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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Serfdom”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 31 lipca 2024

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1

Khalifaeva, Angela K., i Madina Kh Amirkhanova. "Legal registration of serfdom in Russia". Law Нerald of Dagestan State University 43, nr 3 (2022): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2224-0241-2022-43-3-30-38.

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The origin and development of serfdom in is one of the most complex processes. Unlike European states, in Russia it had some features: a distinctively late period of occurrence, the connection of the emergence process with the evolution of landed property. Serfdom, which formed the basis of the Russian order, inevitably had to receive its more or less clearly developed legal form. Serfdom was formed by virtue of the actual state of affairs, determined by the attachment of the peasant to the land and his subordinate position. In order to sufficiently reveal the issue of the legal registration of serfdom in Russia, it is necessary to consider its development in stages, based on legislative acts, which most fully and objectively affected the enslavement of the peasant population and changed the legal status of residents. The article examines the history of the emergence of serfdom from the moment of its inception to its legal consolidation; changes in the state and the impact of the legal consolidation of serfdom on the development of the Russian state, the essence of serfdom and what stages it went through from its inception to its abolition, inclusive. Also, the article describes the views of Russian and Soviet historians on the circumstances and causes of the emergence of serfdom. Various scientific and historical approaches to the problem of studying serfdom in Russia are analyzed, the consequences of serfdom for Russia and the Russian people are described. Moving on to the stage of emancipation of the peasants, historians are unanimous that serfdom had a negative impact on all aspects of society, but for Soviet historians, serfdom became one of the reasons for the "economic and cultural backwardness of Russia", and for "Western historians –a consequence of backwardness".

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2

Phillips, Michael. "Cease survey serfdom". Lancet 343, nr 8907 (maj 1994): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92457-0.

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Moon, David. "Reassessing Russian Serfdom". European History Quarterly 26, nr 4 (październik 1996): 483–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026569149602600401.

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Andersen, Espen. "End laptop serfdom". Ubiquity 2008, February (luty 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1361367.1348482.

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Prodan, David. "The Origins of Serfdom in Transylvania". Slavic Review 49, nr 1 (1990): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500412.

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The following article, a translation of an essay by Romanian historian David Prodan, summarizes his research concerning three and a half centuries of serfdom in Transylvania, a subject on which he has worked in minute detail for fifty years. The essay presents a global image of the Transylvanian variant of European serfdom, a variant that shows serfdom in its gravest form–that of personal servitude, in which the peasant is bound to both the lord and the soil–and considers how this bondage came about. In this brief introduction, I will place the essay within the context of Academician Prodan's writings and of other work on serfdom in Eastern Europe.

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Stanziani, Alessandro. "Revisiting Russian Serfdom: Bonded Peasants and Market Dynamics, 1600s–1800s". International Labor and Working-Class History 78, nr 1 (2010): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547910000098.

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AbstractThe notion of the “second serfdom” has to be revisited. I claim that the introduction, the evolution, and the abolition of serfdom in Russia should be seen as a long-term process, beginning no later than the late sixteenth century and ending at the eve of the First World War. In particular, I show that serfdom was never officially institutionalized in Russia and that the rules usually evoked to justify this argument actually were not meant to “bind” the peasantry but to distinguish noble estate owners from state-service nobles and “bourgeois.” Contrary to what has been argued by Witold Kula and Immanuel Wallerstein, the rise of capitalism in the West did not exploit the rise of serfdom in the East, but both East and West were part of the same global wave of commercialization, protoindustrialization, and industrialization.

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7

Millward, Robert, i Evsey D. Domar. "Capitalism, Socialism and Serfdom." Economic History Review 44, nr 1 (luty 1991): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597531.

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8

Komlos, John. "Another Road to Serfdom". Challenge 59, nr 6 (listopad 2016): 491–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05775132.2016.1244459.

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9

Hayek, Friedrich A. Von, i Asad Zaman. "The Road to Serfdom". Journal of Islamic Business and Management 3, nr 2 (grudzień 2013): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0005001.

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Stanziani, Alessandro. "Russian Serfdom: A Reappraisal". Ab Imperio 2014, nr 2 (2014): 71–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/imp.2014.0042.

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11

Cooper, Richard N., i Friedrich A. Von Hayek. "The Road to Serfdom". Foreign Affairs 76, nr 5 (1997): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20048218.

