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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "SEM contours"
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Weisbuch, François, i Jirka Schatz. "Characterizing interlayer edge placement with SEM contours". Journal of Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, and MOEMS 18, nr 02 (15.04.2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jmm.18.2.021203.
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Zhao, Zhouxiang, Hongwu Wu, Meng Zhang, Shiqiang Fu i Kang Zhu. "Fiber Orientation Reconstruction from SEM Images of Fiber-Reinforced Composites". Applied Sciences 13, nr 6 (14.03.2023): 3700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063700.
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The orientation of fibers in composites reinforced with short fibers can provide insight into the microstructure of the material and considerably affect its macroscopic characteristics. However, the present standard techniques for detecting fiber orientation and length based on microscopic image processing have faults in practical applications, including high effort, low efficiency, and unreliable measurement results. In this study, a method for measuring fiber orientation based on 3D reconstructions of scanning electron microscope (SEM) images is provided. The geodesic active contour (GAC) model is applied to segment the fibers in the SEM images. Matching the fiber contours with the scale-invariant feature transformation (SIFT) algorithm successfully extracts 3D orientation information from the fiber contours. The unit vector of the fiber axis is fitted from the extracted point cloud using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. With a maximum deviation of 3.83° and an average deviation of 1.50°, the measurement findings of this method are substantially comparable to those of the image-measuring instrument. This paper offers a quantitative approach to studying the microstructure of short fiber-reinforced composites, thereby furnishing objective evidence to support the development and research of such materials.
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Lakshmanan, N., B. K. Raghuprasad, N. Gopalakrishnan, R. Sreekala i G. V. Rama Rao. "Comparative study on damage identification from Iso-Eigen-Value-Change contours and smeared damage model". Structural Engineering and Mechanics 35, nr 6 (20.08.2010): 735–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2010.35.6.735.
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Danilatos, G. D. "Gas-flow field in the environmental SEM". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, nr 2 (sierpień 1992): 1298–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100131127.
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The study of the gas flow in the environmental SEM (ESEM) is important both for the instrument design and for determining the environmental conditions around the specimen. Some results from such a study were published previously and the present report is a continuation from the same work. The Monte Carlo simulation method for the gas flow was used. Of particular importance is the question on the flow field contours as the specimen approaches the pressure limiting aperture (PLA) and the question on the mass density of the supersonic jet formed above the plane of the PLA and on the mass density immediately below the aperture.A conically shaped PLA is preferred for several reasons; one such reason is that it allows the preservation of a stagnation pressure environment over the specimen surface for a short distance down to one PLA diameter (D): In Fig. 1 the specimen is placed 1.2 mm (i.e. 3 PLA diameters) below the aperture, and from the number density contours no effect is observed over the specimen surface.
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Lin, Manqing, Lan Zhang, Xiqi Liu, Yuanyou Xia, Jiaqi He i Xiaosu Ke. "The Meso-Analysis of the Rock-Burst Debris of Rock Similar Material Based on SEM". Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (3.04.2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9168908.
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In order to explore the specimen failure characteristics during rock-burst under different gradient stress conditions, in this paper, a novel experimental technique was proposed; a common series of tests under two gradient stress paths were conducted on rock similar material specimens using the true-triaxial gradient and hydraulic-pneumatic combined test apparatus. And plaster was used as the rock similar material. In the experimental process, several rock-burst debris with area sizes of 100 mm2 were collected, and the fractal dimensions of typical detrital section crystal contours were analyzed and calculated using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method. The results showed that the specimens’ failure characteristics which had been induced by the two gradient stress processes were various. Also, the mesoscopic morphology of the rock-burst detrital section had effectively reflected its macroscopic failure characteristics. It was found that the fractal dimensions of the crystal contours of the specimen’s detrital section had fractal characteristics, and the box-counting dimension based on the SEM image could quantitatively describe the rock-burst failure characteristics. Furthermore, under the same magnification, the fractal dimensions of the crystal contours of the splitting failures were found to be relatively smaller than those of the shearing failures.
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Bonta, Steven. "The lens of firstness: Shamanic/Aboriginal culture as cosmos-sign". Semiotica 2018, nr 221 (26.03.2018): 143–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0139.
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AbstractHaving identified previously (Bonta 2015) the Peircean Category Firstness as the semiotic basis (or cultural Prime Symbol) for Australian Aboriginal culture, this paper examines the “lens” of Firstness as it is manifest in a variety of aboriginal (or “Shamanic”) cultures worldwide. By studying the semiotic contours of religion, language, social organization, and art, we find systemic prioritization of Firstness in its various manifestations, across a wide range of aboriginal cultures from Australia to the Indian Subcontinent to aboriginal Siberia and the New World. Shamanic culture, despite its ethnic and geographic variety, may therefore be represented as a semiotic type – and, in addition, one that, in its pristine form, is nearly extinct.
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Amato, Philip A., Mark Lelental i Ray C. Bowen. "Quantitative image analysis of superconductor thin film microstructure: The use of conditional, multiparametric, shape-analysis algorithms". Journal of Materials Research 8, nr 11 (listopad 1993): 2799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.2799.
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We have developed a novel approach for quantifying the microstructure of granular thin films using digital image processing and analysis. In the past, conventional scanning electron microscopy of thin films has generated qualitative information on the surface topography and film microstructure. However, when coupled to digital image analysis, the amount or degree of surface contours (i.e., granularity) in SEM micrographs can be quantified in a rapid and reproducible manner. Briefly, SEM micrographs are digitized and the edge boundaries on the film surface are enhanced by a gradient filter; granularity is then quantified by calculating the %AREA covered by the edges with respect to the entire field. Objects of a particular shape, such as phase impurity particles, can be selectively deleted from the image using a specific sequence of shape analysis algorithms and parameter values. In this manner, the contributions of edges from the phase impurity particles is minimized in the final measurement of real surface contours. Statistical analysis of the data yields quantitative information concerning variations in microdomains within single thin films and can detect statistically significant differences among samples. This method is being used in the characterization of the microstructure of superconducting thin films for optimization of their electrical and magnetic properties.
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Colas-Blaise, Marion. "Texte, textualisation et pratique : Le devenir de l'énonciation". Semiotica 2017, nr 219 (27.11.2017): 293–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2017-0065.
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RésuméConvoquant le cadre théorique de la sémiotique (post-)greimassienne, cette contribution se propose de cibler quelques-unes des étapes ayant marqué la réflexion sur l’énonciation depuis les années 1970–1980, avant d’esquisser les contours d’une sémiotique de l’énonciation comme pratique située. Ainsi, après avoir rappelé que la théorie de l’énonciation « énoncée » (Greimas et Courtés 1979) invite à repérer les marques laissées dans le texte par l’énonciation, qui est présupposée, virtuelle et hypothétique, nous visons à rendre compte de la dynamique de la constitution du texte (textualisation) en mettant l’accent, d’une part, sur l’énonciation « vivante » (Fontanille 2003 [1998] ; cf. la conversion de la marque en trace) et, d’autre part, sur le geste énonciatif d’une instance sensible pourvue d’une corporalité (cf. la conversion de la marque en empreinte, Fontanille 2011). Enfin, une sémiotique de l’énonciation comme acte ou pratique nous conduit à prendre en considération d’autres strates du parcours de l’expression (Fontanille 2008) que celle du texte, en particulier celle du support-objet. L’accent est également mis sur l’environnement (le cadre institutionnel, socioéconomique et culturel). Dans ce contexte, nous cherchons à évaluer la portée et la pertinence du concept de dispositif.
