Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Sewage farming”
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Dwivedi, Avinash, Mr Anupam Mehrotra i Mr Kamal Nabh Tripathi. "Comparative Study of Different Sewage Farming on Soil Quality". International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-4 (30.06.2019): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23701.
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Balengayabo, Jonas G., Gabriel R. Kassenga, Shabaan M. Mgana i Fredrick Salukele. "Effect of Recurrent Irrigation with Treated Sewage from Anaerobic Digester Coupled with Anaerobic Baffled Reactor on Soil Fertility". International Journal of Environment 11, nr 2 (7.10.2022): 105–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v11i2.46898.
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Growing recognition of treated wastewater as a resource is among the factors influencing its reuse in agriculture worldwide. Long-term effect of irrigation with treated wastewater on soil is widely reported; however, the effect of irrigated farming cycles with treated sewage on soil fertility is rarely reported. In this study, greenhouse maize plot experiment, consisting of triplicate plots irrigated with treated sewage and tap water was conducted for three consecutive farming cycles. Soil was sampled for analysis at the depths of 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm after every farming cycle. After the third farming cycle, pH and organic matter content increased significantly (P≤0.05) at all depths; NO3-N and PO4-P increased at 0-20 cm, though was not significant (P≥0.05); while EC and TDS decreased at all depths. With exception of pH, soil organic matter content, NO3-N, and PO4-P, were significantly higher (P≤0.05) in plots irrigated with treated sewage for all cycles; while EC and TDS were only significant after the second farming cycle. Variation of soil parameters was not consistent with the irrigated farming cycles. Irrigation with treated sewage improved soil PO4-P and organic matter content but posed soil alkalinity, thus pH amendment is needed after the third farming cycle.
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Saber, M. S. M. "Prolonged Effect of Land Disposal of Human Wastes on Soil Conditions". Water Science and Technology 18, nr 7-8 (1.07.1986): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0310.
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Land disposal of human wastes is a comprehensive issue, where a series of aspects have to be considered. Few, if any, alternatives exist to this technology. No doubt future emphasis will be on sewage farming, which should result in the cultivation of new arid land. This paper addresses the prolonged effect of land disposal of human wastes on soil properties, as well as on the dissemination of enteric pathogens. In order to assess this impact, soil samples were collected from Gabal el Asfar sewage farm in Cairo to represent sandy soils irrigated solely, by surface flooding, with decanted sewage effluent for 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45 and 60 years. Sewage farming tended to build up the soil microbial population, particularly during the first five years. In all soils, human wastes increased total bacterial counts and promoted the proliferation of the physiological groups. This population would accelerate the oxidation of organic matter to available nutrients. It also resulted in a high increase in nitrogen, phosphorus, micro-nutrients, organic carbon and raised the water holding capacity and exchangeable cations. However, the prolonged use of sewage effluent would disturb the balance of nutrients in soil, as the pH shifted towards acidity. The most interesting observation in the present work is to record that neither soluble salts nor micro-nutrients reached any injurious level. But land disposal of human wastes should be excercised with caution and if it is intended to be applied, salts, pH and nutrient elements should be checked occasionally. From the hygienic point of view, faecal E. coli, which is considered to be an indicator for enteric pathogens, gave positive results in all sewaged soils. Hence, it is recommended, from the sanitary point of view, that no crops which come in contact with sewage effluent should be cultivated in a sewage farm.
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Tiwari, Soni, Prabhash Kumar Pandey, Ranjan Singh, Ajad Patel, Laxmi Kant Pandey, Femina Sobin, Neeraj Khare i in. "Detoxification of Sewage Sludge by Natural Attenuation and its Application as a Fertilizer-A Review". International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 12, nr 4 (10.04.2023): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2023.1204.008.
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Sewage sludge generated from the waste-water treatment systems can play an essential role as fertilizers in the agriculture system. Sewage sludges have hazardous toxic materials; therefore, their application is minimal. Proper dumping of sludge produced via waste-water treatment plants (WWTP) has been categorized as severe ecological trouble and a feasible option to be used in farming formerly sewage sludge is affluent in natural substance and nutrients. On the other hand, sewage sludge contains various toxic agents therefore special attention is required for its application in farming to evade any harm to the organisms as well as to the environment. Controlled and well monitored process of natural attenuation (biological, physical, and chemical processes) which is a part of the environment can detoxify the toxic substances present in the sewage sludges. This review will lead the readers towards the assessment of different processes used for the decontaminating sewage sludge naturally.
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Dwivedi, Avinash, Mr Anupam Mehrotra i Mr Kamal Nabh Tripathi. "Comparative Study of Different Sewage Farming on Soil Quality: A Review". International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-3 (30.04.2019): 1849–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd21594.
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Robinson, K. "Volatile emissions from livestock farming and sewage operations". Biological Wastes 28, nr 3 (styczeń 1989): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(89)90088-8.
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Moriarty, F. "Volatile emissions from Livestock farming and sewage operations". Environmental Pollution 57, nr 2 (1989): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(89)90009-2.
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Sheail, John. "Town wastes, agricultural sustainability and Victorian sewage". Urban History 23, nr 2 (sierpień 1996): 189–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800011925.
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In analysing the practicability of Victorian proposals to dispose of urban wastes, valuable insights may be gained from the commentaries of agriculturalists and their scientific advisers. The paper reconstructs the debate as to how the sewage of towns and cities might be transferred to farmland, the developing concepts of sewage farming and the ‘sewage farm’, the increasing disillusionment of farmers with sewage irrigation and, finally, the acknowledgement by the turn of the century that the recycling of such wastes was irrelevant to the needs of town and country alike.
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Kaware, Samrudhi. "A Review of Sensor Application in E-Farming". Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, nr 11 (10.05.2021): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i11.5842.
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Sensor applications have a serious influence on everyday objects that improve the human quality of life. Key topics should be soil biological sensing, crop production and post-harvest implementation. Topics associated with soil sensing involve soil content control, sewage systems and soil erosion movement paths when harrowing, while seedling detection issues involve assessment of winery spray drift applications, implementations ofwinter wetland thermal imaging, forest wellness systems and remotely sensed applications.
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Williams, Adrian. "Book Review: Volatile Emissions from Livestock Farming and Sewage Operations." Outlook on Agriculture 18, nr 2 (czerwiec 1989): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708901800213.
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Degaetano, J. C., i H. J. Mallia. "From Coastal Water Pollution Control to the Reclamation of Sewage". Water Science and Technology 18, nr 9 (1.09.1986): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0099.
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Following Master Plan studies by the World Health Organisation and other consultant sanitary engineers on wastes disposal, the Maltese Government implemented in successive stages projects aimed at the abatement of the pollution of bays and seaside resorts around the island, culminating in the laying of a submarine outfall to discharge some 90 % of the sewage produced on the island. After thus cleaning the blue coastal waters, sewage has been reclaimed for the beneficial use by the farming community. This case study describes three projects carried out in order to achieve the aims stated.