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12

Steffen, Anka. "Silesia, Serfdom, and Slavery". Journal of Global Slavery 8, nr 2-3 (26.10.2023): 237–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00802012.

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Abstract From the seventeenth to the twentieth century, Silesian linen production was closely linked to Atlantic slavery. Initially, Silesian linen was a commodity of varying quality, strategically adapted to either satisfy free consumers in Africa or serve as clothing for enslaved Africans or European colonists in the Americas. To keep their selling prices low, Silesian merchants adopted serfdom to exploit spinners and weavers. Later industrialists in the region relied on impoverished factory workers to manufacture competitive products, like tropical clothing for the colonies. This study contributes to a better understanding of the interconnectedness of the Silesian economy with Atlantic slavery by examining the practices through which Silesian actors shaped local conditions that became springboards for business opportunities related to slavery.

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13

Yakhshiyan, O. Yu. "Peter the Great and the “modernisation” of serfdom in Russia". Vestnik Universiteta, nr 10 (30.11.2021): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2021-10-39-45.

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The article examines the transformations of Peter the Great in the context of the evolution of serfdom in Russia. The author substantiates the thesis that during the Peter’s transformations, the so-called “second edition of serfdom” took place, replacing its original, forced by objective conditions of survival and development of the country, estate-legal grounds. The substitution of the serfdom’s grounds is seen primarily in the rejection by the state of the conditionality principle of noble rights to the estate by compulsory lifelong service in the army, namely, this followed from the extension to estates of the patrimony’s possessory format. The analysis of the decree on single inheritance and its interpretations in historiography allowed us to conclude that the liberation of noble land ownership from the encumbrance of compulsory service created a legal basis for the subsequent “freedom of the nobility”, the rapid expansion of the privileges of the “noble estate” and, mainly, the ownership rights to land and peasants. The tax reform of Peter led to the fact that landlords began to assimilate the view of peasants as serfs, completely dependent on them, especially in the conditions of the responsibility imposed by the state on the owner of the estate for the payment of poll taxes and the supply of recruits.

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14

Szentpáli-Gavallér, Pál. "The impact of the April 1848 laws on the transformation of society, or the abolition of serfdom". Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 57, nr 3 (2023): 853–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns57-45151.

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The study describes the development of serfdom, the Dózsa Uprising, which was caused by social conflicts and the limitation of serfdom and their legal consequences. A significant milestone was the Urbárium of 1767, followed by two other decisive boundary stones: the Revolution of 1848 and the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The latter was also significant in the way that it paved the way for the Austro-Hungarian Empire (alongside Japan) to enter the First World War, in parallel with and in a similar way to the Meiji Restoration, which began in Japan in 1867-1868. The study outlines the relations between serfdom and the peasantry, not only from a legal-historical, but also from an economic and social-historical perspective.

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15

Kennedy, Peter. "The Keynesian Road to ‘Serfdom’". Critique 41, nr 2 (maj 2013): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03017605.2013.805006.

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16

Caldwell, Bruce. "The Road to Serfdom symposium." European Journal of Political Economy 21, nr 4 (grudzień 2005): 1054–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2004.08.006.

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17

Colander, David. "The many roads to serfdom". European Journal of Political Economy 21, nr 4 (grudzień 2005): 1060–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2004.08.007.

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18

Gorskaya, Natalia Ivanovna. "Smolensk nobility against the government: from the history of the abolition of serfdom in Russia". Российская история, nr 1 (15.02.2023): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2949124x23010054.

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The article analyzes the participation of the Smolensk nobility in the discussion of the peasant question in Russia in 1847-1859. The author focuses on the perception of government initiatives by the Smolensk nobility, its reaction to plans to abolish serfdom before the rescripts and during their discussion. The article shows that the local «program» of the abolition of serfdom in general was formed during the work of country meetings, before the opening of the provincial committee; that the government, involving the provincial nobility in the preparation of the reform, saw in him only an unquestioning executor of the orders of the center, that it was the clash of state and local interests that led to consolidation of Smolensk landowners, who defended the possibility of preserving farms even after the abolition of serfdom.

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19

Babinskas, Nerijus. "Economic challenges in Early Modern Ages and different responses of European margins. Comparative considerations based on historiography: the cases of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Moldavian Principality". Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 4, nr 2 (15.12.2012): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v4i2_3.

