Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Semiconducting Polymer Molecules

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Semiconducting Polymer Molecules”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 7 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Semiconducting Polymer Molecules"

Park, Keon Joo, Chae Won Kim, Min Jae Sung, Jiyoul Lee i Young Tea Chun. "Semiconducting Polymer Nanowires with Highly Aligned Molecules for Polymer Field Effect Transistors". Electronics 11, nr 4 (18.02.2022): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11040648.

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Conjugated polymers have emerged as promising materials for next-generation electronics. However, in spite of having several advantages, such as a low cost, large area processability and flexibility, polymer-based electronics have their own limitations concerning low electrical performance. To achieve high-performance polymer electronic devices, various strategies have been suggested, including aligning polymer backbones in the desired orientation. In the present paper, we report a simple patterning technique using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold that can fabricate highly aligned nanowires of a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based donor–acceptor-type copolymer (poly (diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-thieno [3,2-b] thiophene), DPP-DTT) for high-performance field effect transistors. The morphology of the patterns was controlled by changing the concentration of the DPP-based copolymer solution (1, 3, 5 mg mL−1). The molecular alignment properties of three different patterns were observed with a polarized optical microscope, polarized UV-vis spectroscopy and an X-ray diffractometer. DPP-DTT nanowires made with 1 mg mL−1 solution are highly aligned and the polymer field-effect transistors based on nanowires exhibit more than a five times higher charge carrier mobility as compared to spin-coated film-based devices.

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Zhang, Yue, Fangmao Ye, Wei Sun, Jiangbo Yu, I.-Che Wu, Yu Rong, Yong Zhang i Daniel T. Chiu. "Light-induced crosslinkable semiconducting polymer dots". Chemical Science 6, nr 3 (2015): 2102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sc03959a.

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Salaneck, W. R., i M. Fahlman. "Hybrid interfaces of conjugate polymers: Band edge alignment studied by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy". Journal of Materials Research 19, nr 7 (lipiec 2004): 1917–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0262.

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The control of hybrid interfaces in polymer-based electronic devices may be enabling in many applications. The engineering of hybrid interface involves (requires) an understanding of the electronic structure of materials—one organic and one inorganic—that form the two halves of hybrid interfaces, as well as the electronic and chemical consequences of the coupling of the two. Although much literature exists describing the interfaces between vapor-deposited organic molecules and model molecules for polymers on the surfaces of clean metals in ultrahigh vacuum, few studies have been reported on spin-coated, semiconducting polymer films on realistic substrates. Spin coating in an inert atmosphere (or even air) is a central part of the process of the fabrication of polymer-based light-emitting devices and other modern polymer-based electronic components. Here, work on the electronic structure of semiconducting (conjugated) polymer films spin-coated onto selected inorganic substrates, carried out using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, is reviewed and summarized to generate a generalized picture of the hybrid interfaces formed under realistic device fabrication conditions.

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Machatschek, Rainhard, Patrick Ortmann, Renate Reiter, Stefan Mecking i Günter Reiter. "Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate". Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 7 (2.06.2016): 784–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.7.70.

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We have investigated the potential of polymers containing precisely spaced side-branches for thin film applications, particularly in the context of organic electronics. Upon crystallization, the side-branches were excluded from the crystalline core of a lamellar crystal. Thus, the surfaces of these crystals were covered by side-branches. By using carboxyl groups as side-branches, which allow for chemical reactions, we could functionalize the crystal with semiconducting molecules. Here, we compare properties of crystals differing in size: small nanocrystals and large single crystals. By assembling nanocrystals on a Langmuir trough, large areas could be covered by monolayers consisting of randomly arranged nanocrystals. Alternatively, we used a method based on local supersaturation to grow large area single crystals of the precisely side-branched polymer from solution. Attachment of the semiconducting molecules to the lamellar surface of large single crystals was possible, however, only after an appropriate annealing procedure. As a function of the duration of the grafting process, the morphology of the resulting layer of semiconducting molecules changed from patchy to compact.

