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1
Kim, Jin-Soo, i Hong Seo. "A Study on the Improvement of the Safety Diagnosis System for Housing Reconstruction: Focusing on the legislative proposal of the National Assembly of Korea". Korean Public Land Law Association 103 (31.08.2023): 171–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30933/kpllr.2023.103.171.
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Reconstruction contributes to improving the quality of life of residents by creating an aging, unstable and poor residential environment into a safe and pleasant residential environment, and is also an important means of realizing basic constitutional rights such as people's right to pursue happiness, property rights, and housing freedom. However, the reconstruction project is causing a lot of confusion to the housing market and the people as related laws and systems repeatedly regulate and ease due to the ups and downs of the housing market and regime change.
Accordingly, this study attempted to investigate and analyze legislative system improvement efforts raised by the National Assembly on the “Safety Diagnosis Standards for Housing Reconstruction” announced by the government and derive reasonable system improvement measures through Delphi, experts related to safety diagnosis. Based on this process, I would like to propose a plan to improve the current housing reconstruction safety diagnosis system.
First, the authority to determine safety diagnosis, including the composition and ratio of each item of the safety diagnosis evaluation criteria, should be delegated to the head of the metropolitan government. Critics say that the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport does not reflect the characteristics of the region and hinders the smooth promotion of reconstruction projects by setting safety diagnosis standards uniformly and uniformly in different situations. Therefore, it is necessary to delegate the authority to decide on safety diagnosis standards to the heads of metropolitan local governments.
Second, Article 2, Subparagraph 3 (b) of the current Urban Improvement Act defines “significant functional defects among buildings that have not secured seismic performance” as old-age defective buildings. However, whether or not seismic design is reflected in the structural safety evaluation item is omitted. Structural safety assessment items should include whether seismic design is reflected.
Third, although geological conditions and ground conditions have a very significant impact on the structural safety of buildings, geological conditions and ground conditions are omitted from the structural stability evaluation items. The omission of these important evaluation factors is a factor that degrades the validity and reliability of the safety diagnosis evaluation results.
Fourth, the use of asbestos building materials should be reflected in the safety diagnosis evaluation items. When inhaled into the human body, asbestos, a first-class carcinogen designated by the World Health Organization, causes fatal diseases such as asbestos lung disease, lung cancer, and malignant mesothelioma. Therefore, in Korea, the Asbestos Safety Management Act has been enacted to thoroughly manage asbestos exposure contained in buildings so that it does not damage public health.
Fifth, it is necessary for local governments to support certain costs incurred by conducting safety diagnosis for housing reconstruction. However, some say that local governments should not invest in projects to rebuild private property, but the reconstruction project improves the residential environment of owners, such as local land, while creating public benefits such as roads, parks, community facilities, and public rental housing. It is currently supported by some local governments.
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Javed, Mohammed, Guido Magenes, Bashir Alam, Akhtar Naeem Khan, Qaisar Ali i Ali M. Syed. "Experimental Seismic Performance Evaluation of Unreinforced Brick Masonry Shear Walls". Earthquake Spectra 31, nr 1 (luty 2015): 215–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/111512eqs329m.
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Unreinforced masonry buildings, constructed with stones or bricks, are common in the northern areas of Pakistan. In the October 2005 Kashmir earthquake, the seismic performance of stone masonry buildings was found to be poor, which was the primary source of fatalities. Unreinforced brick masonry (URBM) buildings, however, performed well even in severely jolted areas. The performance of URBM could have been much better if the affected buildings were constructed by using proper guidelines. Taking lessons from the disaster, an experimental investigation, based on typical geometry and precompression levels of the URBM shear walls in the affected region, was conducted to evaluate their seismic performance. Twelve walls were tested in the in-plane direction using quasi-static cyclic loading. First-story drift ratios for various performance levels in URBM buildings are proposed. The influences of relative precompression level and aspect ratio on the damage pattern, ultimate drift ratio, and equivalent viscous damping of the walls are examined.
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Bilgin, Hüseyin, Marsed Leti, Rafael Shehu, Hayri Baytan Özmen, Ahmet Hilmi Deringol i Rrapo Ormeni. "Reflections from the 2019 Durrës Earthquakes: An Earthquake Engineering Evaluation for Masonry Typologies". Buildings 13, nr 9 (31.08.2023): 2227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092227.
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Two earthquakes struck the NW region of Albanian territory on 21 September 2019 (Mw = 5.6) and on 26 November 2019 (Mw = 6.4). The epicenters of the seismic activity were located offshore NW Durrës, one of Albania’s most populated cities, located 30 km from the capital Tirana. Various aftershocks followed subsequently. While there were no reported injuries, a number of buildings sustained significant damage near the epicenter following the initial event. Subsequently, during the second event, there was loss of life and extensive damage to civilian structures, resulting in multiple collapses. This study focuses on the earthquake damages observed in residential and public buildings in the earthquake-affected region. The earthquakes predominantly affected low-rise masonry buildings, while the newly constructed RC structures built according to the latest seismic rules were almost unaffected. The commonly encountered building typologies in the region, together with photos showing the amount of destruction are presented here. As observed by the authors during the reconnaissance visit to the stricken area, examples of various damage patterns are presented, along with a technically substantiated description of the reasons for those damages. Although modern buildings during recent earthquakes in the region show acceptable performance, the detailed surveys from the Durrës Earthquakes showed that there is still an important level of deficiency in current masonry buildings built by conventional methods and materials. This problem may reoccur in future earthquakes that may hit other rural regions of Albania, which must be focused on systematically in the near future.
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Tso, W. K., i T. J. Zhu. "Implications of the 1988 Saguenay earthquake on Canadian seismic strength specification". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, nr 1 (1.02.1991): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-015.
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The November 25, 1988, Saguenay earthquake was the most significant seismic event in eastern North America over the last 50 years. Based on strong ground motion records from this earthquake, an analytical study was undertaken to evaluate the seismic design base shear provisions of the National Building Code of Canada for buildings located in the eastern regions of Canada. In light of the observed damage to masonry structures in the epicentral region, emphasis was placed on the evaluation of the codified minimum seismic strength for masonry structural systems. Key words: earthquake, ground motion, seismic design strength, code, masonry, buildings, damage, ductility.
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Sucuoğlu, HalÛk, Ahmet Yakut, Aydan Özmen i Joseph Kubin. "Seismic Risk Prioritization and Retrofit Cost Evaluation of Code-Deficient RC Public Buildings in Turkey". Earthquake Spectra 31, nr 1 (luty 2015): 601–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/040513eqs092t.
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A risk prioritization procedure is developed for deficient concrete public buildings within the scope of a seismic risk reduction program. The main purpose is identifying public buildings with high damage risk in a region for efficient retrofit investments. Regularity of structural systems and repeatability of deficiencies in public buildings provide opportunities for developing simple and reliable assessment procedures. The proposed procedure is based on calculating a risk index from the comparison of lateral load demand to lateral load capacity at the critical story of a building, and then prioritize the buildings in accordance with their risk index. Final decision for retrofitting is made with reference to the ratio of retrofitting cost versus demolishing and rebuilding cost. It has been shown on a sample of 70 retrofitted public buildings that the retrofitting cost ratio of deficient buildings is independent of risk level, age, height, floor area and concrete quality.
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Ademović, Naida, Daniel V. Oliveira i Paulo B. Lourenço. "Seismic Evaluation and Strengthening of an Existing Masonry Building in Sarajevo, B&H". Buildings 9, nr 2 (22.01.2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9020030.
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A significant number of old unreinforced load-bearing masonry (URM) buildings exist in many countries worldwide, but especially in Europe. In particular, Bosnia and Herzegovina has an important stock of masonry buildings constructed from the 1920s until the 1960s without application of any seismic code, due to their nonexistence at that time. With the 1963 Skopje earthquake, this class of buildings were shown to be rather vulnerable to seismic actions, which exhibited serious damage. This article assesses the seismic vulnerability of a typical multi-storey residential unreinforced load-bearing masonry building located in the heart of Sarajevo, which may be exposed to an earthquake of magnitude up to 6 by Richter’s scale. The buildings of this kind make up to 6% of the entire housing stock in the urban region of Sarajevo, while in Slovenia this percentage is much higher (around 30%). The analysis of a typical building located in Sarajevo revealed its drawbacks and the need for some kind of strengthening intervention to be implemented. Additionally, many structures of this type are overstressed by one to two additional floors (not the case of the analyzed structure) constructed from 1996 onwards. This was due to the massive population increase in the city center of Sarajevo and further increased the vulnerability of these buildings.
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Wahid, Chowdhury Mohammad Shams, Muzammil Al Rahman, Syed Akhtaruzzaman i Md Jahir Bin Alam. "A PROPOSAL FOR SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF PRE-ENGINEERED STEEL BUILDINGS IN BANGLADESH USING SIMPLIFIED JAPANESE INDEX METHOD". ASEAN Engineering Journal 13, nr 2 (31.05.2023): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v13.18838.
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At present seismic evaluation of structures has become very crucial in Bangladesh as the country is in earthquake prone region. Lots of studies have been performed and many methods have been proposed for the rapid seismic evaluation of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. Over the past two decades the country has been going through an important evolution which is rapid construction of pre-engineered steel buildings (PEB). Unfortunately, there has not been a single research work done or any method proposed for the seismic evaluation of these type of structures. In this work, simplified structural evaluation which is based on Japanese Index Method has been used for the seismic evaluation of 05 existing PEB steel structure. The structural seismic index of the building, IBS has been compared with the seismic judgement index IBSO which is a function of seismic zone co-efficient, structural importance coefficient and normalized acceleration response spectrum. The service load index IBD has also been compared with service load judgement indices, IBD01 and IBD02 which has been calculated from the material strength. For example, from the judgement of one building at ground floor, 0.5IBSO ≦ IBS＜IBSO and IBD02＜IBDhave been observed hence immediate detail evaluation recommended.