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This paper desires to draw attention to some stereotypes that simplify perception of historical reality, but nevertheless still prevail in historiography. There is a very common statement about the so-called second edition of serfdom (based on manorial-serve economy) that spread all around the Eastern Europe region in the 16th century. This turn in social development is usually explained as determined by internal as well as external factors. If the problem considered is placed under Marxist views, one can distinguish two extreme poles: traditional Marxism and world-system approach. Supporters of traditional Marxism emphasize internal factors while adherents of world-system attitude accentuate external factors. The author argues that the regime of serfdom established in Moldova until 1600 is not consistent with the classic model. In this case, one can talk only about another type of second serfdom that differs from that of Eastern Germany as well as from Central Europe. It would be also a gross simplification to claim that second serfdom phenomenon was caused exclusively by external reasons. Internal causes are not less but probably even more decisive, at least in some cases. As the work of Darius Žiemelis has showed recently, statements of world-system approach toward certain societies are worth of critical reconsideration.

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20

Žiemelis, Darius. "The problem of the application of the term second serfdom in the history of Central Eastern Europe: the case of Lithuanian economy in the 16th-19th (until 1861)". Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 7, nr 1 (15.08.2015): 123–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v7i1_6.

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In the 16th-19th centuries (until 1861) the term second serfdom is not applied in the investigations of the economic organization of Lithuania. However, the theory of the neo-Marxist capitalist world system (CWS) of the most famous and influential American comparative historical sociology representative I. Wallerstein offers to look at the phenomenon of the second serfdom from a global perspective emphasizing external causes and to consider it a manifestation of peripheral capitalism in Central Eastern Europe. In his fundamental work The Modern World System, the Polish and Lithuanian social economic order in the 16th-18th centuries is treated as the periphery of the CWS at that time. The goal of this article is using the access of modern comparative historical sociology to answer the question of whether the term second serfdom is applicable (and if so, when) to describe the economic organization of Lithuania in 1557–1861. The article states that in view of the economic development of Lithuania in 1557–1861 considering an essential component of the CWS theory – the concept of peripheral capitalism, the features of the second serfdom are most distinctly seen in Lithuania not in the 16th-18th centuries (as I. Wallerstein stated), but in the second half of the 18th century – 1861.

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Wyżga, Mateusz. "Peasants’ Serfdom, Freedom and Mobility in the Cracow Province (1501–1800)". Journal of Migration History 8, nr 2 (15.06.2022): 267–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-08020007.

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Abstract The article analyses the mobility of peasants, especially in the context of their relations with their landlords. It considers the role of serfdom and demesne lordship, and the circumstances in which peasants left their villages, whether legally or illegally. It then examines measurements of geographical distances covered in such movements. In the period under review, the predominance of short-distance mobility was characteristic of the peasant population in the Polish Lands; the average scope of the geography of their everyday life was about 15 kilometres. What is important for today’s understanding of both serfdom in Polish history and peasant mobility, is the relationship between the landlord, the leaseholder and the serf. Another key circumstance is that, while limiting the serfs’ mobility by restricting their personal freedom, serfdom also generated mobility through various orders given to peasants with respect to transport services.

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22

Parent, Arnaud. "The Pen and the Scythe: The Peasant Question in the 18th-Century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Writings of Contemporary French Littérateurs". Lithuanian Historical Studies 27, nr 1 (22.12.2023): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-02701001.

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In the 18th century, people in Western Europe knew very little about the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which was perceived as an odd and anarchic regime, where not only did serfdom make agriculture inefficient, it was also a pretext for neighbouring powers to interfere in its domestic affairs. Nevertheless, Enlightenment ideas, spreading little by little, raised the question of the status of the peasants in the Commonwealth. Displaying observations made by French travellers or residents (Chappe d’Auteroche, Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Linguet, Jaucourt, Dubois de Jancigny, Caraccioli, Vautrin, Gilibert) on the Commonwealth’s peasantry, and reflections by thinkers (Mably, Rousseau, Baudeau, Le Mercier de la Rivière), the article intends to show how these authors contributed to raising the issue of serfdom in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the public sphere, and evaluates their influence on readers both in the Commonwealth and abroad. Although the social and political conditions were not yet there for the complete liberation of the serfs, the littérateurs’ reflections were food for thought for the Polish-Lithuanian elite. Had the Commonwealth not been partitioned, progressive ideas would have taken root, little by little, and the peasants would have gained personal and civic rights, becoming full citizens of their country. Our survey aims to set forth little-known authors, expanding the knowledge of French literature devoted to the 18th-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and broadening the historiography on the peasant question in the Commonwealth. The article encompasses: I. French travellers and residents’ accounts of the peasantry of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; II. French educators’ intervention in the debate on serfdom in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; III. The reflections of Philosophes and Physiocrats on serfdom in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; IV. The reception of French littérateurs’ writings on serfdom in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Seppel, Marten. "THE SEMIOTICS OF SERFDOM: How serfdom was perceived in the Swedish conglomerate state, 1561–1806". Scandinavian Journal of History 45, nr 1 (15.05.2019): 48–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2019.1612466.

