Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Sewage”
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Zhang, Qing Tao, Zhi Jian Zhang, Jiong Ma i Jiao Xiang. "The Growth Performance of Duckweed and Removal Rate of Nitrate and Phosphorus in Sewages with Different Processes". Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (luty 2014): 854–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.854.
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The growth performance of duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza) and its removal rate of nitrate and phosphorus in sewages taken from sewage treatment plant with different processes were studied. The experiments were conducted in an environmentally controlled growth chamber. Three kinds of sewages were taken from a grit chamber, a sedimentation tank, and the anoxic pond in a sewage treatment plant, respectively. The fourth kind of sewage was mixed using the sedimentation tank sewage and the anoxic pond sewage in a volumetric ratio 1:1. The weight of duckweed biomass were determined with a balance. Wastewater samples taken from the media were analyzed for total nitrogen (TN), ammonium nitrogen (NH4N), total phosphorus (TP), phosphatephosphorus (PO4P) using AA3 Continous Flow Analyzer. The results showed that Spirodela polyrrhiza grew well in sewages taken from grit chamber and sedimentation tank of a sewage treatment plant, whereas a lot of duckweed fronds were dead in the sewage taken from the anoxic pond due to the high TP (higher than 7.9 mg/L) and TN (higher than 51.6 mg/L). The suitable TN concentration for Spirodela polyrrhiza growth should not be higher than 45 mg/L. Compared with the treatments without duckweed, the NH4N concentrations were reduced more than 60% in ST and GC sewages with duckweed due to the NH4N uptake by duckweed. Spirodela polyrrhiza could remove TN efficiently in sewages with relative low concentration TN (less than 20 mg/L), while duckweed could not remove TN effectively in sewages with high concentration TN (higher than 20 mg/L). The TN concentration in GC sewage decreased greatly in the first four days, which probably brought about anaerobic condition, thus P uptake switched to net release of P, which caused the increase of the TP concentration in the GC sewage without duckweed in the last six days. O2 or oxidant should be provided for sewage treatment system using duckweed to ensure that efficient removal of TN and TP meanwhile. The TP and PO4P concentrations in the mixed sewage with duckweed increased far more than those for no-duckweed treatments, which could be related that the dead duckweed released P into the sewage.
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Bugajski, Piotr M., Grzegorz Kaczor i Krzysztof Chmielowski. "Variable dynamics of sewage supply to wastewater treatment plant depending on the amount of precipitation water inflowing to sewerage network". Journal of Water and Land Development 33, nr 1 (1.06.2017): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0019.
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AbstractThe paper analyzes the effect of precipitation water that inflowing to sanitary sewage system as accidental water on the changes in the total amount of treated sewage. The effects of accidental water supply on the total amount of sewage inflowing to treatment plant were analyzed based on mean daily amounts from the investigated periods and mean daily amounts from incidental supplies. The study was conducted in the years 2010–2015. Six characteristic research periods were identified (one per each calendar year), when the amount of sewage in the sanitary sewage system was greater than during dry weather. The analysis of changes in the amount of sewage supplied to the sewerage system in the six investigated periods revealed that the accidental water constituted from 26.8% to 48.4% of total sewage inflowing to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). In exceptional situations, during intense rains, the share of precipitation water in the sewerage system would increase up to 75%. Then, the rainwater inflowing the sewerage system caused hydraulic overloading of the WWTP by exceeding its maximum design supply.
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Chmielowski, Krzysztof, Piotr Bugajski i Grzegorz B. Kaczor. "Comparative analysis of the quality of sewage discharged from selected agglomeration sewerage systems". Journal of Water and Land Development 30, nr 1 (1.09.2016): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2016-0019.
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AbstractThe study provides a comparative analysis of the quality of sewage discharged from selected sewerage systems. The analyzed data were collected from 10 agglomeration sewerage systems discharging sewage into collective wastewater treatment plants (WTP). The investigated pollution indicators included BOD5, CODCr, total suspended solids and biogenic indicators such as total nitrogen and total phosphorus. These results were compared with the outcomes reported in commonly available research papers on sewage disposal. Considering the concentration of individual pollution indicators, more detailed categories of sewage pollution were adopted in this work. The sewage was divided into five basic groups: I – highly concentrated, II – concentrated, III – moderately concentrated, IV – diluted, and V – highly diluted. The sewage categories accounted for the following pollution indicators: BOD5, CODCr, total suspended solids, total phosphorus and total nitrogen. Mean BOD5, CODCr and total suspended solids in raw sewage were higher than average values reported in the referenced literature. Contrary to that, concentration of total phosphorus in raw sewage was significantly lower than reported by other authors. The outcomes of this study suggest that the predictions concerning pollution degree of raw sewage made at WTP design stage should not be based exclusively on general values provided in literature reports.
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Hassanain, Mohey A., Nawal A. Hassanain, Esam A. Hobballa, Fatma H. Abd- El Zaher i Mohamed Saber M. Saber. "Existence and Decontamination of HVC, Infectious Enteric Bacteria and Parasites in Sewaged Soils". JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 3, nr 1 (30.09.2014): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v3i1.5411.
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A surface sample representing a high contaminated loamy sand soil irrigated with sewage effluent since 30 years and was cultivated with artichoke was collected from Abu-Rawash sewage farm. The existence of HVC, enteric infectious bacteria and parasites in sewaged soil found to be negative for the forward and positive for the latter's. Out of the 30 samples separated from the sewaged soil sample, only 3 samples contained parasitic fauna of developed and undeveloped Ascaris (10%) and five samples contained Entamoeba coli. Results showed that the number of Ascaris eggs/gm soil was 0.017 and the number of E. coli/gm was 0.26. Decontamination of soil parasites was effective using either calcium hypochlorite or potassium permanganate. Salmonella, Vibrio and Campelobacter were detected in the high contaminated sewaged soil and survived for 120 days in the sewaged soil under all control and bioremediated treatments irrigated with either sewage effluent or water.
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Haas, Bettina S., i Reimer Herrmann. "Transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons between sewage and sewer atmosphere". Water Science and Technology 34, nr 3-4 (1.08.1996): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0476.
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Sewage containing volatile contaminants is a potential VOC-source in cities. Thus we tried to evaluate volatilization out of the sewerage system by measurements of contaminants in sewer gas and sewage. Our results from a medium sized town with little industry showed that sewer gas is mainly contaminated with alkanes, small aromatic compounds and chlorinated hydrocarbons. For three chlorinated hydrocarbons (chloroform, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene) we determined mass transfer coefficients out of sewage and used these data to estimate mass fluxes from sewage and emissions out of the sewerage system for two sewer stretches. Considerable emission of chlorinated hydrocarbons from sewage, i.e. fluxes of some 10 to 100 g per m2·d, occurred only when the contaminant input via sewage was between some g and mg per litre for a single compound. For concentrations that were about 3 orders of magnitude less, emissions were negligible.
