Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Segestids”

AbstractA number of tettigoniids belonging to the genera Sexava, Segestes and Segestidea are responsible for severe defoliation of coconut palm, oil palm and Pandanus spp. in Papua New Guinea. Most chemical and cultural methods of control are either impractical or uneconomic. The possibility of biological control was examined with reference to some of the natural enemies of Segestes decoratus Redtenbacher, in particular a parasite of nymphs and adults, Stichotrema dallatorreanum Hofeneder, as well as the egg parasites Triteleia atrella (Dodd), a species of Tetrastichus near T. dubius (Waterston) and a second species of Tetrastichus. It was concluded that S. dallatorreanum contributed to the control of Segestes decoratus in areas with an evenly distributed rainfall and that the parasite had potential as a biological control agent in areas where it is not endemic against pest species of Sexava, Segestes and Segestidea. A survey of the egg parasites showed that they were not effective in controlling the pests as they were only able to parasitize eggs in exposed oviposition sites. Egg predators of unknown identity were responsible for higher egg mortality than were the egg parasites.

As many as 72 species were documented when sampling was conducted in Kuala Belalong in Brunei Darussalam between 2016 and 2017 but this remains non-exhaustive and orthopteran species are still awaiting discovery. Based on new material collected in 2019, two new species of katydids are described here: Segestes nostosalgos sp. n. and Sathrophylliopsis mentham sp. n. These two discoveries are of particular interest: Segestes nostosalgos sp. n. represents the first record of the tribe Sexavaini in Borneo; Sathrophylliopsis mentham sp. n. is drastically different from congeners by the lack of dense fine long hairs around the body.

<p><em>Segestes docoratus</em> (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) is one of the pests that can damage coconut leaves and cause very heavy damage in the area of distribution, especially in abandoned fields in certain islands. In Indonesia, <em>S. docoratus</em> pest only found in the Morotai Islands, Morotai Island Regency, North Maluku Province. Detailed information on damage, the population of the pest and its natural enemies, as well as distribution are still limited. This research aims to study the damage of coconut trees, pest populations and the potential of natural enemies that can suppress pests development in the field. The study was conducted on farmers land in Darame Village, Pilowo, South Morotai District, Yao Village, Bido Village North Morotai District, Waringin Village (Small Loleba Island and Big Loleba Island), Posi Posi Rao Village (Rao Island), South West Morotai District, Regency Morotai Island, North Maluku. At each location was selected 10 trees sample, and then young frond, mature frond and old frond were taken. Plant damage, coconut production, pest and natural enemies population were observed from each sample. The results showed that the <em>S. decoratus</em> pest damages coconut leaves but does not damage female flowers or young fruits. These pest attacks are generally categorized as light and moderate, but in certain locations in the North Morotai District and the Village of Posi Posi Rao (Rao Island), South West Morotai District, there are plants with a heavy attack level. Nearly all locations visited had <em>S. decoratus</em> pest attacks, except on the islands of Small Loleba and Big Loleba. Based on the assessment of the damage to leaflets from each frond, the percentage of leaf damage is higher in older leaves than mature leaves and lowest in young leaves. The average damage to old leaves is 26.57% - 48.65%, mature leaves 10.15% - 36.97% and young leaves 8.69% - 14.88%. The nymph of <em>S. decoratus</em> preferred young leaves as its food compared to mature and old leaves. This was indicated by the highest nymph population on young leaves and the lowest on old leaves. On the other hand, the higher adult population was found on the old fronds than the mature fronds and lowest on young fronds. This preference might be due to different nutritional components needs between nymph and adult stages, and different nutrient profiles of coconut leaflet between young and old fronds, or the mandible strength. Mandible of the imago is typically more robust than that of the nymphs. Hence, <em>S. decoratus nymphs </em>preferred the soft young leaves, while imagos prefer old leaves. The <em>Stichoterma dallatorreanum</em> parasitoid was not found in the nymphs and adults of <em>S. decoratus</em> collected, but it was found in other Tettigoniidae which are not coconut pests. Other natural enemies found were a spider predator, <em>Oecophylla smaragdina</em>, black ants, predator birds, and entomopathogenic fungi.