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Kweon, O. Young, Moo Yeol Lee, Teahoon Park, Hanbit Jang, Ayoung Jeong, Moon-Kwang Um i Joon Hak Oh. "Highly flexible chemical sensors based on polymer nanofiber field-effect transistors". Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, nr 6 (2019): 1525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc06051g.

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Garnier, Francis, Fayçal Kouki, Rhiad Hajlaoui i Gilles Horowitz. "Tunneling at Organic/Metal Interfaces in Oligomer-Based Thin-Film Transistors". MRS Bulletin 22, nr 6 (czerwiec 1997): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400033637.

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Organic semiconductors have been studied since the early 1950s, and the large amount of work devoted to them has allowed a better understanding of their charge-transport properties. However owing to their very poor semiconducting characteristics, they were merely considered as exotic materials with little potential interest for applications until the late 1980s, when two significant steps simultaneously appeared in the literature. Richard Friend's group showed that light-emitting diodes could be made from a conjugated semiconducting polymer, and our laboratory showed that efficient field-effect transistors (FETs) could be realized from short-conjugated oligomers. These two results launched intensive research on these two types of organic-based devices, and the extensive work accomplished since has largely confirmed the technological pertinence of organic semiconductors, showing the promise for applications in flexible and large-area electronics. Two categories of organic semiconductors are actually under development: (1) conjugated polymer-based ones whose amorphous state is favorable to strong luminescence and (2) conjugated oligomer-based ones, in which charge-transport efficiency is directly related to the long-range packing of molecules in the semiconducting film. In fact conjugated oligomers can be said to be forming molecular polycrystals whose electrical properties are essentially controlled by molecular order. Thus performance of sexithiophene-based FETs has been improved by a factor of nearly 50 by controlling the molecular ordering in the evaporated film, from a disordered three-dimensional structure to a well-ordered two-dimensional organization where all the molecules stack along a packing axis nearly parallel to the substrate surface.

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Kang, Minji, Jun-Seok Yeo, Won-Tae Park, Nam-Koo Kim, Dae-Hee Lim, Hansu Hwang, Kang-Jun Baeg, Yong-Young Noh i Dong-Yu Kim. "Favorable Molecular Orientation Enhancement in Semiconducting Polymer Assisted by Conjugated Organic Small Molecules". Advanced Functional Materials 26, nr 46 (18.10.2016): 8527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201603617.

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Barbosa, Hélder M. C., i Marta M. D. Ramos. "Computer Simulation of Hole Distribution in Polymeric Materials". Materials Science Forum 587-588 (czerwiec 2008): 711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.711.

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Polymers have been known for their flexibility and easy processing into coatings and films, which made them suitable to be applied in a variety of areas and in particular the growing area of organic electronics. The electronic properties of semiconducting polymers made them a serious rival in areas where until now inorganic materials were the most used, such as light emitting diodes or solar cells. Typical polymers can be seen as a network of molecular strands of varied lengths and orientations, with a random distribution of physical and chemical defects which makes them an anisotropic material. To further increase their performance, a better understanding of all aspects related to charge transport and space charge distribution in polymeric materials is required. The process associated with charge transport depends on the properties of the polymer molecules as well as connectivity and texture, and so we adopt a mesoscopic approach to build polymer structures. Changing the potential barrier for charge injection we can introduce holes in the polymer network and, by using a generalised Monte-Carlo method, we can simulate the transport of the injected charge through the polymer layer caused by imposing a voltage between two planar electrodes. Our results show that the way that holes distribute within polymer layer and charge localization in these materials is quite different from the inorganic ones.

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Kietzke, Thomas. "Recent Advances in Organic Solar Cells". Advances in OptoElectronics 2007 (23.03.2007): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/40285.