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Kaczor, Grzegorz B., Krzysztof Chmielowski i Piotr Bugajski. "Influence of extraneous waters on the quality and loads of pollutants in wastewater discharged into the treatment plant". Journal of Water and Land Development 33, nr 1 (1.06.2017): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0021.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to analyze an influence of an inflow penetrating into two selected small sewerage systems during a rainy weather on pollutant concentration and load in raw sewage. Studies were conducted in 2010–2015 on two small sewerage systems in Małopolska province. The studies confirmed that the inflow penetrating into the sewerage systems resulted in a decrease of pollutant concentrations in sewage. However, they also showed that this dilution was not constant for all types of pollutants. The most important outcome of the study was demonstrating that despite its diluting effect on pollutants, the intense inflow into a sewerage system resulted in an increase of a sewage pollutant load. This increase was not regular, but it was rising dramatically when the inflow share in sewage exceeded 50%. The study indicated that the inflow penetrating into the sewerage system should not be disregarded, as it actually presented a significant threat to the wastewater treatment process and in consequence to the quality of recipient waters.
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Volschan, Isaac. "The challenge of dry-weather sewage intakes as a sustainable strategy to develop urban sanitation in the tropics". Water Practice and Technology 15, nr 1 (23.12.2019): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2019.084.
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Abstract Informal housing, and operational and management deficiencies, influence sewerage system performance in Brazil. Inadequate sewage volumes in storm sewers lead to fecal contamination and affect recreational water environments. As overflow structures, dry-weather sewage intakes (DWSIs) are used to intercept and transfer sewage from storm- to sewage- sewers. For cities without public services, the DWSI strategy has been suggested as an option to enable easier and more rapid responses in terms of sewage pollution control. The strategy may also lead to gradual construction of a separate sewerage system in a two-step plan: initially, based on the construction of DWSIs and wastewater treatment plants, and then, on the construction of separate sewers. The paper is a discussion of the main technical challenges in sustainability of the DWSI strategy, and includes a case study of slum and other informal housing areas in Rio de Janeiro.
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Duan, Aochuan. "Design of Sewage Treatment Process of Shaowu Second Sewage Treatment Plant Based on the Modified Carrousel Oxidation Ditch". E3S Web of Conferences 370 (2023): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337002002.
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This paper is designed for the sewage treatment process of Shaowu City Second Sewage Treatment Plant, focusing on the modified card oxidation ditch process. This sewage treatment plant is mainly purified by living sewage in Shaowu City, and the processing scale is 10,000 m3d-1. According to the sewage quality and the reality of urban development, this paper selects the hydrolyzate + oxidation ditch + concrete precipitation process. The sewage first hydrolyzedate the acidified tank before entering the secondary treatment to increase the sewage’s sewage, then remove the main organic matter in the water and complete the nitrogen removal phosphorus. Finally, further remove the suspension in water. The material and total phosphorus have enabled water quality to meet the “Sewage Treatment Plant Pollutant Emission Standard” (GB18918-2002). The project is expected to invest 3001,500 yuan, and the wastewater operating cost of the equivalent is 0.57 yuan/ton.
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Zhuravlev, Petr V., Irina V. Khutoryanina i Boris I. Marchenko. "The barrier role of sewage treatment plants in relation to sanitary-indicative and pathogenic bacteria, parasitic agents on the example of the southern zone of Russia". Hygiene and sanitation 100, nr 10 (31.10.2021): 1070–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-10-1070-1076.
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Introduction. From the sanitary and epidemiologic point of view the economic and household sewage making more than 80% of the volume of all water disposal is of the greatest practical interest. The infectious agents getting to the sewerage do not perish independently. The problem of treatment facilities of the sewerage consists of prevention of possible distribution through water of intestinal and parasitic infections. Aim of the study. To investigate the overall efficiency of sewage treatment facilities in relation to pathogenic and sanitary indicator bacteria and pathogens of parasitic diseases. Materials and methods. The object of the study was microbial and parasitic communities of household waste water from sewage treatment plants in a number of cities in the Rostov region. In work standard microbiological methods of research according to MU 2.1.5.800-99 and the methods of sanitary and parasitological researches of sewage stated in MUK 4.2.2661-10 and also author’s techniques (No. FTs/4022 MR) are used Results. The sewage of the studied cities arriving on sewage treatment plants has high degree of contamination on all bacteriological and parasitological indicators. At the same time intensity of pollution of sewage on these indicators for city drains was in the limits provided by MU 2.1.5.800-99. Dynamics of decontamination process at stages of sewage treatment facilities is shown. During normal operation of treatment systems, waste water is completely freed from salmonella. The species composition of parasitosis pathogens in wastewater that underwent the treatment stages, as well as those arriving, was almost identical in all territories. Conclusion. Researches have shown that at respect for technology of water processing of treatment facilities of the sewerage waste water practically corresponds to normative documents on bacteriological indicators. At the same time, the low performance concerning disinvasion and deworming is shown.
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Ermolin, Yuri A. "Practice of Automated Control in Urban Wastewater Transport System of Moscow". Water Science and Technology 27, nr 5-6 (1.03.1993): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0502.
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Control of the ramified head-and-gravity wastewater disposal system of Moscow is considered with respect to the possibility of redistributing flows of sewage between structural components through underground hydraulic connections (sewers). It is supposed that the sewerage pumping stations of a network are characterized by various consumptions of electric power for pumping a unit volume of sewage (specific consumption). Analysis is limited by the subsystem of transportation of the sewage (sewerage network). Controlling the network is reduced to the purposeful redistribution of the sewage flows between the sewers and pumping stations. The control criterion is the minimizing of total consumption of the electric power by all of the pumping stations of the network. Restrictions in control are the carrying capacities of the structural components. The control algorithm is adapted to the use of computer facilities.
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Chupin, Viktor R., Vladimir I. Mart'yanov i Maria V. Matveeva. "Optimization of systems of water supply and sewerage by minimizing their life cycle costs". Journal «Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsiyi. Stroyitelstvo. Nedvizhimost» 12, nr 1 (2022): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2022-1-104-113.