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Laval, J. Y., M. H. Berger i C. Cabanel. "In Situ Electrical and Microstructural Characterization of Individual Boundaries". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (11.08.1996): 336–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100164143.
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In order to get direct information on the relationships between the structural and electrical properties of interfaces, we developed in situ experiments in TEM-STEM and SEM for the characterization of the local behaviour of majority and minority carriers. In particular, we described here our new technique for local determination of interfacial potential barriers in electronic ceramics. This information is completed by voltage contrast imaging in SEM at 1 kV which enables a full map of the distribution of these interfacial barriers to be obtained.The TEM experiment is schematized in fig. 1. A tungsten microelectrode (100 nm diameter) can be micromanipulated in situ and gently set down on the TEM sample. The contact between the microelectrode and the sample is shown sharply by the modification of extinction contours in each adjacent grain (Fig. 2ab).
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Jamshidi, Maryam, i Cavus Falamaki. "Image analysis method for heterogeneity and porosity characterization of biomimetic hydrogels". F1000Research 9 (15.12.2020): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.27372.1.
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This work presents an image processing procedure for characterization of porosity and heterogeneity of fully hydrated hydrogels based on the analysis of cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) images. An algorithm consisting of different filtering, morphological transformation, and thresholding steps to denoise the image whilst emphasizing the hydrogel fibres edges for extracting the pores features is explained. Finally, the information of hydrogel porosity and heterogeneity is presented in form of pore size distribution, spatial contours maps and kernel density dot plots. The obtained results reveal that a non-parametric kernel density plot effectively determines the spatial heterogeneity and porosity of the hydrogel.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "SEM contours"
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Bourguignon, Thibaut. "Implémentation et évaluation de la mesure Overlay in-situ par microscopie électronique pour la production de puces électroniques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALT001.
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Les circuits intégrés sont fabriqués via un empilement de diverses couches. L’alignement précis de ces niveaux, dit « overlay (OVL)», est critique pour assurer la fiabilité des puces. Les spécifications sont très strictes : sur une plaque de 300mm de diamètre, chaque motif doit être aligné avec une précision de quelques nanomètres. Les méthodes actuelles, basées sur l'observation optique de mires dédiées, montrent leurs limites en termes de représentativité et d'évaluation de la variabilité locale.Cette thèse propose une approche novatrice, exploitant la microscopie électronique à balayage (SEM), afin de mesurer avec précision ces variations locales et d'appréhender les biais induits par les mires. Pour cela, un algorithme innovant permettant la mesure de l’overlay à partir de contours SEM a été développé. Par le recalage de contours de référence sur les contours extraits, l’overlay est mesuré directement sur le produit, nécessiter de mire spécifique, même en présence de niveaux partiellement masqués.Suite à l'évaluation de cette méthode sur des images synthétiques, son application sur des plaques de production a permis de quantifier la variabilité locale de l'overlay sur le produit, de mettre en évidence les écarts par rapport aux mesures en ligne, tout en révélant les limites de la métrologie SEM-OVLIntegrated circuits are manufactured via a stack of various layers. The precise alignment of these layers, known as "overlay" (OVL), is critical to chip reliability. The specifications are very strict: on a 300mm-diameter wafer, each pattern must be aligned to within a few nanometres. Current methods, based on optical observation of dedicated test patterns, show their limitations in terms of representativeness and assessment of local variability.This thesis proposes an innovative approach, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to accurately measure these local variations and to understand the biases induced by the test patterns. To this end, an algorithm for measuring the overlay from SEM contours has been developed. By registering reference contours on the extracted contours, the overlay is measured directly on the product, without the need for a specific test pattern, even in the presence of partially masked levels.Following the evaluation of this method on synthetic images, its application to production wafers enabled us to quantify the local variability of the overlay on the product, highlighting deviations from on-line measurements, while revealing the limits of SEM-OVL metrology
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Angel, Paul Nathan. "Multiscale image analysis for the automated localisation of taxonomic landmark points and the identification of species of parasitic wasp". Thesis, University of South Wales, 1999. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/multiscale-image-analysis-for-the-automated-localisation-of-taxonomic-landmark-points-and-the-identification-of-species-of-parasitic-wasp(3fc37701-6392-4036-b5e7-4c04b66179d4).html.
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Automating the identification of biological specimens from 2D image data poses difficult problems given the natural variation, specimen damage and background clutter that can exist. The tools used by taxonomists tend to be manual or semi-automated, where the operator locates salient image features from which the system automatically derives taxonomic measurements for identification. Fully automating the extraction of taxonomic features and the subsequent identification task would allow for more robust and accurate identification and provide tools for users in the field who do not possess expert knowledge. This work focuses on the automatic localisation of taxonomic landmark points and the identification of species of parasitic wasps of the order Hymenoptera using SEM images of their heads. These images present significant analysis problems. Image feature extraction techniques investigated to solve this problem include deformable contour models, texture analysis and the Mallat wavelet transform. Deformable contour models perform poorly given the textural clutter in the images while texture analysis techniques introduce correlated noise into the segmented image, which can reduce landmark localisation accuracy to 25%. The wavelet transform overcomes this problem by filtering textural clutter at larger scales of analysis. A novel technique is presented which recombines the wavelet transform to create a single contour map where textural clutter is filtered out. This is based on the interaction between edge events which is calculated within a region of interest (ROI) that expands as the scale decreases. In configuring the ROI, a balance must be achieved between filtering textural clutter and eroding salient contours. The landmark localisation accuracy is directly related to this ROI expansion. This represents the main contribution to knowledge. A fast expansion at the high end of the scale range results in a landmark localisation accuracy of 95%. Applying these landmarks to a neural network classifier results in a 91% correct identification rate. This represents a significant improvement over the 65% identification rate obtained by taxonomists and is robust to landmark displacement as a result of contour erosion.
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Liozon, Fabrice. "Méthodes semi-automatiques de détection du contour ventriculaire en scintigraphie cardiaque planaire". Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120074.
