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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Sensitive Questions"
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Mckie, David. "Sensitive Questions". Lancet 329, nr 8545 (czerwiec 1987): 1327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)90586-1.
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van Meter, Karl M. "Sensitive Topics and Sensitive Questions". Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique 68, nr 1 (październik 2000): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/075910630006800125.
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Wolter, Felix, i Peter Preisendörfer. "Asking Sensitive Questions". Sociological Methods & Research 42, nr 3 (sierpień 2013): 321–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124113500474.
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Tourangeau, Roger, i Ting Yan. "Sensitive questions in surveys." Psychological Bulletin 133, nr 5 (2007): 859–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.859.
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KUK, ANTHONY Y. C. "Asking sensitive questions indirectly". Biometrika 77, nr 2 (1990): 436–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biomet/77.2.436.
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Fendrich, Michael, Adam M. Lippert i Timothy P. Johnson. "Respondent Reactions to Sensitive Questions". Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 2, nr 3 (wrzesień 2007): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jer.2007.2.3.31.
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We administered debriefing probes to gauge respondent discomfort in reaction to sensitive questions. These probes assessed respondents' own reactions to being asked to report on substance use (subjective discomfort), as well as their beliefs about the reaction of others (projective discomfort). We investigated whether a sample of men from the general population were more uncomfortable with questions about drug use than a sample of men who have sex with men (MSM) surveyed from the same city (Chicago). We also investigated whether those who disclosed drug use on the survey experienced higher levels of discomfort. Contrary to opinions often expressed as research ethics committee (REC) recommendations, questions about drug use do not generate much subjective discomfort. MSM did not differ from the general population with respect to subjective discomfort. General population males did, however, report higher levels of “drug specific” projective discomfort. Respondents disclosing recent drug use reported higher levels of subjective discomfort. Implications for the REC practice, researcher and REC education, and directions for future research are discussed.
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Castro, Rubén. "Inconsistent Respondents and Sensitive Questions". Field Methods 25, nr 3 (11.12.2012): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x12466988.
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Hutchinson, Paul. "Asking Sensitive Questions in Surveys". Teaching Statistics 17, nr 2 (czerwiec 1995): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9639.1995.tb00863.x.
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Kundert, Kenneth R. "Sensitive Questions and Randomized Response Techniques". College Mathematics Journal 20, nr 5 (listopad 1989): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2686928.
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Plutzer, Eric. "Privacy, Sensitive Questions, and Informed Consent". Public Opinion Quarterly 83, S1 (2019): 169–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfz017.
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Abstract Survey science is driven to maximize data quality and reduce Total Survey Error (TSE). At the same time, survey methodologists have ethical and professional obligations to protect the privacy of respondents and ensure their capacity to provide informed consent for their participation, for data linkage, passive data collection, and the archiving of replication data. We have learned, however, that both sensitive topics and the consent process can contribute to errors of representation and errors of measurement. These compound threats to data quality that arise due to broader concerns about privacy, the intrusiveness of surveys, and the increasing number of participation requests directed to the same respondents. This article critically assesses the extant literature on these topics—including six original articles in this issue—by viewing these challenges through the lens of the TSE framework. This helps unify several distinct research programs and provides the foundation for new research and for practical innovations that will improve data quality.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Sensitive Questions"
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Barnett, Julie. "Asking sensitive questions". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1998. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842695/.
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Survey methodologists have given considerable attention to minimizing the response effects associated with asking sensitive questions. However, this work is largely atheoretical; little attention is paid to issues of definition, rather a common sense understanding of what is sensitive is assumed. Such research largely focuses on how sensitive behaviours are reported and provides little insight into the relationship between responses to attitude items and their sensitivity. Recent work of cognitive psychologists, although drawing attention to the way in which responses are affected by the immediate context of the questionnaire, does not extend to suggesting whether questions that vary in their sensitivity are likely to be differentially affected by this. In the light of these issues five studies are reported that suggest the importance of taking the sensitivity of attitude items into account. Sensitive items are defined in relation to the notion of 'threat' and the context dependence of what is considered to be sensitive is recognised. The sensitivities of a pool of attitude items for a particular population is thus established in advance of being used in further work. The different patterns of responses associated with high and low sensitive items are noted and are seen to bear an orderly relationship with agreement ratings that is not explicable in terms of the orientation of the items. Results also indicate that items that varied in their sensitivity are differentially affected by manipulations in the context of threat within which the questionnaire was embedded. The nature of these effects is explored as is the notion that responses to sensitive items may be used to cope with threat. The implications of these results for research using attitude items within questionnaires is discussed. It is suggested that knowing the sensitivities of the items being used is a necessary first step in being able to determine the extent to which these affect the results.
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Kirchner, Antje. "Techniques for asking sensitive questions in labor market surveys". Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-171920.
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This dissertation explores methods to improve the quality of data about sensitive labor market topics, such as undeclared work and receipt of basic income support in Germany, using surveys of the general population. Due to the sensitive nature of both topics, respondents may choose to misreport and adjust their answers in accordance with social norms.
Over the past decades, special strategies—particularly targeted to reduce misreporting on sensitive topics—have been developed. One such class of data collection strategies are so-called ‘dejeopardizing’ techniques, out of which the randomized response technique (RRT) and the item count technique (ICT) are the most popular and best investigated ones. The goal is to elicit more honest answers from respondents by increasing the anonymity of the question-and-answer process. These techniques provide prevalence estimates as well as estimates of regression coefficients, regressing dependent variables generated by means of RRT or ICT on a set of covariates of interest.
However, these dejeopardizing techniques have not been applied to collect data on undeclared work or receipt of welfare benefits in German surveys. This dissertation aims at closing this gap using an experimental design that allows us to compare the performance of these dejeopardizing techniques to direct questioning. In 2010 we conducted two telephone surveys on undeclared work and welfare benefit receipt. We experimentally tested whether the RRT, the ICT, or the newly developed item sum technique (IST) reduce bias due to social desirability compared to direct questioning (under the ‘more-is-better’ assumption and using validation data in one study).
Our results suggest that neither the RRT nor the ICT provide unambiguous results with respect to improving the accuracy of reports of the socially undesirable behavior, while the IST results were more promising. This dissertation provides insights into a variety of practical and theoretical factors contributing to a successful implementation of the RRT, the ICT and the IST in labor market surveys.Die vorliegende Dissertation geht der Frage nach, wie das Ausmaß von Schwarzarbeit und Arbeitslosengeld-II-Bezug in Deutschland im Rahmen von Befragungen der allgemeinen Bevölkerung möglichst valide geschätzt werden kann. Aufgrund des heiklen Charakters beider Themen ist davon auszugehen, dass Selbstauskünfte häufig nicht der Wahrheit entsprechen und stattdessen in vielen Fällen sozial erwünschte Antworten gegeben werden und das Verhalten systematisch unterberichtet wird. Um diesen Antwortverzerrungen entgegen zu wirken, wurden in den letzten Jahrzehnten in der empirischen Sozialforschung alternative Befragungstechniken entwickelt. So basieren beispielsweise die Randomized Response Technique (RRT) und die Item Count Technik (ICT) auf dem Prinzip der verschlüsselten Antworten und sollen durch eine Erhöhung der Anonymität in der Interviewsituation sozial erwünschtes Antwortverhalten reduzieren. Der Vorteil dieser Erhebungsverfahren liegt darin, dass zum einen weniger Annahmen hinsichtlich der Schätzungen getroffen werden und zum anderen mittels statistischer Auswertungen ziel gerichtet multivariate Zusammenhänge zwischen einer mit ICT oder RRT generierten abhängigen Variablen und Kovariaten auf individueller Ebene untersucht werden können. Bislang wurden diese Techniken allerdings noch nicht zur Erhebung von Schwarzarbeit oder des Bezugs von Arbeitslosengeld-II in Deutschland eingesetzt. Die Dissertation schließt diese Lücke und beschäftigt sich mit einem experimentellen Vergleich – sowie einer Weiterentwicklung – von Erhebungstechniken speziell für heikle Fragen mit einer direkten Befragung im Kontext von Arbeitsmarktsurveys. Mittels Fragen zum Thema Schwarzarbeit und zum Arbeitslosengeld-IIBezug, wird im Rahmen zweier Bevölkerungsbefragungen aus dem Jahre 2010 empirisch untersucht ob die RRT, die ICT bzw. die eigens entwickelte Item Sum Technik (IST) den Befragten tatsächlich ein höheres Ausmaß sozial unerwünschter Antworten entlocken als die direkte Befragung (unter der bekannten ‘more-is-better’ Annahme sowie mittels einer Validierungsstudie). Die Befunde zeigen, dass die häufig angenommene Wirkung der RRT oder der ICT auf die Bereitschaft der Befragten, sozial unerwünschtes Verhalten zu berichten, nicht eindeutig ausfällt. Die Ergebnisse der IST fallen hingegen positiver aus. Die vorliegende Dissertation liefert somit Hinweise hinsichtlich verschiedener praktischer als auch theoretischer Faktoren, die zu einer erfolgreichen Implementation der RRT, der ICT und der IST in Arbeitsmarktsurveys beitragen können.
