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1

Jonkersz, Ineke. Semantic interference and facilitation in word production: Explaining the semantic relatedness paradox. [Leiden]: Universiteit Leiden, 2004.

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2

Bette, Karl-Heinrich. Körperspuren: Zur Semantik und Paradoxie moderner Körperlichkeit. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag, 2005.

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3

Bette, Karl-Heinrich. Körperspuren: Zur Semantik und Paradoxie moderner Körperlichkeit. Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1989.

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4

There are two errors in the title of this book: A sourcebook of philosophical puzzles, problems, and paradoxes. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press, 2002.

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5

Le paradoxe en langue et en discours. Paris: Harmattan, 2008.

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6

Wołowska, Katarzyna. Le paradoxe en langue et en discours. Paris: Harmattan, 2008.

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7

Nortmann, Ulrich. Deontische Logik ohne Paradoxien: Semantik und Logik des Normativen. München: Philosophia, 1989.

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8

Godart-Wendling, Béatrice. La vérité et le menteur: Les paradoxes sui-falsificateurs et la sémantique des langues naturelles. Paris: Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1990.

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9

Vaillancourt, Claude. Le paradoxe de l'écrivain: Le savoir et l'écriture. Montréal, Québec: Triptyque, 2003.

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10

Panzova, Violeta. Semantičkite paradoksi. Skopje: Ǵurǵa, 2001.

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11

Bromand, Joachim. Philosophie der semantischen Paradoxien. Paderborn: Mentis, 2001.

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12

Logika, paradoksy, vozmozhnye miry: Razmyshlenii︠a︡ o myshlenii v devi︠a︡ti ocherkakh. Moskva: Ėditorial URSS, 2002.

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13

Rheinwald, Rosemarie. Semantische Paradoxien, Typentheorie und ideale Sprache: Studien zur Sprachphilosophie Bertrand Russells. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1988.

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14

Tero, Tulenheimo, i Genot Emmanuel, red. Unity, truth and the liar: The modern relevance of medieval solutions to the liar paradox. New York: Springer, 2008.

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15

Dubnit︠s︡kiĭ, D. N. O paradoksakh. Sankt-Peterburg: Aleteĭi︠a︡, 2013.

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16

Hyde, Dominic. Vagueness, logic, and ontology. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate Pub., 2007.

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17

Vincent, Spade Paul, i Wilson Gordon Anthony 1945-, red. Johannis Wyclif Summa insolubilium. Binghamton, N.Y: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1986.

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18

J, Ashworth E., red. Tractatus insolubilium: A critical edition. Nijmegen: Ingenium, 1986.

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19

Asensi, Manuel. Theoría de la lectura: Para una crítica paradójica. Madrid: Hiperión, 1987.

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20

Burns, Linda Claire. Vagueness: An investigation into natural languages and the Sorites Paradox. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991.

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21

Deleuze, Gilles. The logic of sense. London: Athlone, 1989.

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Deleuze, Gilles. The Logic of sense. London: Continuum Publishing Group, 2004.

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23

Deleuze, Gilles. The logic of sense. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.

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24

Deleuze, Gilles. The logic of sense. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.

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25

Sorensen, Roy A. Semantic Paradoxes. Redaktor Michael Glanzberg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557929.013.26.

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All abstracts over-simplify. But the truth is close to the following: the ancient Greeks, true to stereotype, pioneered semantic paradoxes. There was no indigenous awareness of them east of the Euphrates River. They emerged piecemeal from the Greek love of irony and holistically from the Greek ambition to encompass the whole Truth. After the Greeks there is mostly regress until Thomas Aquinas. After a couple of outstanding centuries, there is decline until twentieth-century advances in logic. These advances have been consolidated by the computer revolution. We are now in an unusual stage of history in which semantic paradoxes have become part of popular consciousness. Sophistication with these paradoxes has been driven by concerted theorizing about truth. Generalizations about truth purport to be true—making the theories naturally self-referential. This circularity can be eliminated by substituting infinity. But infinity also generates paradox, albeit through paths that have only recently been explored.
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26

Williamson, Timothy, i Bradley Armour-Garb. Semantic Paradoxes and Abductive Methodology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199896042.003.0013.