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En medecine nucleaire la determination de la fonction ventriculaire gauche necessite une detection de contour ventriculaire et sa precision depend de l'exactitude de ce contour. Les images des cavites cardiaques doivent etre filtrees avant tout traitement, dans cette etude, nous avons utilise le filtre de wiener. Nous avons developpe deux outils d'aide a la detection (methodes semi-automatiques) visant a aider l'operateur dans son trace du contour ventriculaire et lui eviter des erreurs liees a la repetitivite. Pour le premier, appele algorithme adaptatif, nous partons des traces tele-systolique et tele-diastolique etablis par l'operateur. Nous recherchons secteur par secteur la methode de detection de contour qui minimise l'erreur quadratique de position avec le contour trace par l'operateur. Pour chaque secteur, la methode retenue est alors utilisee pour tracer le contour de toutes les images du cycle cardiaque. Pour la deuxieme methode proposee, appelee algorithme des contours actifs, nous cherchons a reduire la part de l'operateur. Nous partons d'un modele developpe dans la litterature que nous avons ameliore en rendant ces parametres de reglage plus explicites en terme d'image. L'operateur place autour de la zone ventriculaire gauche une ellipse ideale ; ce contour initial subit des deformations par l'action d'un potentiel d'attraction pour se stabiliser sur les bords ventriculaires. Nous avons valide les deux algorithmes au moyen de contours manuels executes par des experts. Ces deux algorithmes permettent d'annuler les erreurs de reproductibilite inter et intra-individuelles. Notre etude est en faveur de l'utilisation de l'algorithme adaptatif, car il donne une erreur quadratique de position plus faible que le deuxieme algorithme. De meme les parametres de la fonction ventriculaire sont plus proches des valeurs de reference. Nous concluons egalement que l'algorithme des contours actifs doit etre reserve aux images de contraste eleve.
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Zhou, Jianlong. "Semi-automatic transfer function generation for volumetric data visualization using contour tree analyses". Phd thesis, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9326.
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Samarawickrama, Saman Priyantha. "Long-term tide and wave-induced sedimentation at a lagoon entrance". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325317.
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Corbett, Elisa. "Contos sem fadas: m?es e filhos em situa??o de viol?ncia dom?stica". Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2014. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/462.
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-27Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas
This study aims to investigate the emotional experience of women-mothers in situations of violence, seeking to show that domestic violence against women harms systematically their children, generating situations in which the rights of children and teenagers are disrespected as well. The study's methodology is organized around the study of eight cases selected from psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy administered to women-mothers facing violence. Their emotional experiences constitute a privileged resource for considering the impact of violence on their children, as they offer grounds for the comprehension of the experience of children, of teenagers and of adults, all living in the environment in which the violence developed. Their life stories were registered through transferential fictional narratives, preserving the dramas the patient went through, but omitting data that might allow for identification and self-identification. These narratives were considered through psychoanalytical methodology allowing for the interpretative creation of four affective-emotional fields: Mother and wife , Partner/Monster , Ally/Enemy and Home/Battlefield . The research material makes it clear that domestic violence against women impacts the emotional life of their children, be it for witnessing or being victims of the aggression, or by harming the family environment, which should sustain their development.
O presente estudo objetiva investigar a experi?ncia emocional de mulheres-m?es em situa??o de viol?ncia, visando demonstrar que a viol?ncia dom?stica contra a mulher atinge sistematicamente os seus filhos, causando sofrimento e preju?zos psicol?gicos ligados ? falta de provis?o ambiental que favore?a o seu desenvolvimento e configurando situa??es em que os direitos das crian?as e dos adolescentes s?o tamb?m desrespeitados. Organiza-se metodologicamente ao redor do estudo de oito casos, selecionados a partir de atendimentos psicol?gicos psicanaliticamente orientados a mulheres-m?es em situa??o de viol?ncia. As experi?ncias emocionais dessas mulheres constituem-se como material privilegiado para a considera??o do impacto da viol?ncia sobre os seus filhos, na medida em que oferecem subs?dios para a compreens?o de viv?ncias de crian?as, adolescentes e adultos, bem como do ambiente familiar em que se d? o seu desenvolvimento. Registramos as hist?rias de vida das participantes na forma de narrativas transferenciais ficcionais, que preservam as dram?ticas vividas enquanto omitem dados que permitam a identifica??o e a autoidentifica??o. Tais narrativas, quando consideradas ? luz do m?todo psicanal?tico, permitiram a produ??o interpretativa de quatro campos de sentido afetivo-emocional: M?e e esposa , Parceiro/monstro , Aliado/inimigo e Lar/campo de guerra . O quadro geral evidencia que a viol?ncia dom?stica contra a mulher impacta a vida emocional dos seus filhos, seja por testemunharem ou sofrerem tamb?m agress?es, seja por prejudicar de modo importante o ambiente familiar, que deveria sustentar o seu desenvolvimento.
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Bomtempo, Flávia Rosa. "Respostas ao teste dos contos de fadas em crianças com e sem problemas de aprendizagem". Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/4793.
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Previous issue date: 2011Learning problems are still on the agenda in the classroom and in scientific studies. In order to understand the psychic aspects in children with problems in terms of acquisition and maintenance of the process of reading, writing and mathematical calculations. This study was prepared in two sections: a theoretical and empirical. The theoretical section discusses aspects of the literature over the learning process in reading and writing, from the meaning that learning and socio demographic took to the formation of society, to the difficulties that appear in the process. We highlight the contribution of authors on the topic, considering organic and socio-emotional family factors. Also, psychoanalytic thinkers describe the timing of the psychosexual development of children past six years old, as a period that coincides with the onset of literacy. The empirical section depicts a cross-sectional quantitative study, operated from the elaboration of a Personal and Sociodemographic Data Sheet, the Coloured Progressive Matrices Test Raven Behavior Inventory for Children and Adolescents (CBCL) and Test Fairy Tales (TCF) in a sample of 64 children, aged between 06 and 11 years. The sample was located, for convenience, in public and private schools in Goiânia (GO) and the Metropolitan Region and was divided into two groups: one composed of 32 children with learning problems (G1), and also with the other 32 children without Learning Problems (G2). The TCF was used to identify similarities and differences in children's responses, the 30 variables related System Categorization Answers. The data obtained in the Personal and Sociodemographic Data Sheet, the Raven Test and the CBCL were analyzed using descriptive statistics. For comparison between groups, was used the Fisher Exact Test. The results point to, more significantly, to the following variables of the System Characterization of TCF Answers: need for affiliation, sexual concerns, bizarre responses, oral agressions, impulsive aggressions, ambivalence / uncertainty, self esteem, morality, fear of aggression, anxiety/illness, anxiety / self image, anxiety / death, anxiety / withdrawal and relationship with mother. Children from G1, in general, show more (than the G2) self-image and self esteem negatively with the needs from the previous steps, experiencing feelings of incompetence and loss of things or afections, perceive the motherly figure punitive and rejective. From the responses of the children’s G2 group, was also possible to identify variables that denote dangers or fears in the face of threats, primitive agressive actions, lack of thrust and fear of punishment and guilt. These aspects can be linked to unconscious conflicts and although these children do not have learning problems, it does not mean that they will not demonstrate some kind of affective mobilization.
