This research illustrates how terrorist organisations adapt attack patterns and strategies to maximise the opportunities presented by different aspects of a country's physical geography, including urban areas, borderlands and rough terrain characterised by dense forests. This research also identifies the human and geographical channels through which cross-border terrorist activities foster domestic terrorism. In so doing, it captures the centrality of local knowledge to the perpetuation of terrorist activities. The last three empirical chapters illustrate how terrorist organisations tap into and frame context-specific grievances and conditions to foster and politicise group identity, build support and in the target selection process. The findings from this thesis underscore the importance of adopting a historical, contemporary and context-focused approach to understanding the dynamics of terrorism. They also capture the interconnection between ideology, grievances, identity, social networks, and aspects of a country’s physical geography in shaping terrorist attack and recruitment patterns. The outcome of this thesis is a methodological approach for the cross-regional study of terrorism. The elements of the proposed approach, which form the basis of the five results chapters, are summarised in the concluding chapter of this thesis.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Crim & Crim Justice
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text

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Shabadi, Vikas [Verfasser], Lambert [Akademischer Betreuer] Alff i Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Donner. "Epitaxial engineering of ferrimagnetic double perovskites / Vikas Shabadi ; Lambert Alff, Wolfgang Donner". Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1135386048/34.

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Kambere, Geoffrey B. "Countering al-Shabaab: a case to minimize transnational terrorist threats against Uganda". Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10626.

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This thesis analyzes the first transnational terrorist attack by Al-Shabaab in Kampala, Uganda, on July 11, 2010. It provides a historical background of Al-Shabaab since its inception and the group's major chronological events from 2006 to 2010. The study then analyzes the factors that may have contributed to Al-Shabaab joining the transnational arena to strike hundreds of miles away from Somalia. Among the findings of the study is that the recruitment of foreign fighters by Al-Shabaab from different parts of the world materialized into the recruitment of Ugandans who acted as a local franchised cell inside Uganda. It was that cell that was responsible for the Kampala bombings. Moreover, the local franchised cell had logistic support links with other terrorist cells outside Uganda. In addition, porous borders facilitated the perpetrators to easily enter Uganda with all the materials that were used in the bombing. Recommendations include that, together with intensifying human intelligence among the indigenous population in Uganda, the East African Community has to establish a strong counterterrorism agency incorporating all member states for information sharing in order to thwart cross-border terror networks.

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Abdallah-Awada, Nazek. "Elias Abu Shabake et la présence de la France dans son oeuvre". Grenoble 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE39052.

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Elias abu shabake, le poete romantique libanais (1903-1947), occupe une place preponderante dans la poesie romantique arabe contemporaine. Autodidacte apres un debut d'etudes secondaires, il a acquis une culture generale reunissant les connaissances litteraires de l'orient et celles de l'occident. Il s'est trace un chemin bien a lui dans le monde de la poesie. Sa poesie est l'expression sincere de sa vie; c'est pourquoi il nous est impossible de distinguer entre le poete et l'homme. Sa production riche et variee (prose, poesie, traductions du francais) lui a epargne l'oubli apres sa mort. De nombreux propos critiques lui ont ete consacres, mais les etudes universitaires restent limitees. Notre etude porte sur les points suivants: 1. La vie du poete, sa formation, sa personnalite, ses activites culturelles et son oeuvre. 2. Son romantisme qui comporte ses opinions litteraires, sa conception de la poesie, sa guerre declaree contre valery et les symbolistes et, enfin, les themes abordes dans sa poesie et la maniere dont il les a abordes. 3. Plus important est le theme central de notre etude, la presence de la france dans l'oeuvre du poete, en particulier, dans son ouvrage de critique et d'histoire des relations litteraires qui nous eclaire sur le cote cosmopolite chez le poete. Les liens culturels et spirituels entre les arabes et les francs. 4. Une traduction de deux ouvrages du poete, l'un en vers, le recueil poetique : jusqu'a l'eternite, l'autre en prose : les liens culturels et spirituels entre les arabes et les francs, que nous venons de mentionner.