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Kirchner, Antje [Verfasser], i Frauke [Akademischer Betreuer] Kreuter. "Techniques for asking sensitive questions in labor market surveys / Antje Kirchner. Betreuer: Frauke Kreuter". München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1054914508/34.
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Dalal, Dev K. "Dealing with Deliberate Distortions: Methods to Reduce Bias in Self-Report Measures of Sensitive Constructs". Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1325789286.
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Wu, Qin. "Reliable techniques for survey with sensitive question". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1496.
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Petit, Lola. "Enseigner les faits religieux à l’école élémentaire publique en France : éduquer à la laïcité ? Une étude des pratiques des professeurs des écoles". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEP071/document.
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Cette recherche montre l’écart entre les intentions politiques et institutionnelles et les pratiques des professeurs des écoles, qui sont partielles et hétérogènes. Il existe une pluralité de points de vue sur la légitimité et la pertinence de l’enseignement laïque des faits religieux, qui demeure un objet scolaire discuté. Un pan de notre étude est consacré à l’analyse des pratiques de professeurs enseignant les faits religieux pour éduquer à la laïcité. Ceux-ci, en prenant en charge l’enseignement de questions vives, ont dû faire preuve d’ingéniosité pédagogique, se traduisant par des bricolages rendus nécessaires par la rareté des outils, le manque de formation et l’absence de préconisations institutionnelles quant aux savoirs intermédiaires adéquats. Si, globalement, leurs pratiques répondent aux objectifs principaux de l’enseignement des faits religieux, notamment éduquer à la laïcité, aborder ces sujets suppose un investissement personnel lourd, pour l’enseignant comme pour ses élèves, et renvoie chacun à ses systèmes de valeurs. Les principaux écueils relevés sont liés au respect de l’obligation de neutralité (difficulté à se représenter sa pertinence pédagogique, sa transposition). En l’absence d’outils et de formation dédiés, certains enseignants sont démunis. L’association ENQUÊTE a été créée en 2010 pour répondre à ce besoin. Elle souhaite contribuer à réduire l’écart entre les intentions institutionnelles favorables à l’enseignement des faits religieux dans le cadre d’une éducation à la laïcité et les pratiques des professeurs, via des formations et des outils, et aussi à promouvoir cet enseignement et cette "éducation à" auprès des acteurs politiques et institutionnelsThis research highlights a gap between political and institutional intentions, and practices of school teachers, which are partial and heterogeneous. There is a plurality of views about the legitimacy and relevance of teaching about religions and beliefs in a secular way, which is still a very much debated school subject. One part of this study is dedicated to the analysis of teachers' practices when teaching about religions and beliefs in order to educate to laicity. To address these sensitive education issues demands creativity. Because of a scarcity of tools, lack of training and very few institutional recommendations about adequate intermediate knowledge, teachers have had to cobble together their own teaching materials. Overall, their practices meet the main purposes of teaching about religions, especially to educate to laicity. Nonetheless, dealing with these subjects requires a heavy personal investment, for the teacher as well as for their students, and brings back each one to his own value systems. The main identified pitfalls are linked to the neutrality obligation : they find it difficult to represent their pedagogical relevance and to translate it into their teaching. Many teachers feel helpless when confronted to the lack of dedicated tools and training. ENQUÊTE is an association that was created in 2010 in order to address this issue. Its first objective is to contribute, via trainings and tools, to reducing the gap between institutional intentions that favour teaching about religions and beliefs – as part of the education to laicity – and teachers' practices. Its second goal is to promote this teaching among political and institutional actors
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Бондаренко, Олена Євгенівна, Елена Евгеньевна Бондаренко i Olena Yevhenivna Bondarenko. "Генітивні речення в мові друкованих медіа: структурно-семантичний і комунікативно-модальний аспекти". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/64687.
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Генітивні речення розглядаються як односкладні субстанційні, у яких головний член
представлений незалежною формою родового відмінка іменника, що може виражати
наявність, існування, буттєвість предмета й водночас неозначено велику, надлишкову
кількість або, навпаки, цілковиту відсутність речей. У їхній семантиці відсутні як значення
процесуальності, так і динамічної ознаки та позачасової дії, а категоріальне значення
буттєвості постає як граматичне значення констатації реальності в момент спілкування.
Розкриваються структурно-семантичні моделі й комунікативно-модальні різновиди
односкладних генітивних речень в мові друкованих ЗМІ.Genitive sentences are considered to be one-member substantive ones, in which the main part is represented by an independent form of the genitive case of the noun, which can express the occurrence, existence of the subject, and at the same time undefined large, exuberant number or, conversely, total lack of things. In their semantics there is neither value of procedurality nor dynamic characteristic or timeless action, but the categorical significance of existentialism appears as the grammatical significance of the statement of reality at the moment of communication. Structural-semantic models and communicative-modal varieties of one-member genitive sentences in the language of print media are revealed.
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Shih, Kai-Yan, i 施凱晏. "A Study on Estimating Proportion and Sensitivity for Sensitive Questions". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yq793h.
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碩士銘傳大學
應用統計資訊學系碩士班
96
Social surveys are sometimes related to sensitive characteristics which respondents want to hide from others. It is difficult to collect reliable data from respondents and hard to improve the quality of surveys when the topic is sensitive. Warner (1965) proposed “Randomized Response Model” at first. After that, a lot of scholars proposed alternative randomized response models to improve Warner’s (1965) model. For example, Christofides (2003) proposed a new randomized response model. The respondent doesn’t answer 「yes」and「no」directly, and just reply a 「digit」. Huang (2004) proposed a new randomized response model which combines direct response model with Warner’s (1965) model. Kim & Huang (2004) proposed “A stratified Warner’s randomized response model” based on Warner’s model . In this article, we proposed an alternative model which combines Huang’s (2004) model with Christofides’ (2003) model and wishes supply enough protection to the respondents. And we can estimate the proportion of sensitive group more precisely with other models.
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Hsu, Ya-Tien, i 許雅恬. "A Study on Two Unrelated Sensitive Questions by Using Randomized Response Model". Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jrapzh.