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Abstract. When designing urban water supply and sewerage systems, the substantiation of pipeline diameters and velocities of the fresh and sewage water should be carried out. The existing approaches and regulatory requirements provided in SP 31.13330.2012 consider economic factors in terms of reduced costs for the construction and operation of water supply and sewerage systems. However, according to GOST R 587885-2019, the design option should be selected on the basis of its life cycle costs (LLC). In this regard, an LLC-based methodology for calculating the optimal values of pipeline diameters and velocities of the fresh and sewage water in pipelines is proposed. The study specifies the LLC of pipeline water supply and sewerage systems in the form of the flow rate and velocity functions of the transported fresh and sewage water. The first LLC derivative in terms of velocity is taken and set equal to zero. Further, the equation is solved relative to the velocity. As a result, formulas for calculating optimal pipeline velocity values for the fresh and sewage water relative to their LLC are obtained. The conducted numerical experiments demonstrate that the optimal values of fresh and sewage water velocities depend on the values of flow rate and electricity cost, as well as the number of years in the life cycle of water supply and sewerage systems. It is proposed to amend Appendix B of SP 31.13330.2012 by adding a substantiation of pipeline diameters based on the LLC of water supply and sewerage systems.
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Dolata, Małgorzata, i Jarosław Lira. "Delimitacja powiatów ziemskich pod względem wyposażenia w infrastrukturę wodno-ściekową". Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 2013, nr 2 (28.02.2013): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.59139/ws.2013.02.5.
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The paper assessed the status and spatial diversity of rural areas in rural powiats in terms of their equipment in the water and sewage infrastructure. The subject of the study were main elements of the infrastructure: water supply as well as sewerage and sewage treatment plants. The greatest shortages in water supply facilities in rural areas characterized mainly located in the southern and eastern part of Poland. In addition, the lack of access to services, sewerage and sewage treatment plants occurred mainly in the central and eastern parts of the country. The best situation because of the infrastructure condition has been observed in northern Poland.
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Rockefeller, Abby A. "Sewers, Sewage Treatment, Sludge: Damage without End". NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 12, nr 4 (luty 2003): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/qlxd-wq8a-hevr-7k1b.
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It is in the nature of sewering and sewage treatment to compound environmental problems in the processof moving sewage and in attempting to remove from sewage the pollutants it carries. Spreading sewage sludge on land is but the latest in the compounding of environmental damage from sewerage. This practice must be banned and there must be a federal reorientation of all technology dealing with human excreta and the waste materials from industry and society that now are carried away by sewers. The reorientation must center on biologically based on-site pollution prevention and resource recycling technologies mandated through a revised Clean Water Act.
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Boon, Arthur G., Alison J. Vincent i Kevin G. Boon. "Avoiding the problems of septic sewage". Water Science and Technology 37, nr 1 (1.01.1998): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0054.
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Septic sewage develops in a sewerage system when aeration of sewage in gravity sewers is inadequate or when sewage is pumped up a rising-main sewer and sulphides are formed. Many variables affect the rate at which septicity develops. Equations have been produced which describe the relation between the variables and septicity. Such equations can be applied to individual sewers or rising mains. To predict, prevent and control septicity of an entire sewerage system will be complex; preventative measures taken upstream will affect the formation of septicity downstream. This paper describes the development of a computer programme, consisting of a series of linked algorithms. The programme enables the sewerage system to be mathematically modelled in order to predict the formation of sulphides in the sewage at identified locations. It also enables the effects of applying a range of preventative measures to be assessed in order to optimise a strategy for prevention and control. The results are described and discussed for application of the model to an extensive sewerage system, serving a population of 665,000. In some circumstances, prevention of septicity may not be practical or it may be expensive. To remove odours from ventilated air, which includes hydrogen sulphide, a novel, reliable, low-cost and effective catalytic filter has been developed. This filter is described, together with performance data obtained during recent full-scale operation.
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Westoll, T. G. "Driffield Sewerage and Sewage-Treatment Projects". Water and Environment Journal 13, nr 2 (kwiecień 1999): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01019.x.
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Gouvea, Glaucia De Mello Cunha, Victor Ventura de Souza, Glaucio De Mello Cunha i Tatiana Da Silva Souza. "Effects of sewage sludge on the growth of coffea arabica seedlings and cell cycle of Allium cepa". Holos Environment 19, nr 4 (6.12.2019): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/holos.v19i4.12357.
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Sewage sludge can contain toxic compounds and pathogens therefore it agronomic use must occur in a safer way to the population and environment. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of substrates containing different proportions of sanitized sewage sludge in the growth of Coffea Arabica seedlings and to verify the cytogenotoxic potential of these substrates using the analysis of Allium cepa cell cycle. The substrate with the lowest proportion of sewage sludge (15%) was the one that obtained the greatest growth performance and did not present cytogenotoxic activity. Substrates with the highest concentrations of sanitized sewage sludge (30, 45 e 60%) were toxics. For coffee seedlings, all the growth variables decreased and the significant induction of aberrant meristematic cells in A. cepa was observed. However, the sewage toxicity was not related to the presence of metals, whose levels were within the maximum limits allowed by the Brazilian legislation, indicating that these biological tests are essential for the determination of the quality of sewages before their agricultural use.
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Ahmed, Afzal, Sajjad Ali, Ashar Ahmed i Farah Khan. "Investigating the Impact of Domestic Sewage on Asphalt Concrete Pavement Strength". Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 14, nr 2 (2.04.2024): 13617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.6736.
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This study evaluates the impact of exposing asphalt pavement to sewage and fresh water. In total, 87 samples were prepared, where half of them were immersed in sewage and the others were immersed in freshwater. The Marshall mix design method was adopted for the preparation of samples. Three immersed samples were tested for stability and flow every 24 hours in both fresh water and sewage, comparing the results with a control sample. The samples immersed in fresh water lost their stability and flow after 11 days, while the ones immersed in sewage water lost their stability and flow after 9 days. Furthermore, the loss in stability for samples immersed in fresh water and sewage after 14 days was found to be 38.8 and 55.6%, respectively. The results revealed that sewage water affects asphalt concrete pavement more severely than freshwater. Finally, it was concluded that proper drainage and adequate supplemental sewerage systems are necessary to maintain the desired strength of the pavement throughout its design life.
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Blackwood, D. J., J. B. Ellis, D. M. Revitt i D. J. Gilmour. "Factors influencing exfiltration processes in sewers". Water Science and Technology 51, nr 2 (1.01.2005): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0042.
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Exfiltration from sewers is widespread and emerging legislation may require water service providers to identify, and rectify, its sources in sewerage systems. This paper describes exfiltration test apparatus and a series of experiments undertaken using sewage to gain a better understanding of the influence of sewage solids and sediments on leakage rates. An overview of the results obtained is given, which demonstrates that most previous estimates of exfiltration leakage rates were too high due to a lack of appreciation of the “self-repairing” action of sewage and sewage associated solids. Exfiltration rates of 0.1% of the sewer flow or 0.001 l/s have been recorded for defects up to 6 mm wide.
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Capodaglio, Andrea G. "INTEGRAL CONTROL REQUIREMENTS FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEMS". Water Science and Technology 30, nr 1 (1.07.1994): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0014.