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Shabas, Daria [Verfasser]. "Behandlungsergebnisse neoadjuvant behandelter Rektumkarzinompatienten. Standardbestrahlung versus dosiseskalierte Bestrahlung / Daria Shabas". Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1206185805/34.

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DEMONTIS, FRANCESCO. "Direct and inverse scattering of the matrix Zakharov-Shabat system". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/265872.

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Van, Tonder Francette. "Self-defence against non-state actors The terrorisation by Al-Shabaab in Kenya". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53201.

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The dissertation examines whether Kenya can retaliate in full self-defence against Al-Shabaab on Somali territory. Article 51 UN Charter contains the right to self-defence and is an exception to Article 2(4), which prohibits the use of force. The development of the right to self-defence is illustrated with reference to state practice, ICJ decisions and opinions of legal scholars. An enquiry is made into what the required nature of the military attack should be to be classified as an armed attack. This essentially encompasses the question whether an act by a non-state actor is of a sufficient gravity to trigger the right to self-defence. Furthermore, an enquiry is made into whether non-state actors, of whom attacks cannot be attributed to a state, can nevertheless launch armed attacks and trigger the right to self-defence. The current status of the traditional effective control test of attribution is examined as well as the unwilling or unable test which determines whether it is necessary to make use of full-scale self-defence.
Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Public Law
LLM
Unrestricted

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Blommaert, Jan. "A Shaba Swahili life story.: Text and translation". Swahili Forum; 3 (1996), S. 31-62, 1996. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A10585.

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This paper presents an edited version of a hand written text in Shaba Swahili and French, accompanied by an English translation. The original text was written in ballpoint by a Shaba Zairean ex-houseboy, and sent to his former employer in Belgium It provides an account of his life, with special focus on the period after his Belgian employers left Zaire in 1973. It documents the conditions of hardship in the life of a semi-educated Zairean and provides a detailed account of the migrations he has to undertake in order to find means to support himself and his family. The author Wiote the `recit` at the request of the former employer`s wife, as a symbolic way to repay the debt he had incurred over the years in which he had received money and other goods from the Belgian lady. The text was sent to me by the former employer, who asked me to translate it into Dutch. The former employer granted me the permission to edit and publish the text in its totality. For reasons of privacy, we decided to alter the names of the people mentioned in the text. Thus, for instance, the employer is named Andni Deprins, his wife (who is the central addressee of the text) Helena Arens, and the author of the text is identified as Julien.

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Blommaert, Jan. "A shaba Swahili life story:: Text and translation". Swahili Forum; 2 (1995), S. 73-103, 1995. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A11620.

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This paper presents an edited version of a handwritten text in Shaba Swahili and French, accompanied by an English translation. The original text was written in ballpoint by a Shaba Zairean ex-houseboy, and sent to his former employer in Belgium. It provides an account of his life, with special focus on the period after his Belgian employers left Zaire in 1973. It documents the conditions of hardship in the life of a semi-educated Zairean and provides a detailed account of the migrations he has to undertake in order to find means to support himself and his family. The author wrote the `recit` at the request of the former employer`s wife, as a symbolic way to repay the debt he had incurred over the years in which he had received money and other goods from the Belgian lady. The text was sent to me by the former employer, who asked me to translate it into Dutch. The former employer granted me the permission to edit and publish the text in its totality. For reasons of privacy, we decided to alter the names of the people mentioned in the text. Thus, for instance, the employer is named Andni Deprins, his wife (who is the central addressee of the text) Helena Arens, and the author of the text is identified as Julien.

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Shabani, Mergim [Verfasser]. "Erfassung der Assoziation granulomatöser Hauterkrankungen mit hämatologischen Malignomen und anderen klinischen Charakteristika / Mergim Shabani". Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1230407030/34.

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Shababi-Klein, Julia [Verfasser]. "Darstellung pathophysiologisch und therapeutisch relevanter Hirnareale psychiatrischer Erkrankungen : eine invasiv tierexperimentelle Studie / Julia Shababi-Klein". Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1042657920/34.

