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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Sensor heterogeneity"
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Aderohunmu, Femi A., Jeremiah D. Deng i Martin Purvis. "Enhancing Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks with Energy Heterogeneity". International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking 7, nr 4 (październik 2011): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jbdcn.2011100102.
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While wireless sensor networks (WSN) are increasingly equipped to handle more complex functions, in-network processing still requires the battery-powered sensors to judiciously use their constrained energy so as to prolong the elective network life time. There are a few protocols using sensor clusters to coordinate the energy consumption in a WSN, but how to deal with energy heterogeneity remains a research question. The authors propose a modified clustering algorithm with a three-tier energy setting, where energy consumption among sensor nodes is adaptive to their energy levels. A theoretical analysis shows that the proposed modifications result in an extended network stability period. Simulation has been conducted to evaluate the new clustering algorithm against some existing algorithms under different energy heterogeneity settings, and favourable results are obtained especially when the energy levels are significantly imbalanced.
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Kneas, Kristi A., J. N. Demas, B. A. DeGraff i Ammasi Periasamy. "Fluorescence Microscopy Study of Heterogeneity in Polymer-supported Luminescence-based Oxygen Sensors". Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, nr 6 (listopad 2000): 551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100050010052.
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AbstractDespite the great potential of fluorescence microscopy, its application to date has largely been in the study of biological specimens. It will be shown that conventional fluorescence microscopy provides an invaluable tool with which to study the photophysics of polymer-supported luminescence-based oxygen sensors. The design of the imaging system, the measurement methods, and the data analysis used in the investigation of sensor systems are described. Fluorescence microscopic images of sensor films in which microheterogeneous regions exhibiting enhanced luminescence intensity and poorer oxygen quenching relative to the bulk response are shown. This is the first direct evidence that sensor molecules in various domains of the polymer support can exhibit different oxygen quenching properties. It will be shown that μ- and nano-crystallization of the sensor molecule are the probable source of both the observed heterogeneous microscopic responses and the microscopic and macroscopic nonlinear Stern-Volmer plots. The implications of these results in the rational design of luminescence-based oxygen sensors are discussed.
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Xue, Xingsi, i Junfeng Chen. "A Preference-Based Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm for Semiautomatic Sensor Ontology Matching". International Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research 9, nr 2 (kwiecień 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsir.2018040101.
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This article describes how with the advent of sensors for collecting environmental data, many sensor ontologies have been developed. However, the heterogeneity of sensor ontologies blocks semantic interoperability between them and limits their applications. Ontology matching is an effective technique to solve the problem of sensor ontology heterogeneity. To improve the quality of sensor ontology alignment, the authors propose a semiautomatic ontology matching technique based on a preference-based multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (PMOEA), which can utilize the user's knowledge of the solution's quality to direct MOEA to effectively match the heterogeneous sensor ontologies. The authors specifically construct a new multi-objective optimal model for the sensor ontology matching problem, propose a user preference-based t-dominance rule, and design a PMOEA to solve the sensor ontology matching problem. The experimental results show that their approach can significantly improve the sensor ontology alignment's quality under different heterogeneous situations.
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Xue, Xingsi, Chao Jiang, Jie Zhang, Hai Zhu i Chaofan Yang. "Matching sensor ontologies through siamese neural networks without using reference alignment". PeerJ Computer Science 7 (18.06.2021): e602. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.602.
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Sensors have been growingly used in a variety of applications. The lack of semantic information of obtained sensor data will bring about the heterogeneity problem of sensor data in semantic, schema, and syntax levels. To solve the heterogeneity problem of sensor data, it is necessary to carry out the sensor ontology matching process to determine correspondences among heterogeneous sensor concepts. In this paper, we propose a Siamese Neural Network based Ontology Matching technique (SNN-OM) to align the sensor ontologies, which does not require the utilization of reference alignment to train the network model. In particular, a representative concepts extraction method is presented to enhance the model’s performance and reduce the time of the training process, and an alignment refining method is proposed to enhance the alignments’ quality by removing the logically conflict correspondences. The experimental results show that SNN-OM is capable of efficiently determining high-quality sensor ontology alignments.
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Xue, Xingsi, Jiawei Lu, Chengcai Jiang i Yikun Huang. "Sensor Ontology Metamatching with Heterogeneity Measures". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (25.11.2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6666228.
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The heterogeneity problem among different sensor ontologies hinders the interaction of information. Ontology matching is an effective method to address this problem by determining the heterogeneous concept pairs. In the matching process, the similarity measure serves as the kernel technique, which calculates the similarity value of two concepts. Since none of the similarity measures can ensure its effectiveness in any context, usually, several measures are combined together to enhance the result’s confidence. How to find suitable aggregating weights for various similarity measures, i.e., ontology metamatching problem, is an open challenge. This paper proposes a novel ontology metamatching approach to improve the sensor ontology alignment’s quality, which utilizes the heterogeneity features on two ontologies to tune the aggregating weight set. In particular, three ontology heterogeneity measures are firstly proposed to, respectively, evaluate the heterogeneity values in terms of syntax, linguistics, and structure, and then, a semiautomatically learning approach is presented to construct the conversion functions that map any two ontologies’ heterogeneity values to the weights for aggregating the similarity measures. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that heterogeneity features are proposed and used to solve the sensor ontology metamatching problem. The effectiveness of the proposal is verified by comparing with using state-of-the-art ontology matching techniques on Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI)’s testing cases and two pairs of real sensor ontologies.
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Huang, Yikun, Xingsi Xue i Chao Jiang. "Semantic Integration of Sensor Knowledge on Artificial Internet of Things". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (25.07.2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8815001.
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Artificial Internet of Things (AIoT) integrates Artificial Intelligence (AI) with the Internet of Things (IoT) to create the sensor network that can communicate and process data. To implement the communications and co-operations among intelligent systems on AIoT, it is necessary to annotate sensor data with the semantic meanings to overcome heterogeneity problem among different sensors, which requires the utilization of sensor ontology. Sensor ontology formally models the knowledge on AIoT by defining the concepts, the properties describing a concept, and the relationships between two concepts. Due to human’s subjectivity, a concept in different sensor ontologies could be defined with different terminologies and contexts, yielding the ontology heterogeneity problem. Thus, before using these ontologies, it is necessary to integrate their knowledge by finding the correspondences between their concepts, i.e., the so-called ontology matching. In this work, a novel sensor ontology matching framework is proposed, which aggregates three kinds of Concept Similarity Measures (CSMs) and an alignment extraction approach to determine the sensor ontology alignment. To ensure the quality of the alignments, we further propose a compact Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (cPSO) to optimize the aggregating weights for the CSMs and a threshold for filtering the alignment. The experiment utilizes the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI)’s conference track and two pairs of real sensor ontologies to test cPSO’s performance. The experimental results show that the quality of the alignments obtained by cPSO statistically outperforms other state-of-the-art sensor ontology matching techniques.