Os problemas de aprendizagem são dificuldades que estão em pauta nas salas de aula e nos estudos científicos. Assim sendo, o objetivo foi o de compreender aspectos psíquicos em crianças com problemas em termos de aquisição e manutenção do processo da leitura, escrita e cálculos matemáticos. O presente estudo foi elaborado em duas seções: uma teórica e uma empírica. A seção teórica aborda aspectos da literatura sobre o processo de aprendizagem em leitura e escrita, desde o significado que o aprender adquiriu para a formação da sociedade, até as dificuldades que aparecem no processo. Destaca-se o aporte de autores que abordam o tema, considerando fatores orgânicos, emocionais e sociofamiliares. Também, de pensadores psicanalíticos para descrever o momento do desenvolvimento psicossexual de crianças a partir dos seis anos, período que coincide com o início da alfabetização. A seção empírica retrata um estudo quantitativo do tipo transversal, operacionalizado a partir da administração da Ficha de Dados Pessoais e Sociodemográficos, do Teste Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven, Inventário de Comportamento da Infância e Adolescência (CBCL) e do Teste dos Contos de Fadas (TCF) em uma amostra de 64 crianças, com idade entre 6 e 11 anos. A amostra foi localizada, por conveniência, em escolas públicas e privadas da cidade de Goiânia (GO) e Região Metropolitana e foi dividida em dois grupos: um composto por 32 crianças com Problemas de Aprendizagem (G1), e outro, também com 32 crianças, sem Problemas de Aprendizagem (G2). O TCF foi utilizado para identificar semelhanças e diferenças nas respostas das crianças, relacionadas às 30 variáveis do Sistema de Categorização de Respostas. Os dados obtidos na Ficha de Dados Pessoais e Sociodemográficos, no Teste Raven e no CBCL foram analisados utilizando-se técnicas de estatística descritiva. Para a comparação entre grupos foi utilizado o Teste Exato de Fisher. Os resultados apontam, com significância estatística, para as seguintes variáveis do Sistema de Caracterização de Respostas do TCF: Necessidade de Afiliação, Preocupação Sexual, Respostas Bizarras, Agressão Oral, Agressão Impulsiva, Ambivalência/Incerteza, Autoestima, Moralidade, Medo de Agressão, Ansiedade/Doença, Ansiedade/Autoimagem, Ansiedade/Morte, Ansiedade/Privação e Relação com a Mãe. As crianças do G1 (com problemas de aprendizagem), demonstram (mais que as do G2) uma autoimagem e autoestima negativas, com necessidades de etapas anteriores, vivenciando sentimentos de incompetência e de perda de coisas ou afetos, e percebem a figura materna rejeitadora e punitiva. Nas respostas das crianças do G2 também foi possível identificar variáveis que denotam temor frente a perigos ou ameaças, ações e agressões primitivas, falta de confiança e medo de punição e culpa. Tais aspectos podem estar vinculados a conflitos inconscientes e, embora estas crianças não apresentem problemas de aprendizagem, não significa que não demonstrem algum tipo de mobilização afetiva.
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Pacheco, Maria Luiza Leal. "Respostas ao teste contos de fadas em crianças com e sem vivência de abuso sexual". Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/4946.
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Previous issue date: 2011Sexual abuse is a kind of inner-family violence that involves contact or interaction between a child and another person in a psychosexual level in a more advanced development, in which child is used to obtain sexual stimulation. This abusive act presupposes sexual activities that involve physical contact (penetration acts) or voyeurism and exhibitionism. Sexual abuse can arouse non-adaptable answers in children’s behavior, formulating a complex phenomenon that needs to be better understood as a way to be aware and able to define adequate interventions in the child psychological clinic intending to prevent actions. Based on that, in this essay three sessions of study were elaborated: two of theoretical foundation and one of empirical foundation. The first session, with a theoretical feature, describes the possible impacts of an inner-family sexual abuse in a child psyche, family configurations that can put into evidence sexual abuse risk and details related to the notification and accusation which will put in action the faceoff system of this violence. It also mentions, the details related to incest law violation as a consequence of an abusive relation of people from a same family according to the psychoanalytical point of view. The second session, the empirical one, examines a quantitative study to identify similarities and differences founded on the Fairy Tale Test (TCF in Portuguese) answered by children aged 6 to 11 years old, that have or not inner-family sexual abuse experience, related to the components of personality Impulse and Emotional States. The study has involved 64 children, half of them have suffered inner-family sexual abuse(G1), and the other 32 have not had this traumatic experience(G2). The group of children was located at the Reference Center of Specialized Social Assistance – (CREAS in Portuguese) and in public schools in Santa Maria, a Brazilian city in Rio Grande do Sul.In order to obtain data that characterize the participants, it was used a Socio-demographic Data Questionnaire and an Adolescence and Childhood Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Intending to exclude cases that have a suspicion of intellectual impairment, it was used Raven’s Coloured Progressive Matrices Test. The obtained data in the Personal Information and Socio-demographic Questionnaires, and the result of Raven’s Test and CBCL were analyzed using statiscal and descriptive techniques. The analysis of children verbalizations in the TCF was elaborated based on the Answer Categorization System of the instrument. It was realized an overview of the frequency and percentage from the kind of issues to impulse and emotional states, in order to make a comparison among the groups it was used the Fisher's exact test. The results show that there is a significant association among the majority of the variables from the components Impulse and in ten variables from the Emotional States component and in the kind of group G1 and G2. The third and last section reflects on child sexual abuse carried out inside the family relationship, it is revealed, based on literature, how public services of protection to children sexual abuse in Brazil were established.
O abuso sexual é um tipo de violência intrafamiliar que envolve contato ou interação entre uma criança e outra pessoa em estágio psicossexual mais avançado do desenvolvimento, no qual a criança é usada para obter estimulação sexual. Esse ato abusivo implica em atividades sexuais que envolvem contato físico (atos penetrantes) ou atos como voyeurismo e exibicionismo. O abuso sexual pode provocar respostas desadaptativas no comportamento infantil, configurando um fenômeno complexo que precisa ser melhor compreendido como forma de conhecer e definir intervenções adequadas na clínica psicológica infantil com o objetivo de ações de prevenção. Em função disso, foram elaboradas nesta Dissertação três seções de estudo: duas teóricas e uma empírica. A primeira seção, de cunho teórico, explana os possíveis impactos do abuso sexual intrafamiliar no psiquismo infantil, as configurações familiares que podem evidenciar risco para abuso sexual e aspectos relacionados à notificação e à denúncia que acionarão o sistema de enfrentamento dessa violência. Abordam-se, também, aspectos relativos à violação da lei do incesto desencadeada na relação abusiva de pessoas da mesma família sob o ponto de vista da teoria psicanalítica. A segunda seção, empírica, contempla um estudo quantitativo de tipo transversal para identificar semelhanças e diferenças nas respostas ao Teste dos Contos de Fadas (TCF) de crianças entre 06 e 11 anos, com e sem vivência de abuso sexual intrafamiliar, relacionadas aos componentes de personalidade Impulsos e Estados Emocionais. Participaram do estudo 64 crianças, sendo que 32 sofreram abuso sexual intrafamiliar (G1) e 32 não apresentaram essa vivência traumática (G2).As crianças foram localizadas no Centro de Referência Especializada de Assistência Social – CREAS e em escolas públicas da cidade de Santa Maria – RS. Com a finalidade de obter dados que caracterizassem os participantes, foi utilizada uma Ficha de Dados Sociodemográficos e o Inventário de Comportamento da Infância e Adolescência (CBCL). Para excluir casos com suspeita de comprometimento intelectual, foi administrado o Teste Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven. Os dados obtidos na Ficha de Dados Pessoais e Sociodemográficos, no Teste Raven e no CBCL foram analisados através de técnicas de estatística descritiva. A análise das verbalizações das crianças ao TCF foi elaborada com base nas variáveis do Sistema de Categorização de Respostas do próprio instrumento. Foi realizado levantamento de frequências e porcentagens dos tipos de conteúdos para impulsos e estados emocionais, para a comparação entre grupos foi utilizado o Teste Exato de Fisher. Os resultados mostram haver associação significativa em três das variáveis do componente Impulsos e em dez das variáveis do componente Estados Emocionais e o tipo de grupo G1 e G2. A terceira e última seção reflete sobre o abuso sexual infantil praticado na esfera privada da família, expondo, com base na literatura, como ocorreu a implantação dos serviços públicos de enfrentamento da violência sexual contra crianças no Brasil.