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Rahaman, Sk M., i Surajit Haldar. "Sewage Fed Farming Systems and Sustainable Livelihood in Peri-urban Kolkata". Economic Affairs 59, nr 2 (2014): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0976-4666.59.2.015.
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Herdiyanti, Herdiyanti, Reko Dwi Salfutra i Julia Julia. "Analysis of Community Social Capital Inclusiveness Towards Waste Pollution Prevention by Shrimp Farming Company: A Case Study of Waste Pollution in Pasir Kuning Beach Area". Society 11, nr 2 (31.12.2023): 557–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/society.v11i2.631.
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Sewage pollution originating from the activities of shrimp farming companies in the Pasir Kuning Beach area raises serious concerns about its impact that damages the environment and disrupts the balance of the ecosystem. This research aims to understand and analyze the inclusiveness of social capital in local communities as an effort to prevent sewage pollution. Using a qualitative approach, this research conducted in-depth interviews with community members in the Pasir Kuning Beach Area. Respondents were selected based on criteria that ensured a balanced representation of various community groups, and secondary data was used to provide a broader context. The research findings highlight the central role of social capital in shaping relationships, trust, and cooperation among communities. The implications include developing more effective sewage pollution prevention strategies and providing a foundation for understanding community contributions to coastal ecosystem conservation. The focus on social capital inclusivity as a catalyst for positive change demonstrates the determination of local communities to overcome the negative impacts of shrimp farming activities. In the context of Bangka Belitung, which is affected by the mining sector, this research is significant in efforts to reduce environmental damage. It is hoped that these findings provide valuable insights for stakeholders in formulating sustainable solutions that support the ecology and well-being of local communities in the future.
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Sushil, Kiran Khokhar, K. K. Bhardwaj, Vikas, Rohtash, Roohi i Vishal Goel. "Sewage Water Use in Crop Production and Its Effect on Physico-Chemical and Biological Properties of Soil: A Review". Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 46, nr 7 (10.06.2024): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i72575.
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The availability of freshwater for irrigation is dwindling, prompting the need for innovative solutions to tackle this critical issue. This research delves into comparing sewage water with fresh water, recognizing the immense volume of wastewater generated daily due to rapid population growth and industrial expansion. The current state of sewage water in India presents a formidable challenge, highlighting the imperative for proactive management strategies moving forward. The study explores methods to harness sewage water for agricultural use, aiming to enhance productivity while acknowledging the global significance of wastewater management. Sewage water composition varies depending on local industrial activities, often containing higher levels of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, organic carbon, micronutrients, and soil microbial content compared to regular water sources. Utilizing sewage water for irrigation can positively impact soil chemistry and fertility, although it may increase electrical conductivity, albeit usually within acceptable limits to mitigate soil salinity risks. However, sewage water typically contains elevated concentrations of heavy metals such as Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, and Nickel, posing potential hazards to soil and plant health if surpassing safety thresholds. Continuous use of sewage water may exacerbate the accumulation of these hazardous metals, posing risks to both soil quality and human health. Nonetheless, during periods of water scarcity crucial for crop growth, sewage water emerges as a vital resource, potentially saving agricultural productivity. In this context, sewage farming emerges as a promising approach to alleviate the demand for freshwater while addressing wastewater challenges. Embracing sewage water for irrigation holds the promise of significant advancements in curbing wastewater proliferation, underscoring its role as a sustainable solution for agricultural water requirements.
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L, Alok Gude. "HEAVY METAL DETECTION FROM SEWAGE IRRIGATED SOIL BESIDE RAILWAY TRACKS IN MUMBAI". Kongunadu Research Journal 4, nr 1 (30.06.2017): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj188.
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There are more than 100 local train stations in Mumbai and suburban areas which are connected to each other through railway comprising 4 major lines. Each route contains slow and fast tracks running. On the adjacent side of these routes are small patches of land which are used for cultivation. The railway authorities give these lands for farming of some leafy and non-leafy vegetable crops. Majority of these lands are irrigated by the open sewage lines which run besides and parallel to the railway tracks and they bring many unwanted chemicals which are absorbed by plants to more or less extent. The water in these sewerlines comes from domestic, commercial and other sources. The present study deals with quantification of Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, Ar and Cu from soil sample using laboratory methods. The results indicated a low to medium level of pollution of these in soils, except some of the areas where it is high. The Pb, Ar and Cu were common pollutants near many stations and occur in comparable amount whereas Cd and Zn occur near fewer stations and also in less to medium quantity and Hg contents were found to be the least. The results indicate that though the sewage water can be used for such sewage farming, the water quality should be monitored continuously for heavy metals and other form of pollutants to ensure safety for vegetable consumption.
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Joseph, Genimon Vadakkemulanjanal, Anit Thomas M, Helen Thomas i Agnes Thomas M. "Sustainable Green Connected Systems through Integrated Organic Waste Management Eco-Model for the Green Clean Campus". ECS Transactions 107, nr 1 (24.04.2022): 10423–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.10423ecst.
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The sustainable green connected systems are considered as the engine room for fostering the Green- Clean Campuses. The biomass management with organic cycles is crucial factor in tropical sustainable campuses as it tends to produce a huge amount of biomass with multiple organic cycles. This proposed biorefinery model at Chemperi, Kerala which is in tropical region can connect Agri farming, pisciculture, piggery farming, and livestock farming for waste management with a centralized aerobic-anaerobic sewage recycling system. The model has proven benefits of cost optimization, reduced fuel conception, enhancing biodiversity with a sustainable ecosystem, and foster sustainability. The output of these multiple farming provides fresh raw materials for the kitchen with economic and health benefits. This model established at Vimal Jyothi Campus, Chemperi, Kerala found to reduce biomass waste production, biorefinery waste management with energy-saving, inculcating sustainability practices in campus and establishment of Green Clean Campus. The model can be integrated with intelligent monitoring systems and automation.
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Hastari, Bismi Widi, Dyah Gandasari i Harry Harry. "Analysis The Level Of Cattleman’s Knowledge Using The T-Test And Wilcoxon In Maju Farmer Group". Jurnal Penyuluhan Pertanian 15, nr 1 (2.11.2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.51852/-.v15i1.428.
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Tani Maju farmer group is one of the farming groups located in Rorotan Village, Cilincing District, North Jakarta City Administration. This group has a lot of sheep and advanced management. Despite they manage their sheep well, they are not well informed on how to manage the sewage from their castles (faces and urine). So far, they just throw away the sewage or gave them to fellow farmers. This study aimed to analyze the level of farmers' knowledge in making use of sheep's urine to be degraded into bio urine in the Maju Farmer group. Data was collected through the pre-test and post-test. The data were analyzed using paired t-test and Wilcoxon statistical software (IBM SPSS Statistics 25). The results of the study showed that farmers' knowledge in sewage (Urine) management increased; there is a significant difference in farmers' level of knowledge in bio urine production before and after bio urine extension.