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Borza, Paul Nicolae, Mihai Machedon-Pisu i Felix Hamza-Lup. "Design of Wireless Sensors for IoT with Energy Storage and Communication Channel Heterogeneity". Sensors 19, nr 15 (31.07.2019): 3364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19153364.
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Autonomous Wireless Sensors (AWSs) are at the core of every Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Current AWS technology allows the development of many IoT-based applications, ranging from military to bioengineering and from industry to education. The energy optimization of AWSs depends mainly on: Structural, functional, and application specifications. The holistic design methodology addresses all the factors mentioned above. In this sense, we propose an original solution based on a novel architecture that duplicates the transceivers and also the power source using a hybrid storage system. By identifying the consumption needs of the transceivers, an appropriate methodology for sizing and controlling the power flow for the power source is proposed. The paper emphasizes the fusion between information, communication, and energy consumption of the AWS in terms of spectrum information through a set of transceiver testing scenarios, identifying the main factors that influence the sensor node design and their inter-dependencies. Optimization of the system considers all these factors obtaining an energy efficient AWS, paving the way towards autonomous sensors by adding an energy harvesting element to them.
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Chand, Satish, Samayveer Singh i Bijendra Kumar. "3-Level Heterogeneity Model for Wireless Sensor Networks". International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security 5, nr 4 (3.04.2013): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijcnis.2013.04.06.
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Li, Zhenjiangi, Wenwei Chen, Mo Li i Jingsheng Lei. "Incorporating Energy Heterogeneity into Sensor Network Time Synchronization". IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 26, nr 1 (styczeń 2015): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2014.2307890.
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Zhu, Hai, Xingsi Xue, Chengcai Jiang i He Ren. "Multiobjective Sensor Ontology Matching Technique with User Preference Metrics". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (16.03.2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5594553.
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Due to the problem of data heterogeneity in the semantic sensor networks, the communications among different sensor network applications are seriously hampered. Although sensor ontology is regarded as the state-of-the-art knowledge model for exchanging sensor information, there also exists the heterogeneity problem between different sensor ontologies. Ontology matching is an effective method to deal with the sensor ontology heterogeneity problem, whose kernel technique is the similarity measure. How to integrate different similarity measures to determine the alignment of high quality for the users with different preferences is a challenging problem. To face this challenge, in our work, a Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) is used in determining different nondominated solutions. In particular, the evaluating metric on sensor ontology alignment’s quality is proposed, which takes into consideration user’s preferences and do not need to use the Reference Alignment (RA) beforehand; an optimization model is constructed to define the sensor ontology matching problem formally, and a selection operator is presented, which can make MOEA uniformly improve the solution’s objectives. In the experiment, the benchmark from the Ontology Alignment Evaluation Initiative (OAEI) and the real ontologies of the sensor domain is used to test the performance of our approach, and the experimental results show the validity of our approach.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Sensor heterogeneity"
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Stathopoulos, Athanasios. "Exploiting heterogeneity for routing in wireless sensor networks". Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1276406591&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Barceló, Lladó Marc. "Wireless sensor networks in the future internet of things: density, mobility, heterogeneity and integration". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/319688.
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Las redes de sensores inalámbricos están destinadas a revolucionar nuestra manera de vivir, trabajar y relacionarnos con el entorno. Aunque este tipo de redes ha estado en el foco de la investigación científica durante la última década, su rendimiento en implementaciones prácticas está todavía muy por detrás de los resultados teóricos. Esto es en gran parte debido a los problemas prácticos que aparecen en entornos reales. Como resultado, su uso está generalmente limitado a aplicaciones simples de monitorización del entorno. El objetivo de esta tesis es reducir el margen entre el potencial teórico y real de las redes de sensores inalámbricos y de esta manera incrementar su integración dentro de la sociedad. En concreto, la tesis se centra en los siguientes cuatro obstáculos: alta densidad de nodos, movilidad de nodos, tráfico heterogéneo e integración en el internet de las cosas.
Primero, el objetivo es el de reducir las interferencias en despliegues de alta densidad de nodos. Para ello se propone un esquema práctico para realizar el enrutado, el control de potencia y la selección de canal, basado en el protocolo RPL (Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks). Esta solución permite reducir las colisiones entre paquetes y además mejorar el consumo energético de este tipo de redes.
Segundo, se pretende mejorar la baja fiabilidad y robustez de las redes de sensores inalámbricos con nodos móviles. Con este objetivo se presenta un método que combina RPL con un sistema de enrutado que considera la posición de los nodos basado en el filtro de Kalman. Éste combina la eficiencia y fiabilidad de RPL permitiendo además manejar nodos móviles.
Tercero, se estudian maneras de proporcionar la calidad de servicio necesaria a las redes de sensores con tráfico heterogéneo. Para ello se propone una estrategia multi árbol basada en la construcción de múltiples instancias RPL. Ésta construye diferentes topologías virtuales para cada función objetivo, y de esta manera es posible atender los requisitos de cada flujo de tráfico de manera independiente.
Finalmente, se estudia la manera de integrar las redes de sensores inalámbricos dentro de la nube y el internet de las cosas. Con este objetivo se propone una formulación para coordinar la utilización de los recursos de la red de manera conjunta usando estrategias de virtualización y computación móvil en la nube. Esto permite reducir el consumo energético de la red, teniendo en cuenta las capacidades y limitaciones de cada nodo, satisfaciendo tanto los requisitos de los diferentes servicios como los de los usuarios.Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are expected to revolutionize the way we live, work, and interact with the physical environment. Although WSNs have been in the spotlight of the research community for the last decade, their performance in practical implementations is still far behind the theoretical results. This is mainly due to the practical issues that arise in real-life scenarios. As a result, WSNs are generally limited to simple environmental sensing applications. The aim of this thesis is to reduce the gap between the theoretical and real potential of WSNs, and therefore increase their integration in society. In particular, this thesis focuses on the following four practical obstacles: high node density, node mobility, traffic heterogeneity and integration with the future Internet of Things (IoT). First, we deal with the interference problem in high density sensor deployments. We address this issue proposing a pragmatic joint routing, transmission power control and channel allocation approach, built upon the well-known RPL (Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks). This reduces the average packet collisions and the energy consumption of WSNs. Second, we address the low communication reliability and robustness in WSNs with mobile nodes. In particular, we propose a solution that combines RPL with a position-based routing approach based on Kalman filtering. This provides the efficiency and reliability of RPL, and also includes mobility support for non-static nodes. Third, we study the problem of QoS (Quality of Service) provisioning in WSNs managing heterogeneous traffic. With this in mind, we propose a multi-tree approach based on the construction of multiple RPL Instances. This constructs multiple virtual topologies to address the particular requirements of each traffic flow individually. Finally, we focus on the efficient integration of wireless sensors with Cloud-based IoT platforms. In particular, we propose a formulation to orchestrate the resource utilization of the whole network, taking advantage of the recent advances in virtualization and mobile cloud computing. This optimizes the overall consumption, considering the capabilities and limitations of each node, while satisfying the service requirements and the individual users' demands.