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Watt, J. A. "The Jews, The Law, and The Church: The Concept of Jewish Serfdom in Thirteenth-Century England". Studies in Church History. Subsidia 9 (1991): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143045900001927.

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The concept of Jewish serfdom has always figured prominently in interpretations of the medieval Jewish European past. It has seemed at once to hold the key to the understanding of Jewish status at both civil and ecclesiastical law and to mark in an especially dramatic way the degraded position (to some historians, a legal condition of rightlessness) forced on Jews in the period that witnessed a marked deterioration in their position in Christendom. ‘Crucial for an understanding of the entire Jewish position in the medieval world’, Salo Baron has written, summarizing a long-established interpretation, ‘is the institution of “Jewish serfdom”.’ And Gavin Langmuir sees the concept as dominating present historiography about the legal status of medieval Jews. This dominance, however, he has challenged: ‘To speak of Jews as royal serfs or “serfs” only obscures legal realities… Neither Jewish status in canon law nor Jewish status in secular law are accurately described as Jewish serfdom.’

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Braniewicz, Oktawia. "Kamil Janicki, Pańszczyzna. Prawdziwa historia polskiego niewolnictwa – recenzja". Civitas Hominibus. Rocznik Filozoficzno-Społeczny 16, nr 1 (14.03.2022): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25312/2391-5145.16/2021_09oeb.

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Алексеев, К. В. "Serfdom as a Social and Political Problem in J. P. Polonsky’s Works". Вестник Рязанского государственного университета имени С.А. Есенина, nr 2(71) (7.07.2021): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2021.71.2.012.

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В статье анализируется отношение к крепостному праву как социально-политической проблеме в произведениях Я. П. Полонского «Свежее преданье» (включая план ненаписанных глав), «Признания Сергея Чалыгина» и «Дешевый город». Рассматриваются герои трех романов, с помощью которых писатель рисует правдивую картину жизни русского общества в 1820-е, 1840-е и 1850-е годы, а также показывает существовавшие в обществе позиции по отношению к крепостному праву. Через некоторых героев автор транслирует свое собственное мнение по поводу крепостной зависимости крестьян: рассказчик, Камков, Лора, Ульяна Ивановна, князь Таптыгин, баронесса («Свежее преданье»); Сергей Чалыгин, его мать, Кремнев («Признания Сергея Чалыгина»); Елатомский, Эвина, Бавин («Дешевый город»). Выделяются следующие аспекты трактовки Полонским проблемы крепостного права: протест против крепостного права неразрывно связан с идеями свободы и равноправия, при этом свобода понимается писателем не как проявление абсолютной воли человека, а как ответственное отношение к интересам общества и других людей; в среде либерально настроенной интеллигенции (особенно в 1850-е годы), как показывает писатель, существовало противоречие, заключающееся в расхождении слов и жизни за счет труда крепостных крестьян; неоднозначное отношение самих крестьян к возможному освобождению от крепостной зависимости ставит вопрос о готовности землепашцев принять свободу. Отмечается, что наиболее либеральные и демократические установки персонажей произведений совпадают с авторским мировоззрением. Делается вывод о том, что в исследуемых романах Я. П. Полонский пропагандирует идеи свободы, выступает против крепостного права, а также правдиво передает распространенные в русском обществе в 1820–1850-х годах настроения в контексте данной проблемы. Рассмотрение Полонским социально-политических проблем при этом отличается оригинальностью: писатель вкрапляет в ткань произведений диалоги, небольшие лаконичные зарисовки, краткие рассуждения, касающиеся вопросов политики, в частности крепостного права, и только целостный анализ текста позволяет понять позицию автора. The article analyzes J. P. Polonsky’s attitude to serfdom as a social and political problem through the prism of Polonsky’s novels “A Lovely Promise” (including the unwritten chapters), “Sergey Chalygin’s Confessions” and “A Cheap City”. The article focuses on the characters of the three novels whose images help the writer to depict the life of Russian society in the 1820s, the 1840s, and the 1850s, as well as to render social attitudes to serfdom. Some of the characters function as the author’s mouthpiece, showing Polonsky’s attitude to serfdom. These characters are the narrator, Kamkov, Lora, Ulyana Ivanovna, count Taptygin, the baroness (“A Lovely Promise”), Sergey Chalygin, his mother, Kremnev (“Sergey Chalygin’s Confessions”), Elatomsky, Evina, Bavin (“A Cheap City”). The article highlights the following aspects of Polonsky’s attitude to serfdom: serfdom is a monstrous practice which robs a person of their innate right to freedom and equality. The writer doesn’t treat freedom as manifestation of free will, but as recognition and respect for others. Polonsky underlines the discrepancy between liberal ideas expressed by representatives of intelligentsia and their acceptance of serfdom, he highlightes that peasants treated emancipation differently and sometimes they were not willing to accept freedom. The article maintains that Polonsky’s characters’ liberal and democratic ideas reflect the writers’ worldview. The author of the article concludes that in the aforementioned novels, J. P. Polonsky propagates freedom, censures serfdom, describes social attitudes to serfdom prevalent in Russian society in the 1820s–1850s. Polonsky’s treatment of social and political problems is strikingly unique. The writer’s ideas and attitudes can only be uncovered through close reading, through comprehensive analysis of the characters’ dialogues and short sketches on political issues.