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Hastari, Bismi Widi, Dyah Gandasari i Harry Harry. "Analysis The Level Of Cattleman’s Knowledge Using The T-Test And Wilcoxon In Maju Farmer Group". Jurnal Penyuluhan Pertanian 15, nr 1 (2.11.2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.51852/jpp.v15i1.428.
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Tani Maju farmer group is one of the farming groups located in Rorotan Village, Cilincing District, North Jakarta City Administration. This group has a lot of sheep and advanced management. Despite they manage their sheep well, they are not well informed on how to manage the sewage from their castles (faces and urine). So far, they just throw away the sewage or gave them to fellow farmers. This study aimed to analyze the level of farmers' knowledge in making use of sheep's urine to be degraded into bio urine in the Maju Farmer group. Data was collected through the pre-test and post-test. The data were analyzed using paired t-test and Wilcoxon statistical software (IBM SPSS Statistics 25). The results of the study showed that farmers' knowledge in sewage (Urine) management increased; there is a significant difference in farmers' level of knowledge in bio urine production before and after bio urine extension.
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Silveira, Géssica Aparecida, Luciana Maria Saran, Wanderley José de Melo i Lucia Maria Carareto Alves. "Farming and soil urban occupation in the water quality of Jaboticabal and Cerradinho streams". Ciência e Agrotecnologia 40, nr 6 (grudzień 2016): 633–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542016406048415.
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ABSTRACT Since the end of the twentieth century, 100% of the urban sewage from the city of Jaboticabal has been collected by interceptors and routed to a treatment plant. Between 1999 and 2000, studies on the effect of this environmental care showed that it did not efficiently clean up the water from the two streams that run through the city and flow into an agricultural area. This paper focuses on assessing the influence of soil use on the water quality of surface waters from these two streams. The study was conducted 15 years after the implementation of sewage interceptors. The sampling dates were bimonthly at eight points (P1 to P8) in the Cerradinho and Jaboticabal streams, in Jaboticabal (São Paulo State, Brazil). P1 was located at the source of the Jaboticabal stream, P2 was in a farming area, P3, P4 and P5 were in an urban area, and P6, P7 and P8 were in a farming area. The physical and chemical variables of the water were assessed. We compared the ability of microorganisms to metabolize different sources of carbon using the EcoPlate (Biolog). The total phosphorus (TP) concentration exceeded the limit set by the Brazilian legislation as well as values found in previous studies, which was also observed for the chemical oxygen demand. However, the bacterial metabolic profile had no association with urban or farming practices. The results of the analysis indicated the possibility of clandestine discharge of wastewater in the streams studied and the influence of the agricultural soil.
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Finger, Stepanovic i Llano. "Modelling and Multi-Criteria Analysis of Anaerobic Digestion Process to Get Upgraded Methane from Bio-Residues in the City of Reykjavik". Proceedings 30, nr 1 (27.12.2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030046.
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Anaerobic digestion of urban organic wastes, farming slurries or sewage sludge is a common practice in waste treatment plants. In the city of Reykjavik, the organic waste fraction constituted by 60% of biomass and 40% of food waste will be transformed by the local waste company SORPA providing biofuel for up to 10% of the cars. Such measures belong to the 2018-2030 Climate Action Plan from the Icelandic Government.
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Panagos, Panos, Cristiano Ballabio, Emanuele Lugato, Arwyn Jones, Pasquale Borrelli, Simone Scarpa, Alberto Orgiazzi i Luca Montanarella. "Potential Sources of Anthropogenic Copper Inputs to European Agricultural Soils". Sustainability 10, nr 7 (9.07.2018): 2380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072380.
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In the European Union (EU), copper concentration in agricultural soil stems from anthropogenic activities and natural sources (soil and geology). This manuscript reports a statistical comparison of copper concentrations at different levels of administrative units, with a focus on agricultural areas. Anthropogenic sources of diffuse copper contamination include fungicidal treatments, liquid manure (mainly from pigs), sewage sludge, atmospheric deposition, mining activities, local industrial contamination and particles from car brakes. Sales of fungicides in the EU are around 158,000 tonnes annually, a large proportion of which are copper based and used extensively in vineyards and orchards. Around 10 million tonnes of sewage sludge is treated annually in the EU, and 40% of this (which has a high copper content) is used as fertilizer in agriculture. In the EU, 150 million pigs consume more than 6.2 million tonnes of copper through additives in their feed, and most of their liquid manure ends up in agricultural soil. These three sources (sales of fungicides, sewage sludge and copper consumption for pigs feed) depend much on local traditional farming practices. Recent research towards replacing copper spraying in vineyards and policy developments on applying sewage and controlling the feed given to pigs are expected to reduce copper accumulation in agricultural soil.
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Mancy, K. H., B. Fattal i S. Kelada. "Cultural implications of wastewater reuse in fish farming in the Middle East". Water Science and Technology 42, nr 1-2 (1.07.2000): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0319.
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The reuse of wastewater in fish farming is widely practiced to varying degrees in different regions of the world. Recently, the University of Michigan, in collaboration with the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in Egypt, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, conducted a full-scale demonstration study in Egypt where raw sewage was treated and used in fish farming and the irrigation of crops and trees. The whole operation was carefully monitored for microbial pathogens, parasites, and toxic chemicals in the water and the fish. In spite of the fact that the produced fish were quite suitable for human consumption, consumers in Egypt did not accept them. While public health and safety concerns have traditionally been the main reason for resisting wastewater reuse, cultural and consumer behavior seem to be the overriding factors. International guidelines for hazard control in fish farming are not sufficient to change consumer behavior in certain regions of the world.
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Rose, Terry J., Emma Thompson-Brewster i Peter S. Cornish. "Phosphorus constraints to potential land area cropped under organic and regenerative systems in Australia". Crop & Pasture Science 73, nr 3 (19.01.2022): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp21578.