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Erdenebat, Elberel. "Study of New Afton ore heterogeneity and its amenability to sensor based ore sorting". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62969.
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With extraction of low-grade and high throughput deposits, elimination of tonnes of uneconomic material is highly desired to reduce energy consumption and water usage in the mine/mill production cycle. Even though technologies such as sensor-based sorting has wide application for pre-concentration purposes, effectiveness of sorter systems and key parameters for sortability of a material are still in the developmental stage. Number of factors such as grade variability, mineralogical alteration and ore blending scenarios during material handling will significantly affect contents of a material resulting in unforeseen changes in downstream processes. For these reasons, the ‘ore heterogeneity’ parameter is studied to evaluate sortability of an ore material under varying mine production scenarios.
Production data, drillhole data and representative drawpoint samples were provided from the New Afton copper-gold mine located near Kamloops, BC. The New Afton mine utilizes the block caving method for extraction of ore from the copper-gold alkali-porphyry deposit.
The distribution heterogeneity (DH) parameter is estimated for the data sets and the quantity of potentially removable material ahead of delivery to mill is studied. The DH is defined by variation of grade of a group of samples that constitute a lot, i.e. a group being an equal tonnage of material drawn from a drawpoint and the lot being the drawpoint. With this approach, the DH is analyzed across drawpoints, vertically within a drawpoint and along drill holes with changing vertical intervals of 0.5m – 10m. The DH values are compared with copper grades and an inverse relationship is found. This finding indicated that sortability of ore material can be defined by a heterogeneity parameter, especially the information can be obtained earlier from drillcore samples. The drillcore information can indicate a measure of heterogeneity and related copper grade of an in-situ material in advance of assay samples or sensor detection where a certain degree of mixing has occurred.
Overall, 27% of the sample data from the New Afton historical production record has grades less than 0.4% Cu, which is the current cut-off grade, and it correlates with relatively high heterogeneity and presents an opportunity for sorting and feed grade upgrade.Applied Science, Faculty of
Mining Engineering, Keevil Institute of
Graduate
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Sevgi, Cuneyt. "Network Dimensioning In Randomly Deployed Wireless Sensor Networks". Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12611213/index.pdf.
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In this study, we considered a heterogeneous, clustered WSN, which consists of two
types of nodes (clusterheads and sensor nodes) deployed randomly over a sensing field.
We investigated two cases based on how clusterheads can reach the sink: direct and
multi-hop communication cases. Network dimensioning problems in randomly deployed
WSNs are among the most challenging ones as the attributes of these networks are
mostly non-deterministic. We focused on a number of network dimensioning problems
based on the connected coverage concept, which is the degree of coverage achieved by
only the connected devices. To evaluate connected coverage, we introduced the term
cluster size, which is the expected value of the area covered by a clusterhead together
with sensor nodes connected to it. We derived formulas for the cluster size and validated
them by computer simulations. By using the cluster size formulas, we proposed
a method to dimension a WSN for given targeted connected coverage.
Furthermore, we formulated cost optimization problems for direct and multi-hop
communication cases. These formulations utilize not only cluster size formulas but also
the well-connectivity concept. We suggested some search heuristics to solve these optimization
problems. Additionally, we justified that, in practical cases, node heterogeneity
can provide lower cost solutions. We also investigated the lifetime of WSNs and for
mulated a cost optimization problem with connected coverage and lifetime constraints.
By solving this optimization problem, one can determine the number of nodes of each
type and the initial energies of each type of node that leads to lowest cost solution while
satisfying the minimum connected coverage and minimum lifetime requirements.
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Ali, Sohail Feroz. "Heterogeneity in the population response of a human cell line to hydrogen peroxide as measured by a genetically encoded sensor". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79323.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 22-26).
Genetically encoded ratiometric sensors can provide valuable mechanistic understanding of biological systems. Characterization of cellular response of these sensors is the first step in validating their use. Here, we characterize the response of a genetically encoded H₂O₂ sensor, HyPer, expressed in HeLa cells. Using quantitative fluorescence microscopy, we found significant heterogeneity in HyPer response among the cell population. Further analysis showed that the variation in HyPer response was dependent on expression of HyPer protein as well as on cell cycle phase. Cells with higher levels of expressed HyPer protein showed a stronger HyPer response to H₂O₂. Cells synchronized in S-phase showed a weaker HyPer response than unsynchronized cells. It was determined that this weaker response could be a function of higher antioxidant capacity in S-phase cells. The dependence of HyPer response on these factors needs to be accounted for to avoid experimental artifacts.
by Sohail Feroz Ali.
S.M.
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Atoui, Ibrahim Abdelhalim. "Data reduction techniques for wireless sensor networks using mathematical models". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCD009.