</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p><em>Segestes d</em><em>e</em><em>coratus</em> (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) merupakan salah satu hama yang merusak daun kelapa dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan yang sangat berat di daerah penyebarannya terutama pada kebun yang tidak terpelihara pada pulau-pulau tertentu. Di Indonesia, hama <em>S. </em><em>d</em><em>e</em><em>coratus</em><em> </em>hanya ditemukan di Kepulauan Morotai, Kabupaten Pulau Morotai, Provinsi Maluku Utara. Informasi kerusakan, populasi hama dan musuh alaminya serta distribusi masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kerusakan tanaman kelapa, populasi hama dan potensi musuh alami yang dapat menekan perkembangan hama di lapangan. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada lahan petani Kecamatan Morotai Selatan, Kecamatan Morotai Utara, Kecamatan Morotai Selatan Barat, Kabupaten Pulau Morotai, Maluku Utara. Pada setiap lokasi dipilih 10 pohon contoh kemudian diambil daun muda, daun tengah dan daun tua. Dari setiap tanaman contoh diamati kerusakan tanaman, populasi hama, musuh alami dan produksi tanaman kelapa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hama <em>S. decoratus</em> merusak daun kelapa tetapi tidak merusak bunga betina atau buah muda. Serangan hama ini pada umumnya dikategorikan pada serangan ringan dan sedang, tetapi pada lokasi tertentu di Kecamatan Morotai Utara dan di Desa Posi Posi Rao (Pulau Rao), Kecamatan Morotai Selatan Barat, terdapat tanaman dengan tingkat serangan berat. Hampir semua lokasi yang dikunjungi sudah terdapat serangan hama <em>S. decoratus, </em>kecuali di Pulau Loleba Kecil dan Loleba Besar. Berdasarkan penilaian kerusakan anak daun dari setiap pelepah, ternyata persentase kerusakan daun lebih tinggi pada daun tua dibandingkan dengan daun tengah dan terendah pada daun muda. Rata-rata kerusakan pada daun tua 26,57 – 48,65%, daun tengah 10,15 – 36,97% dan daun muda 8,69 – 14,88%. Nimfa <em>S. decoratus</em> lebih memilih daun muda sebagai makanannya dibandingkan dengan tengah dan daun tua, hal ini ditunjukkan oleh populasi nimfa tertinggi pada daun mudadan terendah pada daun tua, sebaliknya populasi imago lebih banyak pada pelepah daun tua dibandingkan dengan daun tengah dan terendah pada daun muda. Preferensi ini kemungkinan disebabkan karena kebutuhan nutrisi yang berbeda antara nimfa dan imago dan perbedaan profile nutrisi dari pinak daun pada pelepah daun yang muda dan tua, sertamandibel nimfa masih lunak sehingga memilih daun yang masih muda sedangkan mandibel imago lebih kuat. Dari nimfa dan imago <em>S. decoratus</em> yang dikoleksi, tidak ditemukan parasitoid <em>Stichoterma dallatorreanum </em>tetapi ditemukan pada Tettigoniidae lain yang bukan hama kelapa. Ditemukan predator laba-laba, <em>Oecophylla smaragdina, </em>semut hitam<em>, </em>burung predator dan cendawan entomopatogen.</p>

The six-eyed spider family Segestriidae is poorly documented from India, with only five species belonging to two genera. Here we describe a new genus, Indoseges gen. nov. with five new spp. viz. I. malkhangiri sp. nov., I. sushildutta sp. nov., I. chilika sp. nov., I. narayani sp. nov. and I. satkosia sp. nov. from Odisha. The first two spp. are described based on both male and female specimens and the rest on females only. The new genus resembles the genus Ariadna Audouin, 1826; still, males differ with respect to first leg spines, shape and position of apophysis and in the palp structure, and females having distinct spination in palp tarsi and femur of first two legs, and in the genitalia structure. Along with a distribution map of the Segestriids of India this paper also provides natural history information about the new genus, a discussion on its relationship with Ariadna, and the putative synapomorphies that define its placement in the subfamily Ariadninae.