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Post, Gerdine. "Justifying the Unforgivable: how ideology shapes patterns of violence of Boko Haram and Al-Shabaab". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-352974.

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The question of how armed group ideology influences its behaviour has been tentatively explored in the past decade. However, which role distinct ideological commitments play in civilian targeting has not been satisfactorily discussed thus far. This thesis turns to research on genocide and mass violence and incorporates the concepts of ‘exclusionary ideologies’ and ‘threat perceptions’ to fill this research gap. It addresses the following question: to what extent do exclusionary ideologies of armed groups influence their use of violence against civilians during civil conflicts? When revolutionary armed groups pursue their goals, threat perceptions determine which groups are considered legitimate targets for attack. Therefore, it is hypothesized that exclusionary groups will employ more violence against civilians than inclusionary groups because the former have a more expanded understanding of legitimate targeting than the latter. Through a structured focused comparison, discourse analysis and process tracing applied to the cases of Boko Haram and Al-Shabaab, moderate support for this hypothesis is found. It is shown that both armed groups to varying extents invoke threat perceptions regarding certain out-groups to legitimize and rationalise their patterns of violence. Nonetheless, a descent into indiscriminate violence by Boko Haram and data shortage of Al-Shabaab attacks warrant caution.

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Shaban, Ahmed [Verfasser]. "Experiments and Modelling of Elasto-Viscoplasticity for Thermoplastics with Asymmetric Effects / Ahmed Shaban". Aachen : Shaker, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1070152463/34.

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Shaban, Fatima Ahmed Osman [Verfasser]. "Properties of surface state electrons on thin helium films / Fatima Ahmed Osman Shaban". Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1037917723/34.

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霍逸遠 i Yat-yuen Eric Fok. "Soliton solutions of nonisospectral variable-coefficient evolution equations via Zakharov-Shabat dressing method". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31213078.

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Fok, Yat-yuen Eric. "Soliton solutions of nonisospectral variable-coefficient evolution equations via Zakharov-Shabat dressing method /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17506177.

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Shabani, Faiezeh [Verfasser], i Eva [Akademischer Betreuer] Grebel. "A Study of Spiral Structures and Lopsidedness in LEGUS Disk Galaxies / Faiezeh Shabani ; Betreuer: Eva Grebel". Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1200410807/34.

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Shabani, Fayezeh [Verfasser], i Eva K. [Akademischer Betreuer] Grebel. "A Study of Spiral Structures and Lopsidedness in LEGUS Disk Galaxies / Faiezeh Shabani ; Betreuer: Eva Grebel". Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2019. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:16-heidok-274178.

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Shabani, Fayezeh [Verfasser], i Eva [Akademischer Betreuer] Grebel. "A Study of Spiral Structures and Lopsidedness in LEGUS Disk Galaxies / Faiezeh Shabani ; Betreuer: Eva Grebel". Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1200410807/34.

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Prizzi, Federico <1978&gt. "Cultural Intelligence ed Etnografia di Guerra – il ruolo dell’antropologia nello studio dell’Information Warfare di Al Shabaab". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/17917.