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Sewerage systems and sewage treatment plants are often planned, designed and operated as totally separate entities. As a result, sewage treatment efficiency is subject to considerable variability, depending both on general hydrologic conditions in the urban watershed (wet versus dry periods), and on specific “instantaneous” operating conditions. It has been postulated that the integration of design and operation in urban drainage and wastewater treatment could allow minimization of the harmful effects of discharges from treatment plants, combined sewer overflows and surface runoff. This “ideal condition” can be achieved through the introduction of so-called “Real-Time Control” technology in sewerage collection and treatment operations. This paper examines the requirements of a hypothetical integrated sewer flow and sewage treatment model, the mathematical tools used to design and operate Real-Time Control systems, and the issues emerging from an integration of the conveyance and disposal aspects of the sewerage cycle.
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Starzec, Mariusz. "The impact of construction of piling partitions on the retention efficiency of a sewerage network". E3S Web of Conferences 45 (2018): 00087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500087.
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The aim of the article is to determine the impact of the structural solution of piling partitions of an innovative retention canals on the hydraulic conditions of its functioning in a specific sewerage network. Three types and different variants for controlling the operation of piling partitions were analyzed. The research shows that the construction of piling partitions has a significant impact on the achieved reduction rate of sewage outflow from the analyzed sewerage network. In addition, the construction of piling partitions also determines the volume of sewage that can be restored in sewer networks. The most tangible effects were observed when the partitions were made in the system (1), i.e. they had drainage holes of an adjustable geometry. In this example, a reduction in the peak sewage outflow from the sewage network to a value of only 531.36 dm3/s was observed, which corresponds to the value of the wastewater reduction coefficient β = 0.34. What is worth emphasizing, with the other methods of functioning of piling partitions, small values of the wastewater reduction coefficient were also obtained successively for the system (2) β = 0.35, while for the system (3) β = 0.43. On the basis of the tests carried out, it was also found that the authoritative time for dimensioning the sewerage network equipped with piling partitions always takes values higher than the reliable time for dimensioning a traditional sewerage network
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Sun, Wei, i Xiao Jun Liu. "The Prediction for Sewage Emissions in Xi'an Based on the Theory of Grey System". Advanced Materials Research 1079-1080 (grudzień 2014): 539–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1079-1080.539.
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The water pollution and water scarcity have restricted the development of economy seriously in Xi'an. And the wastewater quantity is an important basic data in solving this problem. This paper build GM(1,1) model based on grey system theory to predict the discharge volume of urban domestic sewage and industrial wastewater from 2013 to 2020. The predictions suggest that the discharge amount of industrial wastewater will reduce by 6.7005 million tons per year. While the amount of domestic sewage increases year by year at the speed of 11.0989 million tons. The percentage of domestic sewage in total sewage emissions will get bigger in Xi'an. Additionally, some suggestion about improving the efficiency using of water and reducing sewerage discharged are given.
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Kalenik, Marek. "Badania modelowe skuteczności oczyszczania ścieków w piasku średnim z warstwą wspomagającą z hydro-antracytu". Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 28, nr 2 (10.07.2019): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2019.28.2.24.
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The model investigations of sewage purification were carried out in a medium sand bed with an assisting hydro-anthracite layer with thickness of 0.10 and 0.20 m. It has been observed that the effectiveness of sewage purification related to basic qualitative parameters (total suspended solids – TSS, BOD5, COD, total nitrogen, total phosphorus) is in accordance with the Polish standards on sewage disposal into grounds and surface water. It has been stated that the medium sand soil bed with the 0.20-meter thick assisting hydro-anthracite layer shows higher effectiveness of sewage purification than the 0.10 m thick assisting layer. This application in the medium sand soil bed increased the removal efficiency regarding TSS by 3.1%, total nitrogen by 29.4%, ammonia nitrogen by 1.2% and total phosphorus by 23.0%, and reduction efficiency regarding BOD5 by 1.5% and COD by 11.3% with relation to the 0.10-meter thick assisting hydro-anthracite layer (all percentages – in average). The investigations confirm that the hydro-anthracite with the granulation of 1.8–2.5 mm can be used to assist in removal of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from sewages
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Wiśniewska, Marta, i Mirosław Szyłak-Szydłowski. "The Air and Sewage Pollutants from Biological Waste Treatment". Processes 9, nr 2 (29.01.2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9020250.
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The mechanical-biological waste treatment plants (MBTP), which include the municipal waste biogas plants, have an important role in sustainable urban development. Some plants are equipped with a sewage pre-treatment plant, which is then directed to the sewerage system and the treatment plant. Others, on the other hand, have only a non-drainage tank. The parameters of technological sewage (TS) or processing technology could reduce sewage contamination rates. In addition to the quality of sewage from waste treatment plants, the emission of odours is also an important problem, as evidenced by the results obtained over the sewage pumping station tank. The conducted statistical analysis shows a significant positive correlation between odour concentration (cod) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Analysing the individual compounds, a high positive correlation was also found—the strongest being between H2S, NH3 and VOCs. In the case of sewage compounds, the insignificant correlation between P total and other parameters was found. For the rest of the compounds, the highest positive correlation was found between COD and BOD and N-NO2 and N-NH3 as well as COD and N-NO2. The dilution of sewage is only an ad hoc solution to the problem. Further work should be aimed at reducing sewage pollution rates. The obtained results indicate large pollution of technological sewage and a high level of odour and odorants concentration. The novelty and scientific contribution presented in the paper are related to analyses of various factors on technological sewage parameters and odour and odorant emission from TS tank at biogas plant processing municipal waste, which may be an important source of knowledge on the management of TS, its disposal and minimisation of emitted compound emissions.
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Stachowicz, Feliks, Beata Pawłowska i Marta Wójcik. "HYDROMETALLURGICAL METHOD OF SELECTED MET-ALS RECOVERY FROM SEWAGE SLUDGE ASHES". Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 23, nr 4 (4.12.2017): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v23i4.991.
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<p class="Metallographymaintext"><em>With the increasing number of new residents attached to the sewerage system, the amount of generated sewage sludge is systematically growing. In line with the restriction placed on landfill waste with a calorific value above 6 MJ/kg introduced on 1 January 2016, the most popular sewage sludge utilization methods are thermal processes and agricultural use. In recent years, there has been increased interest in using thermal sewage sludge utilization methods. The major problem associated with sludge combustion is the enormous amount of by-products, particularly ashes. </em><em>Due to the specific characteristics, it is necessary to develop new sewage sludge ashes utilization methods in line with economic, law and environmental requirements. </em><em>Sewage sludge ashes are rich in valuable metals, particularly in zinc, copper and iron. As utilization methods of sewage sludge ashes do not guarantee the metals recovery until now, metals are lost irretrievably. This article presents hydrometallurgical methods of metals recovery from sewage sludge ashes with the use of acid leaching. The aforementioned propositions are beneficial from the economical and environmental point of view because they prevent valuable metals from waste. Additionally, the whole undertaking could contribute to the popularization of sustainable development.</em></p>
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Piasecki, Adam. "Water and Sewage Management Issues in Rural Poland". Water 11, nr 3 (26.03.2019): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030625.