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Context The removal of phosphorus (P) in harvested grain and poor recycling of P creates unique concerns for farming systems that aim to reduce reliance on non-renewable fertiliser inputs, such as ‘regenerative’ farming systems, or for organic grain growers for whom synthetic P inputs are prohibited. Aims and methods We examine gross P budgets across the Australian cropping landscape and explore implications for the land area that could be potentially cropped if all P removed in harvested produce was replaced using domestic recycled P sources. Key results Major cereal, pulse and oilseed crops occupied 21.7 million ha year−1 on average from 2000 to 2018, removing around 136 274 t P year−1. The 27 200 t P in captured animal manure could only sustain around 20% of this area. A further 23%, around 4.9 million ha, could be sustained from sewage and greenwaste resources, but potential pathogens/contaminants limit their current use on organic farmland, and on other farmland when contaminant levels exceed thresholds. Conclusions Development of technologies acceptable to organic certifying agencies to extract P from sewage and greenwaste would expand available resources for organic and regenerative farming and would enable systems to move further towards closed loop nutrient cycling. Ultimately, export of grain overseas results in a large deficit between the 136 000 t P removed annually from fields and domestic recyclable P (around 74 000 t P year−1). Implications Apart from importing rock phosphate-based P or recycled P products, this deficit could only be overcome in the long term by reducing grain exports, or by reducing the concentration of P in exported grain.
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Vant, W. N. "New challenges for the management of plant nutrients and pathogens in the Waikato River, New Zealand". Water Science and Technology 43, nr 5 (1.03.2001): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0270.
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The water quality of the Waikato River is currently much better than it was in the 1950s. Major improvements in the treatment of the sewage and industrial wastewaters which are discharged to the river mean that levels of indicator bacteria in the lower reaches of the river are now many times lower than in the past. Eve so, conditions are still not suitable for swimming, and blue-green algal blooms occur at times. Non-point or diffuse sources of contaminants now dominate the nutrient and pathogens budgets. Progressively-intensifying farming, particularly in lowland areas, is thought to contribute the majority of the contaminants found in the river. Future improvements in water quality will therefore depend more on activities like changes to farming practice – such as retiring the riparian margins of lowland tributaries of the river – than on further advances in wastewater treatment.
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Siddiqi, Iffat, Arshad Javaid i Rukhsana Bajwa. "Sewage Farming and VA Mycorrhiza III: Effect of Sewage Irrigation on Growth, Yield, Nodulation and VA Mycorrhizal Colonization in Pea (Pisum sativum L.)". Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 3, nr 6 (15.05.2000): 967–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2000.967.968.
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Nazhakaiti, Pahaerdin, Hirofumi Tsutsui i Taro Urase. "Aerobic and Anaerobic Biological Degradation of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Rice Paddy Soils". Applied Sciences 9, nr 12 (19.06.2019): 2505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9122505.
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One of the concerns against the use of sewage sludge for agricultural purposes is emerging contaminants contained in sewage sludge. Most of the studies on biological degradation of pharmaceutically active compounds in agricultural land were carried out with water-unsaturated soils under relatively aerobic conditions. In this study, the degradation of pharmaceuticals mainly including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was investigated in Asian rice paddy soils that are flooded in anaerobic condition. The experimental results showed that the concentrations of the target pharmaceuticals excluding the exception of naproxen were poorly decreased in anaerobic condition. On the other hand, the microbial communities of the soils contained the aerobic degraders of clofibric acid and diclofenac, which are generally persistent in biological wastewater treatment. The higher degradation rates in aerobic condition suggest the possibility of enhanced degradation of pharmaceuticals by supplying oxygen with plowing anaerobic rice fields or with drying the field in off-season for farming.
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Arnawa, I. Ketut, Menardo Dennis Villanueva, Ni Gusti Agung Gde Eka Martiningsih, Putu Sri Astuti i Putu Eka Pasmidi Ariati. "The Development of Bio-Industrial Agricultural Model on Dry Land". SOCA: Jurnal Sosial, Ekonomi Pertanian 15, nr 3 (18.09.2021): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/soca.2021.v15.i03.p20.
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Bio-industrial agriculture is a farming system oriented towards biological and natural resources maximum utilization as sustainable biomass, energy, and mineral. Vegetable and horticulture-based bio-industrial agriculture is a sustainable system consisted of farming, livestock, sewage treatment, agricultural product processing, and marketing sub-systems. The main objective of this study was to analyze the impact of the bio-industrial agricultural model development on the value-added agriculture. This study was conducted on dry land in Antapan Village, Baturiti District, Tabanan, Bali. Questionnaires and interview sessions were applied to collect the study data. Data analysis was done by descriptive analysis, a ratio of R/C, and multiple linear regression analysis. Findings revealed that bio-industrial agriculture contibuted to higher value-added agriculture. Vegetable and horticulture-based bio-industrial agriculture provided alternative system for the development of processed organic agricultural products that finally adds more product's value and increase farmer income.
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Solbe, J. F. "Effects of gross organic discharges to fresh waters". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (marzec 1986): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600015543.
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In 1984 the water authorities reported 2961 serious cases of freshwater pollution caused by farming, ca 75% by dairy farming. Liquor from insufficiently wilted silage, farmyard runoff and slurry washed off land or escaping from overflowing or leaking lagoons have all been implicated. The effects of these rich organic wastes on life in streams are described below.Farm wastes can place an enormous demand on the dissolved oxygen (DO) content of the stream water. Cow slurry is 40-80 and silage liquor 200 times stronger than untreated domestic sewage, so that one volume of silage liauor is capable of completely deoxygenating 40 000 volumes of previously air-saturated water. The wastes also (i) increase turbidity, which reduces the effective penetration of light and thus restricts photosynthesis and primary productivity, (ii) smother the stream bed with a layer of decomposing silt or solids resistant to degradation and (iii) are toxic due to ammonia.
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Duqqah, Mohammad M. "New methodical way for sustainable farming systems using treated sewage water in irrigation in Jordan". International Journal of Environment and Pollution 33, nr 1 (2008): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijep.2008.018462.
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Kaur, Navjot, Inderpreet Kaur i Varinderpal Singh. "Evaluation of production and environmental aspects of different pig production systems in the Northern State of India, Punjab". Environment Conservation Journal 23, nr 1&2 (17.04.2022): 328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.021973-2204.
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Pig farming is stepping out from subsistence farming to commercial farming. In order to enhance the commercialized pork production for gaining self-sufficiency, it is necessary to study the production and related parameters of pig at farm level. This study aims to investigate the production parameters and disposal pattern of farm waste adopted by pig farmers in the Punjab. 90 piggery units were surveyed out of which sample size of total of 82 breeding-cum-finisher units of pig were categorized into small farms (< 10 sows), medium farms (10-25 sows) and large farms (> 25 sows). The study reveals that large size category favoured the ideal pig production parameters. It was observed that the 5.17 % of breedable sows were kept on an average for producing finisher pigs for sale (44.60 %). Large category was found having largest average litter size at birth (10.2). Similarly, average weight at saleable age of finisher pig is found to be highest in large size category (102.86 kg). Majority (59.07 %) of the small pig farmers dump the manure at waste heap or dispose it in the sewage posing environmental problems.