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Lo scopo di questa tesi è triplice. Ovvero, quello di presentare un nuovo metodo di analisi antropologica sul campo di battaglia a supporto dell’intelligence militare al fine di studiare gruppi sovversivi, terroristici e insorgenti: il Cultural Intelligence. Si è voluto, inoltre, definire una nuova figura professionale nell’ambito degli staff e delle unità militari: l’Etnografo di Guerra. Un professionista che, necessariamente, deve avere un grande background militare e che deve saper applicare la metodologia tipica della raccolta etnografica all'analisi di organizzazioni militari non convenzionali che operano per destabilizzare uno Stato. Infine, si è voluto adattare questa metodologia di analisi alla comprensione dell’Information Warfare di Al Shabaab. Un caso studio ritenuto importante. Perché incentrato su come, nel XXI secolo, un gruppo insorgente possa manipolare la comunicazione mediatica durante un conflitto al fine di mantenere l’iniziativa a livello tattico e strategico. Mentre però i primi due punti di questa tesi sono il risultato di oltre vent’anni di esperienza sul campo e di una riflessione teorica derivante su come la ricerca antropologica sia stata impiegata dagli eserciti occidentali negli ultimi decenni. La terza parte è costituita dalla descrizione di un caso studio specifico: l’Information Warfare di Al Shabaab. Al quale, attraverso uno studio a distanza incentrato anche su interviste fatte ad esperti di sicurezza in Somalia, si è voluto applicare la metodologia d’analisi delineata nel Cultural Intelligence. Una tesi che ha, pertanto, l’ambizione di aver tentato di dare un piccolo contributo ai tecnici del settore con la consapevolezza che per affrontare le guerre del futuro ci sarà sempre più bisogno di uno sguardo antropologico.

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AMIGONI, LIVIO. "Shababs on the Move: Ethnography on the Underground Migratory Routes from Sudan to the United Kingdom". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11567/1099305.

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The present research project aimed to investigate the struggles undocumented Sudanese migrant face to circumvent legal and geographical borders and to gain some form of citizenship. I focused on the kind of journeys, referred to as sombok, their precondition, narration and social practices implemented along the irregular routes from Sudan to the United Kingdom. In doing so, particular interest was paid to the production, circulation and resilience of migratory knowledge roaming in transnational networks and resulting in consequent mobility patterns, tenaciously and ceaselessly reproduced. Indeed, despite the increasing difficulties, due to massive investment in border patrolling and externalisation of controls, it is apparent that this does not deter people from migrating and neither does it prevent arrivals and movements in Europe.

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Gouveia, Monica de. "Luzes flamejantes: o Shabat em contos de Mêndele, I. L. Peretz e Scholem Aleihem". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8158/tde-02062017-093420/.

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A partir dos contos da literatura ídiche clássica que foram traduzidos para o português, Sabá de Shólem Yákov Abramóvitsh, A leitora de Itzhok Leibusch Peretz e O relógio de Scholem Rabinovitch, este trabalho pretende investigar a representação do Shabat no contexto de uma literatura característica do alvorecer da modernidade judaica. O estudo individual de cada conto aprofundar-se-á na análise dos modos de representação de um evento religioso que cada conto apresenta. Para tanto, o conhecimento da biografia de seus autores foi de vital importância para o exame das obras, pois estes imprimiram em seus textos literários os ideais da Haskalá, por meio de seus narradores fidedignos, termo proposto por Wayne C. Booth, na obra A retórica da Ficção (1980), o qual revela a posição ideológica de seus autores implícitos nos contos. Esses autores implícitos uniram com maestria o dicotômico conceito tradição versus modernidade com o propósito de iluminar, a partir de dentro da comunidade do shtetl, o pensamento do judeu simples, visando transformá-lo em um homem moderno. Cientes de sua função social, Abramóvitsh, Peretz e Rabinovitch utilizaram a língua ídiche e a cultura do judeu do Leste europeu para instaurar um novo momento da literatura e cultura ídiche.
Departing from three Classical Yiddish short stories that have been translated to Portuguese - Mendele Moikher Seforim\'s Sabbath, Itzhok Leibusch Peretz\'s The Reader and Scholem Aleichem\'s The clock - this dissertation aims to investigate the impact of modernity on literary representations of the Sabbath. The analysis of these writings will be conducted by comparing them to each other, highlight the differences in modes of representation on a same religious event. The biographies of these authors were extremely relevant to understand their work, since they expressed the ideals of Haskalah in their literary texts, through their reliable narrators. These authors have masterfully included in their production the dichotomized concept of tradition versus modernity in their texts, in order to illuminate the life of the shtetl community from within, and to portray the ways of thought of the simple Jew, while aiming at turning him into a modern man. Aware of their social roles, Abramóvitsh, Rabinovitch and Peretz have used Yiddish language and the culture of the Eastern European Jewish to establish a new era for the Yiddish culture and literature.

