Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Sex differences – Political aspects”
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Moore, Elsie G. J., i A. Wade Smith. "Sex and Race Differences in Mathematics Aptitude". Sociological Perspectives 29, nr 1 (styczeń 1986): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1388943.
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The differential course-work hypothesis posits that intergroup differences in mathematics aptitude result from differences between groups in both the extent and type of in-school exposure to mathematics and to related quantitatively oriented courses. Differential course-work effects on gender differences in mathematics aptitude are ambiguous, and research on racial differences is limited. This article examines the extent of the reduction in sex and race differences in mathematics competence when accounting for course-work in high school. The findings indicate that the previously more-researched sex differences in mathematics competence may or may not be significantly reduced when course work is controlled, depending on which component of mathematics competence is measured. However, racial differences in all components of mathematics competence are significantly reduced when racial differences in exposure to relevant high school course work are taken into account. These findings imply that simply increasing the exposure of females to math-related high school courses may not be sufficient to reduce sex differences in all aspects of mathematics aptitude. However, standardizing the math (and related) curricula of blacks to that of whites could potentially improve all aspects of black students' mathematics performance.
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Miller, Deborah, Sara Staats i Christie Partlo. "Discriminating positive and negative aspects of pet interaction: Sex differences in the older population". Social Indicators Research 27, nr 4 (grudzień 1992): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00303855.
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Poeschl, Gabrielle. "A hundred years of debates on sex differences: Developing research for social change". Journal of Social and Political Psychology 9, nr 1 (7.06.2021): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.6399.
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After women secured the right to vote some hundred years ago, the assertions about their innate inferiority gradually began to vanish, giving way to theories about the countless aspects which apparently differentiated them from men. In this paper, we follow the evolution of research on sex differences, starting with the work of the first female psychologists who questioned the theories that justified women’s subordinate positions in society. We trace the main developments of the studies on sex differences, their relationship with social roles, gender stereotypes, and gender identity, and describe the strategies used to highlight the role of society rather than of biology in shaping men and women’s personalities and behaviors. We describe the controversies this area of research gave rise to, the debates over its political implications, and the changes observed over time in women’s social positions and within research perspectives. Finally, we discuss the mutually reinforcing effects of social organization and lay conceptions of gender and reflect on how the field of research on sex differences has contributed to building a fairer society.
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Möller-Leimkühler, Anne Maria. "Why is terrorism a man’s business?" CNS Spectrums 23, nr 2 (2.08.2017): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852917000438.
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Terrorism, whether it is group-related or performed as lone actor terrorism, is a predominantly male phenomenon. Generally and throughout history, young males have been the main protagonists of criminal and political violence.This article aims to contribute, from different perspecives, to the question of what makes young men violent. These include neurobiological aspects, such as sex differences in the brain that predispose males to physical aggression and violence; gender role aspects, with regard to aggression and violence being basic components for demonstrating and reconstructing masculinity; demographic aspects of male youth bulges as potential breeding grounds for terrorism; aspects of group dynamics and identity fusion in the process of radicalization; and psychosocial characteristics of lone actor terrorists, which differ from group-related terrorists.It is concluded that in addition to ideological, political, economic, regional, demographic, or psychosocial causes, experiences of threatened masculinity may be an underlying factor and driving force for terrorism.
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Kusche, Isabel. "Reflection on Political Representation". Comparative Sociology 16, nr 5 (9.10.2017): 634–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341437.
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Abstract This article compares how Members of Parliament in the United Kingdom and Ireland reflect on constituency service as an aspect of political representation. It differs from existing research on the constituency role of mps in two regards. First, it approaches the question from a sociological viewpoint that emphasizes the process character of role-taking and its need for validation by others. Second, instead of relying on interviews and surveys it analyses how mps refer to aspects of constituency work in parliamentary debate. This choice of empirical material opens up a long-term view on reflections of constituency service that either validate or question understandings of the constituency role. Although mps in both countries are heavily engaged in constituency work, the analysis reveals important differences in this regard, with Irish mps recurrently criticizing their own role in the constituency, while British mps unequivocally see it in a positive light.
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Djupe, Paul, Scott Mcclurg i Anand Edward Sokhey. "The Political Consequences of Gender in Social Networks". British Journal of Political Science 48, nr 3 (22.06.2016): 637–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123416000156.
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Recent research on political discussion has focused on whether aspects of interaction create a ‘democratic dilemma’ for the mass public in which people face a choice between political participation and political tolerance. This article argues that there are important variations in how people react to their immediate social contacts. It explores this idea by studying how social disagreement and expertise interact with gender to explain variance in political participation. First, it shows that there are conflicting expectations in the literature about how such dynamics should manifest, despite agreement that men and women should experience different kinds and degrees of social influence. Secondly, it examines these expectations by revisiting prominent, network-based explanations of political participation; it finds that these relationships do not display consistency across sex differences. The results point to the existence of varied ‘social logics’ for men and women, and suggest the need to reconsider how to think about the efficacy of discussion and disagreement in a democratic society.
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Popovych, N. G. "RESEARCH ASPECTS REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT". Economic innovations 19, nr 2(64) (7.07.2017): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2017.19.2(64).246-250.
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Overcoming of regional disproportions is connected with the concept of balance regional development. The characteristics and forms of disproportional regional development are investigated. Their importance for public policy is determined, it is oriented towards balanced regional development, it is emphasized that the role of regional administrations in management development of region. The dynamics to minimize regional differences or to eliminate its leads to a balanced state, and the tendency towards the development of regional differences deepens, broadens the unbalanced state of the region. Inconsistencies of an economic nature are due to differences in the quantity or quality of regional problems. Regional imbalances are a threat to the growth and strengthening of the country's economy. The definition and measurement of regional imbalances is a prerequisite for the use of economic and political tools that can help to minimize regional differences or eliminate its. Growing regional disparities require rapid further economic reforms and an obstacle to Ukraine's future economic growth. Regional disproportions lead to regional tensions, which can lead to popular discontent. Thus, in order to reduce regional disparities in the country, it is necessary to strengthen administrative management in disproportionate areas, to strengthen regional authorities. Further research needs a functional relationship between regional imbalances and national economic indicators. For the Black Sea region, one of the main reasons for the creation of a system for locating and evaluating regional differences is a system for locating regional differences approved by the Ukrainian government within the framework of the State Strategy for Regional Development for the period up to 2020.
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Thomsen, Danielle M., i Bailey K. Sanders. "Gender Differences in Legislator Responsiveness". Perspectives on Politics 18, nr 4 (26.11.2019): 1017–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592719003414.