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Perumal, Siddhuraju, Dhanya Viswanathan, Haritha Thulaseedharan Nair i Roopika Sivaraman. "Red Amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Irrigated with Domestic Sewage Wastewater as a Source of Irrigation: Environmental Food Security and Safety Assessment Perspectives through Acute and Sub- Acute Toxicity Study". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): 261–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i02s.045.
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Water deficiency is one of the main factors for limiting sustainable agricultural development in most arid and semi-arid regions. There is a gradual decline in the availability of fresh water to be used for irrigation in developing countries like India. Sewage farming is quite common in all urban areas in India. The effect of its direct and long-term use for irrigation needs a thorough study. However, there is increasing concern about food safety and health risks, hence, a case study was undertaken to understand the long-term effect of domestic sewage wastewater irrigation on heavy metal concentrations in soil and plants. The study reveals the mineral and heavy metal composition of irrigated domestic sewage wastewater and it has been compared with the well water irrigated in the rural area, soil parameters and also the mineral and heavy metal composition of a cultivated plant, Amaranthus tricolor L. Transfer factor (TF) was calculated to understand the extent of risk and associated hazard due to wastewater irrigation and the consequence of heavy metals accumulation in the edible portion of experimented vegetables. The present study was carried out to assess the potential toxicity of acetone extract of A. tricolor with some essential parameters such as haematological and biochemical parameters, liver and kidney weight and their histopathological study. After conducting in vivo acute and subchronic toxicity experiments using the rat model, there was no toxicity or mortality observed between domestic sewage water and well water irrigated to red amaranth, A. tricolor.
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Elizabeth David, S., i T. C. Jennerjahn. "Extreme dissolved organic nitrogen fluxes in the human impacted Pamba River, Kerala, India". Biogeosciences Discussions 10, nr 10 (18.10.2013): 16137–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-16137-2013.
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Abstract. Cultural eutrophication of coastal aquatic systems is a major undesired phenomenon of today, which is mainly ascribed to the application of inorganic fertilizers in agriculture. Consequently, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) is considered the major problem and widely studied. However, human interventions also strongly influence the riverine dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations and fluxes. Studies of nutrient inputs from tropical river catchments are biased towards DIN, even though they account for only a portion of the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) pool, whereas the rest is comprised of DON and has been largely ignored. The tropical Pamba River was studied because of its manifold human activities in the catchment and was sampled during the south west monsoon (SWM), north east monsoon (NEM) and the pre monsoon (PM) months during 2010 to 2013. The largest pilgrim center on earth, the Sabarimala temple, located in the upstream forest is a unique feature of the catchment. Fertilizer application, livestock farming and inadequate sewage treatment are the prevailing land use practices. The goals of this study were to (i) define cause-effect relationships by assessing the effect of various human interventions such as the pilgrims, agriculture and sewage disposal in combination with the seasonal variations in hydrology on the DON concentrations and fluxes and to (ii) quantify the inputs from respective land use segments. The global maximum DON concentration (29 302 μM) was measured for the Pamba River. Pilgrim activities, high population density, agricultural and livestock farming as well as the lack of infrastructure for sanitation facilities were the cause for extremely high DON concentrations and fluxes in the plantation and settlement with mixed tree crop (SMT) segments. A DON yield of 745 kg ha−1 yr−1 was calculated for the Pamba catchment. The total DON inputs from all quantifiable sources amounted to 514 kg ha−1 yr−1 comprising of 69% of the total Pamba DON yield. In the Pamba River, sewage is the major source of DON and the unique Sabarimala pilgrim event accounts for most of it. Nevertheless, sewage input from the rest of the densely-populated catchment is high, which is a common feature of developing countries that lack adequate sanitation and water technology, i.e. in South and Southeast Asia and tropical Africa. Our study shows that DON makes up a significant portion of anthropogenic nitrogen in rivers, in particular in those regions, which are, however, scarce in respective data. It underscores the need for more quantitative studies from densely-populated tropical river catchments in order to improve global nitrogen budgets and the assessment of the consequences of anthropogenic nitrogen inputs into coastal aquatic systems.
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Ensink, Jeroen H. J., Ursula J. Blumenthal i Simon Brooker. "Wastewater Quality and the Risk of Intestinal Nematode Infection in Sewage Farming Families in Hyderabad, India". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 79, nr 4 (1.10.2008): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.561.
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Nakada, N., K. Komori, Y. Suzuki, C. Konishi, I. Houwa i H. Tanaka. "Occurrence of 70 pharmaceutical and personal care products in Tone River basin in Japan". Water Science and Technology 56, nr 12 (1.12.2007): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.801.
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The occurrence of 70 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) was investigated in the Tone River. The river has the largest basin in Japan, and the water is utilized not only for farming, but also as a source of water supply. One day in both January and October 2006, surface waters in the river and its tributaries and effluents from sewage treatment plants (STPs) directly discharging into the Tone River were collected, the location of which ranged over 150 km along the river. The 70 PPCPs in the samples were concentrated by solid phase cartridge and were measured by LC-MS/MS using three analytical methods. Fifty-seven PPCPs were detected in one or more samples. Bezafibrate, caffeine, carbamazepine, clarithromycin, crotamiton and sulpiride were frequently detected. Mass flow profiles of some PPCPs (e.g., crotamiton) were comparable to cumulative inhabitants in the basin, suggesting that these PPCPs could be markers of population. Total load of each PPCP into the basin from upstream, the tributaries, and the STPs were calculated. The contribution of selected PPCPs from the tributaries with lower sewerage system coverage was dominant compared to those from upstream and the STPs, suggesting the installation of sewerage systems is necessary to reduce the load of PPCPs in the Tone River basin.
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Talukder, Sudipta, Md Mehedi Hasan, Amit Kumar Mandal, Syeda Tanjina Tasmim, Mst Sonia Parvin, Md Yamin Ali, Azimun Nahar, Md Zahorul Islam i Md Taohidul Islam. "Epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella in chickens, sewage, and workers of broiler farms in selected areas of Bangladesh". Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 15, nr 08 (31.08.2021): 1155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.14100.
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Introduction: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and AMR pattern of Salmonella isolated from broiler chickens, farm sewage, and farm workers. This study also aimed at identifying the risk factors for Salmonella infection in chickens.
Methodology: Cloacal swabs (n = 50) from broiler chickens, farm sewage (n = 50), and hand washed water of farm workers (n = 50) were collected along with data on farm management and antimicrobial usage from 50 broiler farms of Mymensingh and Gazipur districts. All samples were analysed for the presence of Salmonella using selective media and PCR assay. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done for ten antimicrobials by disk diffusion test. Risk factor analyses were carried out by multivariable logistic regression using SPSS.