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碩士銘傳大學
應用統計資訊學系碩士班
95
In a sampling survey, if the topic of study is involved in sensitive characteristics, respondents usually refuse to reply or answer untruthfully. Warner (1965) proposed a “Randomized Response Model” to reduce the sense of insecurity of respondents and obtain an accurate population proportion estimator. Another procedure is for two unrelated sensitive questions proposed by Chang and Liang (1996). Their procedure can estimate two population proportions at the same time. Christofides (2003) proposed alternative randomized response Model. Respondents do not answer “yes” or “no” directly, reply “distance” instead in the procedure. Besides, Kim & Warde (2004) proposed stratified randomized response to enhance the efficiency of estimator. This paper combines Chang and Liang (1996) with Christofides (2003). Besides, Kim & Warde (2004) also is considered. Therefore we propose two new randomized response models and we also show the estimators of sensitive population proportion, the variances of estimator and simulating data for the variances of the proposed estimators will be presented. In addition, we can prove the variance of the proposed model is more efficient than that of Christofides (2003) Model.
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Lischewski, Julia. "Soziale Erwünschtheit im Licht des Rational-Choice Ansatzes". Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5DC6-A.
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Soziale Erwünschtheit ist ein in der sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung bekanntes Phänomen. Es beschreibt die Tendenz von Befragten sich gegenüber dem Interviewer, Dritten oder einer fiktiven Öffentlichkeit in einem „guten Licht“ zu präsentieren, insbesondere wenn sensible Themenbereiche angesprochen werden. Trotz nunmehr rund 60 Jahren Forschung ist es jedoch bisher nicht hinreichend gelungen, das Ausmaß dieser Verzerrung methodisch zu erfassen. Das Forschungsfeld zu diesem Phänomen ist breit, aber genau hier liegt die Problematik. Viele der Studien beschäftigen sich mit isolierten Effekten der sozial erwünschten Antwortverzerrung (SD-Bias), ohne dabei weitere wichtige Einflussfaktoren zu berücksichtigen. Darüber hinaus werden in den Studien sehr unterschiedliche Dimensionen und/oder Operationalisierungen des SD-Bias angesprochen. Aus diesem Grund besteht der erste Abschnitt der vorliegenden Dissertation aus einer systematischen Auseinandersetzung mit den verwendeten Begrifflichkeiten, Operationalisierungen und theoretischen Ansätze im Rahmen der SD-Forschung. Da die meißten theoretischen Argumente auf dem Rational-Choice Ansatz basieren oder auf ihn zurückgeführt werden können, konzentriert sich die vorliegende Arbeit auf soziale Erwünschtheit im Kontext der Rational-Choice Forschung.
Bei genauer Auseinandersetzung mit der Thematik wird deutlich, dass das Phänomen der „sozialen Erwünschtheit“ eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Dimensionen umfasst, die berücksichtigt werden müssen, um eine präzise Begriffsklärung zu ermöglichen. Je nachdem, welcher Aspekt betrachtet wird, verändert sich der Blickwinkel, aus dem heraus soziale Erwünschtheit analysiert wird. Um die Vergleichbarkeit der Forschungsergebnisse zu gewährleisten, ist es jedoch notwendig, das zu untersuchende Phänomen „soziale Erwünschtheit“ und seine jeweiligen Dimensionen so exakt wie möglich zu beschreiben.
Unter welchen Bedingungen tritt nun sozial erwünschtes Antwortverhalten nach dem Racional-Choice Ansatz auf?
Dem Ansatz von Hartmut Esser und seiner Weiterentwicklung durch Volker Stocké nach kann das Anerkennungsbedürfnis als Persönlichkeitskonstrukt nur zu einer Antwortverzerrung führen, wenn der Befragten eine Norm als sozial erwünscht wahrnimmt und sich nicht in einer völlig anonymen Situation befindet. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die verschiedenen Ansätze theoretische Schwächen haben, die bei der Umsetzung und Interpretation von Ergebnissen berücksichtigt werden müssen. Der unpräzise Umgang mit Begriffen und theoretische Lücken sind dabei besonders gravierend.
Auch die Skalen, die zur Kontrolle des SD-Bias genutzt werden, zeigen unsystematische Bezüge zu den Dimensionen der Erwünschtheit. Gerade bei der Erwünschtheitswahrnehmung und den Täuschungsskalen wird deutlich, dass beim exakten Umgang mit der Operationalisierung verschiedene Ebenen des SD-Bias sichtbar werden, die bei der Analyse berücksichtigt werden müssen. Bisher ist nicht geklärt, ob die verschiedenen Messungen tatsächlich ein und dasselbe Konstrukt erfassen und im Rahmen der Erklärung des SD-Bias funktional äquivalent einsetzbar sind.
Um das Forschungsproblem näher zu bestimmen werden empirischen Abschnitt die Ergebnisse von drei empirischen Studien präsentiert. Zunächst wird im ersten Schritt mittels Faktorenanalyse gezeigt, dass die sogenannten Lügenskalen nicht die theoretischen Erwartungen erfüllen.
Da in Bevölkerungsumfragen trotz dieser Schwächen, die Skalen immer noch Verwendung findet, wird im darauffolgenden Schritt der Erklärungsbeitrag dieser Skalen auf Vorurteilsmessungen untersucht. Auch hier zeigen sich fast ausschließlich unsystematische Ergebnisse, die im Zusammenhang mit aktuellen Forschungsergebnissen den Nutzen der Täuschungsskalen als einzige Determinante zur Kontrolle des SD-Bias in Frage stellen.
Im dritten Schritt wurde deshalb der Beitrag umfassenderer Modelle zur Erklärung von Vorurteilen untersucht. Die Daten basieren auf einer Studierendstichprobe. Die Befunde lassen erkennen, dass keines der Modelle die gewünschte Stabilität erreichte und zum Teil sehr empfindlich auf kleine Veränderungen in der Operationalisierung reagierten.
Im abschließenden Kapitel wird festgehalten, dass die unsystematische Forschungslage in Bezug auf den SD-Bias eine Ursache unklarer theoretischer Konzepte und Operationalisierung ist. Des weiteren wird klar, dass eine große Anzahl zusätzlicher Messungen notwendig wäre, um den SD-Bias in einer Umfrage korrekt zu kontrollieren. Da bisher jedoch nicht geklärt ist, unter welchen Bedingungen der SD-Bias ein ernsthaftes Problem, gibt es keine Rechtfertigung für den kosten- und zeitintensive Aufwand dieser Messung im Rahmen von Befragungen. Um das Zusammenspiel der einzelnen Komponenten und die Folgen ihrer Messung korrekt bewerten zu können, wäre ein umfassendes Forschungsprogramm dringend erforderlich.
Książki na temat "Sensitive Questions"
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Caring questions: Sensitive and fun conversation starters for caregivers. Pittsburgh, PA: St. Lynn's Press, 2010.
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Saul, Levine. Dear doctor: Sensitive, sensible answers to teenagers' most troubling questions. New York: Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books, 1987.
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Lukaszewski, James E. Answering Tough, Touchy, Sensitive Questions and Responding to Emotional Questioners. The Lukaszewski Group Inc., 2003.
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Beck, Sigrid. Focus Sensitive Operators. Redaktorzy Caroline Féry i Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.007.
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This chapter investigates operators that evaluate alternatives. An indirect analysis of association with focus (Rooth (1992) is assumed, according to which there is just one focus evaluating operator. In addition to focus, questions and polarity items are considered. Both also involve an operator that evaluates alternatives. The alternative semantic tier is thus used in several types of construction, and the interaction of the respective operators has to be investigated. A compositional semantic analysis of alternatives is argued for that is based on distinguished variables.