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Sisti, Romina, Marco Di Ludovico, Antonio Borri i Andrea Prota. "Seismic performance of strengthened masonry structures: actual behaviour of buildings in Norcia and Campi Alto during the 2016 Central Italy seismic sequence". Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 20, nr 1 (19.10.2021): 321–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01248-0.
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AbstractThe structural response of unreinforced masonry buildings designed for gravity load only or with reference to obsolete seismic provisions is widely studied in the literature in order to define proper strengthening strategies and solution to mitigate the seismic risk. However, the critical analysis of the effectiveness of past used strengthening solution is still lacking. To fill such gap, the present study deals with the evaluation of the seismic performances of buildings in Campi Alto struck by the 2016 central Italy seismic sequence. The behaviour of buildings in Campi Alto is compared with that of buildings in Norcia. A large part of the buildings in these two towns was strengthened between 1980 and 2000 during the reconstruction processes following previous earthquakes which occurred in 1979 and 1997. However, the strengthened buildings in Norcia reported limited damage while a significant and widespread level of damage was detected on several strengthened buildings in the hamlet of Campi Alto. This study focuses on the buildings in Campi Alto with the aim of investigating on the reasons of their unsatisfactory behaviour. Thus, the seismic action experienced by buildings in Norcia and Campi Alto is initially compared and the main vulnerabilities of these buildings are also evaluated. Then, 20 projects of strengthening interventions submitted to the Civil Engineering Department of the Umbria Region between 1984 and 2012 have been herein analysed and discussed in order to focus on the effectiveness of the strengthening solution adopted in the past. The analyses of such projects and of the empirical damage detected after the 2016 seismic sequence is a unique opportunity to derive useful information for future applications.
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Blagojević, Predrag, Svetlana Brzev i Radovan Cvetković. "Simplified Seismic Assessment of Unreinforced Masonry Residential Buildings in the Balkans: The Case of Serbia". Buildings 11, nr 9 (3.09.2021): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11090392.
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The paper presents a study on the existing low-rise unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings constructed in the period from 1945 to 1980 in Serbia and neighbouring countries in the Balkans. Buildings of this typology experienced damage in a few earthquakes in the region, including the 2010 Kraljevo, Serbia earthquake and the 2020 Petrinja, Croatia earthquake. The focus of the study is a seismic design approach for Simple masonry buildings according to Eurocode 8, Part 1, which is based on the minimum requirements for the total wall area relative to the floor plan area, which is referred to as Wall Index (WI) in this paper. Although the intention of Eurocode 8 is to use WI for design of new buildings, the authors believe that it could be also used for seismic assessment of existing masonry buildings in pre- and post-earthquake situations. A study on 23 URM buildings damaged in the 2010 Kraljevo, Serbia earthquake has been presented to examine a relationship between the WI and the extent of earthquake damage. Seismic evaluation of a typical 3-storey URM building damaged in the 2010 earthquake was performed according to the requirements of seismic design codes from the former Yugoslavia and Eurocode 8.
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Ventura, Carlos E., W. D. Liam Finn i Norman D. Schuster. "Seismic response of instrumented structures during the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 22, nr 2 (1.04.1995): 316–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l95-045.
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This paper presents an overview of strong motion records obtained from instrumented structures during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. It describes the behaviour of buildings, bridges, and dams that have been instrumented by the major strong motion instrumentation networks operating in California and highlights important features of the most significant structural motions recorded during the earthquake. The structural damage observed during a reconnaissance visit to the affected areas by the earthquake is correlated with preliminary analyses of the recorded motions. Detailed discussions of the dynamic behaviour of two instrumented reinforced concrete buildings that suffered damage during the earthquake are presented. The behaviour of these buildings during previous earthquakes is also examined. This paper and the companion paper on ground motions provide comprehensive information about instrumental records obtained in the region affected by the earthquake. Key words: earthquake engineering, structural response, strong motion instrumentation, damage evaluation, buildings, bridges, dams, structural dynamics, acceleration, amplification.
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Rivas-Medina, A., J. M. Gaspar-Escribano, B. Benito i M. A. Bernabé. "The role of GIS in urban seismic risk studies: application to the city of Almería (southern Spain)". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, nr 11 (5.11.2013): 2717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2717-2013.
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Abstract. This work describes the structure and characteristics of the geographic information system (GIS) developed for the urban seismic risk study of the city of Almería (southern Spain), identifying the stages in which the use of this tool proved to be very beneficial for adopting informed decisions throughout the execution of the work. After the completion of the regional emergency plans for seismic risk in Spain and its subsequent approval by the National Civil Defence Commission, the municipalities that need to develop specific local seismic risk plans have been identified. Hence, the next action is to develop urban seismic risk analyses at a proper scale (Urban Seismic Risk Evaluation – Risk-UR). For this evaluation, different factors influencing seismic risk such as seismic hazard, geotechnical soil characteristics, vulnerability of structures of the region, reparation costs of damaged buildings and exposed population are combined. All these variables are gathered and analysed within a GIS and subsequently used for seismic risk estimation. The GIS constitutes a highly useful working tool because it facilitates data interoperability, making the great volume of information required and the numerous processes that take part in the calculations easier to handle, speeding up the analysis and the interpretation and presentation of the results of the different working phases. The result of this study is based on a great set of variables that provide a comprehensive view of the urban seismic risk, such as the damage distribution of buildings and dwellings of different typologies, the mean damage and the number of uninhabitable buildings for the expected seismic motion, the number of dead and injured at different times of the day, the cost of reconstruction and repair of buildings, among others. These results are intended for interpretation and decision making in emergency management by unspecialised users (Civil Defence technicians and managers).
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Estêvão, João M. C., i Carlos Esteves. "Nonlinear Seismic Analysis of Existing RC School Buildings: The “P3” School Typology". Buildings 10, nr 11 (20.11.2020): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10110210.
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The seismic assessment of existing school buildings is an important issue in earthquake prone regions; such is the case of the Algarve, which is the southern region of Portugal mainland. Having this problem in mind, the PERSISTAH project (Projetos de Escolas Resilientes aos SISmos no Território do Algarve e de Huelva, in Portuguese) aimed to develop a computational approach enabling the damage evaluation of a large number of individual school buildings. One of the school typologies assessed was the so-called “P3” schools. This typology is composed of several different modules that are combined in different manners depending on the number of students. Each module was built in accordance with architectural standardised designs. For this reason, there are many replicas of these modules all over the Algarve region. The structural system of each module is composed of a frame of reinforced concrete (RC) elements. Nonlinear static seismic analysis procedures were adopted to evaluate the structural seismic behaviour, namely by using the new concept of performance curve. Based on the obtained results, it was possible to conclude that the seismic safety of this type of school building is mainly ruled by the shear capacity of the columns. This study also shows the difficulties of carrying out accurate seismic assessments of existing buildings using the methods of analysis that are established in the Eurocode 8.
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Sattar, Siamak, Anne Hulsey, Garrett Hagen, Farzad Naeim i Steven McCabe. "Implementing the performance-based seismic design for new reinforced concrete structures: Comparison among ASCE/SEI 41, TBI, and LATBSDC". Earthquake Spectra 37, nr 3 (8.02.2021): 2150–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293020981968.
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Performance-based seismic design (PBSD) has been recognized as a framework for designing new buildings in the United States in recent years. Various guidelines and standards have been developed to codify and document the implementation of PBSD, including “ Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings” (ASCE 41-17), the Tall Buildings Initiative’s Guidelines for Performance-Based Seismic Design of Tall Buildings (TBI Guidelines), and the Los Angeles Tall Buildings Structural Design Council’s An Alternative Procedure for Seismic Analysis and Design of Tall Buildings Located in the Los Angeles Region (LATBSDC Procedure). The main goal of these documents is to regularize the implementation of PBSD for practicing engineers. These documents were developed independently with experts from varying backgrounds and organizations and consequently have differences in several degrees from basic intent to the details of the implementation. As the main objective of PBSD is to ensure a specified building performance, these documents would be expected to provide similar recommendations for achieving a given performance objective for new buildings. This article provides a detailed comparison among each document’s implementation of PBSD for reinforced concrete buildings, with the goal of highlighting the differences among these documents and identifying provisions in which the designed building may achieve varied performance depending on the chosen standard/guideline. This comparison can help committees developing these documents to be aware of their differences, investigate the sources of their divergence, and bring these documents closer to common ground in future cycles.
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Kappos, A., V. Lekidis, G. Panagopoulos, I. Sous, N. Theodulidis, Ch Karakostas, T. Anastasiadis, T. Salonikios i B. Margaris. "Analytical Estimation of Economic Loss for Buildings in the Area Struck by the 1999 Athens Earthquake and Comparison with Statistical Repair Costs". Earthquake Spectra 23, nr 2 (maj 2007): 333–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2720366.
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Reliable loss assessment (in monetary terms) for buildings struck by an earthquake is an essential factor in the development of seismic risk scenarios for a given urban area. The evaluation of loss due to building damage in a certain region depends both on seismic hazard and the vulnerability of the building stock in the area. The study presented herein consists of predicting the loss to selected groups of buildings struck by the 1999 Athens earthquake using an analytical methodology and comparison with statistical repair costs collected after the earthquake. Since no near-field strong ground motion recordings from the main shock were available, a pilot methodology was used for its analytical evaluation for different soil conditions. Different suites of motions were derived, based on various theoretical and semi-empirical approaches, and were then used in analytical investigations of the seismic behavior of the buildings in the examined area, aiming at the prediction of economic losses. An in-situ survey of about 10% of the total building stock was performed, and data regarding the structural type, actual earthquake damage, and corresponding repair costs were collected. The statistically derived repair cost for the area was compared with the economic loss estimation obtained using the analytical procedure and various estimates of the seismic action in the area considered, and was found to agree with it reasonably for some of the seismic hazard scenarios.