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Gildea, Tara. "A Case study of Zaïre's foreign policy : Shaba I and II /". Genève : T. Gildea, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb354777971.

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Gardiner, Richard. "Al-Shabaab and the sources of its resilience and resurgence: Cold War legacies and Jihadism in Somalia". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/63833.

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This study examines the continued development and survival of the group, Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahidin, commonly known as al-Shabaab – which emerged in 2006 as the militant wing of Somalia’s Islamic Courts Union and became an independent group in 2007. The group has survived in spite of the fact that it has endured significant losses of personnel, resources and territory in Somalia. The study examines al-Shabaab’s sources of resilience, resurgence and diversity. To achieve this, the study focused on the narratives of nine Somali nationals living and working in Durban, Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth, who fled their home country as a result of the ongoing violence and instability. Through understanding war as experience and placing the individual and community at the center of analysis, a people-centered approach is developed in understanding the organisation. This allows the study to challenge the state centered approaches to security and International Relations (IR) theory, which is important in the case of an armed, transnational, non-state actor such as al-Shabaab, whose operation and mobilisation requires no territorial base. The study makes use of social constructivism as a theoretical lens, as it provides an alternative way of analysing a non-state actor, specifically within an African context. The study argues that al-Shabaab's war within Somalia and East Africa is a territorial manifestation of a global phenomenon which highlights the importance of understanding its unique history within Somalia and East Africa. Importantly, the study also shows that veterans of the Afghan-Soviet war brought back ideas and tactics which have played a central part in shaping al-Shabaab's ideology and tactics. It is argued that al-Shabaab's process of decentralisation has ensured their survival but also alienated them from the Somali population. It is demonstrated that their insurgent tactics and process of intelligence gathering means that they operate in the shadows, making it difficult to locate them. Furthermore, the study shows that the role of regional actors and the presence of African Union peacekeepers have ensured that they have a constant enemy which provides a sense of cohesion and drive. The study concludes that al-Shabaab exists at a nexus of factors; its survival has and will depend on both domestic and transnational factors. Without the transnational nature of the organisation, al-Shabaab would not have become the organisation it is today. However, the future of al-Shabaab is heavily dependent on the security situation within Somalia. The immediate objectives of the group are focused within Somalia. Therefore, if the state institutions are consolidated within the country and human security levels improve, the organisation will struggle to operate with the same freedom it currently enjoys.

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Ruffato, Elena <1997&gt. "CLIMATE CHANGE AS A THREAT MULTIPLIER: HOW AL-SHABAAB TAKES ADVANTAGE OF A WARMING CLIMATE IN SOMALIA". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21129.

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Il cambiamento climatico è considerato la più grande minaccia per l’umanità e le attuali misure di adattamento e mitigazione sembrano inadeguate. La comunità internazionale, comprendente attori statali e non, ha posto il cambiamento climatico e i suoi effetti al livello più alto del discorso politico identificandoli come una minaccia per la sicurezza nazionale. Il cambiamento climatico è considerato un “moltiplicatore di minaccia” capace di esacerbare contesti già fragili e aumentare la vulnerabilità sociale. Partendo dalla domanda “Quali sono i soggetti del discorso sulla sicurezza climatica”, il primo capitolo analizza gli effetti del cambiamento climatico per Stati ed esseri umani come ad esempio scarsità di cibo e acqua, migrazioni e diffusine d malattie. La combinazione di tali elementi, in un clima sempre più caldo, scatena conflitti e azioni violente da parte di Attori Armati Non-Statali, organizzazioni terroristiche incluse. Il secondo capitolo, infatti, risponde alle domande “Come il cambiamento climatico promuove un terreno fertile per i terroristi? Esiste una categoria sociale più vulnerabile al reclutamento dei gruppi estremisti?” I Paesi in via di sviluppo caratterizzati da istituzioni politiche deboli, povertà ed emarginazione sociale sono più esposti ad eventi climatici estremi; tutti questi fattori contribuiscono alla violenza dei terroristi. Giovani uomini disoccupati e insoddisfatti diventano il bersaglio dei gruppi estremisti che provvedono loro un lavoro e incentivi economici. Il terzo capitolo analizza nello specifico come Al-Shabaab, un’organizzazione terroristica affiliata ad Al-Qaeda, beneficia del degrado ambientale andando a sostituire il fragile governo ufficiale in Somalia. L’ultimo capitolo ha l’obiettivo di delineare alcune raccomandazioni e politiche strategiche capaci di impedire al cambiamento climatico di agire da “moltiplicatore di minaccia” in futuro.

