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1
Erol, Ezgi. "Urban Transportation: Sections At Minus". Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611695/index.pdf.
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This thesis focuses on the underground transportation forms that began to emerge in city centers in the second half of the 20th century. Besides providing an illustration and evaluation of the selected case projects, the notions of speed and time are opened for discussion as significant concepts that interact to affect the physical formations both of cities and transport policies. The developments in urban transport technologies after the 1960s are also examined as leading factors in the development of today&rsquos multimodal and multilayered urban transportation hubs.
2
Houston, Elizabeth Ann. "Preservation issues in project-based Section 8 contract expirations". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67414.
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3
McAninch, Scott F. "City section Vauban : innovative urban planning in the heart of the Black Forest". Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1273161.
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Freiburg is a city in the southern Black Forest with a very innovative and successful urban planning policy. The city, in cooperation with other partners, redeveloped an abandoned Cold War-era military base into an ecologically sustainable cutting-edge city section with a diverse population.This creative project will examine the processes of the successful transformation of Forum Vauban from a military base into a sustainable mixed-use district. Although such progressive initiatives and creative problem solving may not be politic feasible in every community, it is important to learn from such successful and innovate to urban problems. For my creative project, I will describe and analyze various factors, events and policies that have encouraged Vauban to develop into a successful and world-renowned sustainable city section. It is especially important for urban planners to learn from the success of Vauban as a tool for professional development; however, lay person could also greatly benefit by learning about the successful planning practices in Vauban and in the city of Freiburg, Germany. Perhaps, this would enable them to learn enough about good planning practices to make a difference in their own community.Department of Urban Planning
4
Moga, Steven Thomas. "Bottoms, Hollows, and Flats : making and remaking the lower section of the American city". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/62137.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 316-331).
This dissertation is an urban environmental history of the low-lying American slum. Using qualitative research methods, I investigate the historical phenomenon of topographically based, socio-economic segregation in cities, and how urban actors first created these places then remade them. I examine six low-lying urban neighborhoods in the United States: "The Bottoms" in Columbus, Ohio; "Frog Hollow" in Hartford, Connecticut; "The Flats" in Los Angeles, California; "Black Bottom" in Nashville, Tennessee; "Swede Hollow" in St. Paul, Minnesota; and, "Foggy Bottom" in Washington, D.C. The first part of the thesis examines how land and factory owners, real estate developers, and speculators made urban lowlands into residential districts nicknamed bottoms, hollows, and flats beginning in the late nineteenth century. I argue that the deliberately incomplete implementation of urban interventions such as sewerage, water supply, and flood protection created interstitial spaces for stigmatized residence. Considered potentially threatening strangers, foreign immigrants, black migrants, and poor country whites were forced down into the lowlands, which functioned as containment zones within the internal structure of the city. The second part of the thesis details three modes of remaking the lowlands: slum clearance, zoning, and big projects. Late nineteenth century attempts to remove residents and eliminate slums encountered resistance from voters and city officials due to concerns that displaced undesirables would move into their city spaces. By the 1920s, zoning helped to ease middle and upper class fears of invasion by promulgating rules to protect neighborhoods of single-family homes. After 1937, the federal government funded resident removal and physical redevelopment through public housing, highways, and the urban renewal program, erasing the old lowland slums. The history of urban lowlands highlights the low-lying landscape as an urban nexus point, revealing an inherent conflict between urban actors over containment of the poor versus the redevelopment of stigmatized districts. Planners intervene in this conflict, and assist in the repeated remaking of desirable and undesirable city spaces. The thesis draws connections among physical planning, social inequality, natural processes, and urban space in lowlands of unique interest to scholars and practicing planners in an era of renewed interest in the environment of cities.
by Steven Thomas Moga.
Ph.D.
5
McDonough, Michelle K. (Michelle Katharine) 1973. "Balancing income targeting and poverty deconcentration in subsidized housing : the challenge of the Federal Section 8 Program". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68790.
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6
Parsons, Marc Alan. "Life in the City: Housing, History and the Supermarket, an Episode in Urban Architecture". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31298.
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The project began as a response to a proposal to construct a suburban style grocery store and surface parking lot in the middle of an existing residential neighborhood, including the substantial demolition and 'strip-mall' conversion of a historic theater located on the Washington, DC site.
The Thesis evolved as an exploration of how do we reconcile our contemporary mercantile needs within the urban environment; specifically, how can one incorporate a suburban-scaled, 'big-box' retail structure in an existing, complex urban context.
The proposal that follows offers an integrated, mixed-use and contextually sensitive solution, incorporating a full size grocery store (the most fundamental of our consumer needs) with multiple levels of parking below, new residential row-housing and commercial space above - retaining and restoring both the historic theater and the overall neighborhood fabric.Master of Architecture
7
Dadda, Mariana Aita. "A terceira modernidade urbana e o setor terciário : como Porto Alegre (RS, Brasil) está se preparando para receber a copa do mundo de 2014". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/102628.