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Chang, T. S., S. Pezeshk, K. C. Yiak i H. T. Kung. "Seismic Vulnerability Evaluation of Essential Facilities in Memphis and Shelby County, Tennessee". Earthquake Spectra 11, nr 4 (listopad 1995): 527–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585826.
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This study is designed to assess potential seismic vulnerability of highly occupied or heavily used essential facilities, including 202 schools, 22 hospitals, and 74 fire stations, in Memphis and Shelby County, Tennessee which may be strongly affected by earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ). The seismic evaluation system uses existing data such as site, subsurface condition, foundation, structural characteristics, and results of previous site-specific seismic hazard studies. Results of the study reveal the current overall risk of damage of the essential facilities subject to the recognized seismic hazard in the study area and identify a preliminary pool of the most vulnerable facilities for the highest priority to be used in developing a detailed study to identify retrofit/replacement plans in the near future. Results also provide useful information for long-term upgrade strategies for essential facilities and general buildings in the Memphis area. The study results are important for future detailed study, facility maintenance and improvement, earthquake loss estimates, seismic hazard/risk reduction, and earthquake preparedness/rescue plans in the region.
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A. B. Al-Jassim, Samir, i Haider Abdul Kareem Raheem. "Seismic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Buildings in South of Iraq based on Different Codes". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 4.20 (28.11.2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.25849.
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Buildings in south of Iraq were designed for gravity loads only. Recent studies showed that the Badra-Amarah fault at the Iraq-Iran boarder is an active fault and could suffer a major damage. Hence seismic evaluation of existing buildings is getting more importance. The objective of this paper is to assess the seismic performance of two reinforced concrete buildings with six floors each, one has a shear wall and the other has not. The concentrated plasticity with nonlinear time history is adopted for the analysis. The spectrum matching method is used to scale three time-acceleration records to the expected seismic level in the region. Three different codes are used for the analysis, the International building code-2012, the Uniform building code-1997 and the Iraqi seismic code-2017. Comparison of results showed that IBC-2012 gave the most conservative results in displacements, number and performance of plastic hinges and base shear. The Iraqi code gave the least values within 60% for the base shear and 18-50% for drifts. As a conclusion, the analyzed buildings are a little beyond the elastic level according to the Iraqi code, beyond the immediate occupancy level according to the UBC-1997 and near the collapse prevention level according to IBC-2012.
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Song, Xiao, i Songtao Xue. "Evaluation of the Modal Coupling Effect in Midstory Isolation Systems Based on Random Vibration Analysis". Shock and Vibration 2021 (28.09.2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9382235.
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At present, the midstory isolation (MSI) technology has great potential for application in historical buildings’ retrofitting and multifunction buildings. The coupling effect due to the variability of the location of the isolation layer may amplify the structural seismic response and is required for in-depth analysis. This paper aims to evaluate the magnitude of the coupling effect and delimitate the region of the coupling effect to be considered. Based on the complex mode superposition method, the explicit formulas for calculating the random response of the simplified model are deduced. The root-mean-square (RMS) ratio of the shear force coefficient of the upper isolation system is adopted as the performance indicator to evaluate the coupling amplification effect of the MSI system. Parameter analysis indicates that the coupling region is closely related to the mass ratio and frequency ratio of the upper and lower structures to the isolation layer. In general, the region of the coupling effect to be considered can be divided into two parts according to parameters of frequency ratios, depending on the thresholds of the performance indicator. As the mass ratio of the upper isolation system to the entire system increases, one of the coupling regions shrinks and eventually disappears, indicating that the coupling amplification effect in this region can be neglected under certain conditions. Finally, the time-domain analysis of three representative numerical cases of MSI buildings was performed to verify the reliability of the results obtained from the frequency-domain analysis. The research results can provide technical guidance for the preliminary design of the MSI buildings.
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Calderón-Brito, José, i Juan Jiménez-Pacheco. "Modelling and Evaluation of the Seismic Capacity of Typical Brick URM Buildings of the Historical Center of Cuenca- Ecuador". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, nr 3 (1.11.2021): 032123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/3/032123.
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Abstract The Historic Center of Cuenca (HCC) is located in the southern region of Ecuador. It is well known that our country is located on the so-called belt of fire of the Pacific Ocean, this area is characterized by having generated the most important seismic events in the history of mankind. More specifically, there are records that show that in the last 200 years the city of Cuenca has been exposed to earthquakes that have produced moderate to severe damage. These reasons make it possible to establish that the city of Cuenca and specifically its historic center could present important problems in the face of significant seismic events. Most of the buildings in the HCC date back to the middle of the 20th century and have used unreinforced brick masonry (brick-URM) to build their walls. This work is part of the Seismic Vulnerability Project: Seismic Damage Scenarios of the Built Heritage of the Historic Center of Cuenca. In the context of this vulnerability project, the objective of this work was to establish a family of pushover curves for three unreinforced brick masonry buildings typical of the HCC, based on a parametric pushover analysis. The definition of the typical buildings was based on an extensive work of architectural and geometric characterization of the traditional built heritage of HCC. On the basis of focusing the study on two-story buildings (the most common), the size of the floor area of the buildings (small, medium and large area) was assumed as a base parameter. Based on an analysis of the variability of different geometric and mechanical characteristics, and in order to study their influence on the pushover curves of the three typical brick URM buildings, the following study parameters were defined: 1) compressive strength of brick masonry, 2) lateral displacement capacity of brick-URM elements, 3) wall thickness. The pushover analysis was carried out with the Ruaumoko program. The model of the buildings responds to an equivalent portal frame macro-model scheme that has been formulated and validated by the authors of this paper. In order to consider the effects of the flexible floor on the dynamic response of this type of structures, a lateral load pattern that takes into account the contribution of higher order modes of vibration will be used in pushover analysis. The results will be discussed in terms of the incidence of the variability of the study parameters on the basic characteristics of the pushover curves. These results will be an essential input for the next stage of the project consisting of damage estimation for different levels of seismic action expected in the city.
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Marzo, Anna, Giuseppe Marghella i Maurizio Indirli. "The Ancient Timber Roofing Structures in Emilia-Romagna Region". Advanced Materials Research 778 (wrzesień 2013): 968–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.968.
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Widespread survey, aiming at the evaluation of both vulnerability of the structures and usability of the buildings, have been carried out after the seismic events occurred on May 2012 in Emilia-Romagna districts. During the surveys, several cover typologies have been verified, which often evidenced lack in terms of earthquake-proof features. In contrast, some ancient timber roofs showed an original construction technology, according to the seismic mitigation measures. Clearly, the attention to the behaviour of the covering structures against the horizontal actions was due to the historic memory related to earthquakes occurred in the past or simply due to a good construction practice lost during the following years.This paper it is devoted to explain the analysis campaign carried out on an ancient timber covering structure located in the historic centre of the town of Cento (FE), aiming at the characterisation of its seismic behaviour. The study consists on three subsequent steps: 1) in-depth visual and geometrical survey; 2) in-situ non-destructive tests for material characterization; 3) Finite Element modelling of the complex structure.
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Chen, Kuan Wei, Chien Hung Tu, Jung Nan Chang i Jung Wei Chen. "A Study of Evaluation Model Relating to Building Seismic Damage-Case Study at the Taiwan 921 Earthquake Areas". Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (październik 2012): 2623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.2623.
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The purpose of this study is to use binary regression to construct the forecast model about the damage of the buildings in the earthquake disaster, and differentiate the relationship between the breakage and the collapse of the building and the character of the building by coefficients of the model. The Urban Planning Region of Chung-Hsing New Village is 7.0 magnitude earthquake area and the researched subject of this study. The reasons of the building collapses in the earthquake disaster can be induced by relative bibliographies and investigation data of collapses of the buildings in fields in reference units at 921 earthquake time. The model variables are chosen by considering the feasibility of the data which are obtained and investigated in fields. A forecast model about the damage of the middle and lower floor buildings in earthquake disaster is established by logistic regression of binary regression method. The model is through the coefficient test, the expected sign, the test of significance and the precise rate of the model, to understand the significance of the model coefficient and the application to the strategy.
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Biddah, Aiman, i Arthur C. Heidebrecht. "Evaluation of the seismic level of protection afforded to steel moment resisting frame structures designed for different design philosophies". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 26, nr 1 (1.02.1999): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l98-045.
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Steel moment resisting frames have been considered as excellent systems for resisting seismic loads. However, after recent earthquakes (e.g., Northridge, California, in 1994 and Kobe, Japan, in 1995) the confidence in this structural system was reduced as a result of various types of damage that moment resisting steel frames suffered. This paper presents the results of the evaluation of seismic level of protection afforded to steel moment resisting frame buildings designed in accordance with the National Building Code of Canada. Six- and 10-storey office buildings located in a region of intermediate seismic hazard are designed in accordance with the current Canadian code provisions. Three different design philosophies are considered, namely strong column - weak beam (SCWB), weak column - strong beam (WCSB), and strong column - weak panel zone (SCWP). The performance of these frames is evaluated dynamically by subjecting an inelastic model to an ensemble of 12 actual strong ground motion records. The model takes into account both connection flexibility and panel zone shear deformation. The results are presented in terms of response parameters determined from static pushover analyses, as well as statistical measures of the maximum response parameters determined from the inelastic dynamic analyses. The computed performance of the frames is evaluated in order to assess both the overall level of protection of the frames and the preferred design philosophy. It is concluded that a well-designed and well-detailed ductile moment resisting frame designed using either the SCWB or SCWP design philosophy can withstand ground motions of twice the design level with very little likelihood of collapse, whereas a frame designed using the WCSB approach is ill-conditioned and may develop a collapse mechanism at an excitation level well below twice the design level.Key words: seismic, ductile, steel, frame buildings, performance, design, ductility, damage, inelastic, dynamic.
