Rozprawy doktorskie: „Sewage wate”

1

Ko, Chun-wa Johnason. "Sewage treatment in private sector /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457750.

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Adnan, Abid Muhammad. "Various methods of water marsh utilization for domestic sewage waste water treatment". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20727.

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Different methods are being used for the removal of unwanted material from waste sewage water such as mini sewage treatment plant, infiltration and filter bed. But as compared to all above methods introduction of marsh is more beneficial, as marsh efficiency is much better then above mentioned methods. Marshes also have important role in biodiversity. Domestic waste sewage water contains organic material, viruses, bacteria and pathogens, nitrate and phosphate. These all factor influence the external environment. Removal of nitrate and phosphate is necessary because if they are not removed they may cause rapid increase in the growth of algae. Algae have short life span so they die. Bacteria use a lot of oxygen for the decomposition of algae. So as a result there becomes deoxygenating in the marsh. Most of the animals die because of lack of oxygen in the water source. Marsh method is better as compared to other methods for the removal of organic material and nutrients. Subsurface flow is needed in wetland for getting the best result. Subsurface flow wetland system will make the process better and it will minimize the effect of odor and insects and these both things directly create bad effect on external environment. In the subsurface flow wetland Phragmites australis and similar plants are used. Bacteria grow on the roots of these plants and break down the nutrients. Waste water treatment marshes are best suited for smaller towns, villages and single family homes. They work best under relatively warm conditions, but many are used in temperate climate as well. For the removal of microorganisms, chlorine is to be used, as it is best way for the removal of it. A de-chlorination process is also necessary, otherwise this water will create bad effect on aquatic life.

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3

Chu, Kit-han Kristin. "Biotreatment of waste water by Pistia stratiotes L. and its application in agriculture /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18038128.

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4

Kam, Kwok-hang Dave. "Review on the industrial wastewater management in Hong Kong /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19945437.

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5

Yang, Jingming. "Characteristics of a novel anaerobic fluidized bed reactor for waste water treatment". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25318.

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朱潔嫻 i Kit-han Kristin Chu. "Biotreatment of waste water by Pistia stratiotes L. and its application in agriculture". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31214058.

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7

Gillette, Justin D. "Evaluation of current wastewater treatment practices at Company XYZ". Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2007. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2007/2007gillettej.pdf.

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8

Altenbach, Beat Werner. "Determination of substituted benzene- and naphtalenesulfonates in waste water and their behaviour in sewage treatment /". Zürich, 1996. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=11437.

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9

Safronova, D. "Sewage water biomonitoring using invertebrates as bioindicators". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2004. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/23265.

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10

Chan, Yvonne Yik Woon. "Ultraviolet treatments of sewage effluents". Thesis, London South Bank University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261143.

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11

Lafitte-Trouque, Sandrine. "Enhanced anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369392.

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12

Rahman, Mokhlasur. "Health hazards associated with dissemination of bacterial strains in waste water recycling /". Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-468-6/.

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13

Sellwood, Jane. "Studies on enteric viruses in water and sewage". Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314325.

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Sütçü, Leman Polat Hürriyet. "Removal Of Boron From Waters Using Fly Ash/". [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/cevremuh/T000329.pdf.

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15

Copp, John B. "COD balances in biological nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) removal activated sludge systems /". *McMaster only, 1998.

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16

Mountain, Teresa J. "The microbial leaching and composting of sewage sludge". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242868.

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17

Cumbie, William E. "Effects of storage on water treatment plant sludges". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45542.

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The effects of in-basin storage of sludge on the iron, manganese, and TOC removal of water treatment plant (WTP) clarifiers and on the dewatering characteristics of sludge were examined. The use of chlorine dioxide as a preoxidant to retard observed detrimental effects was also investigated.

Sludge samples that were stored over a period of 120 days were found to release up to ten times the original supernatant concentration of iron and manganese from the sludge into the overlying supernatant liquor when sludge redox potential values decreased below +100 mV. Organic carbon also increased in the supernatant but to a lesser extent. Sludge dewatering characteristics as measured by specific resistance and capillary suction time were found to improve when sludge redox potential readings remained over 100 mV but varied greatly when readings were below this level.