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Atualmente estamos atravessando um momento único na história do país. Além da estabilidade econômica que gera visibilidade e credibilidade mundial ao Brasil, estamos às vésperas de realizar o maior evento esportivo do planeta: a Copa do Mundo FIFA de Futebol. O futebol é um esporte de grande repercussão – chamado de paixão nacional no Brasil – o que gera grandes expectativas sobre o Megaevento, principalmente pela questão econômica. Além de todos os interesses que cercam a realização deste evento, os cidadãos envolvidos com o Setor Terciário (que abrange atividades comerciais, prestação de serviços, turismo e entretenimento) são os mais otimistas frente à realização do mesmo. Este setor da economia, que cada vez emprega mais pessoas, vem mudando seu perfil desde a década de 70, e a diversidade dos serviços atualmente oferecidos está diretamente relacionada com a mudança do perfil urbano das grandes cidades. A respeito disto, vários autores vêm escrevendo a respeito das modificações ocorridas na dinâmica das metrópoles, como por exemplo Ascher (2004) e Santos (1999), entre outros, que destacam em suas obras a crescente importância da tecnologia no cotidiano, as facilidades de comunicação, informação e mobilidade, o aprimoramento constante da ciência e a consequente modificação da noção de limites espaciais e temporais. Algumas obras já chegam a denominar o nível de complexidade que atingiu o Setor Terciário nas grandes metrópoles de Terciário Superior ou Quaternário, tamanho o ineditismo que foi alcançado neste aspecto atualmente. Para se referir a estes novos processos urbanos, usaremos neste trabalho a denominação Terceira Modernidade Urbana, de Ascher (2004, p. 28), para que haja um destaque deste momento frente aos anteriores. Focando os estudos em Porto Alegre, procura-se aqui encontrar as evidências desta Terceira Modernidade Urbana na capital gaúcha. E, sendo esta uma das 12 cidades-sede da Copa do Mundo no Brasil, objetiva-se verificar também como o Setor Terciário da cidade está se preparando para atender um público global, e qual a expectativa do mesmo sobre o legado que o Megaevento vai deixar para o Setor.We are currently going through a unique moment in the country's history. Besides economic stability that generates global visibility and credibility to Brazil, we are on the verge of realizing the greatest sporting event on the planet: the FIFA World Cup. The football is a sport of great impact - called national passion in Brazil - which generates great expectations about the mega event, mainly for economic question. Besides all the interests that surround this event, citizens involved in the Tertiary Section (covering commercial activities, services, tourism and entertainment) are the most optimistic ahead to achievement the same. This section of the economy, which increasingly employs more people, is changing its profile since the 70s, and the diversity of services currently offered is directly related to the changing profile of the urban cities. In this regard, several authors have been writing about the alterations in the dynamics of metropolises such as Ascher (2004) and Santos (1999), among others, in his works that highlight the growing importance of technology in everyday life, the facilities communication, information and mobility, the constant improvement of science and the consequent modification of the notion of spatial and temporal boundaries. Some works have come to signify the level of complexity that hit the Tertiary Section in the large cities of Upper Tertiary and Quaternary, the unprecedented size has been achieved in this regard today. To refer to these new urban processes, this work will use the term Third Urban Modernity, of Ascher (2004, p. 28), to this moment to have highlighted a compared to others. Focusing on studies in Porto Alegre, seeks to find evidence of this here Third Urban Modernity in the state capital. And, this being one of 12 host cities for the World Cup in Brazil, aims to verify how well the Tertiary Section of the city is preparing to serve a global public, and what is the expectation of the same on the legacy that the mega event will leave the section.
8
Mapuva, Jephias. "A critical analysis of the ministerial powers to appoint 'special interest' councillors in terms of Section 4 A of Zimbabwe's Urban Councils Act (2008)". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6088_1370947242.
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Mbatsane, Pinkie Norah. "The financial accountability of school governing bodies". Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07312007-110952.
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10
Murphy, Dugan. "Housing Choice Vouchers in the suburbs: Finneytown and Hamilton County, Ohio". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337886018.
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Dyson, Ryan A. "Spatial Distribution of Housing Choice Vouchers in a Gentrifying Neighborhood: A Study of Over-the-Rhine, Cincinnati, Ohio". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1463130892.
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12
Muchapondwa, Varaidzo Violet. "Examining the parameters of the powers of the Minister of Local Government to issue policy directives to urban local authorities in Zimbabwe in terms of section 313 of the Urban Councils Act". University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4399.
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Magister Legum - LLMThis is a desktop based study which will analyse relevant books and chapters in books relating to supervision of local governments by national and other higher level governments. It will also examine legislation, journal articles, newspaper articles and press statements in the field of multi-level government. The study will examine three Ministerial directives in chapter four. Due to challenges in accessing government policies the study will assess two directives that the author has on file. The study will rely on secondary sources such as newspaper articles for the third directive.
13
THOMAS, MONICA ELISE. "BARRIERS AFFECTING SUCCESS IN LOCATING AFFORDABLE HOUSING WITHIN THE CINCINNATI METROPOLITAN REGION: A CASE STUDY OF CINCINNATI METROPOLITAN HOUSING AUTHORITY'S (DMHA) SECTION 8 HOUSING CHOICE VOUCHER PROGRAM". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1022871725.
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Stahlke, Andrew J. "Housing Choice Vouchers and the suburbs: A study of the City of Forest Park (and vicinity) and Hamilton County, Ohio". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337714766.
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15
Baggett, Kimberley Anne. "Assessment of Section 404 Wetland Mitigation Compliance and No-Net-Loss in the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Norfolk District". VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/844.
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The United States Corps of Engineers is a federal agency responsible for regulating impacts to wetlands. Permit applications requesting authorization to impact wetlands are reviewed using a three step sequence: avoidance, minimization and compensatory mitigation. A national goal of no net loss of wetland acreage and function in compensatory mitigation has been recommended since 1987.Thirty Norfolk District projects requiring compensatory wetland mitigation in the permit years 1996-1998 were randomly selected for field review. The results showed that 10% of the project were never initiated or completed. Another 19% of the projects showed a net loss of acreage. However, many projects exceeded their required mitigation acreage. The mitigation types included creation/restoration (18 permits), commercial mitigation bank (3 permits), and an in-lieu fee trust fund (9 permits). Overall 1.76 acres were mitigated for every acre of wetland impacted. Creation/restoration projects had the highest ratio (2 acres mitigated for every acre impacted and the mitigation bank realized 1.82 acres for every acre impacted. Therefore, this study indicated that the Norfolk District is gaining more than 1 acre of wetland mitigation for every acre impacted, thus meeting the goal of no net loss of wetland acreage.
16
Machingauta, Naison. "A legal analysis of the appointment of caretakers to act as council in terms of Zimbabwe's section 80 of the Urban councils Act". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2565.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe monitoring and supervision of local government is usually done by central governments. However in some countries like South Africa where there three spheres of government the provincial executive is charged with the supervision of the local sphere of government. In Zimbabwe the monitoring and supervision of local government is done by the central government through the relevant Minister. This study will look at the appointment of a caretaker to act as council in terms of section 80 of the UCA. Although a similar provision exists in section 158 of the RDCA, it is section 80 that has been vigorously applied by the Minister in recent times and which has caused an outcry from urban local authorities.
South Africa
17
TRISAL, SHILPA. "POLICY AND PRACTICE OF WETLANDS MITIGATION FOR AIRPORTS". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1022860785.
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18
Bray, Catherine L. "The Small Area Fair Market Rent System in the Richmond Region: An Evaluation of Current Voucher Concentration, Move to Opportunity Counseling, and Value Capture Planning". VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4283.