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Walsh, Kevin Quinn, Reza Jafarzadeh, Nicola M. Short i Jason M. Ingham. "Seismic risk management of a large public facilities portfolio: a New Zealand case study". Facilities 34, nr 13/14 (3.10.2016): 809–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-04-2015-0017.
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Purpose The purpose of this article is to assist facilities asset managers who are dealing with regulatory environments pertaining to earthquakes and buildings. These professionals can learn a great deal from the successes and short-comings of a case study programme from the Auckland Council Property Department (ACPD), which manages the public facilities portfolio for the largest local administrative region in New Zealand in both population and landmass. Design/methodology/approach ACPD has initiated its response to New Zealand’s earthquake mitigation mandates by identifying buildings most at risk to an earthquake in its large and varied portfolio through the use of a rapid building evaluation programme strategically targeted to vulnerable building types with consequential attributes, including service type, number of occupants, floor area and geographic location. Findings ACPD was able to rapidly cull down its portfolio of approximately 3,500 buildings to just over 100 “high-exposure” buildings in urgent need of evaluation, set priorities for future evaluations, estimate needed operational and capital expenditures for long-term planning and provide useful information to more general facilities management decision-making processes. Originality/value A number of major cities around the world in areas of high seismicity have enacted ordinances mandating seismic retrofitting. However, much of the existing guiding literature regarding earthquake-related portfolio evaluations and costs pertains to specific scenarios involving real or hypothetical earthquakes. This case study, in contrast, details the approach taken by a public portfolio owner responding to legal mandates and attempting to quantify and reduce its life-safety risk exposure across a large portfolio as efficiently as possible using readily available information, a rapid building evaluation programme and best-practice predictive models for consulting and construction work.
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Cárdenas-Gómez, José Carlos, Montserrat Bosch Gonzales i Carlos Arturo Damiani Lazo. "Evaluation of Reinforced Adobe Techniques for Sustainable Reconstruction in Andean Seismic Zones". Sustainability 13, nr 9 (28.04.2021): 4955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094955.
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This research presents a methodological process for selecting the most appropriate construction technique for the reconstruction of housing after a seismic disaster in a rural and heritage context. This process, which is applicable to a large part of the Andean region, incorporates sustainability criteria to guarantee the economic, social and environmental balance of the intervention. The methodology was developed on a case study: the Colca Valley in Arequipa, Peru. In 2016 an earthquake affected this zone, where traditional unreinforced earthen buildings suffered serious damage. The objective of this research focuses on comparing six traditional building techniques strongly related to self-building: four techniques for adobe housing—reinforced with cane (CRA), wire mesh (WMRA), geogrid (GRA) and halyard ropes (HRRA)—and two techniques for masonry buildings— confined (CM) and reinforced (RM). For this purpose the authors used the Integrated Value Model for Sustainable Assessment (MIVES), a Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) model used to compare alternatives by assigning a “sustainability index” to each evaluated construction technique. This research study includes two types of variables: quantitative, such as economy ($/m2) and environmental impact (kgCO2/m2), among others, and qualitative, such as perception of safety, respect for the urban image and popular knowledge. The research results show that reinforced adobe techniques are a viable and competitive option, highlighting the cane reinforced adobe technique (CRA), with a value of 0.714 in relation to industrialized materials such as masonry. This technique has the same safety characteristics, but at almost half the price, with the additional advantage of using traditional materials and construction methods, having less environmental impact and showing better thermal performance in cold climates.
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Savvaidis, P., I. Doukas, Th Hatzigogos, I. N. Tziavos, A. Kiratzi, Z. Roumelioti, A. Savvaidis i in. "DATA BASE DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE REPORTS UNDER THE SEISIMPACT-THES SYSTEM". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, nr 3 (1.01.2004): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16541.
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One of the scopes of the SEISIMPACT-THES project is to organize into digital form and evaluate the records of reported damage, related to the occurrence of the 1978 Thessaloniki earthquake (Mw=6.5). For the exploitation of these data, an advanced Information System is under development that will include:• A properly designed database• A Geographic Information System containing all the necessary data (after digitization and corrections) enriched with more recent data, as well as topographic, geological and geophysical data of the region (metropolitan area of Thessaloniki)• A model system of accessing the above via the web and mobile devicesThe basic data for the implementation of the project are derived from the archives of the Agency for the Relief of Seismic Catastrophes in Northern Greece (YASBE). The data are included in the forms of inspection of buildings carried out in Thessaloniki shortly afterwards the 1978 earthquake. It is estimated that there are roughly 63,000 building inspection forms in the region of Thessaloniki. The exploitation of this rich database with the description on the damage that the buildings suffered will result in a complete electronic database properly standardized so that it can be linked to the geographic data of a Geographic Information System. The database structure will allow multiple queries and processes to study in depth the behavior of buildings in Thessaloniki, and its correlation with other geological, geophysical, geotechnical factors
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Di Stefano, F., M. Cuevas-Gonzalez, G. Luzi i E. S. Malinverni. "ASSESSING LEVELLING AND DINSAR FOR DEFORMATION MONITORING IN SEISMIC REGION". International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2022 (30.05.2022): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2022-263-2022.
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Abstract. Carrying out monitoring surveys in seismic regions is good practice both for the assessment of land deformation and the evaluation of building structures standing on it. In this work, topographic levelling and DInSAR techniques have been used for displacement measurement. These geomatic techniques are rarely applied in the same context and attempts are made to combine the results obtained for having a complete analysis of the site. The proposed work analyses, compares and discusses topographic levelling and advanced multi-temporal DInSAR techniques used to detect and measure ground deformation when the occurrence of seismic events might have played a role in the displacement. The area of interest had already been under observation through ground-based monitoring surveys, by means of metal bolts attached to façades of buildings detected by topographic level, from 1998 to 2021. The DInSAR analysis was carried out exploiting Sentinel-1A/B data acquired during the period 2014–2021. The goal of the DInSAR processing stage of the procedure is to derive the deformation map of the area of interest from SAR data. A zero date has been set for both survey methods in order to define similar time series for comparison analysis. The results showed that ground displacements measured by levelling and DInSAR have similar trends. On the geomorphological aspect, the same distribution map of terrain subsidence is found in both techniques.
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Misnon, Aina Noor, Dmytro Dizhur, John Mackenzie, Shannon Abeling i Jason Ingham. "Multidisciplinary Post-Earthquake Critique of Masonry Substation Retrofits". Earthquake Spectra 34, nr 3 (sierpień 2018): 1363–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/040717eqs065m.
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The earthquake performance of retrofitted clay brick masonry substation buildings was investigated from a multidisciplinary perspective that included structural, economic, and social considerations. One-hundred-fifteen single-story double-leaf clay-brick masonry substation buildings located within the wider Christchurch, New Zealand, region were investigated in detail. In the mid-1990s, these substation buildings were seismically retrofitted using a system of simple and cost-effective steel elements as part of a natural disaster improvement program, with an overall cost of N.Z. $6 million (approximately U.S. $4 million). Rapid assessment evaluation was conducted following the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes with the determination that 82% of these clay-brick masonry substation buildings sustained minor damage, and 15% had moderate damage. Meanwhile, one substation building suffered significant damage, and two substation buildings experienced heavy damage. Investment in the seismic improvement program resulted in cost savings of approximately N.Z. $60 million (U.S. $44 million) and contributed to heritage building preservation.
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Wen, Haijia, Xinzhi Zhou, Chi Zhang, Mingyong Liao i Jiafeng Xiao. "Different-Classification-Scheme-Based Machine Learning Model of Building Seismic Resilience Assessment in a Mountainous Region". Remote Sensing 15, nr 9 (22.04.2023): 2226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15092226.
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This study aims to develop different-classification-scheme-based building-seismic-resilience (BSR)-mapping models using random forest (RF) and a support vector machine (SVM). Based on a field survey of earthquake-damaged buildings in Shuanghe Town, the epicenter of the Changning M 5.8 earthquake that occurred on 17 June 2019, we selected 19 influencing factors for BSR assessment to establish a database. Based on three classification schemes for the description of BSR, we developed six machine learning assessment models for BSR mapping using RF and an SVM after optimizing the hyper-parameters. The validation indicators of model performance include precision, recall, accuracy, and F1-score as determined from the test sub-dataset. The results indicate that the RF- and SVM-based BSR models achieved prediction accuracies of approximately 0.64–0.94 for different classification schemes applied to the test sub-dataset. Additionally, the precision, recall, and F1-score indicators showed satisfactory values with respect to the BSR levels with relatively large sample sizes. The RF-based models had a lower tendency for overfitting compared to the SVM-based models. The performance of the BSR models was influenced by the quantity of total datasets, the classification schemes, and imbalanced data. Overall, the RF- and SVM-based BSR models can improve the evaluation efficiency of earthquake-damaged buildings in mountainous areas.
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Wah, Choo Kok, Rozana Binti Zakaria i Mohd Zamri Bin Ramli. "Visual Inspection and Detail Evaluation for Earthquake Disaster Mitigation". Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (wrzesień 2011): 3131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.3131.