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Solar cells based on organic semiconductors have attracted much attention. The thickness of the active layer of organic solar cells is typically only 100 nm thin, which is about 1000 times thinner than for crystalline silicon solar cells and still 10 times thinner than for current inorganic thin film cells. The low material consumption per area and the easy processing of organic semiconductors offer a huge potential for low cost large area solar cells. However, to compete with inorganic solar cells the efficiency of organic solar cells has to be improved by a factor of 2-3. Several organic semiconducting materials have been investigated so far, but the optimum material still has to be designed. Similar as for organic light emitting devices (OLED) small molecules are competing with polymers to become the material of choice. After a general introduction into the device structures and operational principles of organic solar cells the three different basic types (all polymer based, all small molecules based and small molecules mixed with polymers) are described in detail in this review. For each kind the current state of research is described and the best of class reported efficiencies are listed.

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Lau, W. M., Z. Zheng, Y. H. Wang, Y. Luo, L. Xi, K. W. Wong i K. Y. Wong. "Cross-linking organic semiconducting molecules by preferential C-H cleavage via “chemistry with a tiny hammer”". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 85, nr 10 (1.10.2007): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v07-101.

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In the context of collision-induced dissociation in chemistry and kinematics in physics, we have determined that a beam of hyperthermal protons can be used as tiny hammers to preferentially break the C-H bonds of hydrocarbon precursor molecules adsorbed on a conductive substrate with little damage to other chemical bonds. The activated molecules are thereby converted to a cross-linked molecular network, with its chemical properties tailored by the preservation of the chemical functional groups of the precursors and with its physical properties tuned by the degree of cross-linking. This chemistry with a tiny hammer process is adopted to induce inter-chain cross-linking of the semiconducting molecular chains in poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) molecular films and to raise the electrical conductivity and stability of the molecular films. The results exemplify the unusual reaction design of this process as well as its application in electronic and optoelectronic device fabrication. The application is particularly attractive because the process does not require any chemical additives or catalysts other than a beam of protons, and it needs no thermal budget.Key words: organic semiconductor, polymeric semiconductor, cross-linking, polymer, collision, dissociative collision, molecular electronics, device fabrication.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Semiconducting Polymer Molecules"

Root, Samuel E. "Mechanical Properties of Semiconducting Polymers". Thesis, University of California, San Diego, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10745535.

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Mechanical softness and deformability underpin most of the advantages offered by semiconducting polymers. A detailed understanding of the mechanical properties of these materials is crucial for the design and manufacturing of robust, thin-film devices such as solar cells, displays, and sensors. The mechanical behavior of polymers is a complex function of many interrelated factors that span multiple scales, ranging from molecular structure, to microstructural morphology, and device geometry. This thesis builds a comprehensive understanding of the thermomechanical properties of polymeric semiconductors through the development and experimental-validation of computational methods for mechanical simulation. A predictive computational methodology is designed and encapsulated into open-sourced software for automating molecular dynamics simulations on modern supercomputing hardware. These simulations are used to explore the role of molecular structure/weight and processing conditions on solid-state morphology and thermomechanical behavior. Experimental characterization is employed to test these predictions—including the development of simple, new techniques for rigorously characterizing thermal transitions and fracture mechanics of thin films.

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Rekab, Wassima. "Multicomponent assemblies for organic electronics". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAF002.