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Bomtempo, Fl?via Rosa. "Respostas ao teste dos contos de fadas em crian?as com e sem problemas de aprendizagem". Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/766.
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Previous issue date: 2011-08-25Os problemas de aprendizagem s?o dificuldades que est?o em pauta nas salas de aula e nos estudos cient?ficos. Assim sendo, o objetivo foi o de compreender aspectos ps?quicos em crian?as com problemas em termos de aquisi??o e manuten??o do processo da leitura, escrita e c?lculos matem?ticos. O presente estudo foi elaborado em duas se??es: uma te?rica e uma emp?rica. A se??o te?rica aborda aspectos da literatura sobre o processo de aprendizagem em leitura e escrita, desde o significado que o aprender adquiriu para a forma??o da sociedade, at? as dificuldades que aparecem no processo. Destaca-se o aporte de autores que abordam o tema, considerando fatores org?nicos, emocionais e sociofamiliares. Tamb?m, de pensadores psicanal?ticos para descrever o momento do desenvolvimento psicossexual de crian?as a partir dos seis anos, per?odo que coincide com o in?cio da alfabetiza??o. A se??o emp?rica retrata um estudo quantitativo do tipo transversal, operacionalizado a partir da administra??o da Ficha de Dados Pessoais e Sociodemogr?ficos, do Teste Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven, Invent?rio de Comportamento da Inf?ncia e Adolesc?ncia (CBCL) e do Teste dos Contos de Fadas (TCF) em uma amostra de 64 crian?as, com idade entre 6 e 11 anos. A amostra foi localizada, por conveni?ncia, em escolas p?blicas e privadas da cidade de Goi?nia (GO) e Regi?o Metropolitana e foi dividida em dois grupos: um composto por 32 crian?as com Problemas de Aprendizagem (G1), e outro, tamb?m com 32 crian?as, sem Problemas de Aprendizagem (G2). O TCF foi utilizado para identificar semelhan?as e diferen?as nas respostas das crian?as, relacionadas ?s 30 vari?veis do Sistema de Categoriza??o de Respostas. Os dados obtidos na Ficha de Dados Pessoais e Sociodemogr?ficos, no Teste Raven e no CBCL foram analisados utilizando-se t?cnicas de estat?stica descritiva. Para a compara??o entre grupos foi utilizado o Teste Exato de Fisher. Os resultados apontam, com signific?ncia estat?stica, para as seguintes vari?veis do Sistema de Caracteriza??o de Respostas do TCF: Necessidade de Afilia??o, Preocupa??o Sexual, Respostas Bizarras, Agress?o Oral, Agress?o Impulsiva, Ambival?ncia/Incerteza, Autoestima, Moralidade, Medo de Agress?o, Ansiedade/Doen?a, Ansiedade/Autoimagem, Ansiedade/Morte, Ansiedade/Priva??o e Rela??o com a M?e. As crian?as do G1 (com problemas de aprendizagem), demonstram (mais que as do G2) uma autoimagem e autoestima negativas, com necessidades de etapas anteriores, vivenciando sentimentos de incompet?ncia e de perda de coisas ou afetos, e percebem a figura materna rejeitadora e punitiva. Nas respostas das crian?as do G2 tamb?m foi poss?vel identificar vari?veis que denotam temor frente a perigos ou amea?as, a??es e agress?es primitivas, falta de confian?a e medo de puni??o e culpa. Tais aspectos podem estar vinculados a conflitos inconscientes e, embora estas crian?as n?o apresentem problemas de aprendizagem, n?o significa que n?o demonstrem algum tipo de mobiliza??o afetiva
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Pacheco, Maria Luiza Leal. "Respostas ao teste contos de fadas em crian?as com e sem viv?ncia de abuso sexual". Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/749.
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Previous issue date: 2011-03-01O abuso sexual ? um tipo de viol?ncia intrafamiliar que envolve contato ou intera??o entre uma crian?a e outra pessoa em est?gio psicossexual mais avan?ado do desenvolvimento, no qual a crian?a ? usada para obter estimula??o sexual. Esse ato abusivo implica em atividades sexuais que envolvem contato f?sico (atos penetrantes) ou atos como voyeurismo e exibicionismo. O abuso sexual pode provocar respostas desadaptativas no comportamento infantil, configurando um fen?meno complexo que precisa ser melhor compreendido como forma de conhecer e definir interven??es adequadas na cl?nica psicol?gica infantil com o objetivo de a??es de preven??o. Em fun??o disso, foram elaboradas nesta Disserta??o tr?s se??es de estudo: duas te?ricas e uma emp?rica. A primeira se??o, de cunho te?rico, explana os poss?veis impactos do abuso sexual intrafamiliar no psiquismo infantil, as configura??es familiares que podem evidenciar risco para abuso sexual e aspectos relacionados ? notifica??o e ? den?ncia que acionar?o o sistema de enfrentamento dessa viol?ncia. Abordam-se, tamb?m, aspectos relativos ? viola??o da lei do incesto desencadeada na rela??o abusiva de pessoas da mesma fam?lia sob o ponto de vista da teoria psicanal?tica. A segunda se??o, emp?rica, contempla um estudo quantitativo de tipo transversal para identificar semelhan?as e diferen?as nas respostas ao Teste dos Contos de Fadas (TCF) de crian?as entre 06 e 11 anos, com e sem viv?ncia de abuso sexual intrafamiliar, relacionadas aos componentes de personalidade Impulsos e Estados Emocionais. Participaram do estudo 64 crian?as, sendo que 32 sofreram abuso sexual intrafamiliar (G1) e 32 n?o apresentaram essa viv?ncia traum?tica (G2). As crian?as foram localizadas no Centro de Refer?ncia Especializada de Assist?ncia Social CREAS e em escolas p?blicas da cidade de Santa Maria RS. Com a finalidade de obter dados que caracterizassem os participantes, foi utilizada uma Ficha de Dados Sociodemogr?ficos e o Invent?rio de Comportamento da Inf?ncia e Adolesc?ncia (CBCL). Para excluir casos com suspeita de comprometimento intelectual, foi administrado o Teste Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven. Os dados obtidos na Ficha de Dados Pessoais e Sociodemogr?ficos, no Teste Raven e no CBCL foram analisados atrav?s de t?cnicas de estat?stica descritiva. A an?lise das verbaliza??es das crian?as ao TCF foi elaborada com base nas vari?veis do Sistema de Categoriza??o de Respostas do pr?prio instrumento. Foi realizado levantamento de frequ?ncias e porcentagens dos tipos de conte?dos para impulsos e estados emocionais, para a compara??o entre grupos foi utilizado o Teste Exato de Fisher. Os resultados mostram haver associa??o significativa em tr?s das vari?veis do componente Impulsos e em dez das vari?veis do componente Estados Emocionais e o tipo de grupo G1 e G2. A terceira e ?ltima se??o reflete sobre o abuso sexual infantil praticado na esfera privada da fam?lia, expondo, com base na literatura, como ocorreu a implanta??o dos servi?os p?blicos de enfrentamento da viol?ncia sexual contra crian?as no Brasil.