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Water and sewage management in Poland has systematically been transformed in terms of quality and quantity since the 1990s. Currently, the most important problem in this matter is posed by areas where buildings are spread out across rural areas. The present work aims to analyse the process of changes and the current state of water and sewage management in rural areas of Poland. The author intended to present the issues in their broader context, paying attention to local specificity as well as natural and economic conditions. The analysis led to the conclusion that there have been significant positive changes in water and sewage infrastructure in rural Poland. A several-fold increase in the length of sewage and water supply networks and number of sewage treatment plants was identified. There has been an increase in the use of water and treated sewage, while raw sewage has been minimised. Tap-water quality and wastewater treatment standards have improved. At the same time, areas requiring further improvement—primarily wastewater management—were indicated. It was identified that having only 42% of the rural population connected to a collective sewerage system is unsatisfactory. All the more so, in light of the fact that more than twice as many consumers are connected to the water supply network (85%). The major ecological threat that closed-system septic sewage tanks pose is highlighted. It is pointed out that they are mainly being replaced by household wastewater treatment systems with ineffective filtering drainage. Furthermore, recommendations were also made for the future development of selected aspects of water and sewage management, including the legal and the political.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Inhibitory Effect of Bacteriophages Isolated from Sewage Water in the City of Kirkuk on some Types of Human Pathogenic Bacteria". Baghdad Science Journal 14, nr 4 (3.12.2017): 727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.14.4.727-734.
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Most approaches to combat antibiotic resistant bacteria concentrate on discovering new antibiotics or modifying existing ones. However, one of the most promising alternatives is the use of bacteriophages. This study was focused on the isolation of bacteriophages that are specific to some of commonly human pathogens namely E. coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella pneumoniae. These bacteriophages were isolated from sewages that were collected from four different locations in Kirkuk City. Apart from S. pyogenes, bacteriophages specific to all tested bacteria were successfully isolated and tested for their effectiveness by spot test. The most effective bacteriophages that were isolated from sewages and sewage water of Al-Jumhori Hospital compared to other sites. It is concluded that the sewage water of hospitals represents a perfect environment for these bacteriophages.
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Dashore, Shubham, i Aaditya Shrivastava. "Design and Analysis of Sewage Treatment Plant with Sequential Batch Reactor for an Educational Institute". YMER Digital 21, nr 08 (11.08.2022): 419–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.08/38.
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One of major source of wastewater are educational institutions. Educational institutions do not have proper treatment unit for treatingthe sewage created by it. The raw institutional wastewater contains various toxic organic and inorganic compounds, chemicals, pathogenicmicroorganisms etc. If they are released into the environment without any treatment, our natural water bodies will be severely affected by them. As we cannot deny the contribution of educational institutes, industries and agricultural practices in our life, we must find a solutionto minimize the pollution. For this, the wastewater must be treated before releasing into the environment. Sewage treatment is a process that removes unusual contaminants from wastewater and brings back it to the environment for reuse. Our institute BIT Durg also generates both domestic and laboratory wastewaters which is directly going to the municipal sewerage system.With a view to treat and recover water from the sewage, here we arediscussing about constructing a STP Based on SBR concept for its sewage. Keywords: Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR), Sewage treatment plant , STAAD-Pro analysis
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Cao, Li Xia. "Game Model of Treatment and Assessment of Sewage in the Regional". Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (grudzień 2012): 1469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1469.
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To ensure the effectiveness of the pollution control policy and long-lasting, and provide the rationalization recommendations and quantification of the results for sewage and regulators, this paper gives regional sewage’s fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model and solution algorithm, then build the game model on sewage and treatment, and this problem is solved with Nash equilibrium theory. Finally, the example illustrates the model’s effectiveness and operability.
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Cho, Im Gon. "Are Wastewater Utilities in Korea Financially Sustainable?" Korean Association for Local Public Enterprises 18, nr 1 (30.06.2022): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24020/kjlpe.2022.18.1.27.
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As local governments' finances become poor, questions are being raised about the sustainability of the sewage business since Korea's sewage rates are very low. Due to the short-term characteristics of public officials and the short-term characteristics of elected officials whose desire to achieve their election-related commitments, there is a high possibility that local governments will not be able to invest a lot of resources for preemptive response and maintenance of sewage projects based on systematic and rational long-term plans.
This study applies the Altman Z-Score, which can identify the signs of bankruptcy of private companies, and examines the trend of the sewage business where the deficit accumulates because of low rates and the amount of general account support is increasing. It was revealed that the realization of sewage rates to cost is important in that the increase in sewage rate revenue can significantly increase the Altman Z-Score Next, this study shows that voluntary efforts, financial support, and rate realization to cost have important influences on the Altman Z-Score.
Finally, the total cost function, average cost function, and marginal cost function were estimated using the annual treatment amount and the population of the sewage treatment area as independent variables. This study insists that high-level (or provincial level) local governments should take the long-term responsibility of the sewerage business in order to allocate adequate resources for preemptive response and maintenance of sewage projects based on systematic and rational long-term plans.
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Suwa, Taiki, Makoto Fujiu, Yuma Morisaki i Tomotaka Fukuoka. "Analysis of Estimation of Soundness and Deterioration Factors of Sewage Pipes Using Machine Learning". Sustainability 15, nr 22 (18.11.2023): 16081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152216081.
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In Japan, there are a massive number of sewage pipes buried in the ground. In order to operate sustainable sewerage systems, it is necessary to estimate the soundness of sewage pipes accurately and to conduct repairs and other measures according to the soundness of the pipes. In previous studies, statistical and machine learning methods have been used to estimate the soundness of sewage pipes, but all of these studies formulated the soundness of sewage pipes as a binary classification problem (e.g., good or poor). In contrast, this study attempted to predict the soundness of sewage pipes in more detail by setting up four classes of pipe soundness. Inspection data of sewage pipes in City A were used as training data, and XGBoost was used as the machine learning model. Machine learning models have a high prediction performance, but the uncertainty of the prediction basis is an issue. In this study, SHAP (Shapley additive explanations), an Explainable AI method, was used to interpret the model to clarify the influence of sewer pipe specifications (e.g., pipe age) and topographical specifications (e.g., annual precipitation) on the prediction, and to extract deterioration factors. By interpreting the model using SHAP, it was possible to quantify whether factors such as pipe age and pipe length have a positive or negative impact on the deterioration of sewage pipes. Previous studies using machine learning methods have not clarified whether factors have a positive or negative effect on deterioration. The knowledge on deterioration factors obtained in this study may provide useful information for the sustainable operation of sewage systems.