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Dans ce travail, nous présentons des techniques de réduction de données et de sécurité conçues pour économiser de l’énergie dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil. Premièrement, nous proposons un modèle d’agrégation de données basé sur la fonction de similarité servant à éliminer les données redondantes. En plus, nous avons travaillé sur l’envoi, le moins possible, de caractéristiques de données en se basant sur des fonctions d’ajustement qui expriment ces caractéristiques. Deuxièmement, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’hétérogénéité des données tout en étudiant la corrélation entre ces caractéristiques multi variantes après avoir éliminé les mesures identiques durant la phase d’agrégation. Finalement, nous donnons un cadre de sécurité rigoureux, conçu à partir de la cryptographie, qui satisfait le niveau d’exigence atteint normalement dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil arborescents. Il empêche les pirates d’obtenir des informations à propos des données détectées en assurant une certaine confidentialité de bout-en-bout entre les nœuds du capteur et le puits. Afin de valider nos techniques proposées, nous avons implémenté les simulations de la première technique sur des données collectées en temps réel à partir du réseau Sensor Scope déployé à Grand-St-Bernard. Les simulations de la deuxième et de la troisième technique sont réalisées sur des données collectées en temps réel à partir de 54 capteurs déployés au laboratoire de recherche Intel Berkeley. L’efficacité de nos techniques est évaluée selon le taux de réduction de données, la consommation de l’énergie, la précision des données et la complexité de tempsIn this thesis, we present energy-efficient data reduction and security techniques dedicated for wireless sensor networks. First, we propose a data aggregation model based on the similarity function that helps in removing the redundant data. In addition, based on the fitting functions we worked on sending less data features, accompanied with the fitting function that expresses all features. Second, we focus on heterogeneity of the data while studying the correlation among these multivariate features in order to enhance the data prediction technique that is based on the polynomial function, all after removing the similar measures in the aggregation phase using the Euclidean distance. Finally, we provide a rigorous security framework inherited from cryptography satisfies the level of exigence usually attained in tree-based WSNs. It prevents attackers from gaining any information about sensed data, by ensuring an end-to-end privacy between sensor nodes and the sink. In order to validate our proposed techniques, we implemented the simulations of the first technique on real readings collected from a small Sensor Scope network which is deployed at the Grand-St-Bernard, while the simulations of the second and the third techniques are conducted on real data collected from 54 sensors deployed in the Intel Berkeley Research Lab. The performance of our techniques is evaluated according to data reduction rate, energy consumption, data accuracy and time complexity
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Hamidouche, Ranida. "Paradigme bio-inspiré dans les réseaux intelligents dynamiques au service de l’internet des objets". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASG066.
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Aujourd'hui l'Internet permet de connecter des milliards d'appareils électroniques hétérogènes et assure la communication entre eux. Ces appareils sont dotés de capteurs conçus avec des contraintes en ressources qui affectent considérablement la collecte de données, en particulier une limitation de taille de mémoire et de batterie. Les divergences des caractéristiques de ces objets exigent de nouvelles méthodes intelligentes afin d'assurer la communication entre eux. Les solutions heuristiques deviennent obsolètes ou impuissantes pour satisfaire l'exigence de l'utilisateur, d'où une recherche de nouvelles méthodes devient obligatoirement nécessaire afin de satisfaire les usagers. Parmi ces solutions, il y a celles basées sur les modèles bio-inspirés. Dans ce contexte, ayant comme objectif la minimisation de la perte de données, nous proposons différentes approches bio-inspirées pour la mobilité du collecteur de données et le choix des points rendez-vous pour la collecte de données. Tout d'abord, nous proposons une mobilité inspirée du mouvement des bactéries Eschericia coli. Ensuite, nous proposons une technique inspirée du regroupement des loups gris et des baleines pour le choix des points rendez-vous. Après, nous améliorons la mobilité du collecteur par une mobilité inspirée des salpes. Enfin, nous combinons ces approches en prenant en considération l'urgence des données. Les différentes contributions ont été évaluées en utilisant des simulations et ensuite ont été comparé avec des travaux similaires existants. Les résultats obtenus sont très prometteurs en termes de consommation d'énergie et de quantité de données collectéesToday the Internet makes it possible to connect billions of heterogeneous electronic devices and ensures communication between them. These devices have sensors designed with resource constraints that significantly affect data collection, especially memory and battery size limitations. The divergences in the characteristics of these objects require new intelligent methods to ensure communication between them. Heuristic solutions become obsolete or powerless to satisfy the user's requirement, hence a search for new methods becomes necessarily necessary to satisfy users. Among these solutions, we have those based on bio-inspired models. In this context, intending to minimize data loss, we propose different bio-inspired approaches for the mobility of the data collector and the choice of meeting points for data collection.First of all, we propose mobility inspired by the movement of Escherichia Coli bacteria. Then, we propose a technique inspired by the grouping of grey wolves and whales for the choice of meeting points. Afterward, we improve the mobility of the collector by mobility inspired by salps.Finally, we combine these approaches by taking into account the urgency of the data. The different contributions were evaluated using simulations and then were compared with similar existing work.The results obtained are very promising in terms of energy consumption and the amount of data collected
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Ben, Saad Leila. "Stratégies pour améliorer la durée de vie des réseaux de capteurs sans fil". Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENSL0689.
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Améliorer la durée de vie est un enjeu important qui s'impose lors du déploiement des réseaux de capteurs sans fil (RCsFs). En effet, ces réseaux sont composés par des capteurs autonomes alimentés par des batteries qu'il est difficile de recharger ou remplacer. Le challenge est donc d'assurer le fonctionnement de ces réseaux pendant plusieurs années sans aucune intervention extérieure majeure.Afin de maximiser la durée de vie des RCsFs, nous avons d'abord exploré la possibilité d'introduire plusieurs puits mobiles. Nous avons proposé deux stratégies. La première détermine les positions optimales sur un réseau de petite échelle et la deuxième, basée sur une heuristique, garantit le passage à l'échelle.Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés aux RCsFs basés sur IPv6 qui utilisent RPL, le nouveau protocole de routage proposé par l'IETF. Nous avons étudié ce protocole, étendu ses capacités pour gérer des puits mobiles et proposé une stratégie de mobilité des puits adaptée permettant de prolonger la durée de vie du réseau.Puis, nous avons proposé une nouvelle approche qui applique le codage de Slepian-Wolf sur les adresses émises dans les RCsFs. L'idée consiste à exploiter la corrélation des adresses garantie par un schéma approprié d'allocation afin de réduire le nombre de bits d'entête transmis au puits et d'améliorer ainsi la durée de vie du réseau.Finalement, nous avons proposé une infrastructure IPv6 hybride pour bâtiments intelligents qui combine les avantages des technologies sans fil et courants porteurs en ligne afin d'améliorer la durée de vie du réseau, sa connectivité et sa robustesse à faible surcoûtImproving the network lifetime is a very challenging problem that needs to be taken into account during the deployment of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Indeed, these networks are composed of many autonomous sensors with a limited energy supply provided by batteries which are usually difficult to recharge or replace. The scientific challenge is to ensure the operation of these networks for several years without major external intervention. To maximize the lifetime of WSNs, we first explored the possibility of introducing multiple mobile sinks. We proposed two mobility strategies. The first one provides the optimal placement in a network of small scale. The second one is based on an heuristic algorithm that ensures scalability.We were then interested in IPv6 based WSNs which use the new proposed routing protocol by IETF namely RPL. We studied this protocol, extended its capacity to manage mobile sinks andproposed an appropriate sinks mobility strategy that extends the network lifetime.Next, we proposed a novel approach which consists in applying Slepian-Wolf coding to emitted addresses in WSNs. The basic idea is to exploit the addresses correlation, guaranteed by an appropriate addresses allocation scheme, in order to reduce the header size of packets transmitted to the sink and thus improve the network lifetime.Finally, we proposed an hybrid IPv6 infrastructure for smart buildings which combines the wireless and power line technologies to guarantee energy efficiency and a longer network lifetime
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Ben, Saied Yosra. "Collaborative security for the internet of things". Phd thesis, Institut National des Télécommunications, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00879790.