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A growing body of research shows that women legislators outperform their male counterparts in the legislative arena, but scholars have yet to examine whether this pattern emerges in non-policy aspects of representation. We conducted an audit study of 6,000 U.S. state legislators to analyze whether women outperform or underperform men on constituency service in light of the extra effort they spend on policy. We find that women are more likely to respond to constituent requests than men, even after accounting for their heightened level of policy activity. Female legislators are the most responsive in conservative districts, where women may see the barriers to their election as especially high. We then demonstrate that our findings are not a function of staff responsiveness, legislator ideology, or responsiveness to female constituents or gender issues. The results provide additional evidence that women perform better than their male counterparts across a range of representational activities.
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Prado, Vagner Matias do, Arilda Inês Miranda Ribeiro i Luciana Cristine Fazano. "MATERIAIS AUDIOVISUAIS DIDÁTICOS E EDUCAÇÃO SEXUAL NA ESCOLA: UMA PESQUISA NOS ACERVOS VIDEOGRÁFICOS DO MINISTÉRIO DA EDUCAÇÃO E CULTURA E MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE DO GOVERNO BRASILEIRO". Colloquium Humanarum 08, nr 1 (13.05.2011): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ch.2011.v08.n1.h098.
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This article discusses sex differences as a research issue. It starts from the assumption that the work on sex education in schools should be effected beyond the biological dimension, focusing on the historical, cultural, social and political aspects that underlie the issue and influence the construction of cultural identities. In this manner, teaching support materials to implement these interventions are very important for the educational work, among them, the audiovisual materials are very productive. The proposed goal was to conduct a survey of educational videos with the Departments of Education, Culture and Health of the Brazilian Government in order to make a list containing titles of materials that could subsidize the pedagogical action. The measured results show a timid government initiative for the production of these materials, even sexuality shaping up as a crosscutting theme to be included as a school subject.
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Ten Dam, Geert, Anne Bert Dijkstra, Ineke Van der Veen i Anne Van Goethem. "What Do Adolescents Know about Citizenship? Measuring Student’s Knowledge of the Social and Political Aspects of Citizenship". Social Sciences 9, nr 12 (17.12.2020): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9120234.
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This paper analyses how young people’s citizenship knowledge is related to the different domains of citizenship in their daily lives. Based on a representative sample of some 5300 students in the third year of 80 Dutch secondary schools, our study relates citizenship knowledge to student background and school characteristics. The knowledge test developed for this study situates citizenship knowledge in the literature and the societal and political context defining the social structure students live in. The contribution of our study lies in this broad conceptualisation of citizenship, which is reflected in fine-grained, more specific results than the outcomes of earlier research. Gender differences are particularly pronounced in the social aspects of citizenship and are small in the political domain. As far as ethnic background is concerned, we see knowledge differences in the domain of “acting democratically”. This is also the domain where most of the differences in citizenship knowledge between students of the various schools and tracks occur. School size, public/private school, urbanisation and a more heterogeneous student population cannot explain these differences. To mitigate inequalities in citizenship knowledge between and within schools, which are relatively large in the Netherlands, further research is necessary to investigate micro-level mechanisms within schools.
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G. Gates, Trevor, i Pamela A. Viggiani. "Understanding lesbian, gay, and bisexual worker stigmatization: a review of the literature". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 34, nr 5/6 (3.06.2014): 359–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-07-2013-0077.
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Purpose – Stigmatization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people at work is an enduring social problem, yet little is known about how those experiences differ. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the above issue. Design/methodology/approach – Using a framework of modified labeling, this conceptual paper addresses that gap by reviewing the literature on differences in LGB worker stigmatization by type of sexual orientation identity, outness, sex and gender identity, and education and social class. Findings – Findings in the literature were that LGB workers are labeled as outsiders, and treated differently in many workplaces. However, there are other distinctions, based upon type of sexual orientation identity (i.e. whether someone is lesbian, gay, or bisexual), sex and gender identity, outness at work, and education and social classes. Originality/value – Moreover, the paper proposes additional aspects of LGB worker stigmatization needing further empirical study.
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Slee, Phillip T., i Darryl G. Gross. "Children's and Adolescents' Fears and the Threat of Nuclear War: an Australian Study". Children Australia 13, nr 1 (1988): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0312897000001764.
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As adults, it is tempting to dismiss children's fears of such things as animals, the supernatural and physical events as vivid aspects of their imagination and to reassure ourselves that such fears are relatively minor or of limited concern. To this extent adults fail to realise children's fears reflect something of their understanding of the world and their place in it. To date, there has been very little research conducted in Australia on the nature and extent of children's fears. However, research conducted in the United States and Europe has identified a number of features of fears including sex differences and age trends.
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Trovato, Frank. "Sex, Marital Status, and Suicide in Canada: 1951–1981". Sociological Perspectives 34, nr 4 (grudzień 1991): 427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389401.
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This analysis extends earlier research concerning the protective role of marriage in people's lives. An important aspect of this general phenomenon pertains to the differential protection marriage engenders for the sexes. It is hypothesized that being married as opposed to unmarried entails a lower risk of suicide, and that marital status transitions from an unmarried state (e.g., single, widowed, divorced) to the married state entail a greater benefit for men than for women. This hypothesis is largely supported by an analysis of Canadian data covering four decades (from 1951 to 1981). Using a standardization procedure, it was discovered that a transition from single or widowed to married would entail a greater reduction in suicide risk for men than for women. In the case of a transition from divorced to married status, both sexes would benefit equally in reducing suicide potential. The analysis further demonstrates only weak support for the thesis that over time there would be a convergence in sex differences in the potential protective significance of marriage in reducing suicide risk.
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Guliyeva, Mehriban Elbrus. "Military and political aspects of cooperation of Caspian states as the main guaranteed of ensuring regional security". Международное право и международные организации / International Law and International Organizations, nr 1 (styczeń 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0633.2020.1.32572.
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Caspian region has always been a point of intersection of interests for multiple states. Throughout all historical periods, the presence of influential states in the Caspian Sea coast led to escalation of tension in the region. Such factors as heterogenic population of littoral states and differences in mentality further aggravated the situation. Thus, the military-political activity of the Caspian states has always been of paramount importance. The significance of military-political activity for the countries of Caspian Basin was substantiated by the following key factors: concentration of the majority of explored hydrocarbon deposits of these countries on its continental shelf; presence of substantial reserves of various biological resources in the waters of Caspian Sea; location of the region on the junction of important geopolitical paths; largely populated coastal regions. After the collapse of the Soviet Union and formation of new states in the region, this activity acquired a special character.