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Yakhshiyan, O. Yu. "The “golden age” of Russian serfdom". Vestnik Universiteta, nr 8 (28.09.2022): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2022-8-28-34.

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The article attempts to show the apogee of Russian serfdom as one of the most significant direct and immediate results of Peter the Great’s transformations. The proprietary (proprietorial) interest of the landed gentry in relation to the local lands and peasants received a previously unthinkable impulse due to Peter’s elevation of the status of estates to patrimonial, as well as the erasure of the legal boundary between serfs and peasants by turning both into “audit souls” during the tax reform. Already in the last years of Peter the Great’s reign, the authorities were inclined to identify the right of landlords to peasants with the right to immovable property in the context of the evolution of serfdom in Russia. The article discusses in detail the practice of distribution by emperors and empresses of lands with peasants into ownership as a reward for special merits. The author analyzed the post-Petrine legislation that expanded the class privileges of the nobility and strengthened their ownership rights in relation to landlords and peasants. Particular attention is paid to the practice of selling landlord peasants without land and with the separation of families. The historical significance of Peter’s and post-Peter’s policies of a sharp strengthening of the ownership (proprietary) rights of nobles to land and peasants in their estates lies primarily in the accumulation of a powerful conflict potential in Russian society for the long term. The “time bomb” laid by Peter I and his immediate successors in the inter-verbal relations of the local nobility and the peasantry dependent on it will explode at the beginning of the twentieth century, and it will give rise to a great peasant revolution in Russia.

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Toumanoff, Peter G. "The Profitability of Serfdom: A Comment". Journal of Economic History 45, nr 4 (grudzień 1985): 955–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700035191.

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Domar, Evsey D., i Mark J. Machina. "The Profitability of Serfdom: A Reply". Journal of Economic History 45, nr 4 (grudzień 1985): 960–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700035208.

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In discussing Catherine II's proficiency in the Russian language, the historian Kliuchevaskii remarked that “she could make four mistakes in spelling a Russian word consisting of three letters.” According to Peter Toumanoff, we have performed a similar feat by making no fewer than five major mistakes in a single paper.

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30

Adylov, Albert. "Peasant Liberation Project of 1857 as Disproof of the Myth about Muravyov as Serfdom Supporter". Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 4 (25.12.2023): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2023-0-4-199-208.

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Bursac, Dejan. "KRIZA MAĐARSKE DEMOKRATIJE U LOKALNOM I GLOBALNOM KONTEKSTU". Srpska politička misao 67, nr 1/2020 (30.04.2020): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22182/spm.6712020.15.

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Zakharov, Vitaly Yu, Vladimir A. Volkov, Anna N. Ivanova, Irina N. Velmozhko i Olga B. Chirikova. "The optimality of the option of abolishing serfdom in Russia, implemented in 1861". Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, nr 46 (25.10.2021): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.46.10.2.