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Malaysia is considered as a very low seismic region country. However countries that border Malaysia such as Indonesia and Philippines are the two most seismically active countries with frequent earthquakes. The close proximity of these countries means that Malaysia is prone to risk of distance earthquakes. As such, anticipated problem associated with earthquakes must be dealt with. There is several problems expected need to be justified in this disaster phenomenon. Area of higher risk to be affected by earthquake need to be identified. To date, many building in Malaysia are not designed to withstand seismic load which means that they are susceptible to collapse in the event of earthquakes. School buildings contain large numbers of public user during most of the times. A sustainable approach of visual assessment and detailed analysis are needed to ensure the school building sustainability towards an earthquake threat. An ATC-21 evaluation and a finite element analysis were performed on a 4 storey standard school building in order to evaluate its performance should it be subjected to seismic waves. Results from the analysis were used to compare with the structures actual capacity and a potential improvement to the building can be identified. The assessment methods engaged no destructive in-situ test and the cost involved in the assessment are kept to a minimum. The final outcome of the study produces a guideline and database that served as a potential maintenance proposal and reference for engineering community in the future.
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Xing, Jue Hui, Ming Lu, Ya Min Zhao i Yan Yu. "Average Damage Ratio and Earthquake Damage Matrix of Non-Engineered Building in Seismogenic Provincial Regions in China". Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (lipiec 2014): 1667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.1667.
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Non-engineered buildings are most of self-built house, which locate in rural area in China. The structural defect of non-engineered buildings could reduce seismic capacity. The damage of these buildings are the main cause of earthquakes casualties and economic losses. The main types of the building structures include the wooden house, soil and wood house, brick and wood house and masonry house. It is the seismogenic provincial regions for Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu and Yunnan in China. Based on the four type houses in the four regions, 104 earthquake disaster loss reports were selected from 1990 and 2013. This article focused on the analysis of house damage data. This article proposes "the average damage ratio" concept, which takes one provincial region as an area and studies the whole area data. Due to a combination of multiple and differenteffects of earthquakes within one provincial region, the average damage ratio can be on behalf of the damage ratio, and reflects the non-engineered building characteristics in the provincial region. And then the article demonstrates that the earthquake damage matrix of different house types in these four provinces area. The earthquake damage matrix provides a more reliable basis for the earthquake disaster evaluation in rural area.
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Alizadeh, Mohsen, Mazlan Hashim, Esmaeil Alizadeh, Himan Shahabi, Mohammad Karami, Amin Beiranvand Pour, Biswajeet Pradhan i Hassan Zabihi. "Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Model for Seismic Vulnerability Assessment (SVA) of Urban Residential Buildings". ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, nr 11 (14.11.2018): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7110444.
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Earthquakes are among the most catastrophic natural geo-hazards worldwide and endanger numerous lives annually. Therefore, it is vital to evaluate seismic vulnerability beforehand to decrease future fatalities. The aim of this research is to assess the seismic vulnerability of residential houses in an urban region on the basis of the Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) model, including the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS). Tabriz city located adjacent to the North Tabriz Fault (NTF) in North-West Iran was selected as a case study. The NTF is one of the major seismogenic faults in the north-western part of Iran. First, several parameters such as distance to fault, percent of slope, and geology layers were used to develop a geotechnical map. In addition, the structural construction materials, building materials, size of building blocks, quality of buildings and buildings-floors were used as key factors impacting on the building’s structural vulnerability in residential areas. Subsequently, the AHP technique was adopted to measure the priority ranking, criteria weight (layers), and alternatives (classes) of every criterion through pair-wise comparison at all levels. Lastly, the layers of geotechnical and spatial structures were superimposed to design the seismic vulnerability map of buildings in the residential area of Tabriz city. The results showed that South and Southeast areas of Tabriz city exhibit low to moderate vulnerability, while some regions of the north-eastern area are under severe vulnerability conditions. In conclusion, the suggested approach offers a practical and effective evaluation of Seismic Vulnerability Assessment (SVA) and provides valuable information that could assist urban planners during mitigation and preparatory phases of less examined areas in many other regions around the world.
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Bhochhibhoya, Sanish, i Roisha Maharjan. "Integrated seismic risk assessment in Nepal". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22, nr 10 (7.10.2022): 3211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3211-2022.
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Abstract. Seismic risk analysis is necessary to mitigate the potential losses resulting from future earthquakes and supplement scientific risk management. In order to assist systematic evaluation and management of risk, it is indispensable to interpret risk in terms of social and economic consequences due to hazardous events like earthquakes. There is an interrelationship between hazards, physical risk, and the social characteristics of populations. Therefore, based on the existing studies focusing on each of these aspects, this paper presents the integrated seismic risk assessment along the subdivisional administrative units of Nepal using 2011 census data. The administrative unit “provinces” are subdivided into districts and each district into municipalities and village development committees (VDCs). The districts, municipalities, and VDCs were considered as our study units. In this paper, the physical or seismic risk was evaluated from the exposure model, hazard curves, and the vulnerability model of the country, whereas the social vulnerability was assessed using social vulnerability index (SoVI) methods. To formulate the physical risk, the assets used were five types of buildings under the exposure model. This model was combined with the physical vulnerability functions of the building and the hazard curves of the country. The result of the physical risk has been presented as annual average loss (AAL). Similarly, among 92 social vulnerability variables, 54 variables were reduced to 7 weighted parameters using principal component analysis (PCA). The scores of a total of 45 parameters were used to evaluate the SoVI index, which was further combined with the physical risk to evaluate integrated risk. The results showed that populated cities like Kathmandu, Hetauda, and Janakpur have a highly integrated risk index. Similarly, the Terai region bordering its neighbor India and some parts of the central hilly region are highly vulnerable, while most parts of the mountainous region in the central and eastern regions are the least vulnerable. The results from the present study can be utilized as a part of a comprehensive risk management framework at the district level to recuperate and recover from earthquakes.
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Mazzoni, Silvia, Giulio Castori, Carmine Galasso, Paolo Calvi, Richard Dreyer, Erica Fischer, Alessandro Fulco i in. "2016–2017 Central Italy Earthquake Sequence: Seismic Retrofit Policy and Effectiveness". Earthquake Spectra 34, nr 4 (listopad 2018): 1671–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/100717eqs197m.
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The 2016–2017 Central Italy earthquake sequence consisted of several moderately high-magnitude earthquakes, between M5.5 and M6.5, each centered in a different location and with its own sequences of aftershocks spanning several months. To study the effects of this earthquake sequence on the built environment and the impact on the communities, a collaborative reconnaissance effort was organized by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI), the Eucentre Foundation, the European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering (EUCentre), and the Rete dei Laboratori Universitari di Ingegneria Sismica (ReLuis). The effort consisted of two reconnaissance missions: one following the Amatrice Earthquake of 24 August 2016 and one after the end of the earthquake sequence, in May 2017. One objective of the reconnaissance effort was to evaluate existing strengthening methodologies and assess their effectiveness in mitigating the damaging effects of ground shaking. Parallel studies by the Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association, presented in a companion paper, demonstrate that variations in-ground motions due to topographic site effects had a significant impact on damage distribution in the affected area. This paper presents that, in addition to these ground motion variations, variations in the vulnerability of residential and critical facilities were observed to have a significant impact on the level of damage in the region. The damage to the historical centers of Amatrice and Norcia will be used in this evaluation: the historical center of Amatrice was devastated by the sequence of earthquakes; the significant damage in Norcia was localized to individual buildings. Amatrice has not experienced the same number of devastating earthquakes as Norcia in the last 150 years. As a result, its building stock is much older than that of Norcia and there appeared to be little visual evidence of strengthening of the buildings. The distribution of damage observed throughout the region was found to be indicative of the effectiveness of strengthening and of the need for a comprehensive implementation of retrofit policies.
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Santos, S. H. C., S. S. Lima i A. Arai. "Comparative study of codes for the seismic design of structures". Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 5, nr 6 (grudzień 2012): 812–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952012000600006.
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A general evaluation of some points of the South American seismic codes is presented herein, comparing them among themselves and with the American Standard ASCE/SEI 7/10 and with the European Standard Eurocode 8. The study is focused in design criteria for buildings. The Western border of South America is one of the most seismically active regions of the World. It corresponds to the confluence of the South American and Nazca plates. This region corresponds roughly to the vicinity of the Andes Mountains. This seismicity diminishes in the direction of the comparatively seismically quieter Eastern South American areas. The South American countries located in its Western Border possess standards for seismic design since some decades ago, being the Brazilian Standard for seismic design only recently published. This study is focused in some critical topics: definition of the recurrence periods for establishing the seismic input; definition of the seismic zonation and design ground motion values; definition of the shape of the design response spectra; consideration of soil amplification, soil liquefaction and soil-structure interaction; classification of the structures in different importance levels; definition of the seismic force-resisting systems and respective response modification coefficients; consideration of structural irregularities and definition of the allowable procedures for the seismic analyses. A simple building structure is analyzed considering the criteria of the several standards and obtained results are compared.
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Gautam, Vikas. "Study on Design of Highrise Steel Building Frames and Its Seismic Evaluation". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 1 (31.01.2022): 1143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.39972.