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In June of 2015, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development released an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to establish a more effective Fair Market Rent System using Small Area Fair Market Rents (SAFMRs) in the Housing Choice Voucher Program (HCVP) instead of the current 50th Percentile FMRs. The 50th Percentile FMR is currently in use in the Richmond, Virginia region, and the region is likely to be among early adopters of the new SAFMR System. This thesis assesses existing conditions that will affect implementation of the Small Area Fair Market Rent (SAFMR) System. First, it evaluates where voucher holders have located and concentrated with limited mobility counseling and without the SAFMR System intervention. Second, this evaluation assesses the theory of opportunity and targeting metrics currently in use by the local Move to Opportunity Program administered in the region, because the SAFMR System has a stated objective to enable voucher holders to de-concentrate from low opportunity areas. Finally, this evaluation assesses the SAFMR System’s potential for value capture, estimating total savings and a discrete number of potential new vouchers that may be created with those savings. This research attempts to answer these dimensions of SAFMR System implementation by evaluating key characteristics of current voucher holder concentration in the metropolitan region.
19
Björklund, Sanne. "Preschool outdoor environment i the urban context/Förskolans utemiljö i den urbana kontexten". Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22898.
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Den förtätade staden ses idag som en självklar del av en hållbar stadsutveckling. Vi lever i en urbaniseringstid och frågor kring hur vi kan skapa en förtätad stad av god kvalitet står högt på agendan. När allt fler människor lever i staden skapas ökad efterfrågan på samhällsservice i staden, som till exempel barnomsorg. I Sverige är det kommunen som ansvarar för att tillgodose medborgarna med denna service. Den svenska förskolan, som är den institution där detta behov till stor del ska tillgodoses, har i sin tur krav på god pedagogisk verksamhet samt en bra miljö för barnen, såväl inne som ute.Den här uppstasen handlar om hur förskolans utemiljö konstrueras i den urbana kontexten. Förskolans utemiljö i staden studeras utifrån de strategier som skapas i och med målsättningar kring både en förtätad stad och en förskola med goda utemiljöer. Genom en kvalitativ analys skapas en komplex bild av alla de strategier som genereras på olika nivåer i den offentliga sektorn, samt hur dessa strategier förhåller sig till varandra.Uppsatsens slutsats landar i hur strategierna påverkas av NPM-influenser och hur gräsrotsbyråkraten väljer att använda sig av sitt handlingsutrymme. Det visar sig också att strategierna verkar skapa en diskrepans mellan de delar som utgör helheten för en bra pedagogisk verksamhet.The dense city is now seen as a self-evident part of a sustainable urban development. We live in a time of urbanization, and questions about how we can create a dense city of good quality are high on the agenda. As more people live in the city the demand for public services, such as childcare, also increases in the city. In Sweden, the municipality is responsible for meeting the public with this service. The Swedish preschool which is the institution where this needs are supposed to be met, have in turn, their demands on sound pedagogical activity and a good environment for children, both indoors and outdoors.This paper is about how the preschool outdoor environment is created in the urban context. The preschool outdoor environment in the urban context is studied from the strategies created by the goals around both a dense city and a preschool with good outdoor environments. Through a qualitative analysis appears a complex picture of all the strategies that are generated at different levels in the public sector, and how these strategies relate to each other.Conclusion of the essay lands in how the strategies are influenced by NPM and how the grassroots bureaucrat chooses to use its freedom of choice. It also turns out that the strategies seem to create a discrepancy between the spheres that make up the big picture for a good preschool.
20
Deycard, Victoria. "Etude de la réactivité et l’efficacité de rétention des éléments traces métalliques dans les stations d'épuration de Bordeaux et leurs apports métalliques dans les eaux de la section Garonnaise de l'estuaire de la Gironde". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0026/document.
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Cette thèse s’intègre dans l’axe 3 du programme « ETIAGE » qui a associé pendant quatre ans (2010-2014) la Lyonnaise des Eaux, la Communauté Urbaine de Bordeaux (CUB), l’AEAG, et le FEDER, région Aquitaine avec l’université de Bordeaux, le CNRS et IRSTEA. L’objectif de l’axe 3 était de documenter les apports métalliques du bassin versant de la CUB aux eaux de la section garonnaise de l’estuaire de la Gironde. Ce vaste estuaire européen est l’un des plus turbides au monde, avec en période d’étiage la présence devant Bordeaux d’une zone de turbidité maximum (ZTM, >1 g.L-1 de MES en surface) qui transporte des particules estuariennes et des éléments traces potentiellement toxiques. Les travaux de cette thèse se sont focalisés sur les apports métalliques via le fonctionnement des deux principales stations d’épuration (STEP) de la CUB. De ce fait, l’objectif de cette recherche est d’analyser en détail les concentrations, les flux et la réactivité de huit contaminants métalliques définis comme prioritaires par l’Union Européenne Cr, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, As, et le contaminant émergent Ag, des STEP de la CUB. Les taux d’abattement calculés sont importants, de l’ordre de 80 % pour la majorité des métaux, essentiellement lors de l’étape de décantation. Malgré cette efficacité, les apports en éléments traces métalliques (ETM) urbains via les STEP pendant les épisodes orageux et dans des situations de faible débit peuvent augmenter les concentrations et les flux dans l’estuaire fluvial de la Gironde et ainsi avoir des conséquences sur la qualité des eaux estuariennes. Les concentrations en Ag sont supérieures aux concentrations normales de bruit de fond dans l’estuaire fluvial de la Gironde, faisant de Ag un excellent traceur urbain. Le traitement dans les STEP concentre les ETM dans les boues extraites dont les concentrations métalliques restent en-deçà des normes d’épandage. Toutefois, les concentrations en éléments traces peuvent être de 15 (Ag) à 30 (Cu) fois supérieures aux concentrations naturelles du bruit de fond en raison du fort enrichissement des boues en Hg, Ag, Cr, Cu et Zn. De plus, environ 70 % des éléments traces Cd, Ag, Pb, Cu, et Zn contenus dans ces boues sont potentiellement biodisponibles et peuvent avoir un impact néfaste à court et long terme sur les environnements récepteurs. En raison de l’augmentation prévisible de la démographie des villes côtières, les résultats de cette étude participent à l’élaboration de nouveaux concepts et outils (récupération, recyclage, valorisation) pour améliorer quantitativement et qualitativement les rejets urbains solides et liquidesThis study is a part of the third axis of the « ETIAGE » project, a four year collaboration (2010-2014) between the Lyonnaise des Eaux, the Communauté Urbaine de Bordeaux (CUB), AEAG, and FEDER, Aquitaine region with the University of Bordeaux, CNRS and IRSTEA. The axis 3 objectives were to document the trace metal inputs from the CUB watershed into the waters of the Garonne section of the Gironde estuary. The Gironde Estuary is one of the largest macrotidal and highly turbid estuaries in Western Europe characterized by the presence of a strong maximum turbidity zone (MTZ) with high suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations (>1 g.L-1 in surface water) transporting estuarine particles and potentially hazardous trace elements. This study has focused on the trace metal inputs from the two main wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of the