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The article discusses the controversial issues related to the abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861: its causes, features of preparation and implementation. The authors focus on the question of whether the implemented version of the abolition of serfdom in Russia was optimal. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of the abolition of serfdom in Russia is carried out with similar reforms in European countries, which could serve as a reference point, primarily in Austria and Prussia. It is concluded that the peasant reform in Russia in 1861 (in the final version) was carried out primarily in the interests of the state and not of individual social groups (landowners and peasants). It is the state that has benefited most from the implementation of this particular version of the reform, both financially and politically. Among the losers there were both peasants (to a greater extent) and landowners (to a lesser extent). The main thing was that the reform provoked the problem of the lack of land of the majority of peasants, which in the future became one of the main reasons for the social explosion and revolutions at the beginning of the XX century.

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33

Buynova, K. R. "“Hinting at Our Own Sore Spot”: Travelers to America about Slavery on the Eve of the Abolition of Serfdom in Russia". History 17, nr 8 (2018): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-8-65-77.

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The investigation is dedicated to the comparison of serfdom in Russia and slavery in America made by Russian travelers taking part in the public debate on the possible abolition of serfdom in Russia in the late 1850s. The travelers published their voyage notes in highly rated newspapers and magazines, such as «Sankt-Peterburgskie vedomosti», «Sovremennik», «Otechestvennye zapiski», «Russkii vestnik» and «Morskoi sbornik», trying to do it simultaneously with their experience abroad, concerned about the urgency and importance of their contribution towards wider discussion. At the same time, imperial censorship did not allow them to share their thoughts directly, so authors would refrain from direct naming of issues or criticism of the government. The purpose of the article is to show how the American experience, expounded and shared by the Russian travelers, enriched the public debate on the abolition of serfdom in Russia in the late 1850s, persuading the sceptics, and suggesting a new angle of vision to the upholders of the emancipation of Russian serfs. One of the most important factors that determined the interaction between the authors and readers about slavery in America was the censorship. Despite rumors about the possible abolition of serfdom, which spread immediately after the coronation of Alexander II, the censorship on the topic didn’t abate immediately. In the second half of the 1850s numerous decrees were published, contradictory and inconsistent, that reflected either indecision of the government, reaction, or most careful encouragement of the public initiative. Therefore as the rules of the game were constantly changing, the authors had to make use of many circumlocutions and hints, avoiding direct naming of what they were in fact writing about. By the end of the decade however, social excitement triumphed over confused censorship.

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34

Smith, Alison K. "A Microhistory of the Global Empire of Cotton: Ivanovo, The ‘Russian Manchester’*". Past & Present 244, nr 1 (13.07.2019): 163–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtz017.

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Abstract The serf village of Ivanovo became one of the major centres of cotton production in tsarist Russia. This unexpected juxtaposition of serfdom and the beginnings of capitalist industry has made Ivanovo into an object of curiosity within histories of the Russian economy and of Russian serfdom. Thinking about Ivanovo as both a site of microhistory–the study of the ‘typical exception’–and as part of the global world of cotton both helps to explain Ivanovo’s development and helps to disrupt the notion of distinct phases of economic development that necessarily go along with distinct phases of political development. This article focuses on one period of Ivanovo’s history: a period beginning in the late 1820s, when Ivanovo’s owner, Count Sheremetev, began to manumit some of his wealthy serf industrialists. Many of them remained in the village and continued to produce the cotton calico that had already brought them their wealth and the village its fame. Although a feeling of a village society divided into separate classes had already begun to develop, this process gave new form to that development. In particular, the very institutional form of serfdom helped to create a stronger vision of a separate working class and industrial class.

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35

Hall, Robert L., i Peter Kolchin. "Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom". Journal of the Early Republic 8, nr 2 (1988): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3123824.

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Yoshino, Yusuke. "F. A. Hayekʼs The Road to Serfdom:". History of Economic Thought 55, nr 1 (2013): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5362/jshet.55.1_36.

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Hoch, Steven L., i Peter Kolchin. "Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom". American Historical Review 93, nr 5 (grudzień 1988): 1287. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1873540.

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38

Morgan, Philip, i Peter Kolchin. "Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom". William and Mary Quarterly 45, nr 3 (lipiec 1988): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1923662.

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Dyzenhaus, David. "THE END OF THE ROAD TO SERFDOM?" University of Toronto Law Journal 63, nr 2 (kwiecień 2013): 310–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/utlj.63.2.300412ra.