Field monitoring and sampling of the clarifiers at Lee Hall WTP and Harwood's Mill WTP from April to July showed that the removal efficiencies of the clarifiers was not related to in-basin sludge storage. This conflicted with a later portion of the study and was thought to be due to the lack of standardized sampling techniques.

The final phase of the investigation dealt with the use of chlorine dioxide to retard the negative effects of in-basin storage of sludge. Sludge accumulation in clarifiers resulted in decreased iron and manganese removal efficiencies when chlorine dioxide was not used. Addition of chlorine dioxide improved the iron and manganese removal efficiencies of the clarifiers. Sludge dewatering characteristics were found to improve with the use of chlorine dioxide as a preoxidant.

Master of Science

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18

Shrivastava, Vikram. "Creek water quality impacts : irrigation tailwaters and sewage discharges". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0006/MQ44277.pdf.

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19

Das, Mohar. "Anaerobic codigestion of food waste with raw sewage sludge". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498950.

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20

CAMELIN, ENRICO. "Waste meets poor soils: perspectives on sewage sludge recycling". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2842501.

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21

Mwenesongole, Ellen Musili. "Simultaneous detection of drugs of abuse in waste water using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry". Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2015. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/550378/.

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Sewage epidemiology is increasingly becoming an alternative method of estimating drug usage and consumption patterns for a given population. With the constant emergence of new psychoactive substances such as cathinones and piperazines, versatile, reliable, specific and sensitive analytical methods are needed for their detection in complex matrices such as waste water. This thesis reports the development of an analytical method based on solid phase extraction, derivatization with pentafluoropropionic anhydride and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the simultaneous analysis of 29 illicit and therapeutic drugs of abuse. All 29 drugs could be reliably identified in spiked waste water samples using selected ion monitoring and splitless injection. Recoveries for the majority of the drugs were above 70 %. Linearity varied based on the analyte but was assessed in the range 2.0 x 10-4 to 1.4 μg/mL. Intra-assay and intermediate precision of the instrument was determined at 0.005, 0.1 and 1.0 μg/mL, with the majority of relative standard deviations less than 10 %. Limits of detection and quantification for drugs such as amphetamine and methamphetamine were better than reported values for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, a more commonly used technique. Untreated 72 h composite waste water samples from Cambridge, UK, were analysed using a six-point standard addition curve. Eleven drugs of abuse were detected, including amphetamine, methamphetamine, butylone and 4-fluoromethamphetamine. The latter two having been detected for the very first time in waste water. Using the validated method, the consumption of heroin, ketamine, cocaine, methamphetamine and amphetamine, in Cambridge, UK, was estimated to be 399.4 ± 90.8, 2463.5 ± 182.5, 195.5 ± 95.4, 84.3 ± 59.1 and 38.9 ± 24.8 mg/day per 1000 inhabitants. This is the first reported validated method for the detection of both classic drugs of abuse and new psychoactive substances in waste water using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and derivatization with pentafluoropropionic anhydride.

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22

Fang, Qian. "Chloride-assisted electrochemical disinfection : bacteria and bacteriophage inactivation and disinfection by-product formation /". View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?EVNG%202004%20FANG.

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Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-124). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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23

Stark, Kristina. "Phosphorus release and recovery from treated sewage sludge". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : KTH Architecture and the Built Environment, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-402.

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24

Taylor, Rebecca. "Laboratory studies on the ecophysiology of 'green tide' algae from Langstone Harbour, south coast of England". Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310470.

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25

Day, A. D., J. A. McFadyen, T. C. Tucker i C. B. Cluff. "Potential of Wastewater for Commercial Barley Production". Water Resources Research Center. The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/314419.