CUB. The objective of this research was therefore to study in detail the daily concentrations, fluxes, and dynamics of 8 EU priority contaminants Cr, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb Zn, As, and the emerging contaminant Ag from the WWTPs in the CUB. The calculated removal rates are significant, around 80 % for the majority of metals, mainly as a result of the decantation phase. Despite this high removal efficiency, during periods of heavy rainstorms and low river discharges, the urban metal inputs via the WWTPs may still significantly increase metal concentrations and fluxes in the fluvial Gironde Estuary impacting water quality. In addition, the WWTP fluxes and concentrations of Ag exceeded common background concentrations in the Gironde fluvial estuary, making it an interesting urban tracer. The treatment within the WWTPs concentrates the trace metals in the sludge, yet, metal concentrations remained below legal norms for agricultural use. However, the analysis of WWTP sludge revealed that trace element concentrations are 15 (Ag) and 30 (Cu) times higher than natural background concentrations with high enrichment of Hg, Ag, Cr, Cu and Zn with over 70 % of Cd, Ag, Pb, Cu, and Zn being potentially bioavailable. Therefore, with increasing urban pressure on environmental quality, these results support the need for the development of efficient water quality monitoring tools
21
Carrasco, Ulloa Tomás Alejandro. "Integración urbana y social en Recoleta : sector entrecerros". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112671.
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ArquitectoA partir del desarrollo de un marco teórico entorno al desarrollo urbano de las áreas pericentrales de Santiago, se indaga sobre su posible carácter exclusionario, en la medida que reproduce patrones de segregación residencial socioeconómica de la ciudad. Se toma el caso de Recoleta, donde la presencia del Cerro Blanco y San Cristóbal actúan tanto como umbral urbano como un límite que acentúa las diferencias entre el área central y periférica de la comuna respecto al sistema urbano mayor. Finalmente la reflexión decanta sobre cómo desarrollar un proyecto de integración urbana y social en el sector denominado entrecerros, considerando varios aspectos como su ubicación estratégica dentro de la comuna, un contexto de importante transformación urbana por el mercado inmobiliario, y la presencia de dos cerros importantes.
22
Das, Veechibala. "The urban informal sector : an alternative analysis". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27062.
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The concept of dualism was applied to the urban economies in the Third World in the mid-sixties. Two sectors were identified, the informal sector and the formal sector. The informal sector was recognised to be primarily the refuge of the poor, the unemployed, and surplus labour from rural areas. Consequently, theories were advanced to explain how the informal sector was created, and why it persisted in the Third World develoment process. In the last ten years, however, research findings have shown that the informal sector may not necessarily be the sector of the poor or be confined to the Third World. These studies indicate that the informal sector is sometimes quite thriving, and present in centrally planned socialist economies as well as Western capitalist nations. It is time therefore for a comparative analysis of the various types of informal activities in the different economies to ascertain how and why the phenomenon exists in the different contexts.
This research examines the course of the debate on the informal sector from 1965-1985 and presents an alternative analysis on the informal sector. The alternative analysis redefines the 'informal sector' as the 'petty capitalist sector' and proposes that this sector is created in response to the market forces in the formal sector, irrespective of the type of economy. The 'petty capitalist sector' caters to the demands for goods and services that are unfulfilled by the formal sector, and these are not necessarily confined to cheap goods. The labour for petty capitalist sector is similarly not confined to the poor and the unemployed. There are a variety of demands from the petty capitalist sector and different sources of labour for it. It is the potential for different combinations of labour sources and types of demand that create the wide variety of petty capitalist activities in the different economies.
This research also presents the potential contribution of the alternative analysis to Third World planning. Planning for the informal sector has been important in the Third World because it has been tied to poverty and unemployment. But, according to the alternative analysis, because the 'petty capitalist sector' includes a range of activities with different problems, it would be inaccurate to say that it can be planned for per se. At best, a nation can deal with some specific problems of the petty capitalist sector, and this would depend on the development priorities of each nation.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
23
Ngwabi, S. S. F. "Urban regeneration and private sector investment : exploring private sector perception of urban regeneration initiatives in the Johannesburg inner city". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04072009-223007.
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NAKAMURA, Takeho. "Urban-Specific Technological Progress in a Harris-Todaro Model with an Oligopolistic Urban Sector". 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/13855.
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Berry, James Norman. "Private sector housing, urban regeneration and property investment". Thesis, University of Ulster, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338197.
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Sohail, Muhammad. "An investigation into the procurement of urban infrastructure in developing countries". Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7523.
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The poor in urban areas of developing countries suffer from inadequate tertiary (neighbourhood level) urban infrastructure; water and sanitation, solid waste, drainage, access pavements, street lighting and community buildings. Procurement of tertiary level infrastructure is the responsibility of the public sector. Rapid urbanisation is outstripping the already lacking resources of public sector. The involvement of private commercial sector in the procurement is through the micro-contracts. The term, 'micro-contracts', is proposed for the small and medium size contracts. In some cases a third sector like NGOs, CBOs and community groups have also played roles in the procurement of infrastructure. The processes, roles, relationships and performance of micro-contracts procured under routine and community participated strategies were explored with a view to promote the role of the community in the procurement process. The constraints to contract, relationship between public sector and community groups and ways to overcome those constraints were explored. The contract contexts were taken from India, Pakistan and Sri-Lanka. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were used. A multiple case study approach was adopted for the research. During the research three hundred and ninety contracts, more than a hundred interviews and filed notes and more than two hundred documents related to the micro-contracts were reviewed and analysed. The concept of benchmarking was adopted in performance analysis. 'Community partnering' is proposed as a procurement strategy to facilitate the community to play different roles parallel to the roles of Client, Engineer and Contractor. The cost and benefits of community partnering were discussed. It was concluded that, for the similar conditions studied, the community partnering between the urban public sector and suitable urban communities is an appropriate procurement strategy. The recommendations include a number of actions which could be taken to promote the community role in urban infrastructure procurement. Areas of future research are proposed.