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Mon travail de thèse porte sur l’assemblage supramoléculaire et le transport de charge des multi-composants utilisés dans le domaine de l’électronique à base organique. En particulier, l’étude et l’optimisation des transistors organiques à effet de champ (OFETs), des phototransistors, et des inverseurs organiques. Nous avons démontré que la température de recuit des dispositifs OFETs améliore les performances électriques d’un dérivé de fullerène (ICBA). Ces dispositifs dont les surfaces de SiO2 sont fonctionnalisées par OTS ou HMDS ont montrés des mobilités d’électrons de 0.1cm2V-1s-1, qui est la plus élevée par rapport à la littérature. Aussi, nous avons fabriqué des phototransistors à base de mono- et multifibres de PDIF-CN2 qui ont été optimisés par traitements de surfaces du diélectrique (HMDS ou OTS). Les propriétés optoélectroniques de ces dispositifs ont été comparées à ceux des dispositifs à base des couches minces déposés par spin-coating (éduction centrifuge). Nos dispositifs mono-fibres ont montré des valeurs de mobilité plus élevées (supérieure à 2 cm2V-1s-1) par rapport à ceux des multifibres et couches minces. Une telle efficacité de transport d’électrons est le résultat d’une cristallinité très élevée des fibres, qui permet une collecte efficace des excitons photo-générés qui se traduit par la plus haute sensibilité à la lumière (R) et photosensibilité (P) rapportées pour les phototransistors à base de mono-fibre supérieure à 2 × 103 AW-1, et 5 × 103 AW-1. Enfin, un polymère ambipolaire (DPPT-TT) a été utilisé lors de la fabrication de nouveaux dispositifs multifonctionnels par l’addition des molécules diaryléthènes (DAE_tBu et ou DAE_F), dont les propriétés électriques sont contrôlées par la lumière. Cette approche a permis un contrôle optique de gain en tension des inverseurs organiques, ces dispositifs multi-composants sont caractérisés par des gain en tensions très élevées (jusqu’au 504) comparés à ceux reportés dans la littérature (86). Ces travaux réalisés durant cette thèse offrent de nouvelles perspectives dans le domaine de l’optoélectronique et la conception des mémoires optiques
This thesis is focused on the investigation of supramolecular assemblies and the charge carriers transport across organic single, bi- and three-component materials, used as the active layer in organic field-effect transistors (OFET), phototransistors (OPT) and complementary inverters. We demonstrated that thermal annealing and duration has high impact in OFET performances based on a fullerene derivative called ICBA. The devices electron mobility enhanced upon HMDS and OTS treated SiO2 surface and reached 0.1 cm2V-1s-1, which is the highest reported value in literature. We have provided evidence for the influence of the order at the supramolecular level in the semiconducting material (PDIF-CN2) on the performance of OPTs. We compared solution processed single crystalline PDIF-CN2 fibers and multifiber assemblies with spin-coated thin films, which revealed that the former exhibited good electron mobility up to 2 cm2s-1V-1. The improved fiber crystallinity allows efficient collection of photogenerated excitons, results in the highest reported responsivity R (>5 × 103 AW-1), and photoswitching ratio P (>2 × 103), which are to date the highest reported in literature for PDI-single crystal OPTs. Finally, we have performed for the first time new multifunctional devices combining an ambipolar polymer (DPPT-TT) with inserted diarylethene molecules in its matrix. The fabricated OFET and organic complementary inverters were optically controlled. The resultant inverters gain values are tuned by ultraviolet and visible light irradiation, reaching 504, which is higher than those reported in literature (86). These findings qualify them as promising potential candidates for the construction of high-performance integrated logic circuits and memory chips

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Liu, Qian. "Rational molecular design for multi-functional organic semiconducting materials". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/208254/1/Qian_Liu_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis demonstrates a comprehensive study of multifunctional applications of low-cost solution-processable organic semiconducting materials. It presents a series of rationally designed predominantly dye based innovative soft semiconductors with their generic optoelectronic properties. The performance of these materials’ application in various devices, including transistors, solar cells, memory devices and displays, are evaluated through world class collaboration to establish the structure-property relationship. In doing so, we not only developed several high-performance materials but also found that fused ring incorporation into the conjugated backbone is an effective strategy to construct multifunctional semiconductors towards flexible and printed electronics.

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Nunes, Domschke Tamara. "P-doped semiconducting polymers : process optimization, characterization and investigation of air stability". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSES020.