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Sutherland, Ken. "Water and sewage: Sewage treatment processes". Filtration & Separation 44, nr 7 (wrzesień 2007): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(07)70217-3.
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Saber, M. S. M. "Prolonged Effect of Land Disposal of Human Wastes on Soil Conditions". Water Science and Technology 18, nr 7-8 (1.07.1986): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0310.
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Land disposal of human wastes is a comprehensive issue, where a series of aspects have to be considered. Few, if any, alternatives exist to this technology. No doubt future emphasis will be on sewage farming, which should result in the cultivation of new arid land. This paper addresses the prolonged effect of land disposal of human wastes on soil properties, as well as on the dissemination of enteric pathogens. In order to assess this impact, soil samples were collected from Gabal el Asfar sewage farm in Cairo to represent sandy soils irrigated solely, by surface flooding, with decanted sewage effluent for 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45 and 60 years. Sewage farming tended to build up the soil microbial population, particularly during the first five years. In all soils, human wastes increased total bacterial counts and promoted the proliferation of the physiological groups. This population would accelerate the oxidation of organic matter to available nutrients. It also resulted in a high increase in nitrogen, phosphorus, micro-nutrients, organic carbon and raised the water holding capacity and exchangeable cations. However, the prolonged use of sewage effluent would disturb the balance of nutrients in soil, as the pH shifted towards acidity. The most interesting observation in the present work is to record that neither soluble salts nor micro-nutrients reached any injurious level. But land disposal of human wastes should be excercised with caution and if it is intended to be applied, salts, pH and nutrient elements should be checked occasionally. From the hygienic point of view, faecal E. coli, which is considered to be an indicator for enteric pathogens, gave positive results in all sewaged soils. Hence, it is recommended, from the sanitary point of view, that no crops which come in contact with sewage effluent should be cultivated in a sewage farm.
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Magris, Rafael Almeida, F. Passamani, F. P. Binda i L. Loureiro Fernandes. "Utilization of Tests of Toxicity With Embryos of Oyster Crassostrea rhizophoroae (Guilding, 1828) for Evaluation the Efficiency of the Sewage Treatment Plant in the City of Vitória (ES)". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Contamination 1, nr 1 (20.06.2006): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5132/jbse.2006.01.10.
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The Sewage Treatmant Plant of Federal University of Espírito Santo (STP-UFES) is located in university campus of Goiabeiras, Vitória (ES). The technology of treatment of this STP consist in the set association of anerobics reactors of UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) type and submersed aered biofilters constituing in a biological process that makes the treatment of sewage at secondary level. This research proposes a prelimilarly evaluation of the ecotoxicological features of the crude sewage and the treated sewage of the STP-UFES, through the utilization of bioassays with Crassostrea rhizophorae oyster embryos, and still examine the efficiency of the STP in terms of toxic reduction of the system over oyster embryonary development. Adults animals collected in clean areas were utilized for obtainment of embryos, that were exposed at different concentrations of compost samples of crude and treated sewage in a period of 24 hours. After this period, it was counted the numbers of embryos, normal larvae and abnormal larvae. With the data obtained, the EC50 was determined through the Trimmed Spearman-Karber method. It was noticed the occurrence of different types of abnormalities envolving the bad formation of shell or the retarded development inside the expected time. The EC50 obtained for the crude sewage was 13.02% and for the treated sewage 25.73%. The founded values indicated that there exists a severe harmful effect of the crude and treated sewages over the embryo-larval development of C. rhizophorae oyster. The STP-UFES presents a low efficiency in removal of toxicity indicating that toxines likely persist in the treatment, being responsable for the remaining toxicity. The utilization of tests of toxicity with embryos of oyster showed be appropriate for evaluate the STP’s efficiency because they respond at a harmful action as a whole and for have been self presented as highly sensitive.
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Lowe, Paul. "The Role of Strategies in the Development of Large Sewage Treatment Works". Water Science and Technology 20, nr 4-5 (1.04.1988): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0167.
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The development of three strategies covering the three largest sewage treatment works owned and operated by Yorkshire Water is described. The first deals with the problems of sludge disposal in a large urban conurbation containing 51 sewage works and producing 75,000 dry tonnes of sludge per annum. The second describes the advantages of centralising sewage treatment facilities at larger works where the need to invest in the sewerage network is limited. The third deals with the method of evaluation used to derive the development plan for a large works at Sheffield. It assumes that an ‘ideal' solution can be achieved using a ‘greenfield site' concept and compares this with the more pragmatic solution of renovation.
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Heuer, J. J. M. B., i H. J. Kaskens. "Prevention of Concrete Corrosion and Odour Annoyance with Biofiltration". Water Science and Technology 27, nr 5-6 (1.03.1993): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0500.
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In many Dutch sewerage systems the sewage is pumped from small villages through pipelines to larger cities. These pressurized pipelines often end up in the pump sump of another pumping-station or in another sewerage system which transports the sewage under atmospheric conditions to the waste water treatment installation. When the waste water in these pipelines stays stationary for a longer period often sulphurous compounds are formed. At the downstream end of the pipeline, where the sewerage system meets atmospheric, aerobic circumstances, the hydrogen sulphide can be converted into sulphuric acid by micro-organisms. The above described process(es) can lead to the following problems:corrosion of concrete caused by sulphuric acid;odour annoyance caused by hydrogen sulphide and other sulphurous compounds. A good solution against concrete corrosion developed by HASKONING consists of stripping the sulphurous compounds out of the sewage and eliminating them. The most economic way to eliminate H2S is the use of a biological filter. Measurements carried out at a pump sump show that this type of filter is highly effective in eliminating H2S. Nevertheless, the installed biofilter did not completely avoid odour annoyance. Therefore the outcoming air after the biofilter was led back into the sewerage system. No complaints occurred anymore.
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Afifudin i M. Widyastuti. "Analysis of sanitation system and coliform number in groundwater in Wonosari District, Gunungkidul Regency, Indonesia". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1233, nr 1 (1.08.2023): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1233/1/012053.