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Shair-Rosenfield, Sarah, i Alissandra T. Stoyan. "Gendered Opportunities and Constraints: How Executive Sex and Approval Influence Executive Decree Issuance". Political Research Quarterly 71, nr 3 (5.01.2018): 586–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912917750279.
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Do female executives exercise the authority of their office distinctly from their male counterparts? Anecdotal evidence suggests women legislators are likely to govern in a more consensual manner than men. Yet there has been little systematic research extending such claims to women in executive office. Using an original data set, we evaluate one aspect of policy agenda setting—rates of executive decree issuance—among four male–female pairs of Latin American presidents between 2000 and 2014. Female presidents are generally less prone to rule by decree, but this relationship is conditioned by presidential popularity. Female executives with high presidential approval ratings are less likely to rule via unilateral action than similarly popular male executives, but the gendered differences in decree issuance disappear when executives possess low approval ratings. Our findings have implications for understanding the potential benefits of feminine leadership styles for executive–legislative relations and good governance.
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Yavuzaslan, Abdulkerim, i Ahmet Barişçil. "Being a Young Jobseeker in an Emerging Economy and Circular Economy – A Comparative Analysis of the Turkish and Hungarian Situations". Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 6, nr 1 (24.05.2017): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vjbsd-2017-0004.
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Abstract The goal of the present paper is to analyze the number of young job seekers and their particularities in two emerging economies, Turkey and Hungary, with help of the quantitative approach. Even though the two nations share the title of emerging economies as they have produced a relatively spectacular growth in the recent past, they also present a number of historical, political, cultural and economic discrepancies. Unemployment is one of the negative aspects of market economy, and a sign of the level of solidarity within the society, that of the respect and the utility of the young, the quality and market conformity of the educational system and many other facets of human existence. The number of young jobseekers can measure the efficiency of the policy makers and the managers but also depends on external and internal factors such as the habitat, the sex and the educational background of the young or the subsequent political and economic turmoil. The comparison conducted on the basis of data analysis of the two systems is aimed at proving that similarities and differences, results and failures can be a lesson to be learned for both newly developing countries.
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Krylov, A. V. "The role of the religious factor in political processes in Israel". Journal of International Analytics, nr 1 (28.03.2016): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2016-0-1-98-108.
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This article studies the influence of religion on political and social processes in Israel. Modern Israel is a complicated multi-ethnic and multi-religious society. Israel is home to over 8 million people and approximately a quarter of its citizens are non-Jews (Muslim Arabs and Christian Arabs, Druze, Bedouins, Circassians and etc.). In spite of the fact that the Israeli system of law provides “the complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex”, many Arabs and other non-Jews citizens of the State are not really integrated into Israeli society and do not feel themselves full citizens of the State that seeks to position itself exclusively as a «Jewish State».In addition the tension between Israel’s Middle Eastern and European identities is personified in the contradictions between Ashkenazim and Sephardim. There are also religious differences between Jews who identify themselves with the ultra-Orthodox, religious nationalists (so called “Hardelim” - an acronym of two words in Hebrew – “Hared” (ultra-orthodox) and “Leumi” (nationalist)), traditionalists and secular Jews. The article notes that the current «Likud» government supported by the religious parties actually strengthens the tendency to clericalization of Israeli political and social life.The author also makes an attempt to understand and analyze the basic historical, philosophical and religious aspects of the National-Religious trend in Israeli politics. This trend turned into a powerful force after a Jewish religious fanatic Yigal Amir had killed Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1995.The research reveals the forms and methods, aims and objectives of the Israeli official settlement policy, determines the attitude of the religious parties and groups towards the settlement movement and indicates a negative influence of the settlement factor on the Israeli-Palestinian negotiating process and political situation in the Middle East as well.
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Ward, Andrew, Tammy English i Mark Chin. "Physical attractiveness predicts endorsement of specific evolutionary psychology principles". PLOS ONE 16, nr 8 (4.08.2021): e0254725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254725.
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Evolutionary psychology has emerged as a controversial discipline, particularly with regard to its claims concerning the biological basis of sex differences in human mate preferences. Drawing on theories of motivated inference, we hypothesized that those who are most likely to be privileged by specific aspects of the theory would be most likely to support the theory. In particular, we predicted that physical attractiveness would be positively associated with endorsement of predictions of evolutionary psychology concerning mating strategies. Two studies confirmed this hypothesis. In Study 1, participants rated as higher in physical attractiveness were more likely to support specific principles of evolutionary psychology. In Study 2, a manipulation designed to boost self-perceived physical attractiveness increased endorsement of those same principles. Observer-rated physical attractiveness generally predicted individuals’ support of the theoretical principles better than did gender, political orientation, or self-esteem. Results suggest that those most likely to benefit according to certain predictions of evolutionary psychology are also those most likely to be sympathetic toward its relevant principles.
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Sutrisno, Sutrisno, Yudha Sukma Perdana, Abdul Rahman i Okol Sri Suharyo. "THE ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES ON MARITIME SECTOR USING FUZZY MCDM METHODS". JOURNAL ASRO 11, nr 04 (19.11.2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37875/asro.v11i04.356.
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The energy crisis has required the government to develop and utilize a renewable energy. Indonesia has a national jurisdiction area of ± 7.8 million km² with 2/3 of its territory being the sea of ± 5.9 million km². With this large sea area, it is a great potential for Indonesia to be able to develop alternative energy resources in the maritime sector amid the problem of fossil energy resources whose capacity is decreasing. Alternative energy in the maritime sector that can be developed include energy that utilizes ocean waves, ocean currents, tides, and ocean temperature differences. This study aims to determine the alternative energy of the maritime sector by reviewing from technical and financial aspects, political, economic, social and technological aspects. The method used is technical analysis, financial analysis, PEST analysis, and Fuzzy MCDM. The first step in this process is the mapping of the technical, financial, political, economic, social and technological aspects of each energy alternative with technical, financial and PEST analysis. Furthermore, with the Fuzzy MCDM method an alternative energy development selection model was made by assessing the performance of each. Based on the results of data processing shows the ranking of determining the alternative energy of the maritime sector with the first is the source of ocean current energy, the second is tidal energy, the third is wave energy and the last is Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC).