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This chapter provides a methodological case for maintaining classical logic even in the face of the semantic paradoxes. It advocates an abductive methodology for choosing, or adjudicating, logics (or, more specifically, logical theories), and notes that the semantic paradoxes constitute promising grounds for an abductive critique of classical logic. As the chapter notes, there is a strong prima facie abductive case for classical logic. This is not due to a principle of conservativism. It does not appeal to the benefits of familiarity with classical logic or the costs of changing the logic. It concerns, rather, intrinsic features of classical logic, such as its simplicity and strength. The chapter concludes that classical logic is doing fine by ordinary criteria and has no need for further justification, so we should keep it.
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27

Simmons, Keith. Semantic Singularities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.001.0001.

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This book aims to provide a solution to the semantic paradoxes. It argues for a unified solution to the paradoxes generated by the concepts of reference or denotation, predicate extension, and truth. The solution makes two main claims. The first is that our semantic expressions ‘denotes’, ‘extension’, and ‘true’ are context-sensitive. The second, inspired by a brief, tantalizing remark of Gödel’s, is that these expressions are significant everywhere except for certain singularities, in analogy with division by zero. A formal theory of singularities is presented and applied to a wide variety of versions of the definability paradoxes, Russell’s paradox, and the Liar paradox. The book argues that the singularity theory satisfies the following desiderata: it recognizes that the proper setting of the semantic paradoxes is natural language, not regimented formal languages; it minimizes any revision to our semantic concepts; it respects as far as possible Tarski’s intuition that natural languages are universal; it responds adequately to the threat of revenge paradoxes; and it preserves classical logic and semantics. The book examines the consequences of the singularity theory for deflationary views of our semantic concepts, and concludes that if we accept the singularity theory, we must reject deflationism.
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28

Semantic Singularities: Paradoxes of Reference, Predication, and Truth. Oxford University Press, 2018.

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29

Simmons, Keith. Semantic Paradox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.003.0001.

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Chapter 1 presents the aim of the book: to provide a solution to the semantic paradoxes. The solution makes two main claims. The first is that our semantic expressions ‘denotes’, ‘extension’, and ‘true’ are context-sensitive. The second, inspired by a brief, tantalizing remark of Gödel’s, is that these expressions are significant everywhere except for certain singularities, in analogy with division by zero. The chapter lays out two related desiderata for a solution. A solution should recognize that the proper setting of the semantic paradoxes is natural language, not regimented formal languages. And the solution should respect Tarski’s intuition that natural languages are universal, in the sense that they have the potential to say anything that can be said in any language.
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30

Simmons, Keith. Paradoxes of Definability, Russell’s Paradox, the Liar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 moves beyond the simple paradoxes discussed in Chapters 2-4. The chapter applies the singularity approach to the traditional paradoxes of definability (or denotation), associated with Berry, Richard, and König. The chapter goes on to argue that there are two settings for Russell’s paradox, one in terms of the mathematical notion of set, and the other in terms of the logico-semantic notion of extension. The chapter then applies the singularity approach to Russell’s paradox for extensions. The chapter moves on to the case of truth, and applies the singularity approach to various versions of the Liar paradox, paying particular attention to the so-called strengthened Liar.
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31

Tennant, Neil. Core Logic and the Paradoxes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777892.003.0011.