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No date on item; authors' manuscript.
Experiments were conducted in southern Arizona to investigate the effects of irrigation with pump water and a pump water-wastewater mixture on barley (Hordium vulgare L.) growth, grain yield, and grain quality; soil properties; and irrigation water quality. In 1974 and 1975, on small plot research, barley irrigated with a 50:50 mixture of pump water and wastewater significantly exceeded barley irrigated with pump water alone in plant height, number of heads per unit area, number of seeds per head, seed weight, grain yield, and straw yield. In large field studies conducted from 1970 through 1977, barley irrigated with the mixture had taller plants, more lodging, lower grain volume-weights and higher grain yields than barley irrigated with pump water alone. Soils irrigated with both types of irrigation water had similar pH. Soluble salts (ECx103), exchangeable sodium percentage, nitrate-nitrogen, and extractable phosphorus were significantly higher in soils irrigated with the pump water-wastewater mixture than in soils irrigated with pump water. Water quality analyses showed that the pump water-wastewater mixture had lower total soluble salts, lower nitrate-nitrogen, and higher phosphorus levels than pump water alone.

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26

Yeong, Lung-yuen Christopher. "Removal of wastewater cod and nitrogen using fibrous packing media /". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1991. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13193429.

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27

Ekman, Lisa. "Down the Drain: A Story of Sewage". PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1296.

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This creative nonfiction thesis tells a story of how water turns into waste. With Portland, Oregon as a base, the reader visits a wastewater treatment plant, several buried and lost streams, a high-tech sewage processor, stormwater education classes, a stormwater management conference, several "green" streets, sewage construction zones, and sewage-related parks. The thesis explores how Western sewage systems came to be, and how wastewater management might change in the future.

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28

Yang, Xin. "DBP formation from chlorination of water containing ammonia, bromide and organic nitrogen /". View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202004%20YANG.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-118). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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29

Pramanik, Amit. "Characterization of water distribution in sludges". Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02132009-171354/.

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30

Hamzawi, Nancy. "Anaerobic co-digestion of municipal solid waste and sewage sludge". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq21990.pdf.

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31

Sipos, Cristian. "Inventory, condition assessment and diagnosis water supply and sewage systems". Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99539.

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This project describes a methodology for developing a digitized GIS-based inventory of underground municipal utilities, and recommends an approach for developing a database, which will assist with considerably improved management of buried systems and effective use of limited available resources. The study also discusses the water and sewer infrastructure debt and the total infrastructure debt in Canada. Some other issues related to the Canadian water infrastructure, such as water pricing and consumption patterns, along with the deterioration mechanisms of the underground services, are also discussed. The study focuses on the main services of water supply and sewage systems in any Canadian municipality, which presently are in an advanced state of deterioration. The steps required to develop such an inventory are reviewed and suggestions are made for condition assessment of the system using non-destructive techniques, employing simple methods, as well as more sophisticated tests in critical sectors, where further investigation is required. These methods are also summarily revised.
The underground infrastructure of the McGill Downtown Campus is summarily described; it comprises the various underground features which exist in a small community, e.g. water-supply and sewage system, electrical lines, gas pipelines, telecommunication networks, etc., which are similar with Montreal's underground services, in terms of age, materials employed, workmanship and technologies available over the past 175 to 200 years. The framework for the underground infrastructure inventory is proposed for implementation in a small community such as the McGill Downtown Campus.
The long-term goal of the project is to extrapolate the McGill "model", and to enhance it such that the municipalities in Canada can implement it as a basis for development of GIS-based inventories and condition assessment, and prioritization for effective management of underground services, which include scheduling, financing and implementation of repair, rehabilitation and replacement of underground and other infrastructure.

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32

Hui, Ming-leung, i 許明亮. "Livestock waste and sewage sludge for growing local leafy vegetables". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31214137.

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Hui, Ming-leung. "Livestock waste and sewage sludge for growing local leafy vegetables /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19667395.

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34

Ko, Chun-wa Johnason, i 高振華. "Sewage treatment in private sector". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253404.

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35

Wong, Wai-kin. "Biotreatment of domestic sewage and landfill leachate by water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes (mart.) solms) /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18887429.

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36

Lake, Donna L. "Fractionation and characterisation of heavy metals in sewage sludges". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38078.

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37

Martinez, Julio Alberto. "INFLUENCE OF ALUMINUM ION ON THE ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF A POULTRY SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTEWATER". MSSTATE, 2003. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-07212003-094518/.