Siargao Island is located on the southeastern part of the Philippines. We have very little knowledge on the Orthoptera from this island which is covered with forest over limestone, open vegetation, and mangrove, despite being designated as one of the terrestrial Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) in the Philippines. We conducted surveys in 2018 to search for orthopterans. In total, thirty-seven species from 34 genera were found. Seventeen species are recorded in Siargao Island for the first time, representing 45.9% of all collected species, thus, validating that orthopterans in the island are indeed overlooked. Out of the 37 species, 21 of these are endemic to the Philippines and 9 are endemic to Siargao Island, hence suggesting that species on the island can be biologically significant.. We also observed that a huge proportion of the species in Siargao Island are fully winged and capable of flight, but most species are small sized. We also provide taxonomic notes and illustrations, including descriptions of the male Segestidea punctipennis Bolívar, 1903 and female Eumecopoda reducta Hebard, 1922 for the first time. We inferred that species from Siargao Island are closely associated with Sundaland and for within Philippines, Mindanao and Luzon.

ABSTRACTThe arachnids from the late Eocene Insect Limestone of the Isle of Wight are reviewed. Only spiders (Araneae) have been recorded, of which several dozen are known, mostly juveniles. Nearly all are araneomorphs; the putative mygalomorph Eoatypus woodwardii McCook, 1888 was removed from that infraorder by Selden (2001), but new specimens, yet to be described, could belong in this group. Among the adult specimens, which are thus identifiable to family level, most belong to the argyronetid water-spider Vectaraneus yulei Selden, 2001; some resemble araneids, and a small number can be referred to other families. New morphological information on the holotype of Vectaraneus is presented, and three other specimens are described in more detail here, in Segestriidae, Araneidae and Salticidae. Segestriids are nocturnal sedentary hunters living in tubular retreats in rock or bark crevices. Araneids are the archetypal weavers of orb webs. Salticids are the familiar jumping spiders; the one described here is an ant mimic. Their presence suggests a drier habitat was present somewhere in the source environment for the fossil biota, and they were probably inhabitants of the raised hammocks suggested for the Insect Bed palaeoenvironment.

The spinning apparatus and silk of <em>Segestria senoculata</em> were studied with the use of scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy, which confirmed the presence of four categories of spigots connected with four types of spinning glands (<em>i.e</em>., <em>Glandulae ampullaceae major, Glandulae ampullaceae minor, Glandulae piriformes and Glandulae pseudaciniformes</em>). New data about the morphology of spinnerets and spigots were obtained for both the adults and nymphal stages of both sexes. For the first time the silken threads of retreats, signal threads and attachment discs of the members of <em>Segestria</em> were subjected to a detailed SEM study. The data resulting from studying the spinning apparatus of <em>S. senoculata</em> was compared to current knowledge of the silk producing systems of families belonging to the Dysderoidea superfamily. Silks that are emitted from spigots in the course of retreat construction are not (similarly to the other dysderoids) processed by the spider’s legs during the subsequent process of hardening. Apart from the major ampullate glands/spigots, segestriids also possess developed minor ampullate glands. Minor ampullate threads are used by <em>S. senoculata</em> spiders when making their signal threads.