Keywords: Alternative Energy Resources, PEST, Fuzzy MCDM
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Küey, L. "Room for hope: How to deal with growing racism and discrimination?" European Psychiatry 33, S1 (marzec 2016): S43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.897.
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Discrimination could be defined as the attitudes and behavior based on the group differences. Any group acknowledged and proclaimed as ‘the other’ by prevailing zeitgeist and dominant social powers, and further dehumanized may become the subject of discrimination. Moreover, internalized discrimination perpetuates this process. In a spectrum from dislike and micro-aggression to overt violence towards ‘the other’, it exists almost in all societies in varying degrees and forms; all forms involving some practices of exclusion and rejection. Hence, almost all the same human physical and psychosocial characteristics that constitute the bases for in-group identities and reference systems could also become the foundations of discrimination towards the humans identified as out-groups. Added to this, othering, arising from imagined and generalized differences and used to distinguish groups of people as separate from the norm reinforces and maintains discrimination.Accordingly, discrimination built on race, color, sex, gender, gender identity, nationality and ethnicity, religious beliefs, age, physical and mental disabilities, employment, caste and language have been the focus of a vast variety of anti-discriminatory and inclusive efforts. National acts and international legislative measures and conventions, political and public movements and campaigns, human rights movements, education programs, NGO activities are some examples of such anti-discriminatory and inclusive efforts. All these efforts have significant economic, political and psychosocial components.Albeit the widespread exercise of discrimination, peoples of the world also have a long history of searching, aiming and practicing more inclusive ways of solving conflicts of interests between in-groups and out-groups. This presentation will mainly focus on the psychosocial aspects of the anti-discriminative efforts and search a room for hope and its realistic bases for a more non-violent, egalitarian and peaceful human existence.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Fisac, Ramon, i Ana Moreno-Romero. "Understanding social enterprise country models: Spain". Social Enterprise Journal 11, nr 2 (3.08.2015): 156–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sej-02-2014-0012.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the historical institutional context of Spain in the past 40 years and to analyze the influence of institutional factors in the current model of social enterprise existing in the country. Design/methodology/approach – This study draws on the theory of historical institutionalism, national-level empirical data and Kerlin conceptual framework (2013) that informs models of social enterprise. Findings – This paper describe some traits of Spain’s social enterprise that can be explained by the evolution of its institutional context in the past 40 years. It helps to validate, from a historical institutionalistic perspective, aspects of the Kerlin framework for social enterprise models. It also begins to show that the analysis of regional differences in the context should be taken into consideration when examining a country’s social enterprise space. Research limitations/implications – This discussion paper encourages academics to analyze regional differences in the emergence of social enterprise within a country. The main limitation of the paper is the lack of an “official” definition of social enterprise in Spain. Originality/value – This paper applies a valuable framework to a country with a unique political and economic history in the past 40 years. It contributes to enrich the research on the emergence and development of social enterprises in a variety of contexts and advances understanding of how regional differences inside a country influence the development of social enterprises.
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Macedo, Stephen. "Liberalism beyond toleration: Religious exemptions, civility and the ideological other". Philosophy & Social Criticism 45, nr 4 (13.03.2019): 370–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0191453719831344.
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I address the long-standing problem of toleration in diverse liberal societies in light of the progress of same-sex marriage and continued vehement opposition to it from a significant portion of the population. I advance a view that contrasts with recent discussions by Teresa Bejan, Mere Civility, and especially Cecile Laborde, Liberalism’s Religion. Laborde emphasizes the importance of state sovereignty in fixing the boundaries of church and state, emphasizing the priority of public authority and constitutional supremacy. I argue that emphasis on priority needs to be complemented by a recognition of the importance of forms of reconciliation that go beyond ‘mere civility’. Reflections on toleration in the liberal and democratic traditions – including in the canonical discussions of Locke, Rousseau, Smith and Tocqueville, and in more recent political science – have recognized that the health of liberal democracy benefits enormously from the educative and morally formative resources furnished by religious communities. We must hope and plan for the reconciliation of the values of liberal democracy and the teachings of the major religions in society. In that context, a great source of present difficulty is the political polarization that infects and inflects religious differences. For that reason, I applaud aspects of Justice Kennedy’s opinion in Masterpiece Cakeshop. Kennedy insists on the equal dignity of gay and lesbian couples, but also requires that the complaints of religious wedding vendors should be listened to respectfully. While progressives constantly urge that we do more to include the other – typically meaning refugees, migrants, racial, sexual minorities and so on – one great challenge in conditions of hyper polarization is to include the ideological other.
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Ásgeirsdóttir, Tinna Laufey, i Ulf-G. Gerdtham. "Health behavior in the Nordic countries". Nordic Journal of Health Economics 4, nr 1 (26.04.2016): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/njhe.2717.
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This paper provides a descriptive analysis of the level of and change in cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and body weight in Nordic countries and compares them with non-Nordic OECD countries. Our results show that the average prevalence of daily smokers is significantly lower for Nordic countries compared to non-Nordic countries. Four out of five Nordic countries are below the non-Nordic average. However, for alcohol consumption and obesity, it is more difficult to see a clear difference between Nordic countries and non-Nordic countries. Sweden ranks relatively low on all three health behaviors, while alcohol consumption is relatively high in Finland and Denmark. Smoking rates are relatively high in Norway, while the obesity rate is relatively high in Iceland. We conclude that although Nordic populations are often perceived as relatively homogeneous in terms of cultural and political aspects, there are interesting differences in health behaviors within these Nordic countries. These differences need more focus in health-economics research and may have a significant potential in light of the availability of health surveys and administrative register data that can sometimes be linked at the individual level. Such Nordic analyses may, in general, help to move the research front forward and can also be used to predict changes in population health and to study the effectiveness of health economic policies.Published: April 2016.
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Predojevic-Despic, Jelena, i Goran Penev. "Emigration zones in Serbia: 2011 census results". Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, nr 148 (2014): 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1448383p.