27
Ge, Wenjun S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Social congestion in Shanghai : an urban housing project designed on its sections". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45961.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (p. 61).
The new housing developments of Shanghai rely on high-rise building, demolishing the prevailing low-rise high-density housing, known as Lilong housing, built in the early 20th century, and known as Lilong housing. The high-rise building, a symbol of modern living providing open view, better sanitation facilities, and higher building density, is usually considered to be a positive architectural revolution. The Lilong housing, despite its tranquil appearance sustained over a century, also experienced a revolution, caused by densification resulting from population explosion and poor maintenance of the buildings. Living in extremely tight space, often less than 6 square meters per person, Lilong residents had to find flexible ways of living by modifying and using space in creative ways. The residents built subtle social connections through the intense contacts of their shared lives. People who have moved from Lilong to high-rise when asked to compare their changed lifestyle, usually appreciate the good privacy, generous space, and full facilities in high-rise housing. However, most of them also dislike being isolated and lament their loss of the "big warm family" of old Lilong (Hammond, 2006, p.41). Believing that a good design should bring people together I am searching for an alternative way to develop hyper-dense urban housing to support communal culture while also actively responding to various modern trends.
by Wenjun Ge.
S.M.
28
Gonçalves, Armindo. "The informal sector in Cuernavaca". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66770.
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Indraswari, Indraswari, i indrayayan@yahoo com. "Women and Warung in an Urban Kampung". The Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Department of Anthropology, 2006. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20091022.173123.
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This thesis is a study of women, warung (small shops) and Cicadas kampung community of Bandung, West Java. Data on warung, women, and the Cicadas kampung is based on 12 months fieldwork in 2002. To collect the data, a combination of in-depth interviews, observation and participant observation were adopted. In this research I explore the warung issue from the perspective of warung owners and other members of the kampung.
¶
From the owners point of view the main reason to establish warung is to extend the limited income produced by their family members to make ends meet. Other reasons are the possibility to combine income earning activities with domestic chores and social prestige. Having a warung gives more social prestige to a woman warung owner than being a domestic helper. On the other hand, having a job in the formal sector is considered better than conducting a warung business.
¶
From the kampung residents point of view, the reasons to shop at warung are mainly related to certain services offered by warung which are not available in other trading sectors. Warung offer small quantities of goods and credit. These services match the socioeconomic condition of the people, who are mostly low income. For the poor, warung indeed support them by providing these affordable services which are in accord with their purchasing power. Moreover shopping at warung enables the people to save, especially when buying cooked food. For kampung people, cooking may lead to a higher cost. Proximity is another reason people shop at warungwhich could be as close as next doorand this saves them transportation costs.
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Warung are also a social centre where people interact and discuss community affairs. Buying snacks (jajan) and credit (nganjuk) are important practices which mark the relationship between warung owners and their customers. These practices are less likely to characterize other trading sectors.
¶
More women than men run warung because having a warung enables women to combine reproductive and productive work, though this leads to the women working extremely long hoursup to 16 hours a dayto perform both tasks. Warung can also be seen as an extension of womens domestic responsibilities, by reinvesting money and providing meals for their family.
30
Ng, Philip C. T. (Philip Chee Tat). "The need for private sector-public sector collaborative planning in Singapore". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78811.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning and (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1985.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES, ROTCH AND ENGINEERING.
Bibliography: leaves 114-116.
by Philip C. T. Ng.
M.S.
M.C.P.
31
Abiwu, Napoleon. "Private sector involvement in urban water supply management, Ghana". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9882.
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The performance of public utilities in low-income countries with respect to service to all customers, and particularly lower-income urban consumers, is understood to be limited in many cases. The Government of Ghana chose to implement a private sector management contract in order to deliver significant change in service delivery and financial viability. The five year management contract with Aqua Vitens Rand Limited ran from 2006 to 2011 and was not renewed. This study investigates the public utility outcomes, both as a state owned corporation and a state owned limited liability Company, and compares those outcomes with the achievements of the private operator through a Management Contract. The latter two management models operated under the oversight of the newly formed economic regulator, the Public Utility Regulatory Commission in 1999 and any effect of that regulation is considered. The hypothesis of the study developed in 2008 was that “a management contract would not provide the necessary level of empowerment, incentives and commitment and access to resources for a private operator to adequately and efficiently perform even where there is an established economic regulator with a clear mandate”. The case study approach was employed for the study data was gathered on the operations, activities, regulation and management of the urban water utility through documentary review, key-informant interviews, household surveys, public hearing meetings and user observations. However, three major cities including Accra, Kumasi and Tamale were used for the household survey. These three cities were carefully picked out taking into account the political, economic, geographical, social and cultural significance that each of the them represents and commands in Ghana.
32
Souza, Marcos Barcellos de 1980. "Capitalismo e clandestinidade : os subcircuitos ilegais da economia urbana metropolitana". [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285800.