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Abstract: Seismic Response Analysis of the given structural system is considered to be a subset of stability and configurationally analysis of the system. It is subjected under the calculations obtained in the form of structural response of the buildings produced by the earthquakes. It is found to be the essential and prime component of the designing phenomenon of the structures, or assessment of structural configuration and as a retrofit for the seismic prone regions of the India. The most severe types of earthquakes are essentially emerged closely nearer to the boundaries of the tectonic plates that are covered in the form of globe surface. These plates tries to move with respect one another in the form of relative motion but are resisted by doing so in terms of generation of friction until or unless the various stresses produced between the plates under epicenter reach to such a extent that the movement between the plates gets generated suddenly, which is termed as the earthquake. The local shock produces waves inside the ground which further propagates towards the surface of earth by the movement creation at the structural bases. The intensity of waves decreases with the propagation of distance as we move away from the point of epicenter. Hence, it results into the formation and existence of such regions on the earth surface having very high or less risk of seismic assessment, which indirectly depends upon the proximity to the main tectonic plates boundaries. Apart from the major earthquakes that generally exists near the boundaries of tectonic plates, there are some other earthquakes, that may have their origin and formation at the interior parts of tectonic plates nearer to the fault lines. Such kind of earthquakes are Called as Intra-plate earthquakes. These earthquakes consist of lesser energy, but may be destructive to the area nearer to the point of epicenter The earthquake imparts the action towards the structure in the form of shaking of ground and its motion in the form of vertical and horizontal components. The horizontal component consists of very high strength and the structures are usually designed to resist gravitational forces than horizontal forces, and as a results, it is the most severe component. The vertical components of the earthquake force are found to be 50% of its value in horizontal direction except in the region of point of epicenter because in the region of point of epicenter, both the components are of same orders.
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Demir, Serhat, Murat Günaydin, Barbaros Atmaca, Ahmet Can Altunişik, Metin Hüsem, Süleyman Adanur, Zekai Angin i Şevket Ateş. "Performance Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Buildings During the Sivrice-Elazığ Earthquake (Mw=6.8, January 24, 2020) in Accordance with Turkish Earthquake Code". Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 15, nr 04 (27.02.2021): 2150018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431121500184.
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A great number of reinforced concrete building structures were damaged or collapsed during the earthquake that hit Sivrice district of Elazığ city located in the southwest of the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey on January 24, 2020. Magnitude of the earthquake were announced as [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] by Kandilli Observatory & Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI) and Earthquake Department of the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD), respectively. More than a thousand of aftershocks with the magnitude of 1.2–5.1 occurred between January and February 2020. The magnitude of the structural damage was relatively high compared with the peak value of recorded ground acceleration (2.85[Formula: see text]m/s2) at the epicenter (Sivrice district) of the earthquake. It was determined that 584 buildings were demolished, 6845 were severely damaged, 1207 were moderately damaged, 14,389 were slightly damaged and 14,317 were undamaged. Also, there were 235 buildings that required urgent demolition. In this paper, the performance of the reinforced concrete buildings during the Sivrice-Elazığ earthquake is presented along with time-histories of ground motion records and response spectrums. Observed design and construction practices were carefully evaluated and compared with Turkish Earthquake Code. It was seen that the most significant causes of the failures were due to the poor concrete quality, the use of non-ductile detailing, the poor project design and construction quality. According to field inspections of our technical team, it is concluded that performances of the undamaged buildings following earthquakes do not prove that they have adequate seismic safety.
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Polom, U., I. Arsyad i H. J. Kümpel. "Shallow shear-wave reflection seismics in the tsunami struck Krueng Aceh River Basin, Sumatra". Advances in Geosciences 14 (2.01.2008): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-14-135-2008.
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Abstract. As part of the project "Management of Georisk" (MANGEONAD) of the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hanover, high resolution shallow shear-wave reflection seismics was applied in the Indonesian province Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, North Sumatra in cooperation with the Government of Indonesia, local counterparts, and the Leibniz Institute for Applied Geosciences, Hanover. The investigations were expected to support classification of earthquake site effects for the reconstruction of buildings and infrastructure as well as for groundwater exploration. The study focussed on the city of Banda Aceh and the surroundings of Aceh Besar. The shear-wave seismic surveys were done parallel to standard geoengineering investigations like cone penetrometer tests to support subsequent site specific statistical calibration. They were also partly supplemented by shallow p-wave seismics for the identification of (a) elastic subsurface parameters and (b) zones with abundance of groundwater. Evaluation of seismic site effects based on shallow reflection seismics has in fact been found to be a highly useful method in Aceh province. In particular, use of a vibratory seismic source was essential for successful application of shear-wave seismics in the city of Banda Aceh and in areas with compacted ground like on farm tracks in the surroundings, presenting mostly agricultural land use areas. We thus were able to explore the mechanical stiffness of the subsurface down to 100 m depth, occasionally even deeper, with remarkably high resolution. The results were transferred into geotechnical site classification in terms of the International Building Code (IBC, 2003). The seismic images give also insights into the history of the basin sedimentation processes of the Krueng Aceh River delta, which is relevant for the exploration of new areas for construction of safe foundations of buildings and for identification of fresh water aquifers in the tsunami flooded region.
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A.M. Chandler, Nelson Lam, John Wilson i G.L. Hutchinson. "Response spectrum modelling for regions lacking earthquake records". Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering 1, nr 1 (1.01.2001): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.56748/ejse.1151.
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The design response spectrum is typically the starting point of most codified seismic design and assessment procedures and is predominantly used to prescribe the applied inertia forces induced by earthquake ground motions. In a recent paper, the authors presented and discussed the key properties, limitations, engineering interpretation and modern concepts relating to various types of earthquake design response spectra, including the acceleration, displacement and velocity spectra. The present paper provides a critical evaluation of the various deterministic and probabilistic approaches to response spectrum modelling, including an introduction to the Component Attenuation Model (CAM). The CAM modelling approach was developed recently by the authors, with the express purpose of providing a novel response spectrum modelling technique for regions lacking earthquake records. Traditional approaches for the prediction of earthquake actions using design response spectra rely on accurate hazard models for the region concerned, which in turn depend heavily on the availability of strong ground motion data from the local seismic region, or from analogous regions with similar geological and seismo-tectonic features. In the case of regions with low to moderate levels of seismicity, such data is at best scarce and in many cases unreliable, and this presents unique problems for designers carrying out seismic analysis for new construction or assessing the seismic reliability of existing buildings, bridges and infrastructure. For such regions, novel approaches (such as CAM) which adapt local seismological information for the purpose of earthquake ground motion modelling may be considered. Further key issues including the determination of the Maximum Considered Earthquake, are also addressed in this paper.
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Harith, Noor Sheena Herayani, Felix Tongkul i Azlan Adnan. "Seismic Hazard Curve as Dynamic Parameters in Earthquake Building Design for Sabah, Malaysia". Buildings 13, nr 2 (20.01.2023): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020318.
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This paper presents the significance of a seismic hazard curve plot as a dynamic parameter in estimating earthquake-resistant structures. Various cases of structural damages in Malaysia are due to underestimating earthquake loadings since mostly buildings were designed without seismic loads. Sabah is classified as having low to moderate seismic activity due to a few active fault lines. Background point, area, and line sources are the three tectonic features that have impacted Sabah. Data on earthquakes from 1900 to 2021 have been collected by a number of earthquake data centers. The seismicity is based on a list of historical seismicities in the area, which stretches from latitudes 4 °S to 8 °N and longitudes 115 °E to 120 °E. The goal of this research is to develop a seismic hazard curve based on a conventional probabilistic seismic hazard analysis being examined for the maximum peak ground acceleration at 10% probability of exceedance as published in MSEN1998-1:2015. This study extended to 5% and 2% probability of exceedance combined with the seismic hazard curve by using Ranau as a case study. To calculate the expected ground motion recurrence, such as peak ground acceleration at the site, earthquake recurrence models were combined with selected ground motion models. A logic tree structure was used to combine simple quantities such as maximum magnitudes and the chosen ground motion models to describe epistemic uncertainty. The result demonstrates that peak ground acceleration values at the bedrock were estimated to be 0.16, 0.21, and 0.28 g of the total seismic hazard curve at 10%, 5%, and 2% PE in a 50-year return period, respectively. The seismic hazard study at a Ranau site basically depends on the seismicity of a region and the consequences of failure in the past. Thus, the results can be used as a basis for benchmarking design or evaluation decisions and for designing remedial measures for Sabah constructions to minimize structural failure.
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Kuzniar, Krystyna, i Tadeusz Tatara. "The ratio of response spectra from seismic-type free-field and building foundation vibrations: the influence of rockburst parameters and simple models of kinematic soil-structure interaction". Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18, nr 3 (19.10.2019): 907–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00734-w.
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Abstract Mining-related seismicity is a significant problem in regions with the exploitation in underground mines. Despite the fact that mining tremors result from human activity and are classified as so-called paraseismic shocks, as with earthquakes, they are random events. Moreover, these rockbursts could cause significant damage to surface structures, including buildings. This paper deals with the analysis of experimentally obtained results in terms of the differences between the mine-induced vibrations described by the response spectra from the free-field near a given building and the simultaneously recorded vibrations in the building foundations. The influences of epicentral distance, mining tremor energy and the value of peak ground acceleration on the curves of free-field—foundation response spectra ratio were studied. The impact of the type of building on the transmission of response spectra from the free-field vibrations to the building foundations was also analysed for three types of apartment buildings (low-rise, medium-rise, high-rise). The usefulness of the approximate models of the phenomenon of soil-structure interaction during earthquakes proposed in the literature is also estimated in this paper in specific instances of mining tremors. Furthermore, the study presents original, simple, empirical models for the evaluation of the differences in the response spectra originating from free-field and building foundation vibrations in the mining region.
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Hu, Shao Qing, Bai Tao Sun i Yong Li Zhang. "The Approach on Making Empirical Earthquake Damage Matrix Complete Using Beta Distribution". Key Engineering Materials 452-453 (listopad 2010): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.452-453.209.