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The influence of Al 3+ on the anaerobic treatment of a poultry slaughterhouse wastewater was studied in this work. The soluble COD (SCOD), volatile acid (VA) concentrations, and methane yield values were measured and compared for zero, 15, and 40 ppm Al 3+ runs. Methane yields of 55.4, 144.2, and 215.4 ml CH4/g. COD for zero, 15, and 40 ppm Al 3+ concentrations, respectively, were observed. Furthermore, SCOD and VAs were not detectable in the reactor that was seeded with 40 ppm Al 3+. It was concluded that inhibitory effects of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) on aceticlastic methanogens were reduced by aluminum ion. This conclusion was also corroborated by a new mathematical model for estimating the Monod parameters developed in this work. The main characteristic of this new model is that estimated parameters must satisfy some restrictions, which provides consistency for the estimated parameters.

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38

Yang, Die Daisy. "Development of polymers for electroplating waste water purification, polymer-supported reagents for organic synthesis and heterogeneous catalysts for aerobic alcohol oxidation reactions". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39848887.

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Chapman, Jeanette. "Land disposal of winery and distillery wastewaters /". Title page, contents and summary only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phc4658.pdf.

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40

Palazolo, Paul Joseph. "Use of genetic algorithms in bounded search for design of biological nitrification/denitrification waste treatment systems". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/32777.

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Aziz, Edriyana A. "Fate and transport of oestrogenic compounds from sewage effluent irrigation water". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2010. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=12761.

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42

Blalock, Emily E. "The use of a tilapia hybrid to remove nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater /". Electronic version (PDF), 2004. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2004/blalocke/emilyblalock.pdf.

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43

Sjöholm, Pia. "Groundwater Recharge in Jakkur Lake : Possibilities and Risks of Sewage Water Reuse". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-208989.

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The aim of this project is to study the nitrate levels of the treated water flowing into Jakkur Lake in Bangalore, from the treatment plant situated at the inlet to the lake, and thereby evaluate the function of the lake as for secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment as well as an infiltration basin. Obtained nitrate levels are used as indicators to study the wastewater flow in the lake, and to find other possible inflows of sewage which can affect the lakes’ total treatment efficiency. A literature study is done on wetlands and on groundwater recharge through infiltration basins, and the possibility of recharging groundwater below Jakkur Lake is evaluated. Water samples are collected around and in the lake and the samples are tested for nitrate, pH and total dissolved solids. Extra focus is put on research on nitrates in water.The risks of groundwater recharge in Jakkur Lake include pollution of wells by bacteria, viruses, parasites and traces of medicine. Further geotechnical investigations need to be pursued mainly on the soil structure under and around the lake, and studies need to be performed on the retention time of the water in the lake. The technical limitations such as fluctuations in efficiency and pollutant migration must be minimized, which initially could be done by building a constructed wetland and controlling the inflow to the lake.

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44

Smallman, David John. "An ecological appraisal of waste stabilization pond performance". Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.256265.

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45

Soares, Ana C., Karen L. Josephson, Ian L. Pepper i Charles P. Gerba. "Occurrence of Enteroviruses and Giardia Cysts in Land Disposed Sewage Sludge". Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296425.

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From the Proceedings of the 1989 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 15, 1989, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada

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46

Pitt, Andrew James, i Andrew James Pitt. "The dual digestion of sewage sludge using air and pure oxygen". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23071.