The assemblage composition, biomass and dynamics of zooplankton and epibenthos were examined in a commercial prawn pond in southeast Queensland over two seasons. Physico-chemical characteristics of the pond water were measured concurrently. Numbers and biomass of zooplankton in the surface tows (140 micrometre mesh) varied from 8 ind. L-1 (44 micrograms L-1) to 112 ind. L-1 (324 micrograms L-1) in the first season, with peaks in biomass corresponding to peaks in numbers. In the second season the zooplankton numbers varied from 12 to 590 ind. L-1, but peaks in numbers did not correspond with peaks in biomass, which varied from 28 to 465 micrograms L-1. This was due to differences in the size of the dominant taxa across the season. Although this occurred in both seasons, the effect on biomass was more pronounced in the second season. In both seasons, immediately after the ponds were stocked with prawn postlarvae there was a rapid decline in zooplankton numbers, particularly of the dominant larger copepods. This was probably due to predation by the postlarvae. Subsequent peaks in zooplankton numbers were principally due to barnacle nauplii. The largest peaks in zooplankton numbers occurred before stocking in the first season, but the largest peaks were in the middle of the second season. While changes in abundance and biomass of the zooplankton assemblage were not correlated with physico-chemical characteristics in the first season, there were correlations between zooplankton numbers and temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and secchi disk readings in the second season. No correlations were found with zooplankton biomass and physico-chemical characteristics in the second season. The correlations in the second season were mainly due to the high prevalence of barnacle nauplii through the middle part of the season, and may reflect suitable conditions for barnacle reproduction. Epibenthic faunal abundance in the beam trawls (1 mm mesh) peaked at 14 ind. m-2 and 7 ind. m-2 in the first and second seasons respectively and the biomasses at 0.8 g m-2 and 0.7 g m-2. Peaks in abundance of epibenthos did not correspond to peaks in biomass. This was due to large differences in the size of the taxa across the seasons. Sergestids (Acetes sibogae) and amphipods were the most abundant taxa in beam trawl samples. Amphipods were only abundant in the first season, with their numbers increasing towards the end of the grow out period. Acetes were abundant in both seasons, but were dominant in the second season. Correlations between physico-chemical parameters and epibenthos numbers were found to be strongly influenced by the dominant taxa in each season. In the first season, negative correlations were found between epibenthos abundance and pH and temperature. These relationships may reflect an effect on the growth of macroalgae in the pond, with which the amphipods were strongly associated, rather than a direct effect on the epibenthos. In the second season, a positive correlation existed between temperature and epibenthos abundance, however this was strongly influenced by the very high abundance of Acetes in the last sampling period. No correlations were found between epibenthic fauna biomass and physico-chemical parameters. Abundances of epibenthic fauna were not related to zooplankton densities indicating this source of food was not likely to be a limiting factor. Neither the pond water exchange regime nor moon phase could explain changes observed in abundances of zooplankton or epibenthos assemblages in the first season, however the sampling regime was not designed to specifically investigate these effects. In the second season water exchanges were sampled more rigorously. The density of zooplankton in the outlet water was from 2 to 59% of the density of zooplankton in the pond, and the zooplankton density of the inlet water was from 9 to 50% of the outlet water. The number of zooplankton recruited into the pond from the inlet water, after the prawns were stocked, was negligible and contributed little to changes observed in zooplankton assemblages. Reproduction of barnacles within the pond appeared to play the most important role in changes in the assemblage. Water exchange did, however, appear to play a greater role in the changes observed in epibenthic fauna assemblages. In the last season of sampling the feeding of the dominant epibenthic species, Acetes sibogae, was examined using a combination of gut content and stable isotope analysis. Acetes gained little nutrition directly from the pelleted feed, probably relying primarily on zooplankton as their direct food source. Other dietary items such as macroalgae also played a role in the nutrition of the Acetes. If Acetes numbers were high at the beginning of a season they may compete with the newly stocked prawns for the zooplankton resource. However, they will not compete with the prawns later in the season when the prawns are gaining most of their nutrition from the pelleted feed. Overall it appears that zooplankton are important to the nutrition of the prawns at the beginning of the season when the assemblage is usually dominated by copepods. Later in the season the assemblage is dominated by barnacle nauplii which are recruited from within the pond. The establishment of an abundant assemblage of suitable zooplankton species before stocking prawn postlarvae would appear to be beneficial, if not essential. The assemblage of epibenthic fauna changes throughout the season as new recruits are brought in from outside the pond. Epibenthic faunal assemblages in ponds from southeast Queensland are dominated by Acetes which are not likely to adversely affect the production of prawns unless they are particularly abundant early in the grow out season when the prawns would be utilising the same food resources as Acetes.