Results: The overall Salmonella prevalence was 66% (99/150). Salmonella prevalence were 82% and 72% in cloacal swabs and farm sewage samples, respectively. From hand washed water, 44% of the samples were positive for Salmonella. Salmonella infection in broiler chickens was significantly associated with farming experience (≤ 5 years) and age of birds (≥ 11 days). Similar pattern of antimicrobial resistance was observed in Salmonella isolated from three types of samples, and high resistances were observed to colistin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime. Moreover, isolates from all the three sources showed high percentage of multidrug-resistance (80.6% to 97.6%).
Conclusions: The findings of this study reveal that antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella are prevailing at animal-human-environment interface, which needs an integrated approach to limit further spread of AMR.
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Conford, Philip. "The Alchemy of Waste: The Impact of Asian Farming on the British Organic Movement". Rural History 6, nr 1 (kwiecień 1995): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300000856.
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When Jean Valjean, the hero of Victor Hugo's Les Misérables, evades captivity by disappearing into the Paris sewers, the author relaxes the narrative tension for nearly twenty pages in order to reflect on the harm caused by that city's waste-disposal methods. In doing so, he identifies what were to become, several decades later, central issues of concern for the British organic husbandry movement. With an artist's insight Hugo recognised that the Parisian sewage system was doubly wasteful: ‘the land impoverished and the water infected’ (Hugo, 1909: 532). A ‘restitution of the mire to the land’ (Hugo, 1909: 548) was required, and he suggested the creation of a tubular arrangement, ‘a system of elementary drainage, as simple as the lungs of man’, which would ‘bring into our cities the pure water of the fields and send back into our fields the rich water of the cities’ (Hugo, 1909: 532). The alternative – the road being taken – was to squander potentially precious fertility and emaciate the population.
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Demin, A. V. "Evaluation of Environmental Friendliness and Efficiency of Biomass Gasification Processes". Voprosy sovremennoj nauki i praktiki. Universitet imeni V.I. Vernadskogo, nr 1(79) (2021): 040–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/voprosy.2021.01.pp.040-050.
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The results of numerical studies of biomass gasification are presented: litter masses of poultry farming, sewage sludge, woodworking waste. A schematic diagram of a gasification installation using thermal energy obtained by burning a certain part of the generated synthesis gas is proposed. The optimal operating parameters of steam gasification, contributing to an increase in the degree of conversion of carbon into carbon monoxide and hydrogen, as well as operating parameters of combustion of a mixture of air and a part of the generated synthesis gas, contributing to the minimum content of harmful substances emitted into the atmospheric air in combustion products have been determined.
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Liu, Hua Wei, i Tian Ju Yao. "Usage Urban Sludge to Closed Mine Reclamation and Slope Treatment". Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (październik 2014): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.300.
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The development of mining activities had destructed and occupied a large amount of land resource, the ecological recovery has become one of the urgent problems of current world especially in China. Mine reclamation can revivify the utilization function of mining land, protect the farming land and renovate the ecologic environment. Zhu Ma-dian has rich mineral resources, part of the mine resources dried up after many years of mining activities, the reclamation of the closed mine pits and abandoned mine land is very urgent. This paper briefly introduces the use city sewage sludge to reclamation of the closed mine pits and abandoned mine land and treat high slope.
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Hulugalle, N. R. "Maximum ambient temperature can influence carbon storage in Vertosols sown with cotton-based farming systems". Crop and Pasture Science 64, nr 8 (2013): 845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13139.
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Partial mitigation of global warming caused by accelerated emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide may be possible by storing atmospheric carbon in soils. Carbon storage is influenced by processes and properties that affect soil aggregation, such as clay and silt concentrations and mineralogy, intensity and frequency of wet/dry cycles, and microbial activity. Microbial activity, in turn, is influenced by factors such as temperature, nutrient and water availability, and residue quality. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of average annual maximum temperature on soil carbon storage in Vertosols under cotton-based farming systems. This paper reports a re-evaluation of results obtained from a series of experiments on cotton-farming systems conducted in eastern Australia between 1993 and 2010. The experimental sites were in the Macquarie and Namoi Valleys of New South Wales, and the Darling Downs and Central Highlands of Queensland. Average soil organic carbon storage in the 0–0.6 m depth was highest in a Black Vertosol in Central Queensland and lowest in a Grey Vertosol that was irrigated with treated sewage effluent at Narrabri. At other sites, average values were generally comparable and ranged from 65 to 85 t C/ha. Climatic parameters such as ambient maximum temperature, Tmax, and rainfall at rainfed sites (but not irrigated sites) were also related to soil organic carbon storage. At most sites, variations in carbon storage with average ambient maximum temperature were described by Gaussian models or bell-shaped curves, which are characteristic of microbial decomposition. Carbon storage occurred at peak rates only for a very limited temperature range at any one site, with these temperatures increasing with decreasing distance from the equator. The exception was a site near Narrabri that was irrigated with treated sewage effluent, where the relationship between soil organic carbon and Tmax was linear. The decrease or absence of change in soil carbon storage with time reported in many Australian studies of annual cropping systems may be due to carbon storage occurring within a limited temperature range, whereas intra-seasonal average maximum temperatures can range widely. Further research needs to be conducted under field conditions to confirm these observations.
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Tran, Thanh, Lam Van Giang, Ho Huu Loc, Le Thi Anh Hong, Van Doan Thi i Lam Van Tan. "The Initial Study on the Application of Sewage Sludge for Agriculture on the Laboratory Scale". Materials Science Forum 1048 (4.01.2022): 524–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1048.524.
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Chemical fertilizers currently poison arable agriculture, so organic fertilizers are now a new trend for soil improvement. This study investigates the appropriate ratio of fertilizer use and materials mixed with sewage sludge in the anaerobic co-digestion treatment method, which will best support agriculture. In the study, bio-organic fertilizer was composted of the co-digestion anaerobic with sewage sludge and agricultural wastes such as rice husk, rice husk charcoal, water hyacinth, cassava peel, and then tested on rice. The specific criteria of fertilizers such as total organic (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and effective phosphorus (P2O5) and plant growth parameters such as germination rate (%), tillering rate, total weight (g) were evaluated. Initial results show the untreated sludge can be impacted negatively on plant development. The concentration of nutrients in the co-digestion composts was meet the requirements of the Ministry of Agriculture’s standards of organic fertilizer. These bio-fertilizers will play an important role in soil productivity and sustainability. Hence, the widespread use of organic fertilizers from waste to partially replace chemical fertilizers will open up opportunities to reduce farming costs for farmers and develop agriculture sustainably.
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Kirpichtchikova, T., A. Manceau, B. Lanson, M. A. Marcus i T. Jacquet. "Speciation and mobility of Zn, Cu and Pb in a truck farming soil contaminated by sewage irrigation". Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 107 (maj 2003): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20030398.