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Tian, Guo-Liang. Incomplete Categorical Data Design: Non-Randomized Response Techniques for Sensitive Questions in Surveys. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.
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Tang, Man-Lai, i Guo-Liang Tian. Incomplete Categorical Data Design: Non-Randomized Response Techniques for Sensitive Questions in Surveys. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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Tang, Man-Lai, i Guo-Liang Tian. Incomplete Categorical Data Design: Non-Randomized Response Techniques for Sensitive Questions in Surveys. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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Bronner, Yigal, i Charles Hallisey, red. Sensitive Reading: The Pleasures of South Asian Literature in Translation. Tłumacz David Shulman. University of California Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/luminos.114.
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What are the pleasures of reading translations of South Asian literature, and what does it take to enjoy a translated text? This volume provides opportunities to explore such questions by bringing together a whole set of new translations by David Shulman, noted scholar of South Asia. The translated selections come from a variety of Indian languages, genres, and periods, from the classical to the contemporary. The translations are accompanied by short essays written to help readers engage and enjoy them. Some of these essays provide background to enhance reading of the translation, whereas others model how to expand appreciation in comparative and broader ways. Together, the translations and the accompanying essays form an essential guide for people interested in literature and art from South Asia.
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Velleman, Leah, i David Beaver. Question-based Models of Information Structure. Redaktorzy Caroline Féry i Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.29.
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We present approaches to the semantics and pragmatics of information structure which centre on Questions Under Discussion (QUDs). Questions, explicit or implicit, are seen as structuring discourse, and information structural marking is seen as reflecting that underlying discourse structure. Our presentation of the model is largely cast in terms of extensions of Roberts’s (2012b) analysis, which is itself related to Rooth’s (1985/1992) Alternative Semantics and Hamblin’s (1973) approach to the semantics of questions. We present the model in terms of a range of constraints that relate information structure to discourse structure, notably constraints on the ‘Relevance’ of utterances, on the ‘Congruence’ of answers to questions, and on the ‘Availability’ of discourse antecedents. We discuss the application of the approach to the interpretation of focus and some cases of contrastive topics, to discourse structure, to the interpretation of focus sensitive operators, and to certain cases of presupposition projection.
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Robichaud, Philip, i Jan Willem Wieland, red. Responsibility: The Epistemic Condition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779667.001.0001.
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Philosophers have long agreed that moral responsibility might not only have a freedom condition, but also an epistemic condition. Moral responsibility and knowledge interact, but the question is exactly how. Ignorance might constitute an excuse, but the question is exactly when. Surprisingly enough, the epistemic condition has only recently attracted the attention of scholars, and it is high time for a full volume on the topic. The chapters in this volume address the following central questions. Does the epistemic condition require akrasia? Why does blameless ignorance excuse? Does moral ignorance sustained by one’s culture excuse? Does the epistemic condition involve knowledge of the wrongness or wrongmaking features of one’s action? Is the epistemic condition an independent condition, or is it derivative from one’s quality of will or intentions? Is the epistemic condition sensitive to degrees of difficulty? Are there different kinds of moral responsibility and thus multiple epistemic conditions? Is the epistemic condition revisionary? What is the basic structure of the epistemic condition?
Części książek na temat "Sensitive Questions"
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Knowles, Sam. "Just how sensitive should a question be?" W Asking Smarter Questions, 235–50. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003218470-10.
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Andreenkova, Anna V., i Debra Javeline. "Sensitive Questions in Comparative Surveys". W Advances in Comparative Survey Methods, 139–60. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118884997.ch7.
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Simpson, Scott A., i Anna K. McDowell. "Use Open-Ended Questions for Sensitive Topics". W The Clinical Interview, 66–68. New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429437243-21.
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Scheaffer, Richard L., Ann Watkins, Mrudulla Gnanadesikan i Jeffrey A. Witmer. "Randomized Response Sampling: How to Ask Sensitive Questions". W Activity-Based Statistics, 131–33. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3843-8_29.
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Li, Wei, Ge Gao, Yu-hua Ruan, Xiang-yu Chen i Qiao-qiao Du. "Analysis of Sensitive Questions of MSM Based on RRT". W Communications in Computer and Information Science, 273–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34038-3_37.
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Brenner, Philip S. "Advancing Theories of Socially Desirable Responding: How Identity Processes Influence Answers to “Sensitive Questions”". W Understanding Survey Methodology, 45–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47256-6_3.
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Dela Haije, Tom, i Aasa Feragen. "Conceptual Parallels Between Stochastic Geometry and Diffusion-Weighted MRI". W Mathematics and Visualization, 193–202. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56215-1_9.
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AbstractDiffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is sensitive to ensemble-averaged molecular displacements, which provide valuable information on e.g. structural anisotropy in brain tissue. However, a concrete interpretation of diffusion-weighted MRI data in terms of physiological or structural parameters turns out to be extremely challenging. One of the main reasons for this is the multi-scale nature of the diffusion-weighted signal, as it is sensitive to the microscopic motion of particles averaged over macroscopic volumes. In order to analyze the geometrical patterns that occur in (diffusion-weighted measurements of) biological tissue and many other structures, we may invoke tools from the field of stochastic geometry. Stochastic geometry describes statistical methods and models that apply to random geometrical patterns of which we may only know the distribution. Despite its many uses in geology, astronomy, telecommunications, etc., its application in diffusion-weighted MRI has so far remained limited. In this work we review some fundamental results in the field of diffusion-weighted MRI from a stochastic geometrical perspective, and discuss briefly for which other questions stochastic geometry may prove useful. The observations presented in this paper are partly inspired by the Workshop on Diffusion MRI and Stochastic Geometry held at Sandbjerg Estate (Denmark) in 2019, which aimed to foster communication and collaboration between the two fields of research.
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Shehwar, S. "Gender mainstreaming in climate change adaptation strategies in Bangladesh and Nepal." W Gender, climate change and livelihoods: vulnerabilities and adaptations, 211–19. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247053.0016.
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Abstract This chapter discusses the state of gender mainstreaming in climate action activities and policies in two South Asian neighbors, Bangladesh and Nepal, based on a review of key climate change policy documents. Three questions are addressed: (1) How do Bangladesh and Nepal mitigate the detrimental effects of climate change for rural women? (2) How do climate policies and programmes in Bangladesh and Nepal respond to the different needs and concerns of these women within their national adaptation strategies? (3) What are the opportunities and challenges of mainstreaming gender in climate action policies and programmes in Bangladesh and Nepal? A key argument of this chapter is that climate change is not gender-neutral, and it has become increasingly necessary for Bangladesh and Nepal to learn from one another in order to build gender-sensitive strategies that are cognizant of the needs of rural women.
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Winkle, Thomas. "Introduction". W Product Development within Artificial Intelligence, Ethics and Legal Risk, 1–6. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34293-7_1.
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AbstractWith regard to safe product development in the dilemma between Artificial Intelligence, ethics and legal risk, Prof. Dr.-Ing. MBA Thomas Winkle first provides a meta-analysis on safety assessment based on accident data examples to show possible definitions of safety benefits and risk. With more than 20 years of research and consulting at three automobile manufacturers, Thomas Winkle also points to disasters from nuclear power plant accidents at Chernobyl and Fukushima. Further comparisons between global mortality rates of women and men to life expectancy of different countries of the world compared to the traffic mortality sensitize for ethical relevance and accepted risk today.As the first of its kind, the scientific analysis in this book uses one example to analyze all police-reported traffic accidents nationwide in Saxony (1.28 million) over a 10-year period. Relevant examples highlight technical, ethical, and legal requirements for the development and production of automated vehicles with image recognition and Artificial Intelligence. The inclusion of highly sensitive international court rulings and growing consumer expectations make the book a helpful guide for product development from the initial idea to market launch. Qualitative interviews within the development departments of automobile manufacturers show how a structured guideline-based process with expert feedback loops increases product quality in terms of safety in use and functional safety. Finally, there follows a development guide with a checklist of 101 questions on the requirements that contribute to the duty of care in the development of automated vehicles and fulfill the highest court rulings on product liability.
