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1

Cameron, Oliver G. Visceral sensory neuroscience: Interoception. New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press, 2002.

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2

Cameron, Oliver G. Visceral sensory neuroscience: Interoception. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.

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3

1932-, Coggeshall Richard E., red. Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord. Wyd. 2. New York: Plenum Press, 1991.

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4

E, Coggeshall Richard, red. Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord. Wyd. 3. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2004.

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5

Willis, William D. Sensory mechanisms of the spinal cord. Wyd. 3. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2004.

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6

1951-, Urban Laszlo, North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. i NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Cellular Mechanisms of Sensory Processing (1993 : Wye, England), red. Cellular mechanisms of sensory processing: The somatosensory system. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1994.

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7

S, Lund Jennifer, Werner Gerhard 1921- i University of Pittsburgh. Center for Neuroscience., red. Sensory processing in the mammalian brain: Neural substrates and experimental strategies. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.

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8

Takao, Kumazawa, Kruger Lawrence i Mizumura Kazue, red. The polymodal receptor: A gateway to pathological pain. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1996.

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9

Visceral Sensory Neuroscience: Interoception. Oxford University Press, USA, 2001.

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10

Cameron, Oliver G. Visceral Sensory Neuroscience: Interoception. Oxford University Press, 2001.

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11

Jr, William D. Willis, i Richard E. Coggeshall. Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord: Volume 2 Ascending Sensory Tracts and Their Descending Control. Springer, 2013.

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12

McDougall, Jason J., i Joel A. Vilensky. The innervation of the joint and its role in osteoarthritis pain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0007.

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Diarthrodial joints possess an extensive network of sensory and sympathetic nerve fibres whose physiological functions are varied and complex. Nerves are primarily located in the synovium but also innervate the subchondral bone, the outer third of menisci, and the superficial surface of tendons and ligaments. Large-diameter, myelinated neurons are involved in joint position sense while small-diameter neurons with thin or no myelin typically sense pain. The small-diameter nerves in conjunction with sympathetic fibres control synovial blood flow and maintain joint homeostasis. In patients with osteoarthritis (OA), the sensory nerves become sensitized and increase their firing rate in response to normal movement. This peripheral sensitization is mediated by numerous algogenic agents released into the OA knee including neuropeptides, eicosanoids, and proteinases. A portion of joint afferents fire in the absence of mechanical stimuli and encode pain at rest. Interestingly, the firing rate of joint afferents does not correlate with OA severity, indicating that pain is a poor predictor of joint pathology. Evidence is accumulating to suggest that a subpopulation of OA patients who are unresponsive to classical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be suffering from neuropathic pain in which there is damage to the joint nerves themselves. Better understanding of the biology of joint nerves could help in the development of patient-targeted therapies to alleviate OA pain and inflammation.
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13

Jr, William D. Willis, i Richard E. Coggeshall. Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord: Volume 2: Ascending Sensory Tracts and their Descending Control. Wyd. 3. Springer, 2004.

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14

Jr, William D. Willis, i Richard E. Coggeshall. Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord: Volume 2 Ascending Sensory Tracts and Their Descending Control. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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15

Jr, William D. Willis. Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord. Springer, 2013.

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16

Jr, William D. Willis. Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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17

Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord. Wyd. 2. Springer, 2003.

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18

Urban, Laszlo. Cellular Mechanisms of Sensory Processing: The Somatosensory System. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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19

Urban, Laszlo. Cellular Mechanisms of Sensory Processing: The Somatosensory System. Springer London, Limited, 2011.

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20

Urban, Laszlo. Cellular Mechanisms of Sensory Processing: The Somatosensory System (Nato a S I Series Series H, Cell Biology). Springer-Verlag Telos, 1994.

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21

Casha, Steve, i Philippe Mercier. Normal anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord and peripheral nerves. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0220.

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The spinal cord and peripheral nerves carry motor and autonomic efferents, as well as sensory afferents connecting the cerebrum with the body. Efferent and afferent fibres form predictable tracts within the spinal cord, forming spinal nerves as they exit the spinal canal. Peripheral nerves are often formed from complicated plexuses of spinal nerves in the cervical, lumbar, and sacral spine. Dermatomes are formed from spinal nerves that innervate specific areas of skin, while myotomes innervate a specific set of muscles. The detailed anatomy of these structures are discussed. Knowledge of the anatomy of these structures is relevant to many clinical situations encountered in the intensive care unit especially with caring for neurological, neurosurgical, orthopaedic, and trauma patients.
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22

Butz, Martin V., i Esther F. Kutter. Behavioral Flexibility and Anticipatory Behavior. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0006.

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While reward-oriented learning can adapt and optimize behavior, this chapter shows how behavior can become anticipatory and selectively goal-oriented. Flexibility and adaptability are necessary when living in changing environmental niches. As a consequence, different locations in the environment need to be distinguished to enable selective and optimally attuned interactions. To accomplish this, sensorimotor learning is necessary. With sufficient sensorimotor knowledge, the progressively abstract learning of environmental predictive models becomes possible. These models enable forward anticipations about action consequences and incoming sensory information. As a consequence, our own influences on the environment can be distinguished from other influences, following the re-afference principle. Moreover, inverse anticipations enable the selection of the behavior that is believed to reach current goals most effectively. Coupled with motivations, goal-directed behavior can be generated self-motivatedly. Furthermore, curious, information seeking, epistemic behavior can be generated. The remainder of the book addresses how the brain accomplishes this goal-oriented, self-motivated generation of behavior and thought, where the latter can be considered mental behavior.
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23

Beninger, Richard J. Neuroanatomy and dopamine systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824091.003.0011.

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Neuroanatomy and dopamine systems explains how sensory signals ascend the central nervous system via a series of nuclei; axons detecting specific elements converge onto higher-order neurons that respond to particular stimulus features. Assemblies of feature-detection cells in the cerebral cortex detect complex stimuli such as faces. These cell assemblies project to motor nuclei of the dorsal and ventral striatum where they terminate on dendritic spines of efferent medium spiny neurons. Dopaminergic projections from ventral mesencephalic nuclei terminate on the same spines. Individual corticostriatal afferents contact relatively few medium spiny neurons and individual dopaminergic neurons contact a far larger number. Stimuli activate specific subsets of corticostriatal synapses. Synaptic activity that is closely followed by a rewarding stimulus, that produces a burst of action potentials in dopaminergic neurons, is modified so that those specific corticostriatal synapses acquire an increased ability to elicit approach and other responses in the future, i.e., incentive learning.
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24

Jr, William D. Willis, i Richard E. Coggeshall. Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord: Volume 1 Primary Afferent Neurons and the Spinal Dorsal Horn. Springer, 2012.

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25

Jr, William D. Willis, i Richard E. Coggeshall. Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord: Volume 1: Primary Afferent Neurons and the Spinal Dorsal Horn. Wyd. 3. Springer, 2004.

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26

Jr, William D. Willis, i Richard E. Coggeshall. Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord: Volume 1 Primary Afferent Neurons and the Spinal Dorsal Horn. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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27

M, Pubols Lillian, Sessle Barry J. 1941- i International Union of Physiological Sciences. Congress, red. Effects of injury on trigeminal and spinal somatosensory systems: Proceedings of a satellite symposium of the XXX Congress of the International Union of Physiological Sciences held at Timberline Lodge, Oregon, July 20-23, 1986. New York: Liss, 1987.

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28

(Editor), T. Kumazawa, L. Kruger (Editor) i K. Mizumura (Editor), red. The Polymodal Receptor - A Gateway to Pathological Pain (Progress in Brain Research). Elsevier Science, 1996.

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