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Les semi-conducteurs organiques (OSCs) sont des matériaux prometteurs pour la production à faible coût de dispositifs électroniques imprimés flexibles et de grandes surfaces. Dans ce contexte, le dopage moléculaire permet de contrôler les propriétés électriques des OSC, offrant un outil puissant pour améliorer les performances de différents dispositifs électroniques. Malgré les progrès dans la compréhension fondamentale du mécanisme de dopage et de leurs procédés, la stabilité des OSC dopés p ont reçu peu d'attention. Or, la stabilité de l'état dopé p en présence d'oxygène et d'humidité est un facteur crucial pour l'intégration de couches dopées dans des dispositifs organiques.Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié le dopage moléculaire de semi-conducteurs polymères désordonnés et la stabilité du dopage p en présence d'oxygène et d'espèces liées à l'eau. PBDTTT-c et RRa-P3HT ont été utilisés comme matrice de polymères et F4TCNQ et Mo(tfd-COCF3)3 comme dopants de type p. Les paramètres du procédé de dopage ont été soigneusement étudiés pour obtenir un dopage contrôlé et optimiser les propriétés électriques. L'impact de la concentration de dopant a été étudié en termes de propriétés électriques (conductivité), optiques (UV-Vis-NIR) et structurelles (GIWAXS).La stabilité de l'état dopé p a été analysée en surveillant l'évolution des signatures de dopage sous trois atmosphères différentes : l'argon, l'air anhydre et l'air ambiant. Des analyses XPS ont été effectuées pour étudier l'impact de l'exposition à l'air sur l'état chimique des couches dopées p. Des simulations ont été utilisées pour étayer nos résultats.Les résultats actuels ont mis en évidence la présence d'un mécanisme de dédopage important pour les polymères semi-conducteurs dopés-p en présence d'espèces liées à l'eau
Organic semiconductors (OSCs) are promising materials for low-cost, flexible, large-area production of printed electronic devices. In this context, molecular doping allows controlling the electrical properties of OSCs, offering a powerful tool to improve the performances of different electronic devices. Despite the progress in the fundamental understanding of the doping mechanism and processing techniques, stability aspects of p-doped OSCs have received little attention. Nevertheless, the stability of the p-doped state in the presence of oxygen and humidity is a crucial factor to be investigated for the integration of doped layers in organic devices.In this thesis, we have studied the molecular doping of disordered polymer semiconductors and the stability of the p-doped state in the presence of oxygen and water-related species. PBDTTT-c and RRa-P3HT were used as polymer hosts and F4TCNQ and Mo(tfd-COCF3)3 as p-dopants. The process conditions have been carefully studied to achieve controlled doping and to optimize the electrical properties. The impact of the dopant concentration was investigated in terms of electrical (conductivity), optical (UV-Vis-NIR) and structural (GIWAXS) properties of doped layers.The stability of the p-doped state was investigated by monitoring the evolution of the doping signatures under three different atmospheres: argon, anhydrous air, and ambient air. XPS analyses were carried out to investigate the impact of air exposure on the chemical state of p-doped layers. Simulations have been used to support our findings.Present results highlighted the presence of an important dedoping mechanism for p-doped semiconducting polymers in the presence of water-related species

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Müller, Lars [Verfasser], i Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Kowalsky. "On the Correlation Between Structural Order and Molecular Doping in Semiconducting Polymers / Lars Müller ; Betreuer: Wolfgang Kowalsky". Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1177384000/34.

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Arvind, Malavika [Verfasser], Dieter [Akademischer Betreuer] Neher, Thuc-Quyen [Gutachter] Nguyen, Sabine [Gutachter] Ludwigs i Dieter [Gutachter] Neher. "Regarding the role of aggregation and structural order on the mechanism of molecular doping of semiconducting polymers : from solutions to films / Malavika Arvind ; Gutachter: Thuc-Quyen Nguyen, Sabine Ludwigs, Dieter Neher ; Betreuer: Dieter Neher". Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1231355913/34.

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Subbalakshmi, Jayanty. "Optical, nonlinear optical and semiconducting molecular materials based on remote functionalized chromophores and polyelectrolyte templated molecules and polymers". Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/991.

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Części książek na temat "Semiconducting Polymer Molecules"

Smith, Jeremy N., John G. Labram i Thomas D. Anthopoulos. "Semiconducting Organic Molecule/Polymer Composites for Thin-Film Transistors". W Semiconducting Polymer Composites, 219–49. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527648689.ch8.

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Collard, David M. "π-Stacked Oligomers as Models for Semiconducting Conjugated Organic Materials". W π-Stacked Polymers and Molecules, 185–243. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54129-5_4.

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Ye, Fangmao, Polina B. Smith i Daniel T. Chiu. "Ultrasensitive Protein Detection on Dot Blots and Western Blots with Semiconducting Polymer Dots". W Methods in Molecular Biology, 131–37. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2718-0_14.