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Abstract Sanitation visualizes the environment’s health status, comprising housing, sewage disposal, and clean water provision. In general, sewerage can have on-site and offsite sanitation facilities. The research was conducted to characterize the sanitation system for sewage disposal, determine the water quality from biological parameters, and enumerate coliform bacteria in groundwater for every sanitation system observed in Wonosari District, Gunungkidul Regency, Indonesia. These sets of information can help detect groundwater contamination by coliform that reflects the sanitary characteristics of the sewage disposal to be further considered in sanitation management and treatment policies. The research used purposive sampling, field surveys, interviews with a questionnaire, laboratory analyses, and a descriptive-comparative design. The results showed that the sanitation system for sewage disposal at the study site consisted of individual septic tanks and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In terms of quality, the coliform counts exceeded the existing standards, with the highest presence found in groundwater downstream of improperly maintained WWTPs and substandard septic tanks close to other sources of pollutants.
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Hiraoka, M. "Advanced sludge thermal processes in Japan". Water Science and Technology 30, nr 8 (1.10.1994): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0398.
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As a result of the spread of sewerage systems, the management of growing quantities of sewage sludge is becoming an urgent need. As the method of sludge management, thermal processes have mostly been applied to the treatment and disposal of sewage sludge in Japan, because of the difficulty of finding final disposal sites. This paper describes the progress of thermal processing technologies, especially focusing on drying-incineration process systems and melting-slag recycling process systems.
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Tang, Jing, Min Li i Bao Zhen Wang. "An Introduction to Vacuum Sewerage System and its Applications in China". Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (grudzień 2012): 2467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2467.
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Vacuum sewerage system (VSS) is an ecological wastewater collection system in which negative pressure difference in pipelines is used to transport sewage gradually to vacuum station for centralized treatment. Classification and application areas of VSSs were reviewed. Various vacuum generators in vacuum stations were compared. Types and key technologies of user terminals in VSSs were presented. Conveying mechanism of vacuum pipelines was illustrated. The way to discharge sewage from VSSs was introduced.
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Wang, Xiyue, i Yuxiang Mao. "Mercury in Municipal Sewage and Sewage Sludge". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 102, nr 5 (2.01.2019): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-02536-3.
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Chiemchaisri, Chart, Wilai Chiemchaisri, Sirilak Prasertkulsak, Nutta Sangnarin Hamjinda, Thammarat Kootatep, Takanori Itonaga i Kazuo Yamamoto. "Evaluation of treated sewage reuse potential and membrane-based water reuse technology for the Bangkok Metropolitan area". Water Science and Technology 72, nr 11 (8.08.2015): 1954–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.420.
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Only 3.4% of total water use in the Bangkok Metropolitan area is reused treated sewage. This study anticipates that further treated-sewage reuse in industrial sectors, commercial buildings and public parks, in addition to present in-plant and street cleaning purposes, would increase total water reuse to about 10%. New water reuse technologies using membrane bioreactor (MBR) and microfiltration (MF) as tertiary treatment were implemented to assess their potential for their application in the Bangkok Metropolitan area. The MBR was applied to the treatment of raw sewage in a central treatment plant of the Bangkok Metropolitan area. The MF membrane was used for polishing the effluent of the treatment plant. The results show the quality of treated water from MBR and tertiary MF treatment could meet stringent water reuse quality standard in terms of biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids and biological parameters. Constant permeate flux of the membrane was achieved over long-term operation, during which inorganic fouling was observed. This is due to the fact that incoming sewage contains a considerable amount of inorganic constituents contributed from storm water and street inlet in the combined sewerage systems. The total cost of the MBR for sewage treatment and production of reuse water is estimated to be about USD1.10/m3.
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Hogendoorn-Roozemond, A. S. "Sedimentation, Mineralization and Resuspension of Sludge in a Sewerage System: A Case Study". Water Science and Technology 17, nr 6-7 (1.06.1985): 1223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0216.
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Quantitative information was obtained on the processes of sedimentation, mineralization and resuspension of organic matter in a combined sewerage system by means of statistical analysis of dry and wet weather data on sewage flows. The effects of temperature and length of intermittent dry weather periods on daily pollutant loads were also evaluated. For the sewerage system investigated it was found that in summer 5-26% of the BOD produced is mineralized in the system before reaching the sewage treatment plant. Due to sedimentation under dry weather conditions up to 12% of the daily organic load produced may be present in the sewers as resuspendable deposits; in winter this percentage may even amount to 20-30% because of slow mineralization.
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Vieira, A. S., i E. Ghisi. "Water–energy nexus in houses in Brazil: comparing rainwater and gray water use with a centralized system". Water Supply 16, nr 2 (3.09.2015): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.137.
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The objective of this paper is to assess the potential for energy savings in water and sewerage services by means of on-site integrated water and sewage management strategies in low-income households in Florianópolis, Brazil. The on-site water efficiency measures include reclamation of gray water and rainwater use. The water and energy saving potential of both strategies were studied, and their energy intensities were compared to centralized water and sewerage services. Furthermore, the water consumption pattern for 10 low-income households was empirically determined using smart meters; the rainwater supply was estimated by using the computer program Netuno 4.0; and the water supply and sewage reduction potential of gray water systems were determined using a theoretical method. On average, the gray water and rainwater supply capacities were equivalent to 24% and 43% of the total water consumption of households, respectively. In regard to energy savings, rainwater harvesting was the most energy intensive strategy (0.86 kWh/m³), followed by centralized systems (0.84 kWh/m³); whereas, gray water was the most energy efficient strategy (0.54 kWh/m³). The findings suggest that alternative water and sewerage services may promote energy savings in comparison with centralized ones only when a concomitant reduction in sewage production is achieved.
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Al-Muzaini, S., O. Samhan i M. F. Hamoda. "Sewage-Related Impact on Kuwait's Marine Environment – A Case Study". Water Science and Technology 23, nr 1-3 (1.01.1991): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0414.
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This paper overviews the marine environmental impacts associated with Kuwait's liquid wastes, whose volume has grown considerably over the last two decades and is expected to grow further. The characteristics of local sewage, its collection, handling and treatment practices, and routes of input into the local marine environment are described. Realized or potential environmental impacts are discussed. Sewage discharge has been found to exert different impacts on Kuwait's marine environment, ranging from fish kills and localized smothering of benthic organisms and microbial pollution to potential wider impacts on overall marine productivity. These impacts are due to a combination of unique local environmental conditions (e.g., high ambient air temperatures, high rates of dust fallout and creeping sands, and prevalence of wide intertidal flats) and specific problems in the sewage works (high strength and anaerobicity of sewage, lack of alternative routes from peripheral pumping stations to a central treatment plant that is biochemically overloaded, emergency discharge through short outfalls onto wide intertidal flats, and discharges from premises that are not connected to a sewerage scheme). Recommendations to alleviate these impacts are summarized.