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Wang, Chi-Yuen, i Michael Manga. "Hydrologic Precursors". W Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences, 343–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64308-9_13.
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AbstractPredicting earthquakes is a long-desired goal. The main challenge is to identify precursory signals that reliably predict the impending earthquake. Since hydrological and hydrogeochemical properties and processes can be very sensitive to minute strains, the hope is that measurements from hydrological systems might record precursory rock deformation that would otherwise be undetectable. Of the many hundreds of studies, we review a subset to illustrate how signals can be challenging to interpret and highlight questions raised by observations—examples come from China, Japan, Taiwan, India, the USA, Russia, France, Italy and Iceland. All are retrospective studies. Some signals seem to have no other explanation than being precursory, however, rarely is enough data available to undertake a thorough analysis. Some hydrological precursors might be recording deformation events that are slower than traditional earthquakes (and hence usually harder to detect). Long times series of data are critical for both identifying putative precursors and assessing their origin and reliability.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Sensitive Questions"
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Blackburn, Maddie, Sarah Earle i Carol Komaromy. "P-76 Asking sensitive questions about sexuality on an uncertain life course". W Transforming Palliative Care, Hospice UK 2018 National Conference, 27–28 November 2018, Telford. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2018-hospiceabs.101.
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Kirpichenko, A. E. "QUESTIONS ABOUT APPLYING POSITIVE FEEDBACK IN ADAPTIVE FRICTION CLUTCHES". W STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.725-728.
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It is shown that the value of the average radius of friction surfaces of friction discs can be used as a variation parameter when the feedback gain value is automatically adjusted. It was found that the average radius of the friction surfaces of the friction discs as a parameter of variation in the adaptive friction clutches are possible, according to design-layout considerations in a limited range of changes of values of friction coefficient. It is proved that using the value of the radius of the circle on which the sensitive elements of the control unit, as a parameter regulating the coupling is possible in a very limited range of changes of values of the coefficient of friction, since there is a directly proportional relationship of the first parameter from the second.
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Aramaki, Kodai, Kanako Ikeda, Kyoko Yamakoshi i Tomohiro Fujii. "How do writing systems shape reading and reading acquisition? Kathy Rastle DOI: 10.36505/ExLing-2020/11/0001/000416 Published in ExLing 2020 Children’s syntax: a parametric approach William Snyder DOI: 10.36505/ExLing-2020/11/0002/000417 Published in ExLing 2020 A neurophonetic perspective on articulation planning Wolfram Ziegler DOI: 10.36505/ExLing-2020/11/0003/000418 Published in ExLing 2020 Masked priming in picture naming and lexical selection Manal Alharbi DOI: 10.36505/ExLing-2020/11/0004/000419 Published in ExLing 2020 Syllable rate vs. segment rate in perceived speech rate Yahya Aldholmi DOI: 10.36505/ExLing-2020/11/0005/000420 Published in ExLing 2020 Properties of nominal stress grammar in Greek Vasiliki Apostolouda DOI: 10.36505/ExLing-2020/11/0006/000421 Published in ExLing 2020 Eliciting focus-sensitive why-questions in Japanese". W 11th International Conference of Experimental Linguistics. ExLing Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36505/exling-2020/11/0007/000422.
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The study argues that in focus-sensitive why-questions in Japanese, why must precede its focus associate. It is proposed that this word order restriction follows if the why-as-CPmodifier approach is applied to the Japanese construction under investigation. It also reports the results of the elicitation experiment conducted to experimentally confirm the word order restriction.
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Cai, Jiayin, Chun Yuan, Cheng Shi, Lei Li, Yangyang Cheng i Ying Shan. "Feature Augmented Memory with Global Attention Network for VideoQA". W Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/139.
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Recently, Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) based methods and Self-Attention (SA) based methods have achieved promising performance in Video Question Answering (VideoQA). Despite the success of these works, RNN-based methods tend to forget the global semantic contents due to the inherent drawbacks of the recurrent units themselves, while SA-based methods cannot precisely capture the dependencies of the local neighborhood, leading to insufficient modeling for temporal order. To tackle these problems, we propose a novel VideoQA framework which progressively refines the representations of videos and questions from fine to coarse grain in a sequence-sensitive manner. Specifically, our model improves the feature representations via the following two steps: (1) introducing two fine-grained feature-augmented memories to strengthen the information augmentation of video and text which can improve memory capacity by memorizing more relevant and targeted information. (2) appending the self-attention and co-attention module to the memory output thus the module is able to capture global interaction between high-level semantic informations. Experimental results show that our approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on VideoQA benchmark datasets.
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Kocanovs, Nikita, Raja Kocanova i Ineta Geipele. "Qualitative parameters of indoor lighting, impact on quality of life". W The 13th international scientific conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.016.
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The quality of indoor lighting is a sensitive issue in the dynamic environment of daily life. The lighting industry offers a wide range of products and solutions on the huge market. However, the existing European Union and Latvian lighting regulations and standards cover questions related to the visual effect of lighting on the performance of the visual task, but it is already proven, that visual effect of lighting also affects productivity and causes emotions. Standards and regulations used by construction and real estate industries prescribe lighting parameters which are becoming outdated with a development of the solid-state lighting technologies. The aim of the paper is to review the existing lighting planning theory and practice, selecting the parameters which might have most sensitive effect as prerequisites for improving the quality of life, and might be included in quality standards, handbooks and procurement procedures for the projects, over time in building standards, norms and regulations.
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Sacks, Michael S., Sanjay Kaushal i John E. Mayer. "Large Displacement Flexural Properties of Tissue Engineered Heart Valve Scaffolds". W ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2537.
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Abstract The need for improved heart valve prostheses is especially critical in pediatric applications, where growth and remodeling are essential. Tissue engineered heart valves (TEHV) have functioned in the pulmonary circulation of growing lambs for up to four months [1], and thus can potentially overcome limitations of current bioprosthetic heart valves. Despite these promising results, significant questions remain. In particular, the role of scaffold mechanical properties in optimal extra-cellular matrix development, as well as TEHV durability, are largely unexplored. We have previously demonstrated flexure testing as a sensitive and critical test for BHV tissue mechanical property evaluation [2]. The following study was conducted to determine the feasibility of using this technique to provide fundamental information required for optimizing TEHV scaffold designs.
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Farrell, Ronald, i Preston Vock. "A Case Study: Balanced Globe Valve Load Sensitive Behavior Upon Opening". W ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21289.