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Orientador: Carlos Antonio BrandãoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T12:35:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_MarcosBarcellosde_M.pdf: 1252366 bytes, checksum: 28f3c34103b85c38c7da8f8f89299f0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Esta dissertação pretende mapear, contextualizar e explicar as principais manifestações e relações decorrentes da ilegalidade presentes numa economia urbana metropolitana. Assim, partindo da análise da necessidade destas práticas para o modo de produção capitalista, busca-se discutir a importância do ilícito na compreensão do fênomeno urbano contemporâneo. Neste sentido, enfatizamos o caráter da acumulação primitiva e sua reposição constante, principalmente nas órbitas não-industriais do capitalismo associado. Também é abordado o papel do Estado na reprodução da ilegalidade, seja através da proteção ao capital mercantil, ou atuando no sentido de potencializar a acumulação capitalista urbana, agravando as desigualdades nas metrópoles. Dessa forma, são estudadas as relações entre informalidade e ilegalidade nas práticas de sobrevivência dos pobres, ¿marginalizados¿ e não-proprietários e na configuração de um mercado imobiliário específico. Por fim, buscou-se integrar estas relações ilegais com as novas questões envolvendo o ilícito, sobretudo os efeitos do tráfico de drogas e do aumento do comércio ilícito na esteira das reformas econômicas liberais dos anos 90
Abstract: This thesis aims to map, context and explain the major events and relationships arising from the illegality present in a metropolitan urban economy. Thus, based on the analysis of the need for these practices to the capitalist mode of production, is seeking to discuss the importance of the illicit understanding to the urban contemporary phenomenon. Therefore, we emphasize the character of the primitive accumulation and it's constant re-position, particularly in non-industrial orbits of associated capitalism. It is also discussed the role of the state in the reproduction of the illegality, either through protection to the merchant capital, or working to improve the urban capitalist accumulation, exacerbating inequalities in the cities. Thus, it is studied the relationship between informality and illegal practices of survival of the poor, "marginalized" and non-owners and the configuration of a specific real state market for the poor. Finally, we tried to integrate these relations with the new issues involving the illicit, especially the effects of drug trafficking and the increase in the illegal trade in the wake of the liberal economic reforms of the 90s
Mestrado
Economia Regional e Urbana
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Mochache, Jason M. H. "Urban informal sector activities in Nairobi : a study towards urban planning policy and methodology in Kenya". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334182.
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Acres, Colleen Greer. "Spatial clustering of sector linked industry in an urban economy". PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/356.
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The influence of economies of agglomeration on location decisions has been debated since it was advanced by Alfred Weber in 1909. Empirical findings at the international, national, and regional levels do not definitely support the efficacy of such economies. No study has been done at a local level, the one inherently appropriate to the Weber premise. Further, most studies have used highly generalized manufacturing groupings. The importance of intra-industry and inter-industry determinants of spatial proximity in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area was investigated in this study. The data base included 220 industries with 2,111 firms employing 108,295 workers. National input-output transaction tables were used to generate measures of intra-industry and inter-industry technological linkage at the 4 digit Standard Industrial Code classification level. Nearest neighbor statistics were employed to measure the spatial proximity of firms within an industry. A spatial association measure, the local concentration coefficient, was devised to calculate spatial proximity among manufacturing firm pairs in various linkage relationships. Then, multiple linear regression was used to examine the relationships of intra- and inter-industry linkages to spatial proximity. Average firm size, material and market orientations, and transportation and utility cost intensities were treated as covariates in the analysis. A total of 25 models involving the covariates and various combinations of forward and backward linkages were executed. In 23 cases, the models and effects of linkages were insignificant. The observed influence of the covariates was generally insignificant. Clearly, economies of agglomeration have no effect on industrial patterns in this analysis. Further, the poor performance of the covariates suggest that application of existing theory to localized manufacturing plan selection processes may be misplaced. While these factors may function at the regional or national level, they do not on an intrametropolitan level, at least in this case. Seeking the specific factor of manufacturing linkage based economies of agglomeration or external economies may be a rare exception in location behavior in general and particularly inoperative at a local level. Local development policies which are premised on maximizing such economies are, accordingly, not supported by this research.
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Xu, Jingsi M. C. P. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Energy intensity in China's iron and steel sector". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67246.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-108).
In this study, I examine the spatial and economic factors that influence energy intensity in China's iron and steel sector, namely industrial value added, renovation investment, coke consumption, and local coke supply. Despite the recognition of the importance of these spatial and economic factors in understanding energy intensity in the steel industry, the municipal and provincial governments of China have failed to integrate them into their energy policy making. Therefore, in order to seek the most effective ways of reducing energy intensity and to encourage energy conservation behavior in China's iron and steel sector, I make three simulations based on the (1) shifts in direct energy efficiency in the sector, (2) coke consumption during the iron and steel making processes, and (3) manufacturing material transportation. I propose an analytical framework for examining the differences in energy intensity at the regional level that are attributed to these spatial and economic factors. More specifically, among these four key factors presented in the multi-level regression models, I identify three factors-industrial value added, renovation investment, and coke consumption indices- as "spatial-level" or "time-variant" factors. I treat the fourth one-local coke supply-as the only "temporal-level" or "time-invariant" factor. I present three major implications for the energy policy-making regarding the development of a "green" iron and steel sector in China. First, when I incorporate all four key factors-industrial value added, renovation investment, coke consumption, and local coke supply-I obtain significantly improved overall exploratory power of the regional-level energy intensity model. Second, the results of my national-level input-output analysis show that policy makers should focus on the changes in total energy intensity, which includes both direct (40 percent) and indirect (60 percent) energy intensity, to design, implement, and evaluate energy-efficient policies for China's iron and steel sector. Third, my study sheds light on the most recent national-level development plan the "1 2 th Five-Year' Plan-and I argue that by adopting efficient industrial structure upgrading strategies, the iron and steel sector can dramatically reduce the national energy consumption in China in the near future.
by Jingsi Xu.
M.C.P.
36
Higbee, Melissa (Melissa Aura). "Climate change adaptation in the U.S. electric utility sector". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/81632.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-101).
The electric utility sector has been a focus of policy efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but even if these efforts are successful, the sector will need to adapt to the impacts of climate change. These are likely to include increased heat waves, drought, extreme precipitation events, and sea level rise. Electric utilities play a key role in providing electricity services in cities that will be facing all of these difficulties. Cities depend on electricity service for public health, safety and economic development. This thesis examines how electric utilities in the United States are approaching climate change adaptation and the factors enabling and constraining these efforts. The thesis draws on an analysis of electric utility responses to surveys distributed by the Carbon Disclosure Project as well as case studies of Consolidated Edison, Entergy, and Pacific Gas & Electric. The case study utilities are incorporating climate change projections into their risk management and capital planning activities. Integrating climate change projections into risk management efforts helps utilities use replacement opportunities to build greater resilience into infrastructure systems and ensure that adaptation strategies take competing demands on resources into account. Both approaches to adaptation are generally recommended by adaptation experts. However, existing internal decisionmaking may not be well suited for incorporating the uncertainties of climate change impacts. The case study utilities could be using Scenario Planning to develop strategies likely to be effective given a range of possible futures, but they are not. I argue that state utility regulatory commissions should consider taking a more active role in providing guidance and oversight to utilities regarding climate change adaptation. They should consider (1) requiring utilities to submit climate change vulnerability assessments and detailed adaptation plans; (2) incorporating climate change risk and adaptation considerations into existing electricity plans; and (3) convening joint climate change planning efforts with utilities, municipal governments, and a range of other stakeholders. Cities and states that would like to see electric utilities put more emphasis on climate change adaptation should consider sharing climate change projections and forecasts of potential climate change impacts. Provision of such information has been effective in encouraging adaptation planning in the case studies. The actual adaptation strategies that utilities have adopted depend largely on the risks they face and the regulatory and policy environment in which they find themselves.
by Melissa Higbee.