Książki na temat "SEM contours"
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Romão, Maria Rita. Sem raízes: Contos. Coimbra: Palimage Editora, 2008.
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Oliveira, Marta. Ida sem volta: Contos. Lisboa: Chiado Editora, 2010.
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Mattos, Carmen de Mello. Contos acumulativos sem fim. Porto Alegre: Novak Multimedia, 2000.
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Sena-Lino, Pedro, i Ana Alves Oliveira. Avenidas sem sentido: Contos. Matosinhos: QN, 2012.
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Carneiro, Caio Porfírio. Viagem sem volta: Contos. São Paulo: Seiva, 1985.
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Carneiro, Caio Porfírio. Viagem sem volta: Contos. São Paulo, SP: Seiva, 1985.
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Machado, Dionísio Pereira. Epaminondas sem cabeça: Fiosinhos enfiados : contos. Goiânia: CERNE, 1985.
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Polesso, Natália Borges. Recortes para álbum de fotografia sem gente: Contos. Porto Alegre: Não Editora, 2018.
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Cunha, Mauro. Histórias sem data: Uma novela e vários contos. [Porto Alegre, Brazil]: Solivros, 1994.
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Sant'Anna, Sérgio. Páginas sem glória: Dois contos e uma novela. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2012.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "SEM contours"
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Gerbino, Walter, i Gaetano Kanizsa. "Can We See Constructs?" W The Perception of Illusory Contours, 246–52. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4760-9_27.
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Lauer, Sascha, Sebastian Rieck, Martin-Christoph Wanner i Wilko Flügge. "Partial Automated Multi-Pass-Welding for Thick Sheet Metal Connections". W Annals of Scientific Society for Assembly, Handling and Industrial Robotics 2021, 399–410. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74032-0_33.
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AbstractThe production of tubular-node-connections, which are required for the construction of offshore wind energy plants or converter platforms, is subject to high manufacturing standards. The welding process is currently carried out manually and requires a great deal of experience on the part of the welder. In this process, one or more branch member pipes are welded to a base pipe, which vary in their diameters and alignment to each other. This results in a small batch size for which no standard automation solution can be considered. The approach of a pre-defined offline path-planning is not expedient, since the weld metal forms differently with the multiple curved geometries and the desired target result cannot be achieved with an integrated compensation. The approach for automation combines the experience of a skilled welder with the accuracy of an industrial-robot. For implementation, the robot system moves along the welding contour with a 2D-profile sensor. The joint profile is recorded at defined measurement points. Parallel to the seam cross-section, the current gradient of the geometry in relation to the horizontal plane is stored. After all the information has been generated, it is visualized for the operator in a graphical user interface. The operator can use his experience in the field of welding technology and can carry out the positioning of the weld seam in every single scan generated. The decisions on positioning are stored in the system and serve as a base for a future implementation of an automatic system for positioning welding beads on multi-curved contours.
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Sarma, Biswajit Dev, Meghamallika Sarma i S. R. M. Prasanna. "Semi-automatic Segmentation and Marking of Pitch Contours for Prosodic Analysis". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 127–37. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2464-8_10.
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Duy Dao, Son, Ngoc-Tan Truong, Edwige Pissaloux, Katerine Romeo i Lilia Djoussouf. "Semi-automatic Contour “Gist” Creation for Museum Painting Tactile Exploration". W Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 270–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08648-9_31.
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He, Wenchong, Arpan Man Sainju, Zhe Jiang i Da Yan. "Deep Neural Network for 3D Surface Segmentation based on Contour Tree Hierarchy". W Proceedings of the 2021 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining (SDM), 253–61. Philadelphia, PA: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611976700.29.
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Farmaki, C., K. Marias, V. Sakkalis i N. Graf. "A spatially adaptive active contour method for improving semi-automatic medical image annotation". W IFMBE Proceedings, 1878–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03882-2_499.
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Benedettini, Riccardo. "Il teatro di violenze domestiche di Ágota Kristóf". W Studi di letterature moderne e comparate, 31–39. Florence: Firenze University Press, USiena Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0278-7.04.
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For Ágota Kristóf, theatrical and novel communication are not as clearly different as we would expect given the difference between the two literary genres. The first plays, written in French-speaking Switzerland starting from the end of the 1970s, contain those motifs that would later build the imaginative system of the most famous novels. Violence, latent or manifest, dominates all sentimentality and outlines, in its precise contours of abuse of the body, what will be the constant controversy in all of the writer's activity in the theatre, in the novel, in poetry. In the features of violence we see a detached testimony of social relationships, that accumulation of frustrations that causes individual events to transform into episodes of a broader human story.
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Peutz, Nathalie. "Small Things". W Migration, Displacement, and Higher Education, 279–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12350-4_23.
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AbstractIn 2018 and 2019, students from NYU Abu Dhabi spent a week participating, observing, and learning in a refugee camp in Djibouti as a part of an intensive January term course on Displacement and Migration across the Red Sea. This chapter discusses the contours of this student-and-refugee engagement and its relation to the author’s prior ethnographic research and collaborative photography projects in the camp. Revisiting how the university students and their refugee hosts experienced these events, and addressing questions of ethics, value, and privilege, the chapter unsettles common assumptions about who was teaching and helping whom. As flawed and uneven as these educational journeys can be, the chapter argues that what is to be gained from these encounters are not just “small things.”
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Sutradhar, Brajendra C. "Advances and Challenges in Inferences for Elliptically Contoured t Distributions". W Advances and Challenges in Parametric and Semi-parametric Analysis for Correlated Data, 3–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31260-6_1.