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The Law of Excluded Middle is not to be blamed for any of the logico-semantic paradoxes. We explain and defend our proof-theoretic criterion of paradoxicality, according to which the ‘proofs’ of inconsistency associated with the paradoxes are in principle distinct from those that establish genuine inconsistencies, in that they cannot be brought into normal form. Instead, the reduction sequences initiated by paradox-posing proofs ‘of ⊥’ do not terminate. This criterion is defended against some recent would-be counterexamples by stressing the need to use Core Logic’s parallelized forms of the elimination rules. We show how Russell’s famous paradox in set theory is not a genuine paradox; for it can be construed as a disproof, in the free logic of sets, of the assumption that the set of all non-self-membered sets exists. The Liar (by contrast) is still paradoxical, according to the proof-theoretic criterion of paradoxicality.
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32

Simmons, Keith. The Theory at Work. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 puts the singularity theory to work on a number of semantic paradoxes that have intrinsic interest of their own. These include a transfinite paradox of denotation, and variations on the Liar paradox, including the Truth-Teller, Curry’s paradox, and paradoxical Liar loops. The transfinite paradox of denotation shows the need to accommodate limit ordinals. The Truth-Teller, like the Liar, exhibits semantic pathology-but, unlike the Liar, it does not produce a contradiction. The distinctive challenge of the Curry paradox is that it seems to allow us to prove any claim we like (for example, the claim that 2+2=5). Paradoxical Liar loops, such as the Open Pair paradox, extend the Liar paradox beyond single self-referential sentences. The chapter closes with the resolution of paradoxes that do not exhibit circularity yet still generate contradictions. These include novel versions of the definability paradoxes and Russell’s paradox, and Yablo’s paradox about truth.
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33

Armour-Garb, Bradley, red. Reflections on the Liar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199896042.001.0001.

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In recent years there have been a number of books—both anthologies and monographs—that have focused on the liar paradox and, more generally, on the semantic paradoxes, either offering proposed treatments to those paradoxes or critically evaluating ones that occupy logical space. At the same time, there are a number of people who do great work in philosophy, who have various semantic, logical, metaphysical, and/or epistemological commitments that suggest that they should say something about the liar paradox, yet who have said very little, if anything, about that paradox or about the extant projects involving it. The purpose of this volume is to afford those philosophers the opportunity to address what might be described as reflections on the Liar.
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34

Armour-Garb, Bradley, Peter Unger i Bradley Armour-Garb. From No People to No Languages. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199896042.003.0002.

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This chapter shows that the method that Peter Unger (1979, 1980) has developed for dealing with the sorites paradox can, and perhaps should, be extended and applied to the semantic paradoxes—specifically, to Grelling’s paradox and to the liar paradox. After carefully explicating Unger’s earlier method for treating the sorites, the chapter expands on a very brief, compact argument in which he (1979) contends that, in light of certain putatively paradoxical semantic expressions, which are not obviously soritical, there are no expressions and, hence, no languages. The concluding section of the chapter identifies some important similarities between the liar paradox and the sorites.
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35

Simmons, Keith. Paradox and Context. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 articulates and defends the claim that our semantic expressions ‘denotes’, ‘extension’, and ‘true’ are context-sensitive. The chapter focuses on three simple paradoxes of denotation, extension, and truth. Two phenomena emerge as we reason through these paradoxes. First, the phenomenon of repetition: in the course of our reasoning, we produce a repetition of the paradoxical expression. This repetition, though composed of the very same words as the paradoxical expression, is semantically unproblematic and has a definite value. Second, the phenomenon of rehabilitation: we can reflect on the paradoxical expression, taking into account its pathology, and produce an unproblematic semantic value for it. Repetition and rehabilitation are explained contextually, drawing on the work of Stalnaker and Lewis (and others) on context-change.
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36

Simmons, Keith. Singularities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 turns to the second main claim of the proposed solution: our semantic predicates are significant everywhere except for certain singularities, where their application breaks down. A particular use of ‘denotes’, for example, is minimally restricted, applying to all denoting expressions except its singularities. Similarly with ‘extension’ and ‘true’. The singularity solution is contrasted with hierarchical solutions: the singularity solution does not stratify the semantic predicates into levels. The chapter identifies two kinds of semantic networks associated with the paradoxes-loops and chains-and prepares the ground for a representation of these semantic networks via certain kinds of trees. The upshot of the chapter is that the extensions of our semantic predicates shift with certain changes of context, but these shifts are kept to a minimum.
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37

Bette, Karl H. Körperspuren: Zur Semantik und Paradoxie Moderner Körperlichkeit. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2017.