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Bartlett, Roger. "Serfdom and State Power in Imperial Russia". European History Quarterly 33, nr 1 (styczeń 2003): 29–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265691403033001638.

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Reidy, Joseph P., i Peter Kolchin. "Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom". Journal of American History 75, nr 1 (czerwiec 1988): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1889714.

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42

Caldwell, Bruce. "The Road to Serfdom after 75 Years". Journal of Economic Literature 58, nr 3 (1.09.2020): 720–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20191542.

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This paper revisits Friedrich Hayek’s book, The Road to Serfdom, on the seventy-fifth anniversary of its publication. Though the book is well-known, its arguments are often mischaracterized. The paper traces the origins of the book, noting the various people and arguments that Hayek was responding to, and places it in the context of its times. The structure of the book is explored and some common criticisms addressed. Finally, it is shown how, after its publication, the book took on a life of its own. (JEL B25, B31, P11, P16, P21, P26)

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Luebke, David Martin. "Serfdom and honour in eighteenth‐century Germany∗". Social History 18, nr 2 (maj 1993): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071029308567870.

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Freedman, Paul H. "Catalan Lawyers and the Origins of Serfdom". Mediaeval Studies 48 (styczeń 1986): 288–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.ms.2.306341.

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Conrad, Robert Edgar, i M. L. Bush. "Serfdom and Slavery: Studies in Legal Bondage." American Historical Review 102, nr 5 (grudzień 1997): 1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2171074.

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Dew, Charles B., i Peter Kolchin. "Unfree Labor: American Slavery and Russian Serfdom." Journal of Southern History 55, nr 4 (listopad 1989): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2209045.

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47

Munting, R. "Unfree labor. American slavery and Russian serfdom". History of European Ideas 10, nr 1 (styczeń 1989): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(89)90323-9.

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Brown, Aaron. "The Road Less Traveled by to Serfdom". Wilmott 2018, nr 93 (styczeń 2018): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wilm.10639.

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Stanziani, Alessandro. "The Legal Status of Labour from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century: Russia in a Comparative European Perspective". International Review of Social History 54, nr 3 (grudzień 2009): 359–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859009990307.

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SummarySince at least the eighteenth century, free labour in “the West” has been contrasted with serf labour in Russia and “eastern Europe”. This paper intends to call that view into question and to show that serfdom was never officially institutionalized in Russia, and that the regulations usually invoked to justify that opinion were actually intended not to “bind” the peasantry but to identify noble estate owners, as distinct from nobles in state service or the “bourgeoisie”. However, it is a matter not only of legal definitions. This paper studies how the tsarist administration, nobles, and peasants themselves made use of courts of law in order to contest ownership titles and, on that basis, the obligations and legal status of peasants and workers. Great changes had occurred in their legal status before the official abolition of serfdom in 1861, in outcomes that were rather similar to those which had been recently achieved in the “second serfdom” in Prussia, Lithuania, and Poland. In turn, that means that such labour contracts and institutions were not the opposites of “free labour” contracts and institutions, which placed many more constraints on workers than is usually acknowledged. To prove the point, we compare tsarist regulations with the Master and Servants Acts and indenture in Britain and its Empire and with French regulations on labour, domesticity, and day labourers.

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Wichmanowski, Marcin. "Budowanie tożsamości chłopów w myśli politycznej i działalności Polskiego Stronnictwa Ludowego Piast". Polityka i Społeczeństwo 21, nr 1 (marzec 2023): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/polispol.2023.1.19.

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Over the centuries the identity of the peasants has evolved. It was largely influenced by the experiences of generations, shaped by history, socio-economic and political situation; it changed under the influence of the conditions in which they lived. The peasants' belonging to a specific community constituted the basis of their values and had a significant impact in all possible relationships. Identity – the authenticity of peasants was perpetuated in their long and quaint history, in the very difficult and peculiar existence of this social class. It was shaped in the course of centuries of hard work in closed peasant culture and customs. The serfdom system lasted 400 years, and these 400 years long the peasant identity was shaped. It is not surprising that despite the change in social conditions, they still remained in the shackles of the serfdom determined mentality. The formation of a certain type of personality, which lasted for a very long time, is considered an undoubted consequence of serfdom. Peasants constituted the cornerstone of society and the nation for the politicians of the Polish People's Party "Piast", they were the inspiration for their political concepts and actions. The article attempts to prove to what extent the living conditions of peasants determined their identity and to what extent the impact of activities of PSL Piast contributed to the transformation of their identity.

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