M.C.P.
37
Hudson, Ben H. (Ben Hugh) 1974. "Private sector provision of Internet access in rural India". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67548.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-46).
In South India today, a number of ongoing projects seek to provide internet access to rural areas by combining computer, internet, and other telecommunications technologies in a profitable business model. Yet, in spite of growing interest in this work, few formal evaluations have been performed on specific projects and little progress has been made toward increasing discussion of the strengths and weakness of each. Though public, private, and non-profit funds have been in a number of different ways to stimulate rural projects of this sort, evaluations to date have tended to focus on efforts led by public and non-profit organizations. Little attention has been paid to the results of private sector investment. This analysis fills a portion of the existing information gap, examining the efforts of a major sugar cane processing plant in rural South India to provide internet access to villagers. The sugar cane plant's project is evaluated on viability of infrastructure; financial sustainability; and success in meeting the company's own social objectives. In the final analysis, the company seems poised to succeed in creating a functioning, profitable network of rural internet kiosks, however, its success at providing broad access to a diverse segment of communities is limited. Two important findings emerge from this study. First, though access to computers and the internet is still limited in absolute numbers, computer aware individuals and computer users are a demographically diverse group of individuals. An intense survey of rural households demonstrates that users of computers and the internet come from a broad range of backgrounds. Though only one-quarter of rural villagers in surveyed areas were computer aware and an even smaller seven percent actually use computers, the body of actual users was demographically diverse across variables such as gender, wealth, education, and age. Second, the private sector, while seemingly able to construct a viable infrastructure for providing computer and internet access in rural areas, only serves a limited range of individuals. The project examined here was used by only one-quarter of computer users in the local area, or less than 2% of village members in August 2001. Furthermore, while users in the region surveyed were, in general, from a broad range of backgrounds, usage at the rural private sector kiosks was decidedly unequal, serving mainly wealthy male farmers from higher castes. Potential does, however, exist for the expansion of the company's internet kiosk network in a way that will significantly broaden access, reducing the digital divide seen in this private sector initiative. The analysis therefore concludes with three recommendations for improving the project at the village (operator) level and three recommendations at the company (policy) level. At the village level, awareness and skill levels must be increased; information needs and existing use must be studied to facilitate content generation; and the kiosk model must be restructured to facilitate broader access. At the company level, a solid commitment should be made to explicit social objectives; an incentive program should be developed to encourage operators to reach out to a broader range of villagers; and strategic partnerships should be developed to increase demand and available content.
by Ben H. Hudson.
M.C.P.
38
Juliano, Marcelo Alexandre. "O zoneamento e o território do terciário na cidade de Campinas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16139/tde-20122016-160033/.
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Decorridos 14 anos da promulgação do Estatuto das Cidades, com todos seus instrumentos de intervenção no território, o zoneamento ainda permanece como a principal ferramenta de planejamento de nossas cidades. É o grande foco das disputas entre os diversos atores e seus interesses, que agem na produção do espaço urbano. No Brasil, este instrumento recebeu a influência do \"zoning\" norte-americano que, agindo basicamente na proteção e valorização do modelo de habitação singular, segrega os demais usos, que seriam supostamente incompatíveis com a habitação. Com as mudanças econômicas a partir dos anos 70, o setor terciário assume posição de destaque na economia dos grandes centros, a reboque do novo modo de produção flexível, passando a evidenciar novas formas de consumo que, juntamente com as facilidades de transporte e comunicação, promovem outras dinâmicas no uso do espaço urbano e outras manifestações locacionais. Estas dinâmicas, próprias da inserção do setor terciário no tecido urbano, se chocam com um modelo de ordenamento do território inspirado nas premissas do urbanismo funcional modernista do IV CIAM, explicitadas na Carta de Atenas, e no \"zoning\" norte-americano. Ao mesmo tempo em que herdamos esta cultura de planejamento, focada no zoneamento, nunca tivemos a capacidade institucional (e tampouco a vontade política) para garantir sua aplicação efetiva. Este modelo encontrará numa sociedade de raiz patrimonialista (acostumada à cultura do jeitinho, do privilégio e do tráfico de influência), um viés diverso do norte-americano, muito mais sujeito aos interesses dos detentores do poder ou dos grupos com capacidade econômica e força política para negociar em prol de seus interesses específicos. Apesar deste regramento restritivo, o setor terciário representa uma parcela cada vez maior, na geração de riqueza e de postos de trabalho nas grandes cidades. Ele busca as oportunidades locacionais, de acordo com a disponibilidade e viabilidade para cada atividade. E, onde a legislação demonstra defasagem com a dinâmica urbana, o setor terciário vai se instalar, com os seus agentes buscando (politicamente, quando possível) as adequações nesta legislação, ou então simplesmente ignorando-a. O presente trabalho, servindo-se do exemplo da cidade de Campinas/SP, procura demonstrar a inadequação do modelo de zoneamento restritivo, como principal ferramenta de ordenação do território, em especial quanto à distribuição espacial das atividades do setor terciário.Fourteen years after the enactment of the City Statute, with all its instruments Intervention in the territory, zoning still remains the main Planning tool for our cities. It is the main focus of disputes Between the various actors and their interests, who act in the production of the urban space. In Brazil, this instrument was influenced by the US \"zoning\" Which, basically acting in the protection and valuation of the singular housing model, Segregates the other uses, which would supposedly be incompatible with the dwelling. With economic changes starting in the 1970s, the tertiary sector Position in the economy of large centers, in the wake of the new New forms of consumption, which together With the facilities of transportation and communication, promote other dynamics in the Use of urban space and other locational manifestations. These dynamics, Of the insertion of the tertiary sector in the urban fabric, collide with an ordering model Territory inspired by the premises of the modernist functional urbanism of the IV CIAM, explained in the Charter of Athens, and in the \"zoning\" of the United States. To the same Time we inherited this planning culture, focused on zoning, never We had the institutional capacity (and also the political will) to ensure Effective application. This model will find in a patrimonialist society (Accustomed to the culture of the way, the privilege and the traffic of influence), a bias Different from the American, much more subject to the interests of the holders of power Groups with the economic capacity and political force to negotiate for the Of their specific interests. Despite this restrictive rule, the tertiary sector Represents an increasing share, in the generation of wealth and jobs in the big cities. It seeks out locational opportunities, according to Availability and feasibility for each activity. And, where legislation demonstrates With the urban dynamic, the tertiary sector will establish itself, with its Agents seeking (politically, when possible) the adjustments in this legislation, Or simply by ignoring it. The present work, using the example Of the city of Campinas / SP, seeks to demonstrate the inadequacy of the zoning model Restrictive, as the main tool for spatial planning, in particular Regarding the spatial distribution of activities in the tertiary sector.