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This thesis addresses new security challenges in the Internet of Things (IoT). The current transition from legacy Internet to Internet of Things leads to multiple changes in its communication paradigms. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) initiated this transition by introducing unattended wireless topologies, mostly made of resource constrained nodes, in which radio spectrum therefore ceased to be the only resource worthy of optimization. Today's Machine to Machine (M2M) and Internet of Things architectures further accentuated this trend, not only by involving wider architectures but also by adding heterogeneity, resource capabilities inconstancy and autonomy to once uniform and deterministic systems. The heterogeneous nature of IoT communications and imbalance in resources capabilities between IoT entities make it challenging to provide the required end-to-end secured connections. Unlike Internet servers, most of IoT components are characterized by low capabilities in terms of both energy and computing resources, and thus, are unable to support complex security schemes. The setup of a secure end-to-end communication channel requires the establishment of a common secret key between both peers, which would be negotiated relying on standard security key exchange protocols such as Transport Layer Security (TLS) Handshake or Internet Key Exchange (IKE). Nevertheless, a direct use of existing key establishment protocols to initiate connections between two IoT entities may be impractical because of the technological gap between them and the resulting inconsistencies in their cryptographic primitives. The issue of adapting existing security protocols to fulfil these new challenges has recently been raised in the international research community but the first proposed solutions failed to satisfy the needs of resource-constrained nodes. In this thesis, we propose novel collaborative approaches for key establishment designed to reduce the requirements of existing security protocols, in order to be supported by resource-constrained devices. We particularly retained TLS handshake, Internet key Exchange and HIP BEX protocols as the best keying candidates fitting the end-to-end security requirements of the IoT. Then we redesigned them so that the constrained peer may delegate its heavy cryptographic load to less constrained nodes in neighbourhood exploiting the spatial heterogeneity of IoT nodes. Formal security verifications and performance analyses were also conducted to ensure the security effectiveness and energy efficiency of our collaborative protocols. However, allowing collaboration between nodes may open the way to a new class of threats, known as internal attacks that conventional cryptographic mechanisms fail to deal with. This introduces the concept of trustworthiness within a collaborative group. The trustworthiness level of a node has to be assessed by a dedicated security mechanism known as a trust management system. This system aims to track nodes behaviours to detect untrustworthy elements and select reliable ones for collaborative services assistance. In turn, a trust management system is instantiated on a collaborative basis, wherein multiple nodes share their evidences about one another's trustworthiness. Based on an extensive analysis of prior trust management systems, we have identified a set of best practices that provided us guidance to design an effective trust management system for our collaborative keying protocols. This effectiveness was assessed by considering how the trust management system could fulfil specific requirements of our proposed approaches for key establishment in the context of the IoT. Performance analysis results show the proper functioning and effectiveness of the proposed system as compared with its counterparts that exist in the literature
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Legha, Wassim. "Contribution à l'élucidation de la fonction de la protéine STAC2 dans la spécification des neurones somatiques sensoriels". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22031/document.
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Le système nerveux sensoriel somatique détecte et transmet les informations sensorielles périphériques par les neurones sensoriels dont le corps cellulaire est englobé dans les ganglions de la racine dorsale et les ganglions trijumeaux. Bien que cette hétérogénéité fonctionnelle a été mise en évidence, les mécanismes moléculaires qui la caractérisent sont moins connus. Dans l’optique de contribuer à la caractérisation moléculaire de la population neuronale du DRG, nous avons identifié un nouveau gène, stac2. Nous avons pu montrer que stac2 spécifie une sous population neuronale distincte dans le DRG. L’invalidation génétique de stac2 chez la souris n’a révélé aucun effet sur la survie ni sur la maturation neuronale. L’analyse comportementale des souris dépourvues de stac2 a montré un rôle important de stac2 dans la perception et la discrimination des températures fraîches ainsi que dans la sensibilisation périphérique au froid nocifThe somatic sensory nervous system detects and transmits sensory information from peripheral by sensory neurons that have their cell body encompassed in the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. Although this functional heterogeneity has been demonstrated, the molecular mechanisms characterizing it are less known. In order to contribute to the molecular characterization of the neuronal population of DRG, we have identified a new gene, stac2. We have shown that stac2 specifies a distinct neuronal subpopulation in the DRG. The genetic invalidation of stac2 in mice showed no effect of stac2 on neuronal survival and maturation. The behavioral analysis of mice lacking stac2 showed an important role of this gene in the perception and discrimination of cold temperatures and in the peripheral sensitization to noxious cold
Książki na temat "Sensor heterogeneity"
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Henik, Avishai, Orly Rubinsten i Sarit Ashkenazi. Developmental Dyscalculia as a Heterogeneous Disability. Redaktorzy Roi Cohen Kadosh i Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.030.
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This chapter discusses heterogeneous aspects of developmental dyscalculia (DD) in terms of behaviour, cognitive operations, and neural structures. It has been suggested that DD is an isolated learning deficiency, involves a domain-specific deficit (in the capacity to enumerate), and a specific neural deficiency (in the intraparietal sulcus). We present findings that (1) DD involves both domain-specific and domain-general abilities; (2) in many cases behaviours, as well as cognition in those with DD are characterized by deficits in other areas, such as attention or memory and not only as a number sense deficiency; and (3) studies of the neural structures involved in DD reveal areas and mechanisms that hint toward heterogeneous damage. We suggest that similar to other learning disabilities, heterogeneity is the rule, rather than an exception. Accordingly, in order to reach a comprehensive understanding of DD, studies should aim at unravelling the basis for this heterogeneity.
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Scadding, John. Neuropathic pain. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0386.