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Finneran, James J., Jason Mulsow i Carolyn E. Schlundt. "Using Reaction Time and Equal Latency Contours to Derive Auditory Weighting Functions in Sea Lions and Dolphins". W The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life II, 281–87. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_33.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "SEM contours"
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Weisbuch, François, A. Omran i Kenneth Jantzen. "Calibrating etch model with SEM contours". W SPIE Advanced Lithography, redaktorzy Kafai Lai i Andreas Erdmann. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2180271.
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Granik, Yuri, i Ir Kusnadi. "Challenges of OPC model calibration from SEM contours". W SPIE Advanced Lithography, redaktorzy John A. Allgair i Christopher J. Raymond. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.772060.
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Granik, Yuri. "Calibration of compact OPC models using SEM contours". W Photomask Technology 2005, redaktorzy J. Tracy Weed i Patrick M. Martin. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.632218.
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Zheng, Zhen-Fei, Wei Zhang, Chen-Wei Sun, Xiao Yang, Xiao-Mei Li, Feng Shao, Cynthia Zhu, Germain Fenger, Yue-Long Yu i Ying-Fang Wang. "Optimal OPC model selection with SEM image contours". W 2022 International Workshop on Advanced Patterning Solutions (IWAPS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwaps57146.2022.9972274.
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Pradelles, Jonathan, Loïc Perraud, Elie Sezestre, Aulrélien Fay, Nivea G. Schuch, Thiago Figueiro i Frederic Robert. "Can remote SEM contours be used to match various SEM tools in fabs?" W Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control XXXVII, redaktorzy John C. Robinson i Matthew J. Sendelbach. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2658426.
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Wei, Chih-I., Rajiv Sejpal, Yunfei Deng, Ir Kusnadi, Germain Fenger, Masahiro Oya, Yosuke Okamoto i in. "Realizing more accurate OPC models by utilizing SEM contours". W Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XXXIV, redaktorzy Ofer Adan i John C. Robinson. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2554527.
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Weisbuch, François, Jirka Schatz i Matthias Ruhm. "Measuring inter-layer edge placement error with SEM contours". W 34th European Mask and Lithography Conference, redaktorzy Uwe F. Behringer i Jo Finders. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2326529.
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Habib, Mohamed Serag El-Din. "Enhancing OPC model stability and predictability using SEM image contours". W Photomask Technology, redaktorzy Hiroichi Kawahira i Larry S. Zurbrick. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.801513.
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Bourguignon, Thibaut, Bertrand Le Gratiet, Jonathan Pradelles, Sébastien Bérard-Bergery, Charles Valade, Nivea G. Schuch i Nicolas Possémé. "High-spatial frequency on-device overlay characterization using CD-SEM contours". W Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control XXXVII, redaktorzy John C. Robinson i Matthew J. Sendelbach. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2657914.
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Weisbuch, Francois. "Extending critical dimension measurement for optical microlithography with robust SEM image contours". W SPIE Optical Metrology, redaktorzy Jürgen Beyerer i Fernando Puente León. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2184473.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "SEM contours"
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Ray, Laura, Madeleine Jordan, Steven Arcone, Lynn Kaluzienski, Benjamin Walker, Peter Ortquist Koons, James Lever i Gordon Hamilton. Velocity field in the McMurdo shear zone from annual ground penetrating radar imaging and crevasse matching. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), grudzień 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42623.
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The McMurdo shear zone (MSZ) is strip of heavily crevassed ice oriented in the south-north direction and moving northward. Previous airborne surveys revealed a chaotic crevasse structure superimposed on a set of expected crevasse orientations at 45 degrees to the south-north flow (due to shear stress mechanisms). The dynamics that produced this chaotic structure are poorly understood. Our purpose is to present our field methodology and provide field data that will enable validation of models of the MSZ evolution, and here, we present a method for deriving a local velocity field from ground penetrating radar (GPR) data towards that end. Maps of near-surface crevasses were derived from two annual GPR surveys of a 28 km² region of the MSZ using Eulerian sampling. Our robot-towed and GPS navigated GPR enabled a dense survey grid, with transects of the shear zone at 50 m spacing. Each survey comprised multiple crossings of long (> 1 km) crevasses that appear in echelon on the western and eastern boundaries of the shear zone, as well as two or more crossings of shorter crevasses in the more chaotic zone between the western and eastern boundaries. From these maps, we derived a local velocity field based on the year-to-year movement of the same crevasses. Our velocity field varies significantly from fields previously established using remote sensing and provides more detail than one concurrently derived from a 29-station GPS network. Rather than a simple velocity gradient expected for crevasses oriented approximately 45 degrees to flow direction, we find constant velocity contours oriented diagonally across the shear zone with a wavy fine structure. Although our survey is based on near-surface crevasses, similar crevassing found in marine ice at 160 m depth leads us to conclude that this surface velocity field may hold through the body of meteoric and marine ice. Our success with robot-towed GPR with GPS navigation suggests we may greatly increase our survey areas.
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Rousseau, Henri-Paul. Gutenberg, L’université et le défi numérique. CIRANO, grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/wodt6646.
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Introduction u cours des deux derniers millénaires, il y a eu plusieurs façons de conserver, transmettre et même créer la connaissance ; la tradition orale, l’écrit manuscrit, l’écrit imprimé et l’écrit numérisé. La tradition orale et le manuscrit ont dominé pendant plus de 1400 ans, et ce, jusqu’à l’apparition du livre imprimé en 1451, résultant de l’invention mécanique de Gutenberg. Il faudra attendre un peu plus de 550 ans, avant que l’invention du support électronique déloge à son tour le livre imprimé, prenant une ampleur sans précédent grâce à la révolution numérique contemporaine, résultat du maillage des technologies de l’informatique, de la robotique et de la science des données. Les premières universités qui sont nées en Occident, au Moyen Âge, ont développé cette tradition orale de la connaissance tout en multipliant l’usage du manuscrit créant ainsi de véritables communautés de maîtres et d’étudiants ; la venue de l’imprimerie permettra la multiplication des universités où l’oral et l’écrit continueront de jouer un rôle déterminant dans la création et la transmission des connaissances même si le « support » a évolué du manuscrit à l’imprimé puis vers le numérique. Au cours de toutes ces années, le modèle de l’université s’est raffiné et perfectionné sur une trajectoire somme toute assez linéaire en élargissant son rôle dans l’éducation à celui-ci de la recherche et de l’innovation, en multipliant les disciplines offertes et les clientèles desservies. L’université de chaque ville universitaire est devenue une institution florissante et indispensable à son rayonnement international, à un point tel que l’on mesure souvent sa contribution par la taille de sa clientèle étudiante, l’empreinte de ses