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In the last few decades there have been changes in the nature of international migration trends and spatial mobility of population on the world level. This was influenced by significant changes on the political scene of Europe and the world, globalisation, international capital flows, technical-technological progress, the IT revolution and so forth. International migration trends are mainly analysed from the perspective of the recipient countries, while research from the perspective of the origin countries is much rarer, and especially those which include both aspects. At the same time, there is an evident lack of reliable information containing data on migration trends between countries of origin and destination, regional origin and demographic structures of migrants, which hinders a more detailed territorial analysis. Serbia does not have satisfactory statistics on international migration as well, even though it is a country with long emigration tradition. The census data on the Serbian nationals working or residing abroad, regardless of the relatively large census undercount, present the main sources of statistical information on the characteristics of Serbian emigration, and practically the only source of data on their regional origin and socio-demographic features. Regional differences in view of the share of nationals abroad are very pronounced in Serbia. They were established as early as 1971 the Census and confirmed by every following census. The 2002 Census results indicated there were three typical emigration zones. The aim of the paper is to determine whether there have been changes in the spatial distribution of the emigrants from the regional aspect of Serbia as an origin country, based on 2011 Census final results. The characteristics of the Serbian citizens abroad, according to age and sex, length of stay abroad, country of destination and ethnic composition, have also been analyzed in this paper.
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Nonnis, Marcello, Monica Piera Pirrone, Stefania Cuccu, Mirian Agus, Maria Luisa Pedditzi i Claudio Giovanni Cortese. "Burnout Syndrome in Reception Systems for Illegal Immigrants in the Mediterranean. A Quantitative and Qualitative Study of Italian Practitioners". Sustainability 12, nr 12 (24.06.2020): 5145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125145.
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Illegal immigration throughout the Mediterranean Sea is an intense and epoch-making phenomenon. This quantitative and qualitative study, based on the framework of the JD-R Model of burnout, described and assessed the risk of burnout among practitioners working in the reception system for illegal immigrants. A sample of Italian practitioners completed the Link Burnout Questionnaire (N = 193) and a semistructured interview (N = 108). The analysis of the questionnaires was carried out via ANOVA and χ2 test. The content of the interviews was examined using T-LAB. Quantitative results showed that the sample was generally at risk of burnout, and about a quarter were at severe risk. Qualitative results highlighted aspects of burnout that are specific to this working context: large workload, mental fatigue, and lack of social support; inability to understand the language and cultural differences of the immigrants; having to deal with organisational problems that come up repeatedly. This study offers coping strategies that can improve organisational health and performance of practitioners working in illegal immigration. Italy’s shape, geographical location, and geo-political role make it a case in point for the whole European continent regarding the sustainability of illegal immigration across the Mediterranean Sea.
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Perry-Parrish, Carisa, Lindsey Webb, Janice Zeman, Sarah Spencer, Celeste Malone, Sarah Borowski, Elizabeth Reynolds, Jessica Hankinson, Matt Specht i Rick Ostrander. "Anger Regulation and Social Acceptance in Early Adolescence". Journal of Early Adolescence 37, nr 4 (27.07.2016): 475–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431615611255.
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Anger regulation among adolescents is important to investigate given theoretical and empirical support for its critical association with peer relationships. This study examined two aspects of anger regulation (i.e., inhibition, dysregulation) using self-report and peer-nominations and their associations with social acceptance among 163 Black and White adolescents ([Formula: see text] = 13.87 years). We explored gender and ethnicity differences in anger regulation predicting peer acceptance. Self-reports and peer-nominations of anger regulation were significantly correlated. Within-gender ethnicity differences in anger regulation were found: White girls reported higher levels of anger inhibition than Black girls, and Black girls reported higher levels of anger dysregulation than White girls. For all adolescents, self-reports and nominations of anger inhibition were associated with higher levels of social acceptance, whereas nominations of anger dysregulation predicted lower social acceptance. The results indicate the importance of considering gender and ethnicity in adolescents’ anger management within peer contexts.
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Tkachenko, Dmitry S. "Review of the Materials of the Baron F. F. Turnau’s Military Survey Expeditions on the Black Sea Coast of the Caucasus in the 1830s". Herald of an archivist, nr 3 (2020): 664–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2020-3-664-675.
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The article analyses the corpus of documents from the fonds of the Russian State Military History Archive, formed in the 1830s during the General Staff officer Feodor Turnau’s expeditions of to the Black Sea coast zone, which lay outside the Imperial control. Although his activities among the Circassian tribes can be termed one of the best Russian secret scouting missions and his memoirs published in 1864 are still considered an important source for studying the military and political history of the region, materials and reports of the survey missions have never been examined in modern Caucasus studies. The author compares the data included by Turnau in his secret reports to the Imperial authorities with what he mentioned in his memoirs. It shows which issues the Imperial authorities and the Caucasus Army command were interested in during the Russo-highlanders confrontation of the second half of the 1830s. The materials collected by F. F. Turnau can be useful not only in terms of clarifying certain aspects of his personal activities, but also in demonstrating the running of secret survey scouting in unexplored and dangerous ethnic territories off the Imperial frontier. They show high erudition and good training of the candidates selected from the ranks of the General Staff officers to run these scouting missions. The correspondence of the Caucasus Army commander with the central authorities in St. Petersburg on the issue of Turnau’s captivity shows differences in their understanding of the Russo-Caucasus relations. The author comes to the conclusion that the corpus of collected materials on topography, ethnography, political and cultural description of the Transkubanian region peoples could have formed a basis for a revision of the Imperial stand on the subjugation of tribal groups. Although this political alternative was missed, the materials collected by Turnau became a precious addition to the Caucasus studies source base.
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Choi, Sang-Chin, i Gyuseog Han. "Trust Working in Interpersonal Relationships:A Comparative Cultural Perspective with a Focus on East Asian Culture". Comparative Sociology 10, nr 3 (2011): 380–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913311x578208.
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AbstractSociological analysis of interpersonal trust has focused primarily on general trust, neglecting the role of particular trust. Some analysis of social capital in Asian countries, however, reveals that activities in voluntary associations are grounded on particular trust, posing an important question to Putnam’s thesis linking general trust to democracy and economic development. In order to understand the working of particular trust, we took a comparative cultural perspective to trust. Based on the cultural psychology of Korean trust, trust is characterized as a corollary to the intimacy of relationship. Different degrees of interpersonal trust work through the mediating process of caring mind (maum in Korean vernacular) which is afforded when we see social acts directed upon us. Granting an innate bias of granting trust toward close others, we postulate that human beings engage in activities of trust working. Four types of tactics typically employed in forming trust were provided. Subsequently, a comparative cultural analysis of trust was presented by analyzing indigenous concepts (trust, guanxi, amae, & woori) characteristically representing cultural aspects of trust in different cultures with emphasis on East Asian countries. This comparative analysis characterizes that trust in East Asia is laden heavily with relational affective properties, while trust in theWest relies on cognitive properties. Despite these differences, common features allow meaningful understanding of how trust is constructed and maneuvered in each culture.