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Pain signalled by a normal sensory system, nociceptive pain, serves a vital protective function. The peripheral and central nervous somatosensory systems permit rapid localization and identification of the nature of painful stimuli, prior to appropriate action to minimize or avoid potentially tissue damaging events. A reduction or absence of pain resulting from neurological disease emphasizes the importance of this normal protective function of pain. For example, tissue destruction occurs frequently in peripheral nerve diseases which cause severe sensory loss such as leprosy, and in central disorders such as syringomyelia. Neuropathic pain results from damage to somatosensory pathways and serves no protective function. This chapter provides an overview of neuropathic pain, considering its context, clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment.In the peripheral nervous system, neuropathic pain is caused by conditions affecting small nerve fibres, and in the central nervous system by lesions of the spinothalamic tract and thalamus, and rarely by subcortical and cortical lesions. The clinical feature common to virtually all conditions leading to the development of neuropathic pain is the perception of pain in an area of sensory impairment, an apparently paradoxical situation. The exception is trigeminal neuralgia.Neuropathic pain is heterogeneous clinically, aetiologically, and pathophysiologically. Within a given diagnostic category, whether defined clinically or aetiologically, there are wide variations in reports of pain by patients. This heterogeneity poses one of the greatest challenges in understanding the mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Knowledge of the pathophysiology is an obvious pre-requisite to the development of effective treatments. The goal of a pathophysiologically based understanding of the symptoms and signs of neuropathic pain is, of course, just such a rational and specific approach to treatment. While this is not yet achievable, clinical-pathophysiological correlations have led to some recent advances in treatment.
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Siraj, Asifa. Sexuality. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427234.003.0006.
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This chapter explores how three Scottish Muslim gay men struggle to integrate their sexual and religious identities as they navigate their sexual orientation within an existing condemnatory religious, social and cultural context. The present study illuminates the heterogeneity and diversity of experiences within the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) population. It further raises the importance of providing a nuanced portrayal of the lives of men, who do not necessarily incorporate Western discourses into making sense of their identity as gay men (Rahman, 2015). The chapter begins by highlighting the very limited research carried out on the lives of gay people in Scotland. This is followed by an overview of the theory of intersectionality in order to understand and situate how sexuality is not a separate entity of one’s identity, but is interconnected to other parts. Adopting an intersectional framework allows us to appreciate how gay men experience different forms of oppression in relation to their race/ethnicity and sexuality in ways that are distinct from their White counterparts and/or heterosexual men (cf. Crenshaw,1996).
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Gosetti-Ferencei, Jennifer Anna. On Being and Becoming. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913656.001.0001.
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On Being and Becoming offers a new approach to existentialist philosophy and literature, as responding to competing demands for universal truth and the defense of the irreducible singularity of the individual. On Being and Becoming traces the heterogeneity of existentialist thinking beyond the popular wartime philosophers of the Parisian Left Bank, demonstrating their critical dependence on sources from the nineteenth century and their complements in modernist works across the European continent and beyond. While quintessentially modern, existentialism inherits ideas of the past and anticipates challenges of the present. Despite its individualism, existentialist attention to the human self is related to conceptions of world, others, the earth, and the more encompassing concept of being. The predominance of ideas of authenticity, individuality, and self-determination makes any existentialist manifesto self-contradictory, while existentialist thinkers above all wanted to make their philosophy relevant to concrete human existence as it is lived. Prevailing models of existential authenticity life tend to overlook the rich diversity of its prospects, which, as this volume shows, involve not only anxiety, absurdity, awareness of death and of the loss of religious reassurances, but also hope, the striving for happiness, and a sense of the transcendent—all of these grounded our human capacity to create meaning. In spite of the diversity of existentialism, all of its thinkers recognize the self as becoming, and recognize the courage and creativity human individuality demands. On Being and Becoming elaborates pragmatic and philosophical relevance of existentialism for being human in the contemporary world.
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Claussen, Martin, Anne Dallmeyer i Jürgen Bader. Theory and Modeling of the African Humid Period and the Green Sahara. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.532.
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There is ample evidence from palaeobotanic and palaeoclimatic reconstructions that during early and mid-Holocene between some 11,700 years (in some regions, a few thousand years earlier) and some 4200 years ago, subtropical North Africa was much more humid and greener than today. This African Humid Period (AHP) was triggered by changes in the orbital forcing, with the climatic precession as the dominant pacemaker. Climate system modeling in the 1990s revealed that orbital forcing alone cannot explain the large changes in the North African summer monsoon and subsequent ecosystem changes in the Sahara. Feedbacks between atmosphere, land surface, and ocean were shown to strongly amplify monsoon and vegetation changes. Forcing and feedbacks have caused changes far larger in amplitude and extent than experienced today in the Sahara and Sahel. Most, if not all, climate system models, however, tend to underestimate the amplitude of past African monsoon changes and the extent of the land-surface changes in the Sahara. Hence, it seems plausible that some feedback processes are not properly described, or are even missing, in the climate system models.Perhaps even more challenging than explaining the existence of the AHP and the Green Sahara is the interpretation of data that reveal an abrupt termination of the last AHP. Based on climate system modeling and theoretical considerations in the late 1990s, it was proposed that the AHP could have ended, and the Sahara could have expanded, within just a few centuries—that is, much faster than orbital forcing. In 2000, paleo records of terrestrial dust deposition off Mauritania seemingly corroborated the prediction of an abrupt termination. However, with the uncovering of more paleo data, considerable controversy has arisen over the geological evidence of abrupt climate and ecosystem changes. Some records clearly show abrupt changes in some climate and terrestrial parameters, while others do not. Also, climate system modeling provides an ambiguous picture.The prediction of abrupt climate and ecosystem changes at the end of the AHP is hampered by limitations implicit in the climate system. Because of the ubiquitous climate variability, it is extremely unlikely that individual paleo records and model simulations completely match. They could do so in a statistical sense, that is, if the statistics of a large ensemble of paleo data and of model simulations converge. Likewise, the interpretation regarding the strength of terrestrial feedback from individual records is elusive. Plant diversity, rarely captured in climate system models, can obliterate any abrupt shift between green and desert state. Hence, the strength of climate—vegetation feedback is probably not a universal property of a certain region but depends on the vegetation composition, which can change with time. Because of spatial heterogeneity of the African landscape and the African monsoon circulation, abrupt changes can occur in several, but not all, regions at different times during the transition from the humid mid-Holocene climate to the present-day more arid climate. Abrupt changes in one region can be induced by abrupt changes in other regions, a process sometimes referred to as “induced tipping.” The African monsoon system seems to be prone to fast and potentially abrupt changes, which to understand and to predict remains one of the grand challenges in African climate science.
Części książek na temat "Sensor heterogeneity"
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Bhat, Shabir Ahmad, Iram Khan Iqbal i Ashwani Kumar. "Quantification of the Metabolic Heterogeneity in Mycobacterial Cells Through the Measurement of the NADH/NAD+ Ratio Using a Genetically Encoded Sensor". W Cellular Heterogeneity, 261–75. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7680-5_14.