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Abstract Load Sensitive Behavior (LSB) is a phenomenon identified in the 1990’s through a series of dynamic flow loop tests conducted by INEL on motor operated gate valves that were closed under torque and limit switch control during various dynamic flow and pressure conditions. The tests showed that the operator thrust required to close the valve under the dynamic conditions of both flow and pressure can exceed a switch setting that was established under static pressure conditions only, which may result in valve motor shutoff prior to fully seating the gate valve. For motor operated gate valves with a safety function to close during dynamic flow conditions that are torque switch closed are particularly prone to LSB if the torque switch setting has little design margin over the required torque under static pressure alone. LSB typically occurs when the valve disk enters the flow stream. The differential pressure across the disk increases as more disk area is exposed to the flow that pushes the disk against the downstream guides and/or seat. Consequently, this increases the resisting drag on the disk and subsequently the loading on the stem nut and worm gear. Further investigation revealed that the following factors also influence the impact of LSB for an application where valve safety function is required during either closing and/or opening under dynamic conditions: the type of stem lubricant, the stem to stem nut lubrication factor for predicting the required thrust load under dynamic load conditions, and the valve factor used in sizing the motor actuator and predicting the required stem thrust. In addition, when sizing a motor actuator for an application, the following questions should be considered: Is the valve factor and stem lubricant factor based on dynamic load testing? How is the valve disk guided throughout the valve stroke? Is the valve actuator wired for torque switch or limit switch closure and is there adequate margin, or does the motor actuator wired to bypass the torque switch while completing the valve stroke? This paper investigates design features and general operation, especially design factors related to LSB that affect performance, of certain motor actuator operated, rising stem, pilot operated, balanced disk globe valves designed by Flowserve Corporation specifically for Westinghouse AP1000® nuclear power plants. These valves are designed to provide the safety-related function to open upon demand. Motor trace data from bench testing under nitrogen flow are presented as well as prototype dynamic testing under severe blowdown conditions conducted during plant startup. These tests confirm that maximum required actuator opening thrust occurs early during the valve stroke before the start of process fluid flow and that flow tends to assist the actuator during much of the remaining opening stroke. Typical design factors used in the design methodology are described, particularly for the sizing of motor actuators to address LSB for the AP1000® valve application. The objective of the paper is to demonstrate, through description of the design process, hardware features, and performed testing, how the subject motor actuated, pilot operated, and balanced globe valves can reliably perform their required safety function to fully open on demand during the severe blowdown event. In addition, a focus is placed on the understanding of LSB for the application and how adverse effects are avoided.
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Hayes, Caroline C., Mai Anh Nguyen, Caroline J. Cornelius, Ashley Clayson, Daniel Drew i Xuan Cheng. "Virtual Design Technologies for 21rst Century Engineers: In What Ways Do Gestures Impact Interactions?" W ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65262.
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The goal of this work is to measure the degree to which communication through gestures in virtual environments helps or hinders collaborative work on spatial tasks. People often gesture when they talk to each other about spatial concepts; in response to this behavior, many virtual collaboration tools have been created over the years to augment distance collaborations with gestures (see “Related Work”). However, relatively little work has been done do assess whether the addition of gestures actually improves collaboration, and in if so how does it help them? This work begins the exploration of these questions so as to better inform the design of future virtual collaboration tools. We explored these questions by performing controlled laboratory experiments. To do so, we developed an experimental test bed, Collabora-table, in which we could control the communication modes available to pairs of participants while they interacted in a 2D virtual space to complete shared tasks. Participants were asked to use three different interfaces, face-to-face, virtual sketching, and virtual sketching with hand images. The latter was found to reduce workload to levels indistinguishable from face-to-face interactions for conceptual product design tasks. However the effect appears to be sensitive to the task, and the implementation of the interfaces. Gestures may be an important communication channel to support in future tools to support virtual product design.
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Raab, Peter S. "An Ecology of Innovation: Adapt, Reuse and Reimagine". W 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.46.
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This paper questions the role of ecology through the design of three small, but impactful projects from different political and bioclimatic regions in North America. An adobe home in the Sonoran desert ofMexico, a rope pavilion in the Texas hill country, and an ice hut in Manitoba, Canada. Each of these investigations reveal site-specific ecologies to determine interventions rooted in local cultural and biological systems. The three solutions probe dis-global networks using unique environmental foci in the hopes of transferring knowledge of how ecology, architectural design and material construction may deal with the abstract nature of ecology in tangible terms. These diverse, ecologically sensitive and material specific solutions belie the premise of singular solutions for all ecologies, but insist on sharing singular explorations employed to fully nest design ideations within the local environs by balancing culture, site, ecological and programmatic issues.
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Banerjee, Bappaditya, Anil K. Bajaj i Patricia Davies. "Second Order Averaging Study of an Autoparametric System". W ASME 1993 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1993-0038.
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Abstract The autoparametric vibratory system consisting of a primary spring-mass-dashpot system coupled with a damped simple pendulum serves as an useful example of two degree-of-freedom nonlinear systems that exhibit complex dynamic behavior. It exhibits 1:2 internal resonance and amplitude modulated chaos under harmonic forcing conditions. First-order averaging studies of this system using AUTO and KAOS have yielded useful information about the amplitude dynamics of this system. Response curves of the system indicate saturation and the pitchfork bifurcation sets are found to be symmetric. The period-doubling route to chaotic solutions is observed. However questions about the range of the small parameter ε (a function of the forcing amplitude) for which the solutions are valid cannot be answered by a first-order study. Some observed dynamical behavior, like saturation, may not persist when higher-order nonlinear effects are taken into account. Second-order averaging of the system, using Mathematica (Maeder, 1991; Wolfram, 1991) is undertaken to address these questions. Loss of saturation is observed in the steady-state amplitude responses. The breaking of symmetry in the various bifurcation sets becomes apparent as a consequence of ε appearing in the averaged equations. The dynamics of the system is found to be very sensitive to damping, with extremely complicated behavior arising for low values of damping. For large ε second-order averaging predicts additional Pitchfork and Hopf bifurcation points in the single-mode response.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Sensitive Questions"
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Punjabi, Maitri, Julianne Norman, Lauren Edwards i Peter Muyingo. Using ACASI to Measure Gender-Based Violence in Ugandan Primary Schools. RTI Press, marzec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.rb.0025.2104.
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School-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) remains difficult to measure because of high sensitivity and response bias. However, most SRGBV measurement relies on face-to-face (FTF) survey administration, which is susceptible to increased social desirability bias. Widely used in research on sensitive topics, Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interview (ACASI) allows subjects to respond to pre-recorded questions on a computerized device, providing respondents with privacy and confidentiality. This brief contains the findings from a large-scale study conducted in Uganda in 2019 where primary grade 3 students were randomly selected to complete surveys using either ACASI or FTF administration. The surveys covered school climate, gender attitudes, social-emotional learning, and experiences of SRGBV. Through this study, we find that although most survey responses were comparable between ACASI and FTF groups, the reporting of experiences of sexual violence differed drastically: 43% of students in the FTF group versus 77% of students in the ACASI group reported experiencing sexual violence in the past school term. We also find that factor structures are similar for data collected with ACASI compared with data collected FTF, though there is weaker evidence for construct validity for both administration modes. We conclude that ACASI is a valuable tool in measuring sensitive sub-topics of SRGBV and should be utilized over FTF administration, although further psychometric testing of these surveys is recommended.
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Eastman, Brittany. Legal Issues Facing Automated Vehicles, Facial Recognition, and Privacy Rights. SAE International, lipiec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/epr2022016.
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Facial recognition software (FRS) is a form of biometric security that detects a face, analyzes it, converts it to data, and then matches it with images in a database. This technology is currently being used in vehicles for safety and convenience features, such as detecting driver fatigue, ensuring ride share drivers are wearing a face covering, or unlocking the vehicle. Public transportation hubs can also use FRS to identify missing persons, intercept domestic terrorism, deter theft, and achieve other security initiatives. However, biometric data is sensitive and there are numerous remaining questions about how to implement and regulate FRS in a way that maximizes its safety and security potential while simultaneously ensuring individual’s right to privacy, data security, and technology-based equality. Legal Issues Facing Automated Vehicles, Facial Recognition, and Individual Rights seeks to highlight the benefits of using FRS in public and private transportation technology and addresses some of the legitimate concerns regarding its use by private corporations and government entities, including law enforcement, in public transportation hubs and traffic stops. Constitutional questions, including First, Forth, and Ninth Amendment issues, also remain unanswered. FRS is now a permanent part of transportation technology and society; with meaningful legislation and conscious engineering, it can make future transportation safer and more convenient.