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Dual Digestion is a two-stage system that combines autothermal thermophilic aerobic pre-treatment with conventional anaerobic digestion. The practicability of the system using pure oxygen is well proven. Disadvantages are the high cost of the pure oxygen and the absence of a detailed evaluation of anaerobic digester performance. This report discusses the results of a full-scale investigation into the dual digestion system (184m³ aerobic reactor and 1800m³ anaerobic digester), carried out in two phases: In the first using air alone for oxygenating the aerobic reactor and in the second using a combination of air and pure oxygen. During both phases the performance of the anaerobic digester was also monitored, but in greater detail in the second phase as far as the final sludge product is concerned. In phase I, with air, it was possible to maintain thermophilic temperatures in the aerobic reactor throughout the year. However, the required retention times were relatively long (3-6 days) in comparison with the pure oxygen reactor (~1 day) due to the high vapour heat losses. At long retention times, the volatile solids (VS) destruction was appreciable (~25%) and the reactor tended towards an autothermal thermophilic digester. Foaming, although unpredictable in its occurrence, significantly improved aerobic reactor performance by doubling the oxygen transfer efficiency. From liquid and gas mass and heat balances it was found that the specific biological heat yield and respiration quotient were approximately constant at 12.8 MJ/kg(O₂) and 0. 70 mol(CO₂)/mol(O₂) respectively over a wide range of operating conditions and consistent relationships between VS removal, heat generation, and oxygen utilisation could be established. Based on information collected, it was concluded that increased treatment capacity and greater temperature control of the aerobic reactor could be provided by supplementing air oxygenation with pure oxygen. In phase II, using a combination of air and pure oxygen, much higher loading rates on the aerobic reactor were possible. Thermophilic temperatures could be maintained at short retention times (1-2 days). Unfortunately, no foaming occurred during this period. Consequently, the benefit of improved oxygen transfer efficiency of the air oxygenation system, produced by the foam, could not be exploited. Liquid and gas mass and heat balances confirmed the specific heat yield and respiration quotient values and the relationship between oxygen utilisation, VS destruction and biological heating. During phase II, the anaerobic digester operated at a retention time of ~10 days. The sensible heat content of the hot sludge from the aerobic reactor was sufficient to force the digester into the thermophilic temperature range. The stability of the anaerobic process and final sludge product at this short retention time was monitored with % VS removal and residual specific oxygen utilisation rate tests and found to be similar to that of conventional mesophilic anaerobic digestion at 20 days retention time. Dewaterability as reflected by the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) was found to be poor, but 11ot much worse than for conventional mesophilic digestion. Sufficient information was obtained during phases I and II to allow a mathematical model to be compiled, which could reasonably reliably simulate all the main operating parameters of the dual digestion system. The model provided a means for assessing different system configurations with mesophilic or thermophilic digestion, with and without heat exchange or gas engine external heat sources, allowing technical and economical (capital and operating) feasibility to be evaluated and compared with that for conventional digestion. From both the experimental and modelled results, all the claimed benefits of the dual digestion system were verified with the exception of the claim that aerobic reactor heat pre-treatment of the sludge allows the anaerobic digester to operate at short retention times (~10 days). However, the digester can be operated at 10 days retention provided its temperature is in the thermophilic range, in which case a sufficiently stable sludge is produced; at mesophilic temperatures, a retention time of 15 days or longer is required to produce a sludge of equivalent stability to that from conventional mesophilic digestion. Consequently, it is not the stability of the anaerobic process per se that governs the minimum retention time but the quality required for the final sludge product. The aerobic reactor is an appropriate pre-treatment stage for the thermophilic digester because it provides the necessary temperature and pH buffering to allow stable operation in the thermophilic range. It is concluded that where application of conventional anaerobic digestion is contemplated, whether for new installations or for upgrading existing plants, the dual digestion system should be seriously considered as a possible option. It competes favourably both technically and economically with conventional mesophilic digestion and produces a superior sludge product which can be beneficially utilised in agriculture.