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Erickson, Andrew S., i Joel Wuthnow. "Barriers, Springboards and Benchmarks: China Conceptualizes the Pacific “Island Chains”". China Quarterly 225 (21.01.2016): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741016000011.
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AbstractUS government reports describe Chinese-conceived “island chains” in the Western Pacific as narrow demarcations for Chinese “counter-intervention” operations to defeat US and allied forces in altercations over contested territorial claims. The sparse scholarship available does little to contest this excessively myopic assertion. Yet, further examination reveals meaningful differences that can greatly enhance an understanding of Chinese views of the “island chains” concept, and with it important aspects of China's efforts to develop as a maritime power. Long before China had a navy or naval strategists worthy of the name, the concept had originated and been developed for decades by previous great powers vying for Asia-Pacific influence. Today, China's own authoritative interpretations are flexible, nuanced and multifaceted – befitting the multiple and sometimes contradictory factors with which Beijing must contend in managing its meteoric maritime rise. These include the growing importance of sea lane security at increasing distances and levels of operational intensity.
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Gordon, H., A. Zabow, L. Carpel i P. Silfen. "Forensic psychiatry in Israel". Psychiatric Bulletin 20, nr 2 (luty 1996): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.20.2.109.
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In May 1995 a Conference on Forensic Psychiatry was held near Tel Aviv, to which psychiatrists and other health professionals specialising in forensic psychiatry from Britain and Israel and Palestinians from the West Bank were invited. Participants at the Conference took part in discussions on forensic psychiatry and visited a maximum security prison with a hospital wing at Ramleh and an Arab psychiatric hospital in Bethlehem on the West Bank. On the days between Conference events, the British group visited Jerusalem and the Dead Sea and became aware of the almost unique interflux between Muslim, Christian and Jewish religion and culture which underlies the historical evolution of this area of the world. The modern social and political landscape is of course characterised by a violent confrontation between Arabs and Jews yet permeated now by a growing realisation of the need for peace and reconciliation, even if this has its ambivalent aspects at times. In this context the participation of Jewish and Arab health professionals together is a sign that ultimately medical and health care has its universal qualities which can bridge over or supersede the differences between nations that are so endemic to history.
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Slee, Phillip T. "The Nature of Children's Conflict Resolution Styles". Children Australia 15, nr 1 (1990): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200002534.
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Conflict is an integral part of human relationships. As defined by The University English Dictionary conflict denotes a struggle, a clashing of views or statements, a meeting in opposition or antagonism. The position taken in the present study is that a conflict consists of an opposition between two individuals “when one person does something to which a second person objects” (Hay, 1984, p.2). This particular outlook is consistent with that adopted by Kagan, Knight & Martinez-Romero (1982) in their study of children's conflict resolution styles.Paradoxically, while conflict may be an important aspect of human relations, conflict as evidenced in children's relations has received scant attention. Research has identified possible sex differences in children's conflict with boys engaging in more direct conflict than girls (Miller, Danaher & Forbes, 1986; Shantz, 1986). Boys do appear to use different conflict resolution strategies (namely more threats and physical force as opposed to negotiation) than girls (Miller et al, 1981). Some evidence also exists that there are developmental changes in children's conflict resolution strategies such that from 5 to 9 years there is an increasing use of a reconciliation conflict resolution style (Aboud, 1981).
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Roberts, Patricia, Lorraine Scott i Bahman Baluch. "University: A Venue for Sex Differences?" Psychological Reports 72, nr 3 (czerwiec 1993): 833–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.72.3.833.
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Psychologists interested in exploring differences between sexes on various aspects of human behaviour most often employ undergraduate (psychology) students as subjects. Here, in spite of reported evidence suggesting significant differences between sexes on attitudes towards arcade games, for 24 men and 24 women university students, no significant sex differences were observed. Generalisability of research on psychological aspects of such sex differences based solely on an undergraduate population may be questioned.
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MWAMWENDA, TUNTUFYE S. "PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN MORAL REASONING". Psychological Reports 68, nr 4 (1991): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.68.4.1239-1242.
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Mwamwenda, Tuntufye S. "Psychological Aspects of Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning". Psychological Reports 68, nr 3_suppl (czerwiec 1991): 1239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1991.68.3c.1239.
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Psychologists, such as Freud, Piaget, and Kohlberg, have indicated that there are sex differences in moral reasoning of men and women. Generally men's moral reasoning is more advanced than that of women. This is attributed to various factors such as culture and over-all child-rearing practices which include greater expectation of men than of women. Despite this conclusion, it is doubtful whether some assessments of women's moral reasoning are accurate and fair.
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Liana, Ștefan, i Imbrescu Ion. "Cohedissent–Specific Behavior of University Unions to Increase Competitiveness". Journal of Intercultural Management 10, nr 3 (1.09.2018): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/joim-2018-0014.
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Abstract The change of the political regime in Romania determined a real revolution in the activity of the trade unions which suddenly had to change their objectives and their working methods. These organisations were in a position to struggle for the status of universities and their professors in a society that considered that 3% of GDP for education is too much. Is possible to understand that trade unions acting instead of universities managers, but immediately after 1989, the rectors and their teams depended by the politicians in a way that they cannot ask more for the needs of universities, and these situations are comparable with ones manifested in other countries, like Peru, Bolivia or Ecuador (Haggard and Kaufmann, 1995). The social and professional involvement of university unions is now much more significant, and their role in the life of higher education institutions is becoming more and more imperative. Not only do they struggle for financial resources and real autonomy, but they also support the didactic and research activities of their members. They also try to prevent and stop the abuse of university leaders. This work aims to present the activity of the union of UniversitasTimisiensis (West University of Timisoara), the role it plays to increase the cohesion between its members and the cooperation with other university unions of Romania. We will also present some current and future solutions that can develop the competitiveness of our institution to make it more attractive not only for professors and researchers but also for students. Methodology: In almost two decades we have observed that the role of education is treated differently in political declarations and public budgetary allocation. We tried to understand what the causes of these differences are, and we noticed that the formal voice of different union federations (there are four in the education field in Romania) is quite the same, but also there are some informal arrangements with governmental officials. Even in the higher education area, there are different aspects related to the goals of groups of universities (comprehensive, technical, medical) so the cohesion of different unions can be only apparent. We tried to investigate these aspects using quantitative research based on data supplied by Eurostat and National Institute of Statistics and about 15 interviews with different persons involved in the management of union organisations to see the characteristics of common patterns and also the specific differences. Findings: We discovered that in the field of education there is a paradox of functionality of a system. All political parties sustain the idea of a consistent allocation of resources for education (there is a National Pact for Education signed by all parties in 2008 and assumed by all other parties that appeared after 2008), but in ten years the allocation was around 3% of GDP that represents only half of the agreement. The unions were forced to adopt different strategies in an unfriendly environment: they cooperated in most of the cases but, due to the lack of resources, they had to rally to the positions of the management of universities and that sometimes determined the dissent with other unions. Value Added: It can be assumed that the unions can have an important role in education environment, even if they act in cohesion (most of the cases) and dissent (especially in case of improvement the position of the home university). The cohedissent (we try to underline the combination between the terms cohesion and dissent because it is almost impossible to have only cohesion in educational area) behaviour can represent a key factor to understanding the specificity of the role of university unions in improving the educational environment and insending more suggestive messages to the political parties. Recommendations: The scientific research in universities is an essential aspect of higher education and the specific research within and between university unions can potentiate the activities of teachers and researchers. The cooperation between unions must be improved and the dissent must be used constructively.