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Cui, Ji-Fa, Shi-Jie Han, Xi-Mei Zhang, Xing-Guo Han i Zhi-Ping Wang. "Temporal–Spatial Variability of Dissolved Carbon in the Tributary Streams of the Lower Yangtze River Basin". Water 14, nr 24 (12.12.2022): 4057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14244057.
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Dissolved carbon has been widely investigated in natural rivers worldwide. However, it has been rarely studied in riverine system of farming regions, where small streams have been usually modified by a water gate and flood levee. This study was conducted to investigate dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC, DIC) in artificially modified tributary streams, namely the Desheng and Shuangqiao-Shiba streams, in a farming region of the lower Yangtze River basin. The results showed that the DOC and DIC concentrations had remarkable temporal–spatial variability in the Desheng and Shuangqiao-Shiba streams. The mean DOC concentrations were 5.4 and 6.7 mg L−1 in the Desheng and Shuangqiao-Shiba streams during the period of about 1 year, while the DIC concentrations were 14.0 and 9.6 mg L−1 in both streams, respectively. The DOC and DIC concentrations mainly showed the linear decreasing trends from source through to export in the spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The DOC concentration was almost always lower than the DIC concentration. The DOC concentration was positively correlated with the DIC concentration in the Desheng stream over the four seasons, indicating that the DOC and DIC potentially had similar sources. The DOC and DIC concentrations increased with sewage discharge, which introduced a potential hazard to human health. The water gate and flood levee in the Desheng and Shuangqiao-Shiba streams were constructed for discharging floods and recharging irrigation in the farming region, and their effects on dissolved carbon require further research.
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Santos, Maíra Pessoa Jornane Barbosa, Jorge Raimundo Lins Ribas, Carlos Eduardo Crispim de Oliveira Ramos, Rodrigo Dianna Navarro, Denise Soledade Peixoto Pereira i Rodrigo Fortes da Silva. "Effects of Waste Disposal: Temporo-Spatial Patterns of Bacterial Community Composition on Oyster Farms in Estuary Regions of Bahia, Brazil". Journal of Agricultural Science 10, nr 2 (12.01.2018): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n2p178.
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Oyster farming in Brazil is limited by a number of problems, such as lack of sanitary control in production areas. The aim of the present study was to use the multiple correspondence analyses (MCA) to correlate the microbiological quality of oyster production in the state of Bahia, Brazil, by linking it to environment parameters. Samples were randomly collected from 15 different oyster farms, from two different cultivation techniques (lantern and pillow baskets), corresponding dry and rainy periods. Twenty eight samples were collected, stored at 5 °C and send to the laboratory. The analyzed environmental parameters were pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and polluting sources like sewage outflow. Coliforms were counted at 35 °C and 45 °C: Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Aeromonas sp. Statistical analyzes were performed using the data sizing reduction procedure (MCA), through the SPPS Program, version 18.0. A positive relationship was found between the dry period and lantern net farming with poor sanitary conditions. MCA allowed the analyzed commercial oyster farms to form three distinct groups, helped define the intervention strategies of these commercial oyster farms and provided the basis for implementing health protection measures.
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Ekaputri, Sakti Azzahra, Zahidah Hasan i Fittrie M. Pratiwy. "Feasibility of Water Quality from Treated Domestic Wastewater Effluent in Bojongsoang WTTP, Bandung District for Fish Farming". Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research 25, nr 4 (18.10.2023): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajfar/2023/v25i4681.
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Bojongsoang Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTTP) is a place for processing wastewater in domestic activities in Bandung City, West Java, Indonesia before being released into the aquatic environment. This study aims to determine the feasibility of water quality from domestic wastewater treatment for fish farming activities at the Bojongsoang WTTP in January - June 2023. The survey method was used with purposive sampling technique and conducted at five research stations with two replicates. The efficiency of reducing sewage treatment at the Bojongsoang WTTP is able to reduce the BOD5 value by 73%, reduce ammonia by 66%, reduce TSS by 38%, increase DO by 75% and the temperature and pH parameters are stable as expected. The results of testing six water quality parameters from processed domestic wastewater at the Bojongsoang WTTP, some ponds are at high levels and exceed water quality standards. So that it is not suitable if it is used as a fish farming pond that will be consumed or traded. The performance of each WTTP treatment pond is not yet optimal in accordance with the aims and objectives of wastewater treatment (WTTP), namely to reduce (eliminate) polluting substances so that they can be used for agricultural and fishery needs.
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Garwa, Himanshu, i Bharati Veerwal*. "Sustainable Development of Organic Farming using Water Hyacinth Pontederia crassipes Over Vermitechnology by Eisenia fetida". Current Agriculture Research Journal 12, nr 1 (20.04.2024): 13–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.12.1.04.
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Our planet is really lovely, and there are plenty of living organisms here. Among these organisms, human beings are also contributing to the planet. However with a growing population of human beings, there is a growing need for food, which is entirely dependent on agriculture, several strategies have been employed to boost agricultural output, including inorganic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides. Inorganic fertilizers have largely enhanced productivity as well, but they also have several negative health impacts. However, continued use and reliance on these inputs has reduced crop productivity and deteriorated the quality of natural resources and the ecosystem. So, to overcome these problems and for sustainable development, long-term agricultural expansion may be achieved with organic farming while also preserving the environment. It may take time to switch from chemical to organic farming, which could reduce the farmer's profits. Our planet is really lovely, and there are plenty of living organisms here. Among these organisms, human beings are also contributing to the planet. However with a growing population of human beings, there is a growing need for food, which is entirely dependent on agriculture, several strategies have been employed to boost agricultural output, including inorganic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides. Inorganic fertilizers have largely enhanced productivity as well, but they also have several negative health impacts. However, continued use and reliance on these inputs has reduced crop productivity and deteriorated the quality of natural resources and the ecosystem. So, to overcome these problems and for sustainable development, long-term agricultural expansion may be achieved with organic farming while also preserving the environment. It may take time to switch from chemical to organic farming, which could reduce the farmer's profits. Advancements in organic farming, using Eisenia fetida to promote the vermicomposting of water hyacinth (wastewater weed) and employing more organic fertilizer while decreasing inorganic fertilizer usage in farming. However, the farmer will only make the changeover if he is persuaded that organic farming has long-term advantages over chemical farming. Vermicompost is a type of organic fertilizer, prepared from earthworms using various unused waste organic materials. It is an alternative source for increasing agriculture production. Many works have shown that vermicompost has beneficial effects on the environment. Various organic waste materials are used by earthworm species to form vermicompost. Water hyacinth poisons water bodies, turning pleasant water into unappealing water by emitting a foul smell. Most times, water hyacinths thrive in sewage water. Controlling this aquatic weed is a major issue, but it is easily solved through vermitechnology. Extremely, in our review study, we are going to give our concentrate on development of organic farming using vermicomposting.