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In recent years, many earthquakes occurred in our country. Some is big, but most are small or middle earthquakes. Usually earthquake damage ratio of buildings in low intensity area can be attained from on site survey. But it is important that how to evaluate the seismic performance of existing building stock subjected to high intensity in earthquake-affected area. In this paper, the expectation and variance value of damage probability in known intensity is calculated by making the probability disperse. Supposing that the damage probability in each intensity obeys to Beta distribution. The expectation and variance value of damage probability in other intensity is given by comparing to that of criterion earthquake damage matrix. So the parameter of Beta-distribution function is calculated from the expectation and variance in other intensity. Then the probability of each damage grade in other intensity is gained. This approach makes the damage matrix which is suitable for this region complete and provides the reference for earthquake damage prediction and earthquake economic loss evaluation. The result showed that this approach is feasible.
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Rudnieva, Iryna. "Сomparative analysis of the methods of strengthening of masonry, metal structures, reinforced concrete, such as traditional methods and the alternative methods of strengthening by FRP-materials". Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures, nr 105 (30.11.2020): 267–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2410-2547.2020.105.267-291.
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Built mostly centuries ago, heritage buildings as well the more contemporary buildings of the last century, which have lost the bearing capacity often need restoration and strengthening, especially in seismic regions and in regions with shrinkage phenomena (subsidence region). The need of strengthening of the building constructions during exploitation appears mostly because of their premature wear as a result of technological influences and weathering, various damage and various other factors.
Traditional methods of strengthening are effective, but in some cases not appropriate or not applicable for use. An example is the increase of the load-bearing structures of historical buildings, preserving the external appearance of which is the determining factor. In this case, the use of the discussed alternative methods can be justified alternative.
Knowledge of the causes of defects and damage of structures allows to choose the best option of repairing or strengthening.
The aim of the research is the evaluation of the structural performance of composite fibre-reinforced elements in the wider sector of the conservation of historical, architectonic and environmental heritage, as well the more contemporary buildings of the last century, which have lost of the bearing capacity focusing reliability indexes and the appearance of the structure.
In the article was described and analyzed the existing traditional methods and the alternative methods of strengthening by FRP-materials (composite materials) such building structures as masonry, metal structures, reinforced concrete, and the computation in software ABAQUS. These procedures of strengthening building structures by FRP-materials in Ukraine are not widely used due to the lack of a regulatory framework that would regulate their use, as well because these materials are relatively expensive compared to the traditional ones.
The article analyzed the existing methods of computation and design of the strengthening using FRP-materials, and the computation in software ABAQUS was performed with conclusions and recommendations based on results of the computation.
The aim of the work was to review the technology and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each of the strengthen methods that should be used when choosing effective solutions for strengthening building structures. In conclusion, the need for further study and researches was confirmed.
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Hejmanowski, Ryszard, Wojciech T. Witkowski, Artur Guzy i Agnieszka Malinowska. "Identification of the ground movements caused by mining-induced seismicity with the satellite interferometry". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 382 (22.04.2020): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-297-2020.
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Abstract. The assessment of the impact of mining-induced seismicity on the natural environment and infrastructure is often limited to the analysis of terrain surface vibrations. However, similar seismic phenomena, like earthquakes, may also imply dislocations and deformations of the rock mass. Such ground movements may occur in areas which are not directly under the influence of the mining. The study of the displacement field caused by mining-induced seismicity is usually carried out with the use of geodetic methods. Classical geodetic measurements provide discrete information about observed ground movements. As a result, they generally do not provide spatially and temporally relevant estimates of the total range and values of ground movements for specific periods of interest. Moreover, mining-induced seismicity causes a severe threat to buildings. That is why, regarding the complexity of the mechanism of occurrence of mining-induced seismicity and their impact on ground movements, this problem remains a substantial research issue. The presented research aimed to analyse the ground movements caused by mining-induced seismicity. The ground displacements were established based on data from Sentinel-1 satellites applying differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR). The results of the investigation in the copper mining area of the Lower Silesia region of Poland revealed that the observed subsidence caused by mining-induced seismicity usually has a shape of a regular ellipse. The radius of these ground movements does not exceed approximately 2–3 km from the mining-induced tremor's epicenter, and the total subsidence reaches ca. 10–20 cm. More than 50 % of the total subsidence is observed on the surface within a few days after the mining tremor occurrence. Furthermore, the deformations of the surface occur when the energy of mining-induced tremor reaches values of the order of 105 J or higher. The presented research can contribute to better identification and evaluation of the mechanism of the rock mass deformation process caused by mining-induced seismicity. In addition, the use of satellite radar interferometry improves the quality of monitoring of these dynamic phenomena significantly. The data retrieved using this method allow for quasi-continuous monitoring of the local subsidence bowls caused by mining-induced seismicity.
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Caesariadi, Tri Wibowo. "PENGARUH TATA RUANG PADA PENGHAWAAN ALAMI RUMAH VERNAKULAR MELAYU PONTIANAK". LANGKAU BETANG: JURNAL ARSITEKTUR 6, nr 1 (29.06.2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/lantang.v6i1.33160.
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Arsitektur vernakular adalah arsitektur yang memiliki respon yang baik terhadap iklim setempat. Hal ini juga berpengaruh terhadap kenyamanan termal dalam bangunan. Sebagai kota yang memiliki iklim tropis lembab, kenyamanan termal bangunan di Kota Pontianak banyak ditentukan oleh pergerakan angin yang terjadi di dalam bangunan. Adaptasi terhadap iklim pada rumah vernakular melayu Pontianak tidak hanya pada penggunaan elemen bangunan seperti bukaan dan bahan bangunan, juga pada tata ruang yang khas, di antaranya terdapat teras, ruang tengah serta pelataran belakang yang memisahkan rumah induk dengan rumah anak. Tujuan penelitian adalah melihat apakah tata ruang ini berpengaruh terhadap penghawaan alami di ruang dalam. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pengukuran di lapangan terhadap variabel kenyamanan termal, terutama temperatur dan kelajuan angin. Kemudian hasil pengukuran dianalisis secara deskriptif kuantitatif dan dilihat hubungan antara variabel dengan tata ruang, yaitu bagaimana temperatur dan kelajuan angin yang berbeda terjadi di setiap ruang, sehingga dapat ditarik kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tata ruang di rumah vernakular melayu Pontianak, yaitu hadirnya teras dan pelataran belakang turut berperan dalam penghawaan alami yang terjadi di ruang dalam. Teras berperan dalam menurunkan temperatur luar yang masuk ke dalam bangunan (30,74 °C di ruang luar, lalu 29,84 °C di teras depan, dan 29,09 °C di ruang dalam). Pelataran belakang serta tata ruang dalam memberikan pergerakan angin yang lebih baik, ditunjukkan dengan selisih yang kecil antara kelajuan angin di ruang dalam dengan ruang luar pada rumah dengan pelataran belakang (0,51 m/s) dibandingkan dengan rumah tanpa pelataran belakang (0,77 m/s).Kata-kata Kunci: penghawaan alami, vernakular, tata ruangEFFECT OF SPACE LAYOUT TO NATURAL VENTILATION IN MELAYU PONTIANAK VERNACULAR HOUSEVernacular architecture is architecture that has good response to local climate. This also affects the thermal comfort in the building. As a city that has a humid tropical climate, the thermal comfort of buildings in Kota Pontianak is largely determined by the movement of the wind that occurs inside the building. Adaptation to climate in Pontianak's melayu vernacular house is not only on the use of building elements such as openings and building materials, but also on the typical spatial layout, including a terrace, a central room and a back veranda that separates the main house from the secondary house. The aim of the study was to see whether this spatial arrangement has an effect on natural ventilation in the indoor space. The study was conducted with measurements of thermal comfort variables, especially temperature and wind speed. Then the measurement results were analyzed descriptively quantitatively and viewed the relationship between variables and spatial arrangement – i.e. how the temperatures and wind speed differ in each rooms – so that conclusions could be drawn. The results showed that the layout in Pontianak's melayu vernacular house, namely the presence of terraces and back veranda, played a role in the natural ventilation that occurred in the indoor space. The terrace plays a role in reducing the outside temperature that enters the building (30.74 °C in the outdoor, then 29.84 °C on the front terrace, and 29.09 °C in the indoor). Back veranda and spatial layout provide better wind movement, indicated by small difference between the speed of wind in the indoor and the outdoor space of the house with back veranda (0.51 m/s) compared to the house without back veranda (0.77 m/s).Keywords: natural ventilation, vernacular, spatial layoutREFERENCESBoutet, Terry S. (1987) Controlling Air Movement: A Manual for Architects and Builders. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.Caesariadi, Tri Wibowo; Kalsum, Emilya (2011) Climatic Responsive Space in Melayu Pontianak House: A Preliminary Study. The CIB Inter-national Conference: Enhancing the Locality in Architecture, Housing and Urban Environment. January 22, 2011. Yogyakarta.Engin, N.; Vural, N.; Vural, S.; Sumerkan, M.R. (2005) “Climatic Effect in the Formation of Vernacular Houses in the Eastern Black Sea Region”. Building and Environment, Vol. 42. www. sciencedirect.comGutierrez, Jorge (2004) “Notes On the Seismic Adequacy of Vernacular Buildings”. Paper No. 5011. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver.Koenigsberger, O.H.; Ingersoll, T.G.; Mayhew, Alan; Szokolay, S.V., (1973) Manual of Tropical Housing and Building, Part One: Climatic Design, London: Longman Group Limited.Lechner, Norbert (2001) Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Design Methods for Architects. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Lippsmeier, Georg (1997) Bangunan Tropis. Jakarta: Erlangga.Sozen, Mujgan S.; Gedik, Gulay Z. (2006) “Evaluation of Traditional Architecture in Terms of Building Physics : Old Diyarbakir Houses”. Build and Environment, Vol. 42. www.elsevier.com.Szokolay, Steven V. (2008) Introduction to Archi-tectural Science: The Basis of Sustainable Design, 2nd ed.. Oxford: Architectural Press Elsevier.