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Von Danwitz, Thomas. "Good Governance in the Hands of the Judiciary: Lessons from the European Example". Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 13, nr 1 (14.06.2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2010/v13i1a2627.
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It is certainly well observed that the subject matter of good governance, by its mere terminology, constitutes a fairly recent evolution which has been, notably in the 1990’s, closely linked to the idea of giving a new impetus to development policy, in particular in Sub-Saharan Africa. The new terminology has received widespread interest which has made the political call for good governance a central feature of development policy[1] ever since it has been put on the international agenda by a World Bank study in 1989.[2] Despite a rising number of critics claiming this concept to be without any substance and asking whether it would be new after all,[3] the idea of good governance has flourished ever since and has certainly evolved into a transnational concept of political leadership, a real leitmotiv for a common approach to the way how our global village should be governed.[4] The incredible success story of the striving for good governance is, in my view, due to three cumulative aspects which certainly contributed a great deal to the general agreement that good governance is a concept without proper alternative: Firstly, the concept of good governance is self-evident. It needs nothing else but common sense[5] to be understood: Entrepreneurs will not invest in unstable countries and people, whether entrepreneurs or not, will not wish to live there, if they can afford to go elsewhere.[6] Secondly, the concept of good governance is sufficiently vague to absorb a great variety of political preferences as well as substantive differences. Its flexibility is most certainly the reason why it has met so little resistance and found so much support. And thirdly, it was issued at the right point in time when public opinion was profoundly marked by the experience of the revolutionary force of glasnost and the general inability of corrupt regimes around the world to meet today's challenges.[7]* Thomas von Danwitz. D.I.A.P. (ENA, Paris), Judge at the European Court of Justice, Luxemburg/Cologne.[1] Graf Vitzthum Völkerrecht 6.part points 33 et seq.[2] The World Bank Sub-Saharan Africa 60.[3] See De Waal 2002 International Affairs 463.[4] See Dolzer 2004 ZaöRV 535. [5] Dolzer 2004 ZaöRV 536.[6] See Squires 2004 Cov L J 45 and 54.[7] See Cygan 2002 MLR 229.
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Guevara Osorio, Saray. "¿Por qué aún la violencia de género? Una respuesta conceptual a la persecución contra quienes no caben en las categorías “hombre” o “mujer”". La Manzana de la Discordia 8, nr 1 (29.03.2016): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/lamanzanadeladiscordia.v8i1.1551.
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Resumen: En el presente artículo indago sobre el fenó- meno de la violencia y lo analizo en su estructura fun- cional y conceptual con el propósito de continuar la deconstrucción que hacen el feminismo y la teoría de género, entendiendo por género la amplitud de la dife- rencia sexual, es decir, las múltiples formas der darse el ser sexual. Evidencio dicho fenómeno de la violencia como causa a la vez que efecto del orden simbólico, so- cial, económico, político y cultural de Occidente. Es así como expongo la violencia como resultado de la funda- mentación conceptual de la categorización del mundo sexual, producto a su vez de la bipolaridad extrema de la categoría de lo humano; visibilizando así, una repro- ducción esquemática que legitima el ejercicio pleno de la violencia en su amplitud conceptual, pero que designa como blancos, a cuerpos precisos.Palabras claves: violencia, diferencia humana, sexo, género, deconstrucción.Why Still Gender Violence? A Conceptual Answer to Persecution against Those Who Do Not Fit into the Categories of Man or Woman Abstract: In the present article I analyze the phenomenon of violence, its functional and conceptual structure, in order to further the deconstruction operated by feminism and gender theory, understanding gender as the full gamut of sexual difference, i.e. the many forms taken by sexual being. The phenomenon of violence is evidenced as both cause and effect of the symbolic order in the West, in its social, economic, political and cultural aspects. Thus I present violence as a result of the conceptual basis for the categorization of the sexual world, due in turn to the extreme bipolarity of the category of the human, thereby making visible a schematic reproduction that fully legitimates violence in its conceptual scope, but which designates specific bodies as its targets.Keywords: violence, human difference, sex, gender, deconstruction.
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Fellmann, Ferdinand, i Esther Redolfi. "Aspects of Sex Differences: Social Intelligence vs. Creative Intelligence". Advances in Anthropology 07, nr 04 (2017): 298–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aa.2017.74017.
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Alonso, Carolina Maria do Carmo, Pascal Daniel Béguin i Francisco José de Castro Moura Duarte. "Work of community health agents in the Family Health Strategy: meta-synthesis". Revista de Saúde Pública 52 (26.02.2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2018052000395.
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OBJECTIVE: To systematize and analyze the evidence from qualitative studies that address the perception of Brazilian Community Health Agents about their work. METHODS: This is a systematic review of the meta-synthesis type on the work of community health agents, carried out from the Virtual Health Library using the descriptors “Agente Comunitário de Saúde” and “Trabalho”, in Portuguese. The strategy was constructed by crossing descriptors, using the Boolean operator “AND”, and filtering Brazilian articles, published from 2004 to 2014, which resulted in 129 identified articles. We removed quantitative or quanti-qualitative research articles, essays, debates, literature reviews, reports of experiences, and research that did not include Brazilian Community Health Agents as subjects. Using these criteria, we selected and analyzed 33 studies that allowed us to identify common subjects and differences between them, to group the main conclusions, to classify subjects, and to interpret the content. RESULTS: The analysis resulted in three thematic units: characteristics of the work of community health agents, problems related to the work of community health agents, and positive aspects of the work of community health agents. On the characteristics, we could see that the work of the community health agents is permeated by the political and social dimensions of the health work with predominant use of light technologies. The main input is the knowledge that this professional obtains with the contact with families, which is developed with home visits. On the problems in the work of community health agents, we could identify the lack of limits in their attributions, poor conditions, obstacles in the relationship with the community and teams, weak professional training, and bureaucracy. The positive aspects we identified were the recognition of the work by families, resolution, bonding, work with peers, and work close to home. CONCLUSIONS: This review provided an overview of the difficulties and positive aspects that are present in the daily work of community health agents. Given this, we have raised two challenges. The first one refers to how public policy makers need to appropriation the research results and the second one refers to the need to invest in studies that are designed to generate solutions for the difficulties faced by community health agents in their work.