The assemblage composition, biomass and dynamics of zooplankton and epibenthos were examined in a commercial prawn pond in southeast Queensland over two seasons. Physico-chemical characteristics of the pond water were measured concurrently. Numbers and biomass of zooplankton in the surface tows (140 micrometre mesh) varied from 8 ind. L-1 (44 micrograms L-1) to 112 ind. L-1 (324 micrograms L-1) in the first season, with peaks in biomass corresponding to peaks in numbers. In the second season the zooplankton numbers varied from 12 to 590 ind. L-1, but peaks in numbers did not correspond with peaks in biomass, which varied from 28 to 465 micrograms L-1. This was due to differences in the size of the dominant taxa across the season. Although this occurred in both seasons, the effect on biomass was more pronounced in the second season. In both seasons, immediately after the ponds were stocked with prawn postlarvae there was a rapid decline in zooplankton numbers, particularly of the dominant larger copepods. This was probably due to predation by the postlarvae. Subsequent peaks in zooplankton numbers were principally due to barnacle nauplii. The largest peaks in zooplankton numbers occurred before stocking in the first season, but the largest peaks were in the middle of the second season. While changes in abundance and biomass of the zooplankton assemblage were not correlated with physico-chemical characteristics in the first season, there were correlations between zooplankton numbers and temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and secchi disk readings in the second season. No correlations were found with zooplankton biomass and physico-chemical characteristics in the second season. The correlations in the second season were mainly due to the high prevalence of barnacle nauplii through the middle part of the season, and may reflect suitable conditions for barnacle reproduction. Epibenthic faunal abundance in the beam trawls (1 mm mesh) peaked at 14 ind. m-2 and 7 ind. m-2 in the first and second seasons respectively and the biomasses at 0.8 g m-2 and 0.7 g m-2. Peaks in abundance of epibenthos did not correspond to peaks in biomass. This was due to large differences in the size of the taxa across the seasons. Sergestids (Acetes sibogae) and amphipods were the most abundant taxa in beam trawl samples. Amphipods were only abundant in the first season, with their numbers increasing towards the end of the grow out period. Acetes were abundant in both seasons, but were dominant in the second season. Correlations between physico-chemical parameters and epibenthos numbers were found to be strongly influenced by the dominant taxa in each season. In the first season, negative correlations were found between epibenthos abundance and pH and temperature. These relationships may reflect an effect on the growth of macroalgae in the pond, with which the amphipods were strongly associated, rather than a direct effect on the epibenthos. In the second season, a positive correlation existed between temperature and epibenthos abundance, however this was strongly influenced by the very high abundance of Acetes in the last sampling period. No correlations were found between epibenthic fauna biomass and physico-chemical parameters. Abundances of epibenthic fauna were not related to zooplankton densities indicating this source of food was not likely to be a limiting factor. Neither the pond water exchange regime nor moon phase could explain changes observed in abundances of zooplankton or epibenthos assemblages in the first season, however the sampling regime was not designed to specifically investigate these effects. In the second season water exchanges were sampled more rigorously. The density of zooplankton in the outlet water was from 2 to 59% of the density of zooplankton in the pond, and the zooplankton density of the inlet water was from 9 to 50% of the outlet water. The number of zooplankton recruited into the pond from the inlet water, after the prawns were stocked, was negligible and contributed little to changes observed in zooplankton assemblages. Reproduction of barnacles within the pond appeared to play the most important role in changes in the assemblage. Water exchange did, however, appear to play a greater role in the changes observed in epibenthic fauna assemblages. In the last season of sampling the feeding of the dominant epibenthic species, Acetes sibogae, was examined using a combination of gut content and stable isotope analysis. Acetes gained little nutrition directly from the pelleted feed, probably relying primarily on zooplankton as their direct food source. Other dietary items such as macroalgae also played a role in the nutrition of the Acetes. If Acetes numbers were high at the beginning of a season they may compete with the newly stocked prawns for the zooplankton resource. However, they will not compete with the prawns later in the season when the prawns are gaining most of their nutrition from the pelleted feed. Overall it appears that zooplankton are important to the nutrition of the prawns at the beginning of the season when the assemblage is usually dominated by copepods. Later in the season the assemblage is dominated by barnacle nauplii which are recruited from within the pond. The establishment of an abundant assemblage of suitable zooplankton species before stocking prawn postlarvae would appear to be beneficial, if not essential. The assemblage of epibenthic fauna changes throughout the season as new recruits are brought in from outside the pond. Epibenthic faunal assemblages in ponds from southeast Queensland are dominated by Acetes which are not likely to adversely affect the production of prawns unless they are particularly abundant early in the grow out season when the prawns would be utilising the same food resources as Acetes.
Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Environmental and Applied Science
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An Elymian identity given by Thucydides (6.2.3) illustrates well ethnic convergen- ces in classical Sicily. Refugees from Troy called themselves Elymians, founded Segesta and Eryx, and were later joined by some storm-driven Phokians. The Trojan ethnic component may reflect a Sicilian tradition at least as early as the late sixth century BCE (Stesichoros), strengthened through time, so that by the Roman period Segesta won tax relief on the basis of “kinship diplomacy.” Identifying what is Elymian about Segesta is challenging, and the main topic of two international congresses (Pisa 1997, 2000). The Sanctuary at Contrada Mango was partially excavated by Vincenzo Tusa in the 1950s, and yielded Archaic pottery with graffiti in Elymian, but written in the Greek epichoric alphabet of Megara Hyblaia: thus convergence began early. This article addresses convergences in religious architecture: the Unfinished Temple at Segesta (ca. 420 BCE), Segesta’s stellar attraction today, has been studied thoroughly by Dieter Mertens (1984). Not as well known is a Greek, Doric temple of similar size but earlier fifth-century date, in the sanctuary at Contrada Mango at Segesta. Pieces of its superstructure lie scattered on the ground. Whereas Mertens was able to docu- ment Athenian influence in the unfinished temple, other sources of influence, and original- ity, are evident in Contrada Mango’s earlier temple.

While the war between Athens and Sparta for control of the Aegean was at its peak, other conflicts, further to the west, embroiled Greek cities in struggles for their life. Carthage was as significant a naval power in its sector of the Mediterranean as Athens was further to the east. In 415, the Carthaginians were content to look on while the Athenians attacked Syracuse. They could see that the Greeks were divided among themselves and too busy squabbling to turn their attention against the Phoenician trading stations on Sicily. From their point of view, anything that weakened Greek power in Sicily was welcome. On the other hand, the destruction of the Athenian forces posed a new problem, to which they found themselves responding rapidly. Not for the first time the Syracusans threatened to dominate the island. However, the real troublemakers proved once again to be the Elymian inhabitants of Segesta, who, not content with the havoc they had wreaked by calling in the Athenians, now appealed to Carthage for help against their old rivals, the Greeks of Selinous. The Carthaginians had good reason to support Segesta. It lay in an area dotted with Punic, that is Phoenician, colonies, notably Panormos (Palermo) and Motya. When in 410 the Segestans offered to become dependants of Carthage in return for protection, the Carthaginian assembly realized that the time had come to consolidate their city’s hold on western Sicily. The Segestan appeal marked a decisive moment in the transformation from a loose confederation of allies and trading stations presided over by Carthage to a Carthaginian empire that included among its subjects not just fellow-Phoenicians but subject peoples – ‘Libyans’, as the Berbers of North Africa were called by Greek writers, Elymians, Sikels and Sikans in Sicily, not to mention Sards and Iberians. There were other, personal factors at work among the Carthaginian elite, for the city was at this time controlled by a group of powerful dynasties that dominated its Senate. A prominent Carthaginian with the common name Hannibal is said to have conceived a passionate hatred for all Greeks after his grandfather Hamilcar was killed in battle against the Syracusan army at Himera in 480 BC.