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Kaur, Sukhkirandeep, i Roohie Naaz Mir. "Improving Network Lifetime by Heterogeneity in Wireless Sensor Networks". W Information and Communication Technology for Intelligent Systems (ICTIS 2017) - Volume 1, 326–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63673-3_40.
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Banerjee, Partha Sarathi, Satyendra Nath Mandal, Debashis De i Biswajit Maiti. "MAHI: Multiple Attribute Heterogeneity Index for Wireless Sensor Networks". W Proceedings of International Conference on Advanced Computing Applications, 299–312. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5207-3_26.
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Antonopoulos, Christos P., Konstantinos Antonopoulos, Christos Panagiotou i Nikolaos S. Voros. "Tackling Wireless Sensor Network Heterogeneity Through Novel Reconfigurable Gateway Approach". W Applied Reconfigurable Computing. Architectures, Tools, and Applications, 269–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78890-6_22.
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Singh, Samayveer, Rajeev Kumar i Pradeep Kumar Singh. "An Effective Analysis and Performance Investigation of Energy Heterogeneity in Wireless Sensor Networks". W Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 157–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40305-8_9.
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Anerdi, C., D. Gino, M. Malavisi i G. Bertagnoli. "A Sensor for Embedded Stress Measure of Concrete: Testing and Material Heterogeneity Issues". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 385–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23748-6_30.
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Ammari, Habib M. "Joint Mobility and Heterogeneity for Connected k-Coverage in Sparsely Deployed Wireless Sensor Nets". W Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications, 258–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31869-6_22.
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Friedl, Mark A. "Examining the Effects of Sensor Resolution and Sub-Pixel Heterogeneity on Spectral Vegetation Indices: Implications for Biophysical Modeling". W Scale in Remote Sensing and GIS, 113–39. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203740170-7.
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Nichol, Janet E., Muhammad Bilal, Majid Nazeer i Man Sing Wong. "Urban Pollution". W Urban Informatics, 243–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_16.
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AbstractThis chapter depicts the state of the art in remote sensing for urban pollution monitoring, including urban heat islands, urban air quality, and water quality around urban coastlines. Recent developments in spatial and temporal resolutions of modern sensors, and in retrieval methodologies and gap-filling routines, have increased the applicability of remote sensing for urban areas. However, capturing the spatial heterogeneity of urban areas is still challenging, given the spatial resolution limitations of aerosol retrieval algorithms for air-quality monitoring, and of modern thermal sensors for urban heat island analysis. For urban coastal applications, water-quality parameters can now be retrieved with adequate spatial and temporal detail even for localized phenomena such as algal blooms, pollution plumes, and point pollution sources. The chapter reviews the main sensors used, and developments in retrieval algorithms. For urban air quality the MODIS Dark Target (DT), Deep Blue (DB), and the merged DT/DB algorithms are evaluated. For urban heat island and urban climatic analysis using coarse- and medium- resolution thermal sensors, MODIS, Landsat, and ASTER are evaluated. For water-quality monitoring, medium spatial resolution sensors including Landsat, HJ1A/B, and Sentinel 2, are evaluated as potential replacements for expensive routine ship-borne monitoring.
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Satterlee, James D., Christine M. Suquet, Marina I. Savenkova i Chenyang Lian. "Proton NMR Characterization of Recombinant Ferric Heme Domains of the Oxygen Sensors FixL and Dos: Evidence for Protein Heterogeneity". W ACS Symposium Series, 244–57. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2003-0858.ch013.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Sensor heterogeneity"
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Mache, Jens, Chieh-Yih Wan i Mark Yarvis. "Exploiting Heterogeneity for Sensor Network Security". W 2008 5th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sahcn.2008.80.
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Barros, Juan G., Anne Wei i Andre-Luc Beylot. "Reliable Routing Using Heterogeneity in Wireless Sensor Networks". W 2013 IEEE 78th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2013.6692391.
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Ramadan, Rabie, Khaled Abdelghany, Hesham El-Rewini i Manal Houri. "Impact of Heterogeneity on the Deployment of Sensor Networks". W 3rd International ICSTConference on Wireless Internet. ICST, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/pwsn.2007.2267.
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Iqbal, Hassan, Muhammad Hamad Alizai, Zartash Afzal Uzmi i Olaf Landsiedel. "Taming Link-layer Heterogeneity in IoT through Interleaving Multiple Link-Layers over a Single Radio". W SenSys '17: The 15th ACM Conference on Embedded Network Sensor Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3131672.3136966.
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Katiyar, Vivek, Narottam Chand i Surender Soni. "Improving lifetime of large-scale Wireless Sensor Networks through heterogeneity". W 2011 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical and Computer Technology (ICETECT 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetect.2011.5760270.
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Qin, Hua, Xuejia Lu, Yanfei Wang, Guiling Wang, Wensheng Zhang i Yaying Zhang. "Heterogeneity-Aware Design for Automatic Detection of Problematic Road Conditions". W 2011 IEEE 8th International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mass.2011.32.
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Yadav, Akash, Anandghan Waghmare i Ashok Singh Sairam. "Exploiting node heterogeneity for time synchronization in low power sensor networks". W 2014 International Conference on Contemporary Computing and Informatics (IC3I). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ic3i.2014.7019758.
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Zhu, Tailang, i Dongfan Xie. "Analysis of Interdriver Heterogeneity Based on Trajectory Data with K-means Clustering Method". W 2016 International Conference on Sensor Network and Computer Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsnce-16.2016.12.
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Lee, Chul-Ho, i Do Young Eun. "Exploiting Heterogeneity in Mobile Opportunistic Networks: An Analytic Approach". W 2010 7th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/secon.2010.5508265.
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Lee, Chul-Ho, i Do Young Eun. "Exploiting Heterogeneity to Prolong the Lifetime of Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks". W ICC 2011 - 2011 IEEE International Conference on Communications. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc.2011.5963081.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Sensor heterogeneity"
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Arango-Arango, Carlos A., Yanneth Rocío Betancourt-García i Manuela Restrepo-Bernal. An Application of the Tourist Test to Colombian Merchants. Banco de la República, październik 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1176.