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47

Booysen, Robin Alvin. "Assessment of raw and treated sewage using in vitro assays". University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4324.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
Water scarcity is becoming an increasingly relevant problem for urban centres, especially in Southern Africa. However, water availability is not the only concern for consumers, because water quality is just as relevant. Many studies have revealed adverse health effects in organisms exposed to polluted waters, and the main source of that water pollution was traced back to sewage treatment works (STWs). Physiological systems that are affected include the endocrine system (as well as the reproductive system) and the immune system. Recently, the Stellenbosch STW started upgrading its facility, but this procedure would also affect the STW‘s operations. Stellenbosch STW uses an activated sludge treatment, but also employs trickling filters (biofilters). After screening and grit removal, wastewater enters trickling filters, and then undergoes activated sludge treatment (aerobic basin). After activated sludge treatment (and settling) some water is chlorinated before entering a maturation pond. The other water goes directly to a larger maturation pond (for a longer period), instead. The final effluent then gets discharged into the Veldwagters River. Since STW operations is an important factor in STW effluent quality, this study aimed to investigate the water quality (at Stellenbosch STW) during the upgrade. Specifically, the bacterial quality, the steroidal quality (testosterone, progesterone, estrone: E1, 17 β- estradiol: E2 and 17 α-ethinyl estradiol: EE2) and the potential immunotoxic quality of waters were assessed. Water samples were collected after the grit removal (influent), after the trickling filters (biofilter effluent), while it was leaving the aerobic basin activated sludge effluent) and as it was leaving the maturation ponds (final effluent). To determine bacterial quality a semi-quantitative ReadyCult® assay was performed on raw water samples (detects total coliforms and Escherichia coli). Bacterial levels were high for all influent samples, water from the biofilter, water from the aerobic digester (activated sludge) and the final effluent (most days). The first collection date, however, showed less than 1cfu/mL of both E. coli and total coliforms for the final effluent. Raw water also underwent solid phase extraction, before the steroid concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Steroid levels were very high in the influent. Each treatment progressively reduced the steroid concentration. However, progesterone concentration increased during the biofilter treatment. The increase in progesterone was probably due to bacterial de-conjugation of hydrophilic-progesterone-conjugates. Nonetheless effluent steroid levels were significantly lower than the influent. Steroid reduction through the Stellenbosch STW was 96%, 95%, 55%, 78% and 87% for testosterone, progesterone, estrone, estradiol and ethinyl estradiol respectively. Much variability in steroid concentrations was noted between sampling dates. The activated sludge treatment was the best at reducing steroid concentration. Nonetheless, the STW still discharged steroids into the environment. Finally, the humoral immune effects of Stellenbosch STW influent and effluent was determined by using hybridoma cells and assessing affects on antibody production. Antibody levels were then detected by ELISA. No adverse effects to antibody synthesis/secretion were noted as a result of exposure to either influent or effluent.

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Lee, Hin-man Arthur. "Outfall monitoring in Hong Kong /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14709211.

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49

Farahazad, Maryam. "The problems with water quality standards in Oakland Bay associated with the Shelton sewage treatment plant". Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2009. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Farahzad_MTMESThesis2009.pdf.

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Hossain, Mohammed Kamal. "Effect of sewage sludge in Sitka spruce plantations on a reclaimed site". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1992. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU550384.

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Severely nitrogen and phosphorus deficient restored opencast coal mine sites planting with Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis , Bong. (Carr.)) were treated with both sewage sludge and inorganic fertilizer. Cake sludge was applied before planting at the rate of 100 and 200 tds/ha and liquid sludge at the rte of 227 m3/ha at the age of 3 in selected plots. The highest treatments (S200L) supplied approximately 2051 kg N/ha and 983 kg P/ha which is sufficient to establish an internal nutrient cycle in such degraded sites. Sewage sludge significantly increased the tree growth and foliage N and P concentrations both over the control and inorganic fertilizer treatments. Foliage N concentrations up to 1.95&'37 increased the maximum height growth above which the height growth declined due to excess N concentrations. Both the mean needle weight and height growth increased in response to the increased foliar P concentrations and the response is still not complete. Whole tree sampling showed that there was significantly more tree biomass in sludge treatments in comparison to the control treatments. Regression equations based on independent variables of stem diameter at 5 cm from the ground were developed to estimate total tree dry biomass. Ground vegetation dry matter, nutrient content and species diversity significantly increased in sludge treatments. Soil pH increased, bulk density decreased and organic C, total N, available P, K and Mg increased following sludge application in comparison to the control treatments. Nitrate leaching losses increased immediately after the liquid sludge applications in highest sludge treatments but with time fell down and remained within the standard limit for potable water. Drain water nutrient leaching losses remained well below the soil leachate except for magnesium. Nitrogen mineralization potential increased with increased application rate indicating increased cycling of N within the ecosystem and hence long-term growth response potential to the applied treatments.

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