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Uhrig, Bettina, i Barbara Spanó. Working on impact and contributing to R&I policies – looking back and ahead. Fteval - Austrian Platform for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation, kwiecień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2022.557.
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This article presents impact case studies at research project and organisational levels by exploiting the Horizon Europe concept of pathways to impact and the proposed indicators. In Horizon Europe, which is the European Commission’s funding programme for research and innovation, time-sensitive Key Impact Pathways and related indicators are used as a tool for assessing the different types of impact: scientific, societal, and economic. Based on many years of experience with stakeholder engagement and impact, the authors focus on the indicators for assessing societal impact. In this way, the authors would like to contribute to the discussion on creating societal impact through research projects and institutional strategies. Leading questions are 1) Can Research & Innovation (R&I) policies be improved by using Horizon Europe Key Impact Pathways and related indicators? And 2) Can an institutional impact project and even a research project benefit from using Horizon Europe indicators and at the same time feed into R&I policies?
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Arora, Saurabh, Arora, Saurabh, Ajit Menon, M. Vijayabaskar, Divya Sharma i V. Gajendran. People’s Relational Agency in Confronting Exclusion in Rural South India. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), grudzień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/steps.2021.004.
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Social exclusion is considered critical for understanding poverty, livelihoods, inequality and political participation in rural India. Studies show how exclusion is produced through relations of power associated with gender, caste, religion and ethnicity. Studies also document how people confront their exclusion. We use insights from these studies – alongside science and technology studies – and rely on life history narratives of ‘excluded’ people from rural Tamil Nadu, to develop a new approach to agency as constituted by two contrasting ways of relating: control and care. These ways of relating are at once social and material. They entangle humans with each other and with material worlds of nature and technology, while being mediated by structures such as social norms and cultural values. Relations of control play a central role in constituting exclusionary forms of agency. In contrast, relations of care are central to the agency of resistance against exclusion and of livelihood-building by the ‘excluded’. Relations can be transformed through agency in uncertain ways that are highly sensitive to trans-local contexts. We offer examples of policy-relevant questions that our approach can help to address for apprehending social exclusion in rural India and elsewhere.
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Kangave, Jalia, Ronald Waiswa i Nathan Sebaggala. Are Women More Tax Compliant than Men? How Would We Know? Institute of Development Studies, marzec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.006.
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Most research on tax compliance, including research on gender differences in compliance, is based on one of two problematic sources of data. One is surveys enquiring about attitudes and beliefs about taxpaying, or actual taxpaying behaviour. The other is experiments in which people who may or may not have experience of paying different types of taxes are asked to act out roles as taxpayers in hypothetical situations. Much more accurate and reliable research is possible with access to ‘tax administrative data’, i.e. the records maintained by tax collection organisations. With tax administrative data, researchers have access to tax assessments and tax payments for specific (anonymised) individual or corporate taxpayers. Further, tax administrative data enables researchers to take account of a phenomenon largely ignored in more conventional compliance research. Tax payment is best understood not as an event, but as part of a multi-stage process of interaction between taxpayers and tax collectors. In particular, actually making a tax payment typically represents the culmination of a process that also involves: registering with the tax collecting organisation; filing annual tax returns; filing returns that indicate a payment liability; and receiving an assessment. The multi-stage character of this process raises questions about how we conceptualise and measure tax compliance. To what extent does ‘compliance’ refer to: registration, filing, accurate filing, or payment? The researchers employed this framework while using tax administrative data from the Uganda Revenue Authority to try to determine gender differences in compliance. The results are sensitive to the adoption of different definitions of compliance and subject to year-to-year changes. Finding robust answers to questions about gender differences in tax compliance is more challenging than the research literature indicates.
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Paynter, Robin A., Celia Fiordalisi, Elizabeth Stoeger, Eileen Erinoff, Robin Featherstone, Christiane Voisin i Gaelen P. Adam. A Prospective Comparison of Evidence Synthesis Search Strategies Developed With and Without Text-Mining Tools. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), marzec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodsprospectivecomparison.
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Background: In an era of explosive growth in biomedical evidence, improving systematic review (SR) search processes is increasingly critical. Text-mining tools (TMTs) are a potentially powerful resource to improve and streamline search strategy development. Two types of TMTs are especially of interest to searchers: word frequency (useful for identifying most used keyword terms, e.g., PubReminer) and clustering (visualizing common themes, e.g., Carrot2). Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare the benefits and trade-offs of searches with and without the use of TMTs for evidence synthesis products in real world settings. Specific questions included: (1) Do TMTs decrease the time spent developing search strategies? (2) How do TMTs affect the sensitivity and yield of searches? (3) Do TMTs identify groups of records that can be safely excluded in the search evaluation step? (4) Does the complexity of a systematic review topic affect TMT performance? In addition to quantitative data, we collected librarians' comments on their experiences using TMTs to explore when and how these new tools may be useful in systematic review search¬¬ creation. Methods: In this prospective comparative study, we included seven SR projects, and classified them into simple or complex topics. The project librarian used conventional “usual practice” (UP) methods to create the MEDLINE search strategy, while a paired TMT librarian simultaneously and independently created a search strategy using a variety of TMTs. TMT librarians could choose one or more freely available TMTs per category from a pre-selected list in each of three categories: (1) keyword/phrase tools: AntConc, PubReMiner; (2) subject term tools: MeSH on Demand, PubReMiner, Yale MeSH Analyzer; and (3) strategy evaluation tools: Carrot2, VOSviewer. We collected results from both MEDLINE searches (with and without TMTs), coded every citation’s origin (UP or TMT respectively), deduplicated them, and then sent the citation library to the review team for screening. When the draft report was submitted, we used the final list of included citations to calculate the sensitivity, precision, and number-needed-to-read for each search (with and without TMTs). Separately, we tracked the time spent on various aspects of search creation by each librarian. Simple and complex topics were analyzed separately to provide insight into whether TMTs could be more useful for one type of topic or another. Results: Across all reviews, UP searches seemed to perform better than TMT, but because of the small sample size, none of these differences was statistically significant. UP searches were slightly more sensitive (92% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 85–99%]) than TMT searches (84.9% [95% CI 74.4–95.4%]). The mean number-needed-to-read was 83 (SD 34) for UP and 90 (SD 68) for TMT. Keyword and subject term development using TMTs generally took less time than those developed using UP alone. The average total time was 12 hours (SD 8) to create a complete search strategy by UP librarians, and 5 hours (SD 2) for the TMT librarians. TMTs neither affected search evaluation time nor improved identification of exclusion concepts (irrelevant records) that can be safely removed from the search set. Conclusion: Across all reviews but one, TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches. For simple SR topics (i.e., single indication–single drug), TMT searches were slightly less sensitive, but reduced time spent in search design. For complex SR topics (e.g., multicomponent interventions), TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches; nevertheless, in complex reviews, they identified unique eligible citations not found by the UP searches. TMT searches also reduced time spent in search strategy development. For all evidence synthesis types, TMT searches may be more efficient in reviews where comprehensiveness is not paramount, or as an adjunct to UP for evidence syntheses, because they can identify unique includable citations. If TMTs were easier to learn and use, their utility would be increased.