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34

Legros, Hugues. "Chasseurs d'ivoire: histoire du royaume yeke (Shaba, Zaïre) des origines à 1891". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212658.

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Placet, Jack. "Kolwezi et le Katanguien : observations et synthèses structurales". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPL050N.

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Ce mémoire concerne une succession de faits géologiques propres au site précambrien cupro-cobaltifères de Kolwezi, province du Shaba, zaïre. Il décrit le roan dolomitique qui affleure sous forme d'une méga-brèche avec de grands écaillages entourés de diverses brèches. Une ultime brèche conglomératique évaporitique est en enveloppe externe. L'ensemble est en position anormale au milieu dukundelungu détritique, plus jeune et peu dérangé. Ces méga-brèches ont pu être mises en place par diapirisme. La cinétique est essentiellement verticale (excepte pour les masses atteignant la surface) et indépendante de contraintes de l'encaissant régional. Les mouvements ont commencé par différents décollements et se sont terminés par l'affleurement de plusieurs piles de sédiments du roan. En surface, les structures tectoniques zonaires apparaissent superposées aux allures sédimentologiques d'origine. La province du katanguien est présentée comme étant une plateforme installée sur un socle fracture. Pendant la période du roan, cette plateforme se comporte comme une vaste région épicontinentale avec de petits bassins de hauts-fonds contrôlés par des linéaments en relation avec le socle zambien. Cette région évolue comme un vaste sillon organise en quelques couloirs subsidents dont les organisations en rifts peuvent se croiser. Cette évolution guide les minéralisations précoces installées sur les quelques sites evaporitiques volcanoclastiques à proximité des fracturations du socle. Des décollements des niveaux lacunaires sont déclenchés par la tectonique de socle. Leurs déplacements, aidés par les caractéristiques sédimentologiques et mécaniques du roan, sont d'autant plus favorises qu'il existe un épais recouvrement de kundelungu. Des allures extrusives se manifestent en surface, répétées régionalement, et de plus en plus exacerbés vers l'ouest. Les modifications supergenes, altérations et remobilisations font partie de la même lignée de phénomènes. Écoulements de brèches, minéralogies complexes et lithologies irrégulières s'apparentent aux évolutions de caprocks de diapirs

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Waswa, Boaz Shaban [Verfasser]. "Assessment of land degradation patterns in western Kenya : Implications for restoration and rehabilitation / Boaz Shaban Waswa". Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1043056505/34.

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Sipus, Mitchell E. "The Architecture of Militarization and Conflict in Somalia". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1305892049.

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Kennes, Erik. "Fin du cycle post-colonial au Katanga, RD Congo : Rébellions, sécession et leurs mémoires dans la dynamique des articulations entre l'État central et l'autonomie régionale 1960-2007". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26228/26228.pdf.

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Koloko, Mojalefa. "Between drones and al-Shabaab: United States extra-judicial killings in Somalia, sovereignty and the future of liberal intervention". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/67657.