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Cash is still widely used in Colombia, even among merchants that accept payment cards. Indeed, 60% of these merchants use dissuasive strategies to make their clients pay with cash. This shows that merchant service costs (MSC) for cards are not optimal in the sense of the Tourist Test. We present estimates of MSC compatible with the Tourist Test, such that merchants are indifferent between being paid with cash or cards. We find that cash is less costly than cards at the average retail-sales transaction-value, hence there is no positive optimal MSC at this ticket value. For the average card transaction ticket, the optimal MSC would be positive but far below the rates charge by the industry (0.74% in a short-term scenario). Yet, the additional incentive that sales-tax evasion provides to cash payments reduces the Tourist Test MSC to 0.44%. Our estimates for long-term scenarios yield even lower optimal MSC. An average price cap regulation that strikes a middle ground between these figures, and is complemented with sales-tax evasion measures, should discourage merchant strategies that deter consumers from paying with cards and will accommodate the wide heterogeneity in merchants´ scale, payment processing processes and ticket size. These results should be taken as a guideline as the estimations depend on the underlying assumptions and only consider the merchant´s side of the card industry.
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Jury, William A., i David Russo. Characterization of Field-Scale Solute Transport in Spatially Variable Unsaturated Field Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, styczeń 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568772.bard.
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This report describes activity conducted in several lines of research associated with field-scale water and solute processes. A major effort was put forth developing a stochastic continuum analysis for an important class of problems involving flow of reactive and non reactive chemicals under steady unsaturated flow. The field-scale velocity covariance tensor has been derived from local soil properties and their variability, producing a large-scale description of the medium that embodies all of the local variability in a statistical sense. Special cases of anisotropic medium properties not aligned along the flow direction of spatially variable solute sorption were analysed in detail, revealing a dependence of solute spreading on subtle features of the variability of the medium, such as cross-correlations between sorption and conductivity. A novel method was developed and tested for measuring hydraulic conductivity at the scale of observation through the interpretation of a solute transport outflow curve as a stochastic-convective process. This undertaking provided a host of new K(q) relationships for existing solute experiments and also laid the foundation for future work developing a self-consistent description of flow and transport under these conditions. Numerical codes were developed for calculating K(q) functions for a variety of solute pulse outflow shapes, including lognormal, Fickian, Mobile-Immobile water, and bimodal. Testing of this new approach against conventional methodology was mixed, and agreed most closely when the assumptions of the new method were met. We conclude that this procedure offers a valuable alternative to conventional methods of measuring K(q), particularly when the application of the method is at a scale (e.g. and agricultural field) that is large compared to the common scale at which conventional K(q) devices operate. The same problem was approached from a numerical perspective, by studying the feasibility of inverting a solute outflow signal to yield the hydraulic parameters of the medium that housed the experiment. We found that the inverse problem was solvable under certain conditions, depending on the amount of noise in the signal and the degree of heterogeneity in the medium. A realistic three dimensional model of transient water and solute movement in a heterogeneous medium that contains plant roots was developed and tested. The approach taken was to generate a single realization of this complex flow event, and examine the results to see whether features were present that might be overlooked in less sophisticated model efforts. One such feature revealed is transverse dispersion, which is a critically important component in the development of macrodispersion in the longitudinal direction. The lateral mixing that was observed greatly exceeded that predicted from simpler approaches, suggesting that at least part of the important physics of the mixing process is embedded in the complexity of three dimensional flow. Another important finding was the observation that variability can produce a pseudo-kinetic behavior for solute adsorption, even when the local models used are equilibrium.
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Cooper, Christopher, Jacob McDonald i Eric Starkey. Wadeable stream habitat monitoring at Congaree National Park: 2018 baseline report. National Park Service, czerwiec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286621.
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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) Wadeable Stream Habitat Monitoring Protocol collects data to give park resource managers insight into the status of and trends in stream and near-channel habitat conditions (McDonald et al. 2018a). Wadeable stream monitoring is currently implemented at the five SECN inland parks with wadeable streams. These parks include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park (HOBE), Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park (KEMO), Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park (OCMU), Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (CHAT), and Congaree National Park (CONG). Streams at Congaree National Park chosen for monitoring were specifically targeted for management interest (e.g., upstream development and land use change, visitor use of streams as canoe trails, and potential social walking trail erosion) or to provide a context for similar-sized stream(s) within the park or network (McDonald and Starkey 2018a). The objectives of the SECN wadeable stream habitat monitoring protocol are to: Determine status of upstream watershed characteristics (basin morphology) and trends in land cover that may affect stream habitat, Determine the status of and trends in benthic and near-channel habitat in selected wadeable stream reaches (e.g., bed sediment, geomorphic channel units, and large woody debris), Determine the status of and trends in cross-sectional morphology, longitudinal gradient, and sinuosity of selected wadeable stream reaches. Between June 11 and 14, 2018, data were collected at Congaree National Park to characterize the in-stream and near-channel habitat within stream reaches on Cedar Creek (CONG001, CONG002, and CONG003) and McKenzie Creek (CONG004). These data, along with the analysis of remotely sensed geographic information system (GIS) data, are presented in this report to describe and compare the watershed-, reach-, and transect-scale characteristics of these four stream reaches to each other and to selected similar-sized stream reaches at Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park, Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, and Chattahoochee National Recreation Area. Surveyed stream reaches at Congaree NP were compared to those previously surveyed in other parks in order to provide regional context and aid in interpretation of results. edar Creek’s watershed (CONG001, CONG002, and CONG003) drains nearly 200 square kilometers (77.22 square miles [mi2]) of the Congaree River Valley Terrace complex and upper Coastal Plain to the north of the park (Shelley 2007a, 2007b). Cedar Creek’s watershed has low slope and is covered mainly by forests and grasslands. Cedar Creek is designated an “Outstanding Resource Water” by the state of South Carolina (S.C. Code Regs. 61–68 [2014] and S.C. Code Regs. 61–69 [2012]) from the boundary of the park downstream to Wise Lake. Cedar Creek ‘upstream’ (CONG001) is located just downstream (south) of the park’s Bannister Bridge canoe landing, which is located off Old Bluff Road and south of the confluence with Meyers Creek. Cedar Creek ‘middle’ and Cedar Creek ‘downstream’ (CONG002 and CONG003, respectively) are located downstream of Cedar Creek ‘upstream’ where Cedar Creek flows into the relatively flat backswamp of the Congaree River flood plain. Based on the geomorphic and land cover characteristics of the watershed, monitored reaches on Cedar Creek are likely to flood often and drain slowly. Flooding is more likely at Cedar Creek ‘middle’ and Cedar Creek ‘downstream’ than at Cedar Creek ‘upstream.’ This is due to the higher (relative to CONG001) connectivity between the channels of the lower reaches and their out-of-channel areas. Based on bed sediment characteristics, the heterogeneity of geomorphic channel units (GCUs) within each reach, and the abundance of large woody debris (LWD), in-stream habitat within each of the surveyed reaches on Cedar Creek (CONG001–003) was classified as ‘fair to good.’ Although, there is extensive evidence of animal activity...