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SHUVALOV, Mikhail V. "DIALECTICS OF THE TOTALITY OF THEORETICAL, METHODOLOGICAL AND NORMATIVE PROVISIONS APPLIED FOR THE DESIGN OF THE SETTLEMENTS SEWAGE SYSTEM". Urban construction and architecture 8, nr 2 (15.06.2018): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2018.02.6.
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On the base of the system analysis of technical literature and regulatory documentation on the sewerage of sett lements and industrial enterprises it is established that in the history of the development of sanitary equipment for the period from the middle of the 19th century onwards up to the present time it is possible to roughly distinguish fi ve stages diff ering from each other in that for a certain period of time in developed countries a certain system of theoretical and normative provisions on the collection, removal and disposal of sewage water dominated. In the fi rst quarter of the XX century the generally accepted paradigm is the method of sewerage of sett lements by a centralized scheme with the installation of communal sewage treatment plants by a biological method. At the beginning of the XXI century there is a paradigm shift in the collection, management and purifi cation of domestic wastewater due to the resumption of search for resource-saving technologies that reduce the emission of pollutants into the environment through the introduction of technological solutions for the separation of domestic (sanitary) wastewater into separate fl ows for the purpose production from waste water components of secondary products. In the short term, after the development and approval of normative documents regulating the basic sanitary rules and technological norms for the introduction of advanced modifi ed technologies for the separation of human excrement and household wastewater with the purpose of separate treatment with the disposal of sewage components, a gradual transition from a centralized to a decentralized separate sewerage system will be carried out domestic and sanitary sewage.
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Potapova, А. Yu, i O. A. Barkhatova. "Problems of Accumulation of Sewage Sludge on the Territory of Sewerage Treatment Plants". Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Earth Sciences 48 (2024): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2073-3402.2024.48.57.
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The work is devoted to the study of environmental problems associated with the impact of sewage sludge on environmental components and the problems of recycling a mixture of sludge on the territory of the STP. Sewage sludge can be harmful to the environment if we do not take proper steps to dispose and treat it. The main impact on the soil during the accumulation of sewage sludge on sludge deposits of sewage treatment plants is exerted by such heavy metals as copper, cadmium, nickel, manganese, lead, zinc. Heavy metals, coming from the soil into plants and transmitted through food chains, have a toxic effect on plants, animals and humans. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce modern technologies and equipment for effective wastewater treatment in order to reduce the amount of sludge formation and methods of its treatment to reduce the negative impact on the environment and human health. The purpose of the work is to analyze the processes of waste treatment “a mixture of sludge from mechanical and biological treatment of domestic and mixed wastewater” at a sewerage treatment plants in order to minimize the negative impact on the environment, using the example of Irkutsk. An analysis of literature sources was carried out as part of a study related to the problem of wastewater disposal. Possible methods of disposal in Russia include: burial, pyrolysis, incineration, use in construction and use as fertilizer. As a result of the analysis of sewage sludge treatment at the Irkutsk STP, it can be concluded that the current method of sludge treatment using sludge cards is ineffective and has a negative impact on the environment. Based on the considered methods of treating sewage sludge, the vitrification method can be accepted as optimal, which can solve the problem of treating sewage sludge at the Irkutsk STP.
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Paulsrud, Bjarne, i Kjell Terje Nedland. "Strategy for land application of sewage sludge in Norway". Water Science and Technology 36, nr 11 (1.12.1997): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0422.
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The Norwegian public health and environmental authorities have launched a regulation for sewage sludge handling and disposal aiming at increasing the amount of sludge to be utilised on land areas. The strategy for achieving this is to secure that only high quality sludge is being offered to agriculture and green areas; the two disposal routes acceptable for land application of sludge in Norway. Most sewage treatment plants have experienced a considerable reduction in sludge heavy metals content during the last 15-20 years and the major reason for this is believed to be the continuous control of industrial effluents discharged to the municipal sewerage system and the implementation of cleaner technologies in the industry. Health risks and odour nuisance from the sewage sludge will be almost eliminated by employing treatment processes with the main purpose of disinfection and stabilisation of the sludge.
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Gomes, Heyde Gonçalves, Silvia Keiko Kawakami, Satie Taniguchi, Pedro Walfir Souza Filho i Rosalinda Carmela Montone. "Investigation of sewage contamination using steroid indexes in sediments of the Guajará Estuary (Amazon coast, Brazil)". Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 63, nr 4 (grudzień 2015): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592015097506304.
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Abstract Amazonian aquatic systems are usually associated with pristine waters, however, irregular urban occupation of the hydrographic basins and sewerage deficiencies may lead to point and diffuse contamination. Sewage contamination in intertidal surface sediments from the Guajará Estuary, Brazilian Amazon coast, was evaluated using a set of steroids as biomarkers. Sediments collected along the urbanized margin were also analyzed for chlorophyll a, total organic carbon and grain sizes. Coprostanol, the main fecal sterol, was found at concentrations varying from 0.06 to 7.93 µg g-1 dry sediment, following the sequence Tucunduba > Ver-o-Peso > Porto da Palha > Tamandaré > Icoaraci > Miramar. Mixed sources of organic matter and coastal process probably concurred to produce weak correlations among the parameters. Plant derived sterols, including n-C30 alcohol and β-amyrinyl alkanoates, were clearly abundant, but they did not preclude the use of other steroid signals to the assessment of sewage contamination. High values of the steroid indexes involving 5α and 5β stanols and stanones highlighted sewage contamination at the sites with the lowest absolute coprostanol concentrations. The predominance of 5β stanols indicated a chronically sewage contamination of the area.
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Mayny, S. B., N. A. Chernikov i N. V. Tvardovskaya. "Experience in construction and operation of sewerage networks in areas with deep seasonal ground freezing across different regions of the Russian Federation". E3S Web of Conferences 549 (2024): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454903006.
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Reviewing the experience in construction and operation of sewerage networks in areas with deep seasonal ground freezing across different regions of the Russian Federation. Methods: analyzing the sewer pipeline laying, in-situ observations of wastewater temperature regime at sewer outlets from residential buildings. Results: designs of sewer pipelines laid in different regions are presented, as well as their dependence on the depth of seasonal ground freezing in different regions of the Russian Federation. The actual values of sewage water temperature at sewage outlets from residential buildings are established. Practical significance: In a number of regions the laying of sewerage pipes at a depth of 1.5-1.8 m led to normal and stable operation of sewerage pipelines. In terms of capital expenditures, sewer pipelines account for more than 50% of the estimated cost of the entire wastewater disposal system. Their operation claims a significant share of the costs.
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Iwasaki, Shigeyoshi. "Sewage treatment." Japan journal of water pollution research 10, nr 10 (1987): 603–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe1978.10.603.
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Durrant, Richard. "Chinese sewage". New Scientist 209, nr 2798 (luty 2011): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(11)60268-6.
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