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38

Martin, Robert M. There Are Two Errors in the the Title of This Book: A sourcebook of philosophical puzzles, paradoxes and problems - Revised and Expanded. Broadview Press, 2002.

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39

There Are Two Errors In The The Title Of This Book: A Sourcebook of Philosophical Puzzles, Problems, and Paradoxes. Broadview Press, 1992.

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40

There Are Two Errors in the the Title of This Book Revised and Expanded Again. Broadview Press, 2011.

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41

Salanova, Andres Pablo. The paradoxes of Mẽbengokre’s analytic causative. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778264.003.0008.

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Mẽbengokre exhibits a causative construction that is constructed as an applicative, introducing a low argument without displacing the external argument from its subject function. In the typical case, this causative could be seen as an instance of the so-called sociative causative, whereby the causee is accompanied in the action by the causer, rather than being simply induced to action by the causer. These causatives can be straightforwardly analysed as comitative applicatives. However, Mẽbengokre displays the peculiarity that causatives of most verbs that involve a change of state decidedly do not get a sociative interpretation. This chapter addresses the puzzle of how a true causative semantics can arise in such cases, claiming that the applicative morpheme in these causatives has a grammatical use not unlike that of subject-reintroducing ‘by’ in English passives, and that this grammatical function is tied with a null causative morpheme that attaches only to certain verbal stems.
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42

Cameron, Ross P. Chains of Being. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854272.001.0001.

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This book argues for both Metaphysical Infinitism—the view that there can be infinitely descending chains of ontological dependence and grounding, with no bottom level of fundamental things or facts—and Metaphysical Holism—the view that there can be circles of ontological dependence or grounding. It is argued that the orthodox view—Metaphysical Foundationalism, the view that everything in reality is ultimately accounted for by a base class of fundamental phenomena—is unmotivated. It is also argued that we should reject the orthodox view that relations like grounding and ontological dependence are explanatory relations. An alternative account of metaphysical explanation is defended that does not tie explanation to grounding, ontological dependence, or fundamentality. A number of cases are developed across a wide range of philosophical areas, to show the theoretical fruitfulness of allowing infinite regress and circularity, including: non-well-founded set theory, mathematical structuralism, the metaphysics of persons, the metaphysics of gender and sexuality, the semantic paradoxes, and others. In the course of the discussion, distinctive views are defended concerning when an infinite regress is vicious, the nature of truth, non-classical logic and dialetheism, social construction, and more.
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43

Justice, John. Truth Be Told: Sense, Quantity, and Extension. Lang AG International Academic Publishers, Peter, 2015.

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Justice, John. Truth Be Told: Sense, Quantity, and Extension. Lang AG International Academic Publishers, Peter, 2015.

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45

Justice, John. Truth Be Told: Sense, Quantity, and Extension. Lang AG International Academic Publishers, Peter, 2015.

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46

Justice, John. Truth Be Told: Sense, Quantity, and Extension. Lang AG International Academic Publishers, Peter, 2015.

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47

Jacquette, Dale. Logic and How It Gets That Way. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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48

Jacquette, Dale. Logic and How It Gets That Way. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

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49

A, Gerasimova I., red. Protivopolozhnosti i paradoksy: Metodologicheskiĭ analiz. Moskva: Kanon+, 2008.

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50

Bacon, Andrew. Non-Classical and Nihilistic Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712060.003.0001.

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Given that a single cent seemingly cannot make the difference between being rich and not rich, the sorites paradox purports to show that either everyone is rich or no one is. In this chapter, the logical principles needed to derive the sorites paradox are clarified. Some views solve the sorites paradox by weakening those logical principles. Often the blame is placed on the law of excluded middle. Although the law of excluded middle has some contentious instances, it is argued that the sorites paradox can be derived without them, and that the violence to ordinary reasoning is more far-reaching than is sometimes recognized. Others accept the conclusion that everyone is rich or no one is. Two versions of these views, a semantic version and radical version, are distinguished and it is argued that they either are untenable, or do not solve the original, non-semantic, version of the sorites paradox.
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