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Aung, Moe Myat Myat, i Mya Nan Aye. "Seismic Safety Assessment of Existing Low-rise RC Buildings with Rapid Visual Screenings and Preliminary Evaluation Methods". ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development 38, nr 1 (30.04.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.649.
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Mandalay, the second largest city in Myanmar, is situated near the Sagaing Fault (the major fault in Myanmar). In the Mandalay region, the number of low-rise buildings is much greater than that of high-rise buildings. As such, seismic safety assessments of low-rise buildings play an important role in developing Mandalay as a smart city. In this study, the rapid visual screening (RVS) and preliminary evaluation for 26 numbers of three- to eight-story RC buildings were investigated with three different RVS and preliminary evaluation methods. Based on the RVS methods, the FEMA P154 Level 1 and 2 results gave the highest risk. With the Bangladesh method, the higher the story, the more vulnerable the building. Meanwhile, the Indian method showed a medium risk status. According to the preliminary evaluation, the assessed buildings need a detailed seismic evaluation, except for one building in the Indian method. Similarly, all buildings need a detailed evaluation in the Bangladesh method. The most convenient RVS and preliminary evaluation can be derived from these results for buildings in Mandalay, Myanmar. Moreover, a method can be developed for seismic safety assessments in other ASEAN countries with subsequent research.
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"Determining the regional disaster risk analysis of buildings in Erzincan". Journal of the Croatian Association of Civil Engineers 75, nr 03 (kwiecień 2023): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14256/jce.3436.2021.
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Erzincan is located in a region sensitive to seismic activities, which can destroy buildings and lead to loss of life because of severe earthquakes. Furthermore, analysing and determining structural risks is important because it reduces possible disaster risks and provides mitigation strategies. This study aims to assess the seismic vulnerability of existing buildings in Erzincan using a rapid visual screening method and create a regional-scale inventory. Furthermore, 490 residential reinforced concrete buildings in five neighbourhoods were analysed using a street scanning method (first-level evaluation) developed by METU, and maps were created using the ArcGIS program. The results revealed that poor construction quality, soft ground, and heavy overhang are the main vulnerability parameters that change the risk priority range of reinforced concrete residential buildings. Conversely, poor construction quality affected most first-priority buildings. Therefore, there is a need for effective seismic mitigation planning for Erzincan, as 49 % of buildings in the surveyed neighbourhoods required a second-stage assessment. In addition, the method ranks the buildings according to their risk priorities, and the obtained data on the map provided useful information for effective strategies for implementing risk reduction policies in Erzincan.
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Ghafar, M., N. Ramly, M. Alel, Azlan Adnan, Edy Tonnizam Mohamad i M. Z. M. Yunus. "A Simplified Method for Preliminary Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Existing Building in Kundasang, Sabah, Malaysia". Jurnal Teknologi 72, nr 3 (25.01.2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jt.v72.4003.
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A simplified method for preliminary seismic vulnerability assessment of existing building in particular area of Kundasang, Sabah Malaysia region is proposed. The surveys are mainly focused on building inventory such as identifying the building occupancy, building type and the storey number of buildings for study area. Rapid Visual Screening (RVS) can be effectively used to evaluate the vulnerability of large number of buildings for study area with less computational effort. The data collection form of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA 154) for RVS was gathered for this purpose. The objective of this study is to assess the vulnerable building that tendency to be further detailed analysis by the calculation of score in RVS method. Pre-assessment towards seismic vulnerability of every individual building in particular area has been assessed and the information of buildings in study region consist residential, industrial, government, school building occupancies were recorded and spatially analyzed using Geographical Information System (GIS) framework. Buildings in Kundasang are considered as less further evaluation (34%) which need have detailed analysis by modeling the structure, while another 66% considered as safe building based on rapid visual final score.
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Chaoxu, Xia, Nie Gaozhong, Li Huayue, Fan Xiwei, Zhou Junxue, Yang Rui i Zeng Xun. "Research on lethal levels of buildings based on historical seismic data". Frontiers in Earth Science 10 (6.01.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.767586.
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Due to the influences of buildings, geographical and geomorphological environments, road conditions, etc., the probabilities and numbers of casualties in different areas after an earthquake are different. Accordingly, we propose the concept of the lethal level, which attains different grades representing the mortality rate of differing intensities. Different regions have unique lethal levels, and regional lethal levels are affected mainly by the proportion of each building type and the corresponding lethal level, as different types of buildings also have unique lethal levels. Based on data of 52 historical earthquake disasters, we constructed a lethal level calculation model and obtained the lethal level of each building type. The results reveal that the lethal level ranges of different building types are fixed and unequal; moreover, the ranges of different building types overlap each other. The lethal level range of adobe structures is 0.85–1, that of civil structures is 0.75–0.95, that of brick-wood structures is 0.6–0.9, that of brick-concrete structures is 0.33–0.6, that of wood structures is 0.2–0.35, and that of reinforced concrete structures is 0.1–0.25. Based on the lethal levels of these building types, the overall level of a region can be quantified and graded, and this classification does not depend on the geographical location or administrative boundaries. In pre-earthquake evaluation efforts, the lethal level of an area can be derived through field research. After an earthquake, the number of casualties can be quickly assessed based on the mortality rate corresponding to the intensity of the area. This approach can further provide scientific support for risk zoning and risk assessment research.
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Montalvo-Arrieta, Juan C., Rocío L. Sosa-Ramírez i Xyoli Pérez-Campos. "Evaluation of macroseismic intensities in Mexico from recent earthquakes using ¿Sintió un sismo? (Did you feel it?)". Geofísica Internacional 56, nr 1 (1.01.2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2017.56.1.1732.
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Macroseismic investigations with data collected through online surveys has acquired relevance in recent years. Its easy access and low cost allow assessments of the severity of an earthquake from its effects as observed by the population. Furthermore, it is possible to generate attenuation curves for a particular region, visualize the condition of the buildings from a zip code-averaged distribution map, and estimate possible site effects. In regions without a good coverage of seismic networks, macroseismic intensities have proved to be a substitute for instrumental data. In this paper intensity maps for four earthquakes in different regions of Mexico are presented, based on data from the database of ¿Sintió un sismo? program, an online survey implemented in 2014. Less attenuation was found in areas considered tectonically stable than in those considered as active regions.
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Matinrad, Pezhman, i Floriana Petrone. "ASCE/SEI 7‐compliant site‐specific evaluation of the seismic demand posed to reinforced concrete buildings with real and simulated ground motions". Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 24.08.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3995.
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AbstractState‐of‐the‐art seismic design and assessment methodologies rely on the utilization of ground‐motion records scaled to site‐specific risk‐targeted spectra to perform nonlinear time‐history analyses and estimate mean structural demands. Motivated by the discrepancies in structural response estimates resulting from different selection and scaling methods, this study assesses the implications of utilizing site‐specific simulated ground motions from 3‐D physics‐based wave‐propagation models as opposed to historical records from worldwide catalogs in ASCE/SEI7‐compliant procedures for seismic performance evaluations. A suite of validated realizations of an M7 Hayward Fault earthquake in the San Francisco Bay Area and two modern reinforced concrete moment‐resisting frame buildings are utilized as a case study. The 2014 USGS earthquake hazard and probability maps are employed for the hazard calculations, and the PEER NGA‐West2 database is used for the selection of the real ground motions. The building models are coupled with the simulated and real ground motions to perform a total of 30,552 nonlinear time‐history analyses. Structural demands obtained from real and simulated motions are examined and compared at the regional‐scale in terms of peak interstory drift ratio median and dispersion, and localization along the building height. The correlations between observed structural responses and ground‐motion features are discussed to potentially inform current code‐compliant methodologies for ground‐motion selection. Results show that utilizing site‐specific simulated ground motions that incorporate path, fault geometry, and site‐condition effects as opposed to historical ground‐motion records may lead to differences in the structural demands above 50%. Such differences are highly spatially variable throughout the region and difficult to predict.
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Kawase, Hiroshi, Kenichi Nakano, Fumiaki Nagashima, Eri Ito, Jikai Sun i Ziqian Wang. "Unified approach for evaluation of horizontal site amplification factors with special reference to history of studies on the effects of surface geology on seismic motion". Earth, Planets and Space 75, nr 1 (9.06.2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40623-023-01849-w.
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AbstractFollowing the 1923 Kanto earthquake in Japan, Japanese researchers noticed the strong effects of surface geology on seismic motion (ESG) and began to investigate these effects to quantify the site amplification factors (SAFs) associated with soft surface sediments. On the other side of the Pacific Ocean, ESG received limited attention until the 1985 Michoacan, Mexico earthquake revealed significant long-period amplification inside Mexico City that manifested as the source of devastating damage to high-rise buildings. Since then, seismologists and earthquake engineers have performed a lot of studies on various ESG issues worldwide. We have not yet reached common conclusions on how to quantitatively predict SAFs over a broad frequency band of engineering interest, 0.1 to 20 Hz, for moderate to strong input from different types of earthquakes in different tectonic settings. However, we found here several basic guidelines useful for successfully modeling ground motions as a common approach to ESG studies. First, in this letter, we briefly review our history of understanding ESG, which is closely related to the key settings required for reliable quantifications of SAFs, and then introduce various emerging techniques for broadband quantitative evaluations of SAFs based on the vast amount of observed ground motions primarily from dense Japanese strong-motion networks. Based on the findings of our investigation and the physical relationships behind the parameters, the authors would like to recommend that researchers on ESG and related topics would refer to the five basic guidelines proposed in the conclusions for the successful implementation of techniques to delineate SAFs in a specific region of interest, such as the use of Fourier spectra instead of response spectra. We have started applying the proposed techniques to regions outside Japan. The implementation of the statistical validation exercises will follow. Graphical Abstract