campus, la grandeur de ses bibliothèques spécialisées ; c’est toutefois la renommée de ses chercheurs qui consacre la réputation de chaque université au cours de cette longue trajectoire pendant laquelle a pu s’établir la liberté universitaire. « Les libertés universitaires empruntèrent beaucoup aux libertés ecclésiastiques » : Étudiants et maîtres, qu'ils furent, ou non, hommes d'Église, furent assimilés à des clercs relevant de la seule justice ecclésiastique, réputée plus équitable. Mais ils échappèrent aussi largement à la justice ecclésiastique locale, n'étant justiciables que devant leur propre institution les professeurs et le recteur, chef élu de l’université - ou devant le pape ou ses délégués. Les libertés académiques marquèrent donc l’émergence d'un droit propre, qui ménageait aux maîtres et aux étudiants une place à part dans la société. Ce droit était le même, à travers l'Occident, pour tous ceux qui appartenaient à ces institutions supranationales que furent, par essence, les premières universités. À la fin du Moyen Âge, l'affirmation des États nationaux obligea les libertés académiques à s'inscrire dans ce nouveau cadre politique, comme de simples pratiques dérogatoires au droit commun et toujours sujettes à révision. Vestige vénérable de l’antique indépendance et privilège octroyé par le prince, elles eurent donc désormais un statut ambigu » . La révolution numérique viendra fragiliser ce statut. En effet, la révolution numérique vient bouleverser cette longue trajectoire linéaire de l’université en lui enlevant son quasi monopole dans la conservation et le partage du savoir parce qu’elle rend plus facile et somme toute, moins coûteux l’accès à l’information, au savoir et aux données. Le numérique est révolutionnaire comme l’était l’imprimé et son influence sur l’université, sera tout aussi considérable, car cette révolution impacte radicalement tous les secteurs de l’économie en accélérant la robotisation et la numérisation des processus de création, de fabrication et de distribution des biens et des services. Ces innovations utilisent la radio-identification (RFID) qui permet de mémoriser et de récupérer à distance des données sur les objets et l’Internet des objets qui permet aux objets d’être reliés automatiquement à des réseaux de communications .Ces innovations s’entrecroisent aux technologies de la réalité virtuelle, à celles des algorithmiques intelligentes et de l’intelligence artificielle et viennent littéralement inonder de données les institutions et les organisations qui doivent alors les analyser, les gérer et les protéger. Le monde numérique est né et avec lui, a surgi toute une série de compétences radicalement nouvelles que les étudiants, les enseignants et les chercheurs de nos universités doivent rapidement maîtriser pour évoluer dans ce Nouveau Monde, y travailler et contribuer à la rendre plus humain et plus équitable. En effet, tous les secteurs de l’activité commerciale, économique, culturelle ou sociale exigent déjà clairement des connaissances et des compétences numériques et technologiques de tous les participants au marché du travail. Dans cette nouvelle logique industrielle du monde numérique, les gagnants sont déjà bien identifiés. Ce sont les fameux GAFAM (Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon et Microsoft) suivis de près par les NATU (Netflix, Airbnb, Tesla et Uber) et par les géants chinois du numérique, les BATX (Baidu, Alibaba, Tenant et Xiaomi). Ces géants sont alimentés par les recherches, les innovations et les applications mobiles (APPs) créées par les partenaires de leurs écosystèmes regroupant, sur différents campus d’entreprises, plusieurs des cerveaux qui sont au cœur de cette révolution numérique. L’université voit donc remise en question sa capacité traditionnelle d’attirer, de retenir et de promouvoir les artisans du monde de demain. Son aptitude à former des esprits critiques et à contribuer à la transmission des valeurs universelles est également ébranlée par ce tsunami de changements. Il faut cependant reconnaître que les facultés de médecine, d’ingénierie et de sciences naturelles aux États-Unis qui ont développé des contacts étroits, abondants et suivis avec les hôpitaux, les grandes entreprises et l’administration publique et cela dès la fin du 19e siècle ont été plus en mesure que bien d’autres, de recruter et retenir les gens de talent. Elle ont énormément contribué à faire avancer les connaissances scientifiques et la scolarisation en sciences appliquées ..La concentration inouïe des Prix Nobel scientifiques aux États-Unis est à cet égard très convaincante . La révolution numérique contemporaine survient également au moment même où de grands bouleversements frappent la planète : l’urgence climatique, le vieillissement des populations, la « déglobalisation », les déplacements des populations, les guerres, les pandémies, la crise des inégalités, de l’éthique et des démocraties. Ces bouleversements interpellent les universitaires et c’est pourquoi leur communauté doit adopter une raison d’être et ainsi renouveler leur mission afin des mieux répondre à ces enjeux de la civilisation. Cette communauté doit non seulement se doter d’une vision et des modes de fonctionnement adaptés aux nouvelles réalités liées aux technologies numériques, mais elle doit aussi tenir compte de ces grands bouleversements. Tout ceci l’oblige à s’intégrer à des écosystèmes où les connaissances sont partagées et où de nouvelles compétences doivent être rapidement acquises. Le but de ce texte est de mieux cerner l’ampleur du défi que pose le monde numérique au milieu universitaire et de proposer quelques idées pouvant alimenter la réflexion des universitaires dans cette démarche d’adaptation au monde numérique. Or, ma conviction la plus profonde c’est que la révolution numérique aura des impacts sur nos sociétés et notre civilisation aussi grands que ceux provoqués par la découverte de l’imprimerie et son industrialisation au 15e siècle. C’est pourquoi la première section de ce document est consacrée à un rappel historique de la révolution de l’imprimerie par Gutenberg alors que la deuxième section illustrera comment les caractéristiques de la révolution numérique viennent soutenir cette conviction si profonde. Une troisième section fournira plus de détails sur le défi d’adaptation que le monde numérique pose aux universités alors que la quatrième section évoquera les contours du changement de paradigme que cette adaptation va imposer. La cinquième section servira à illustrer un scénario de rêves qui permettra de mieux illustrer l’ampleur de la gestion du changement qui guette les universitaires. La conclusion permettra de revenir sur quelques concepts et principes clefs pour guider la démarche vers l’action. L’université ne peut plus « être en haut et seule », elle doit être « au centre et avec » des écosystèmes de partenariats multiples, dans un modèle hybride physique/virtuel. C’est ainsi qu’elle pourra conserver son leadership historique de vigie du savoir et des connaissances d’un monde complexe, continuer d’établir l’authenticité des faits et imposer la nécessaire rigueur de la science et de l’objectivité.
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12º Congresso Ibero-Americano de Acústica & XXIX Encontro da Sobrac. Sociedade Brasileira de Acústica (Sobrac), grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55753/aev.v37e54.213.
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Entre os dias 28 a 31 de agosto de 2022 ocorreu, na cidade de Florianópolis, em Santa Catarina, um dos eventos internacionais mais importantes e aguardados na área de acústica - o 12o Congresso Ibero-americano de Acústica & XXIX Encontro da Sobrac. O evento, inicialmente previsto para ocorrer em 2020, precisou ser adiado em decorrência da pandemia do Covid-19, mas finalmente tomou forma dois anos depois. Com uma programação repleta de palestras, apresentações e minicursos, além de uma feira de negócios com as últimas novidades do mercado, o congresso atraiu alunos, professores e pesquisadores das mais diversas áreas da acústica. Em seus quatro dias de evento, o FIA contou com mais de 500 participantes, superando as expectativas dos organizadores e sendo considerado um grande sucesso. Um breve relato do evento é apresentado nesse artigo.