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Wu, Xu, i Daniel T. Chiu. "Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles and Semiconducting Polymer Dots for Molecular Sensing and In Vivo and Cellular Imaging". W Conjugated Polymers for Biological and Biomedical Applications, 59–85. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527342747.ch3.

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"Modifying Interfaces to Semiconducting Polymers PEDOT in Polymer Microelectronics". W Conjugated Polymer And Molecular Interfaces, 793–808. CRC Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203910870-26.

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Stolz Roman, Lucimara, i Olle Inganäs. "Modifying Interfaces to Semiconducting Polymers". W Conjugated Polymer And Molecular Interfaces. CRC Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203910870.ch23.

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Datta, Sudipto, i Ranjit Barua. "Fluorescent Nanomaterials and Its Application in Biomedical Engineering". W Modeling and Simulation of Functional Nanomaterials for Forensic Investigation, 164–86. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8325-1.ch009.

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Currently, in the field of biomedical engineering and biological applications, the use of soft florescent nanomaterials has increased because of their excellent biocompatibility, easy biofunctionalization, and high brightness properties. This chapter summarizes the current developments of nano-sized fluorescent soft biological imaging agents. Many fluorescent soft nanoparticles like biomaterial-based NPs, vesicles, micelles, nanogels, small-molecule organic NPs, semiconducting polymer NPs, and dye-doped polymer NPs are mentioned briefly starting from the preparation methods, their structures, their optical properties, as well as their functionalization. Depending upon the nano-sized imaging agents' functional as well as optical properties, their uses are briefly described in relation to Vivo imaging, cellular process imaging, and in vitro imaging by using nonspecific and specific targeting.

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van Hutten, Paul, Victor Krasnikov i Georges Hadziioannou. "Role of Interfaces in Semiconducting Polymer Optoelectronic Devices". W Conjugated Polymer And Molecular Interfaces. CRC Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203910870.ch5.

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"Role of Interfaces in Semiconducting Polymer Optoelectronic Devices". W Conjugated Polymer And Molecular Interfaces, 129–68. CRC Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203910870-8.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Semiconducting Polymer Molecules"

Jenekhe, Samson A., i X. Linda Chen. "Self-Organized Organic Semiconductor Quantum Wires and Boxes". W Chemistry and Physics of Small-Scale Structures. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cps.1997.csub.5.

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The growing interest in semiconducting polymers as device materials 1-3 for applications such as thin films transistors, light-emitting diodes, lasers, and photodectors has also stimulated theoretical and experimental interest in low-dimensional organic semiconductors. 4-8 It is expected that organic quantum wells, quantum wires, quantum boxes, and superlattices may exhibit strong excitonic effects and large exciton binding energies [~0.5 -1.0 eV] in part because of the relatively small dielectric constants of organic molecules and polymers [~3 - 4].4-6 In spite of the many theoretical studies which have predicted quantum confinement effects in heterostructured semiconducting polymers,5,6 clear experimental observation of such effects was not reported until very recently. 9,10 One major experimental difficulty is the rather small exciton Bohr radii (aB) in bulk organic semiconductors (aB~1.0 - 1.5 nm) which places severe limitations on suitable techniques for preparing the nanoscale structures.10,11

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Sun, Wei, Jiangbo Yu, Fangmao Ye, Yu Rong i Daniel T. Chiu. "Highly fluorescent semiconducting polymer dots for single-molecule imaging and biosensing". W SPIE NanoScience + Engineering, redaktorzy Hooman Mohseni, Massoud H. Agahi i Manijeh Razeghi. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2028187.

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Sariciftci, N. S., A. J. Heeger i F. Wudl. "Photovoltaic Cells Using Molecular Photoeffect at the Semiconducting Polymer/Buckminsterfullerene Heterojunctions". W 1993 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.1993.pd-4-4.

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Rao, Jianghong. "Semiconducting polymer nanoparticles as the nanoplatform to design nanoprobes for molecular imaging". W Biomedical Optics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/biomed.2014.bt5a.1.

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