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Saify, Tayyab, i S. Nasir Ali. "Management of Surface Water Quality in India". Water Science and Technology 19, nr 9 (1.09.1987): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0070.
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India has abundant surface water resources, however, there are various problems in the management of these resources in their natural state. These problems are mainly due to the direct disposal of sewage, domestic effluents, and industrial effluents, dumping of garbage and interference by cattle, along with various direct and indirect anthropogenic activities, such as washing, bathing, swimming, cultivation of aquatic crops and fish farming. It is of particular significance for the so-called third world countries such as India, with pressing problems of population growth and threatened environments, to utilize the increasing eutrophication and pollution as a way of enhancing fish production through enhancing the euphotic zone of the surface water bodies using suitable reflectors, a method known as ‘Saify's photon impact'.
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Heckman, J. "A history of organic farming: Transitions from Sir Albert Howard's War in the Soil to USDA National Organic Program". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 21, nr 3 (wrzesień 2006): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/raf2005126.
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The organic farming concept developed in the period prior to 1940 and was pioneered by Sir Albert Howard (1873–1947). Howard, born and educated in England, directed agricultural research centers in India (1905–1931) before permanently returning to England. His years of agricultural research experiences and observations gradually evolved into a philosophy and concept of organic farming that he espoused in several books. Howard's thinking on soil fertility and the need to effectively recycle waste materials, including sewage sludge, onto farmland was reinforced by F.H. King's book,Farmers of Forty Centuries. Howard developed a system of composting that became widely adopted. Howard's concept of soil fertility centered on building soil humus with an emphasis on how soil life was connected to the health of crops, livestock, and mankind. Howard argued that crop and animal health was a birthright and that the correct method of dealing with a pathogen was not to destroy the pathogen but to see what could be learned from it or to ‘make use of it for tuning up agricultural practice’. The system of agriculture advocated by Howard was coined ‘organic’ by Walter Northbourne to refer to a system ‘having a complex but necessary interrelationship of parts, similar to that in living things’. Lady Eve Balfour compared organic and non-organic farming and helped to popularize organic farming with the publication ofThe Living Soil. Jerome Rodale, a publisher and an early convert to organic farming, was instrumental in the diffusion and popularization of organic concepts in the US. Both Howard and Rodale saw organic and non-organic agriculture as a conflict between two different visions of what agriculture should become as they engaged in a war of words with the agricultural establishment. A productive dialogue failed to occur between the organic community and traditional agricultural scientists for several decades. Organic agriculture gained significant recognition and attention in 1980, marked by the USDA publicationReport and Recommendations on Organic Farming. The passage of the Federal Organic Foods Production Act in 1990 began the era of accommodation for organic farming in the USA, followed by another milestone with official labeling as USDA Certified Organic in 2002. Organic agriculture will likely continue to evolve in response to ongoing social, environmental, and philosophical concerns of the organic movement.
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Horváth, Imre. "Regulation in Hungary of the Use of Waste Water and Sewage Sludge in Agriculture". Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, nr 13 (4.05.2004): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/13/3400.
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Regulating the use of waste water and sewage sludge in agriculture in such a way as to prevent harmful effects on soil, vegetation, animals and man.In European Union there is a Council Directive (86/278/EEC) on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture.In the enlargement process of the European Union the Hungarian Government created a new rule (50/2001. (IV. 3.) Government regulation) which regulate using of waste water and sewage sludge in agriculture. This Hungarian rule is legal and reconcilable with the Council Directive.The Regulation lays down limit values for concentrations of heavy metals in the soil, in waste water, in sludge and for the maximum annual quantities of heavy metals which may be introduced into the soil.Waste water, sludge and soil on which it is used must be sampled and analysed.Sewage sludge must be treated for six months before being used in agriculture.The use of waste water and sludge prohibited on grassland, on nature reserved areas, in ecological farming, and soil in witch fruit and vegetable crops are growing, with the exception of fruit trees.The states soil conservation authority must keep records registering the following:– the quantities of waste water and sludge produced;– the composition and properties of sludge;– the type of treatment carried out;– the names and addresses of the recipients of the sludge and places where the sludge is to be used.The Government every four years must prepare a consolidated report on the use of sludge in agriculture, specifying quantities used, criteria followed and any difficulties encountered. This report must be forwarded to the Commission.Last but not least in the light of Member States reports, the Commission will if necessary submit appropriate proposals for increased protection of the soil and the environment.
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ZANOU, B., i A. KOPKE. "Cost-effective reduction of eutrophication in the Gulf of Kalloni (Island of Lesvos, Greece)". Mediterranean Marine Science 2, nr 1 (1.06.2001): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.272.
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This study presents a cost-effective analysis by comparing the costs of measures (options) to improve the quality of bathing waters in the Gulf of Kalloni (island of Lesvos, Greece) in order to reduce the anthropogenic eutrophication in the coastal water of the Kalloni Gulf.The Gulf of Kalloni is a semi-enclosed gulf (115 km2) which receives municipal wastewater, agricultural activity drainage, and at times sewage from olive oil plants processing the local olives harvest. The area of study consists of the coastal waters and the river basin of which water run-off drains into the gulf. Four options are comparable in their environmental effectiveness to reduce eurtophication damages which are: municipal wastewater treatment plant, construction of dams, organic farming plus training and olive oil wastewater treatment plant.
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Wang, Baozhen. "The Development of Ecological Wastewater Treatment and Utilization Systems (EWTUS) in China". Water Science and Technology 19, nr 1-2 (1.01.1987): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0188.
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Experience and practice of the treatment and utilization of sewage and organic wastewaters using stabilization ponds with artificial or semi-artificial ecosystems in China are described. The eco-ponds being used in China are different from those with symbiotic algae/bacteria systems in that the former consist of not only bacteria and fungi as decomposers and algae as producers, but also fish, shrimps, shellfish, ducks, geese, etc. These are consumers at different trophic levels in food chains or food webs in the pond communities where fish farming and/or duck and geese raising takes place. The eco-ponds are characterized by low capital and operation costs, energy savings, high removal efficiencies for a wide variety of pollutants, and considerable Drofits that can be gained from comprehensive utilization of wastewaters as recoverable resources. Some typical eco-ponds for treatment and utilization of municipal and industrial wastewaters, such as fish farming ponds in Changsha, (Hunan), and in Ehcheng, (Hubei), hydrophyte ponds in Shaoxing, (Jejiang) and in Shijiazhuang, (Hebei), and treatment/storage lagoons with ecosystems are described in detail. The concept of ecological systems for treatment and utilization of wastewaters, and the various ecological wastewater treatment and utilization systems (EWTUS) available for different regions, are also discussed in this paper.