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Hunter, Fraser, i Martin Carruthers. Scotland: The Roman Presence. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, czerwiec 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.104.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Scotland in the Roman world: Research into Roman Scotland requires an appreciation of the wider frontier and Empire-wide perspectives, and Scottish projects must be integrated into these wider, international debates. The rich data set and chronological control that Scotland has to offer can be used to inform broader understandings of the impact of Rome. Changing worlds: Roman Scotland’s rich data set should be employed to contribute to wider theoretical perspectives on topics such as identity and ethnicity, and how these changed over time. What was the experience of daily life for the various peoples in Roman Scotland and how did interactions between incomers and local communities develop and change over the period in question, and, indeed, at and after its end? Frontier Life: Questions still remain regarding the disposition and chronology of forts and forces, as well as the logistics of sustaining and supplying an army of conquest and occupation. Sites must be viewed as part of a wider, interlocking set of landscapes, and the study of movement over land and by sea incorporated within this. The Antonine Wall provides a continuing focus of research which would benefit from more comparison with frontier structures and regimes in other areas. Multiple landscapes: Roman sites need to be seen in a broader landscape context, ‘looking beyond the fort’ and explored as nested and interlocking landscapes. This will allow exploration of frontier life and the changing worlds of the Roman period. To do justice to this resource requires two elements: o Development-control archaeology should look as standard at the hinterland of forts (up to c.1 km from the ‘core’), as sensitive areas and worthy of evaluation; examples such as Inveresk show the density of activity around such nodes. The interiors of camps should be extensively excavated as standard. o Integrated approaches to military landscapes are required, bringing in where appropriate topographical and aerial survey, LIDAR, geophysics, the use of stray and metal-detected finds, as well as fieldwalking and ultimately, excavation. The Legacy of Rome: How did the longer term influence of the Romans, and their legacy, influence the formation, nature and organisation of the Pictish and other emergent kingdoms?
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Lichter, Amnon, Joseph L. Smilanick, Dennis A. Margosan i Susan Lurie. Ethanol for postharvest decay control of table grapes: application and mode of action. United States Department of Agriculture, lipiec 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587217.bard.
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Original objectives: Dipping of table grapes in ethanol was determined to be an effective measure to control postharvest gray mold infection caused by Botrytis cinerea. Our objectives were to study the effects of ethanol on B.cinerea and table grapes and to conduct research that will facilitate the implementation of this treatment. Background: Botrytis cinerea is known as the major pathogen of table grapes in cold storage. To date, the only commercial technology to control it relied on sulfur dioxide (SO₂) implemented by either fumigation of storage facilities or from slow release generator pads which are positioned directly over the fruits. This treatment is very effective but it has several drawbacks such as aftertaste, bleaching and hypersensitivity to humans which took it out of the GRAS list of compounds and warranted further seek for alternatives. Prior to this research ethanol was shown to control several pathogens in different commodities including table grapes and B. cinerea. Hence it seemed to be a simple and promising technology which could offer a true alternative for storage of table grapes. Further research was however required to answer some practical and theoretical questions which remained unanswered. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: In this research project we have shown convincingly that 30% ethanol is sufficient to prevent germination of B. cinerea and kill the spores. In a comparative study it was shown that Alternaria alternata is also rather sensitive but Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger are less sensitive to ethanol. Consequently, ethanol protected the grapes from decay but did not have a significant effect on occurrence of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species which are present on the surface of the berry. B. cinerea responded to ethanol or heat treatments by inducing sporulation and transient expression of the heat shock protein HSP104. Similar responses were not detected in grape berries. It was also shown that application of ethanol to berries did not induce subsequent resistance and actually the berries were slightly more susceptible to infection. The heat dose required to kill the spores was determined and it was proven that a combination of heat and ethanol allowed reduction of both the ethanol and heat dose. Ethanol and heat did not reduce the amount or appearance of the wax layers which are an essential component of the external protection of the berry. The ethanol and acetaldehyde content increased after treatment and during storage but the content was much lower than the natural ethanol content in other fruits. The efficacy of ethanol applied before harvest was similar to that of the biological control agent, Metschnikowia fructicola, Finally, the performance of ethanol could be improved synergistically by packaging the bunches in modified atmosphere films which prevent the accumulation of free water. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: It was shown that the major mode of action of ethanol is mediated by its lethal effect on fungal inoculum. Because ethanol acts mainly on the cell membranes, it was possible to enhance its effect by lowering the concentration and elevating the temperature of the treatment. Another important development was the continuous protection of the treated bunches by modified atmosphere that can solve the problem of secondary or internal infection. From the practical standpoint, a variety of means were offered to enhance the effect of the treatment and to offer a viable alternative to SO2 which could be instantly adopted by the industry with a special benefit to growers of organic grapes.
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Motel-Klingebiel, Andreas, i Gerhard Naegele. Exclusion and inequality in late working life in the political context of the EU. Linköping University Electronic Press, listopad 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/9789179293215.
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European societies need to increase the participation in work over the life course to support the provision of qualified labour and to meet the challenges for social security systems under the condition of their ageing populations. One of the key ambitions is to extend people’s working lives and to postpone labour market exit and retirement where possible. This requires informed policies, and the research programme EIWO – ‘Exclusion and Inequality in Late Working Life: Evidence for Policy Innovation towards Inclusive Extended Work and Sustainable Working Conditions in Sweden and Europe’ – aims to push the boundaries of knowledge about late working life and the potential of its inclusive and equal prolongation via a theoretically driven, gender-sensitive combination of multi-level perspectives. EIWO takes a life course approach on exclusion and inequality by security of tenure, quality of work, workplaces, and their consequences. It identifies life course policies, promoting lifelong learning processes and flexible adaptation to prolong working lives and to avoid increased exclusion and inequality. Moreover, it provides evidence for policies to ensure both individual, company and societal benefits from longer lives. To do so, EIWO orientates its analyses systematically to the macro-political contexts at the European Union level and to the policy goals expressed in the respective official statements, reports and plans. This report systematizes this ambitious approach. Relevant documents such as reports, green books and other publications of the European Commission (EC), the European Parliament (EP), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), as well as those of social partners and research institutions, have been systematically scanned and evaluated. In addition, relevant decisions of European summits have been considered. The selection of documents claims completeness regarding relevant and generally available publication, while relevance is defined from the point of view of EIWO’s interests. It is the aim of this report to provide a sound knowledge base for EIWO’s analyses and impact strategies and to contribute to the emerging research on the connection between population ageing and the European policies towards productivity, inclusiveness, equity, resilience and sustainability. This report aims to answer the following questions: How are EIWO’s conceptual classification and programme objectives reflected in the European Union’s policy programming? How can EIWO’s analyses and impact benefit from a reference to current EU policy considerations, and how does this focus support the outline of policy options and the formulating of possible proposals to Swedish and European stakeholders? The present report was written during early 2022; analyses were finalized in February 2022 and represent the status until this date.
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Shi, Yue, Liqun Wu i Yunqing Zhang. GnRHa increases the morbidity of PCOS in children with CPP. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, styczeń 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0010.
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Review question / Objective: We conducted this systematic review and meta‐analysis to evaluate the morbidity of PCOS of GnRHa treatment in children with CPP in order to provide the reference of the long‐term safety of GnRHa therapy. Patient, Participant, or population: In the spectrum of CCP, patients presented thelarche, pubarche (TANNER score of at least 2 prior to the age of 8 years), or bone age advancement, and a serum LH concentration of 5 U/L after GnRH (or leuprolide) administration or a basal LH level of 0.3 U/L using ultra-sensitive assays.In the spectrum of PCOS, patients met the 2003 Rotterdam criteria.