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Saliba, L. J. "Development of regional coastal water quality standards in the Mediterranean". Water Science and Technology 32, nr 9-10 (1.11.1995): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0665.
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Under the terms of the 1976 Convention for the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution, and the 1980 Protocol for the protection of the Mediterranean Sea against pollution from land-based sources, the coastal states of the region have to develop criteria and standards for various aspects of coastal water quality. These are being progressively developed within the framework of the Mediterranean Action Plan, specifically within the Long-term Programme of Pollution Monitoring and Research in the Mediterranean Sea (MED POL Phase II). The impact of specific Mediterranean ecological conditions on health and related risks arising from specific uses of the sea, in relation to those risks arising from the same types of water use in regions with different conditions, and the effects of such differences on quality requirements, are discussed. The current situation in the Mediterranean region regarding national and international legislation for ensuring coastal water quality is described, together with the normal procedures for regional assessments of the situation with regard to specific pollutants and the formulation of proposed measures. The legal and technical problems involved in (a) the actual preparation of criteria and standards combining ecological and health requirements with political acceptability and (b) their adoption by Mediterranean states are described. These problems essentially arise out of the heterogeneous character of the states bordering the Mediterranean Sea, especially regarding the state of existing infrastructures for pollution prevention and control, including the availability of trained manpower and technical facilities, the degreee of priority accorded to marine pollution within the overall framework of national requirements, the type of legal and administrative machinery for the enactment and enforcement of statutory provisions, and the implications of new or amended legislation vis-a-vis already-existing international obligations.
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Frazer, Elizabeth, i Kenneth Macdonald. "Sex Differences in Political Knowledge in Britain". Political Studies 51, nr 1 (marzec 2003): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00413.
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This paper analyses, and examines the interpretation of, sex differences in political knowledge as measured in the context of nationally representative British surveys. The paper discusses the construction and operationalisation of ‘knowledge’ measures in survey research. British survey research finds striking sex differences in scores on political knowledge items. The inclusion of contextual variables, and of interactions between sex and other relevant variables, attenuates but does not eliminate consistent sex differences.
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Ekehammar, Bo. "Sex Differences in Socio‐political Attitudes Revisited∗". Educational Studies 11, nr 1 (styczeń 1985): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305569850110101.
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Geary, David C. "Evolution and Sex Differences in Political Engagement". Psychological Inquiry 32, nr 2 (3.04.2021): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1047840x.2021.1930766.
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Owen, Diana, i Jack Dennis. "Sex Differences in Politicization:". Women & Politics 12, nr 4 (15.04.1993): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j014v12n04_03.
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Rammstedt, Beatrice, i Thomas H. Rammsayer. "Sex differences in self-estimates of different aspects of intelligence". Personality and Individual Differences 29, nr 5 (listopad 2000): 869–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00238-x.
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Lind, Pamela, i Helen Connole. "Sex differences in behavioral and cognitive aspects of decision control". Sex Roles 12, nr 7-8 (kwiecień 1985): 813–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00287874.
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Connelly, Paul J., Karin A. M. Jandeleit-Dahm i Christian Delles. "Sex and gender aspects in vascular pathophysiology". Clinical Science 134, nr 16 (sierpień 2020): 2203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20200876.
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Abstract Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of global mortality in men and women. The prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and outcomes of CVD observed in these two populations is being increasingly recognized as distinct. In this editorial, we provide an overview of mechanisms related to differences in vascular pathophysiology between men and women and explore the contributions of both sex and gender.
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CERIĆ, DENIS, i MAREK WIĘCKOWSKI. "Establishing transboundary tourist space in the Baltic Sea region". Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 12, Special Issue 1 (30.11.2020): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.12.spec.iss1.16.
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Background: The Baltic Sea region has been an area of intense political, economic and cultural contacts since the early Middle Ages. However, it severely suffered both during the Second World War and in its aftermath through to 1989. Since the mid-1990s, initiatives, programs and organisations promoting cooperation in this region have been put in place, and, in line with the expansion of the European Union, there have been far more opportunities (both organisational and financial) for cross-border cooperation, including in a transboundary context. Material and methods: The main sources of data for quantitative analysis have been official reports of Interreg Programme projects in the Baltic Sea region, as given effect to in the period between 2007 and 2013. In turn, qualitative analysis has drawn on descriptions of selected projects, mainly in reports and on relevant websites. Results: This article acquaints the reader with issues underpinning cross-border cooperation in the transboundary context of the Baltic Sea region, focusing on key aspects relating to the establishment of transboundary tourist space. Several examples of EU co-financed cross-border cooperation in tourism are also presented in greater detail. Conclusions: The process of establishing transboundary tourist space across the Baltic Sea is seen to depend greatly on co-financing by the European Union. Such EU-backed projects serving the development of cross-border tourism in the transboundary context of the Baltic Sea region can be assigned to four groups entailing: (1) the integration of transport, (2) tourism management, (3) the generation of tourist products, and (4) the development of a regional identity. However, it is typical of these projects for cooperation in the development of tourist attractions and products to be led by entities from the more developed part of the region, which therefore receive more funding than partners’ beneficiaries from the Baltic’s less-developed part. Preliminary analysis thus suggests that EU projects may not necessarily help to even out differences, i.e. reduce disparities, between the “Old” and “New” EU, even if they may be significant in helping to combine potential.
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Carroll, Susan J. "Political Elites and Sex Differences in Political Ambition: A Reconsideration". Journal of Politics 47, nr 4 (listopad 1985): 1231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2130817.
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Alvarez, R. Michael, i Edward J. Mccaffery. "Are There Sex Differences in Fiscal Political Preferences?" Political Research Quarterly 56, nr 1 (marzec 2003): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106591290305600101.
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