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This study examines the nature of the United States intervention in Somalia, specifically the use of drone strikes that first targeted the militant Sunni Islamist transnational group, al-Qaeda, which claimed responsibility for the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States, and now target the Somali organisation, Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahidin, commonly known as al-Shabaab. The use of drone strikes in the US led war on terror has raised concerns about sovereignty as the extra-judicial killings are conducted without the consent of the concerned states. Furthermore, drone strikes also raise questions about the processes of liberal intervention as the US conducts them without the approval of the United Nations Security Council. It is argued in this study that what is understood to be the “golden era” of liberal interventionism is a legacy of the post-Cold War unipolar dominance of the United States in global governance and security. It is argued that US unipolarity was accompanied by a shifting perception regarding the security position of weak states, whose weakness becomes understood as a source of global insecurity. This perception that so called “weak” and “fragile” states are sources of threats is a departure in International Relations theory, because the discipline is historically preoccupied with studying the actions of powerful states and their consequence for the global order. It is argued that the discourse on the war on terror, and its focus on “failed states” as breeding grounds for alleged terrorists, represents the height of the repositioning of less powerful states from a peripheral status in IR analysis and practice, to their current position that are now being represented as core sources of threat to international peace and security. Through life history interviews with Somali nationals in Grahamstown, Port Elizabeth and Uitenhage, South Africa, the study examines the consequences of US actions from the eyes of Somali people. The findings of this study show that despite all the controversy surrounding the legitimacy of the war on terror, the manner in which it is conducted, as well as the tactics that it employs, the majority of Somali participants showed an overwhelming support for the US intervention. Participants expressed support for the US extra-judicial killings because they are understood to undermine al-Shabaab strength which is a major source of insecurity. The study also shows that the lack of necessary collaboration between the US intelligence and the Somali ground forces has resulted in high numbers of civilian deaths, which participants fear can be used by al-Shabaab to recruit and radicalise more Somalis. The study also shows that most Somalis resent the presence of the African Union Mission in Somalia because Kenya and Ethiopia are seen as 10 pursuing national interests that are not invested in Somali peace and stability. The study concludes that US extra-judicial killings have failed to constrain the actions of al-Shabaab. Somalis expressed that the leadership of current president, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed Farmaajo, holds the unique possibilities of creating national unity that rises above clan divisions and the radical Jihadist ideology of al-Shabaab.

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Quaretta, Edoardo. "Les enfants accusés de sorcellerie au Katanga, République démocratique du Congo". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209535.

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La thèse porte sur le phénomène des enfants accusés de sorcellerie au Katanga à l'aide d'une démarche socio-anthropologique. Dans la première partie les cadres théorique et historique sont donnés. La deuxième partie se concentre sur les enfants de la rue de Lubumbashi (Katanga, RDC) et le rôle joué par les églises pentecôtistes dans les accusations de sorcellerie dont les enfants font l'objet. Dans la troisième partie des études de cas sont présentées. / The PhD dissertation is about the phenomenon of the children accused of witchcraft in Katanga analysed through a socio-anthropological approach. In the first part the theoretical and historical frameworks are presented. The second part focuses on the street children issue in Lubumbashi (Katanga, DRC) and on the role played by Petecostal churches in the accusations perpetrated on children. The third part presents three case studies.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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41

Mutombo, Ngandu. "Politiques de rémunération, de cotation et de classification des emplois comme facteurs de formation d'une catégorie sociale : le cas des travailleurs de l'Union minière du Haut-Katanga, 1947-1967". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28404.

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42

Petit, Pierre. "Rites familiaux, rites royaux: étude du système cérémoniel des Luba du Shaba, Zaïre". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212757.

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Yamba, Bandeja. "Développement industriel et transformation de l'économie agricole villageoise au Shaba (Zaïre), 1920-1960". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29389.

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Kabengele, Munanga. "Os Basanga de Shaba : um grupo étnico do Zaire : ensaio de antropologia geral /". São Paulo : FFLCH-USP, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb349419737.

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45

Bakajika, Banjikila Thomas. "Capitalisme, rapport salarial et régulation de la main-d'oeuvre : la classe ouvrière noire dans les camps de l'Union minière du Haut-Katanga, 1925-1967". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17647.

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46

Washington, Erica Lanice. ""Shabach hallelujah!" the continuity of the ring shout tradition as a site of music and dance in black American worship /". Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1131054976.

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47

Jimale, Farhan. "THE POSSIBILITY OF AN AL-SHABAAB : FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF SOMALIA NEGOTIATION AS THE ONLY ALTERNATIVE TO PEACE RESOLUTION IN SOMALIA". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-430353.

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Abstract For nearly thirty years now, Somalia has been in the heat of political and religious crisis that have made the state nearly dysfunctional because of power struggles between the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) and the Al-Shabaab militant group. While various peace –inclined strategies have been sought to free up the Somali people, including negotiations and the use of military, neither has proved to be useful in resolving the crisis. Therefore, this study examines the potentiality of holding the negotiations, which seems inevitable as the only lasting solution. Five experts are interviewed to give their perceptions of Somalia's political climate and the potentiality of arriving at a lasting solution. This study finds that negotiations between the two parties cannot happen unless each of their demands has been adhered to in entirety. Secondly, the external bodies and the wider international community have a more significant role in initiating political settlement to create lasting peace for Somalia. However, for the mediators to succeed, the pre-conditions set before the negotiation process needs to be implemented. Therefore, this study argues that a collaborative approach is needed among dispute resolution mechanisms since there seems to be no amicable strategy for an everlasting solution.

Acknowledgment

This academic work would not have been possible without the valuable inputs of several people. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Angelika Drigo, who guided me throughout this project, and I sincerely want to thank her for her time, support and guidance. I would also like to extend my gratitude to all the lecturers – particularly, Prof. Brain Palmer whose knowledge and insights, were the most valuable resources of this programme. Above all, this thesis would not have been possible without the love and kind support of my family and friends who all kept me going. However, I hope that this academic work will contribute to some knowledge gaps existing in the field of religion in peace and conflict.

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Dibwe, Dia Mwembu. "Industrialisation et santé : la transformation de la morbidité et de la mortalité à l'Union minière du Haut-Katanga, 1910-1970". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17613.

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Okitaudji-Lokoho, René. "Géologie sédimentaire et concentration syndiagénétique du cuivre et du cobalt dans la "série des mines" du Shaba, Zaïre". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10229.

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Les gisements cupro-corallifères de la série des mines du Shaba (1000-600 ma) s'observent dans des écailles extrusives mises en place par tectonique salifère lors de la compression panafricaine. Les minéralisations sont stratiformes et correspondent à trois megaséquences. L’étude minéralogique et géochimique des termes de la série conduisent à proposer un modèle de remobilisations très partielles des sulfures antécédents lors de la diagenèse d'enfouissement

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50

Bulbeck, Emilia. "The Path to Persuasion: An investigation into how al-Shabab constructs their brand in their digital magazine Gaidi Mtaani". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Informationssystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-330982.

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Branding strategies are becoming increasingly important for terrorist organisations who need to take a more purposeful approach at imbuing aspirational associations to their organisations in order secure recruits and funds in an increasingly competitive environment. The creation and implication of these individual brands are further amplified through the sophisticated harnessing of ICT and digital media, where the harnessing of novel tactics and digital trends feed into the increasing use of branding. It is a strategy being employed by numerous terrorist groups, and a burgeoning research field is rapidly evolving to represent this development. This study seeks to explore how al-Shabab constructs their brand in their digital magazine Gaidi Mtaani, using Aristotle's rhetorical triad of ethos, pathos and logos. This study has the hopes of contributing to comparison studies between Dabiq and Inspire and wider terrorist branding, terrorism, ICT and communication studies. Understanding the differences between how some of the most notorious terrorist organizations distinguish themselves will help counter the rhetoric and brand associations projected through their publications. In order to answer this research question, this study will consist of a two-part theoretical framework situated in the concept of branding and rhetoric theory. Rhetoric theory will help this study understand how al-Shabab communicate and constructs their brand. It will allow for the analysis of any persuasive communications that express al-Shabab’s brand associations and help analyse al-Shabab's divisive use of language in order to ultimately promote their brand and ideas. The empirical data will be analysed through the use of qualitative content analysis.

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