39
Steen-Johnsen, Tale. "Valuable relations? social capital in the urban informal fisheries sector, Kenya /". Connect to this title online, 2001. http://www.duo.uio.no/publ/sum/2001/35231/dt2001.04.steenjohnsen.pdf.
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Pan, Xi. "THE LABOR MARKET, POLITICAL CAPITAL, AND OWNERSHIP SECTOR IN URBAN CHINA". UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/788.
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Over the past three decades, economic reforms have brought about dramatic changes in China. The wave of structural and economic reforms regarding the State-owned Sector (SOS), and the surge of the Non-State-owned Sector (NSOS), have influenced returns in the labor market, such as the returns concerning human capital and political capital in urban China. Presumably, the NSOS would be more marketed-oriented compared to the SOS, and it would have different returns concerning political capital, as represented by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) membership. This is likely because the NSOS would not value Party membership as much as the SOS does. The question of how Party membership is rewarded in the two sectors might also change with the development of the two ownership sectors, as more time passes since the establishment of the economic reforms.
I examine whether CCP members display any earnings advantage in these two sectors, and I also explore how such an advantage might have changed over time. Unlike most of the previous studies that have focused on earnings in urban China, I treat Party membership affiliation and ownership sector selection as being endogeneous. I apply the Mlogit -OLS two-stage selection correction estimation proposed by Lee (1983) and discover evidence which suggests that Party membership serves as a proxy for both political and productive skills. A flat Party premium in the SOS and a decreasing Party premium in the NSOS suggest that the Party card served a similar function in the payment scheme present in the SOS during this three year span, whereas the NSOS valued political capital by a decreasing amount over time.
The evidence presented in my dissertation indicates that economic reforms tend to mitigate the earning advantage of Party members that occurs as a result of unequal treatment based on Party membership. This evidence suggests that CCP membership is losing its earning power, at least in the NSOS. In addition, the CCP members sacrifice the benefits previously possessed in the adaptation to the transformed economic environment in urban China. However, the rewards to other forms of human capital have increased over time.
41
Valler, David Charles. "Private sector involvement in local economic strategy". Thesis, Cardiff University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360302.
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Laudiero, Angelo. "Art-based third sector organizations and urban regeneration in depressed neighbourhoods: the case of Naples, Italy". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/256289.
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The importance of the creative and cultural capital in the economic development of post-industrial inner cities has been widely demonstrated by urban development literature as it interacts with the physical environment and sustains regeneration processes. However, also in depressed and peripheral neighbourhoods, creative firms, museums, art-based nonprofit organizations, cultural associations, and independent artists can be identified as actors of substantial urban revitalization. The main purpose of this contribution is to understand the potential of third sector organizations related to the arts and culture in the emergence of virtuous patterns in urban regeneration strategies. Data and case study about not-for-profit entities engaged in revitalization projects through innovative artistic expressions in deprived areas of Naples, Italy, are analyzed. Within the general framework of urban redevelopment processes through specific not-for-profit models and tools, this research aims to understand if these actors can be identified as engines of urban regeneration and what lessons policy-makers may learn by these practices.
43
Hiebert, Karis (Karis Lynn). "The private formal sector in Bangkok : by Karis L. Hiebert". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67273.
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Ofori, Benjamin O. "The Urban Street Commons Problem: Spatial Regulation in the Urban Informal Economy". Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1180940316.
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Merridew, Tanya Suzanne. "Third sector politics in the new local governance". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10227/.
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This thesis explores the operation of third sector politics within the changing context of local governance. Throughout the history of urban policy the concept of community has fonned a recurrent, if fluctuating theme (Eisenschitz and Gough, 1993; Raco, 1998a). Recent literature has tended to assume the emergence of a new local governance characterised by restructured local political relations. A related strand of thinking suggests that within this new context, the community role has been elevated. The recent turn to community seems to present a vision in which public participation is something of a panacea to secure successful and lasting urban regeneration and more effective local governance. The tendency within the literature has been to focus on new institutional configurations rather than the detailed operation of the new arrangements. This thesis seeks to assess in detail how the third sector is engaging in processes of local governance and the mechanisms that support this. The research focuses on the fine-grain of spatial and institutional representation of community interests and the fonn and function of community politics. It develops this focus through a specific concern with the operation of community politics and the constitution of governance roles through two in-depth case studies conducted in the North-East. These provide contrasting examples of third sector organisation and coordination, thus highlighting the locally distinctive nature of third sector politics. The thesis concludes that attempts at specifying changing local governance and models of community engagement have tended to ignore the complexity of community politics. Therefore, it is argued that future theoretical developments need to address these complexities in order to capture any change in the fonn and nature of local political relations in general and third sector politics in particular.
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Lapah, Yota Cyprian. "Migratory trajectories among street vendors in urban South Africa". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2745_1362391294.
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This study investigates ways in which migratory trajectories relate to the gradual insertion and eventual integration of immigrants. It therefore shows the contribution of social capital in the migration and insertion into the entrepreneurial city of the host country. The focus of the study is on immigrants of African origin. It is hypothesized that immigrants of different nationalities in South Africa use
particular assets to engage in street vending as a way of insertion into their new environment. Data were obtained through a survey of two hundred and eight (208) respondents conveniently
selected. The survey was carried out in five suburbs of Cape Town and as well as at some major road junctions where these vendors are found. The Statistical package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analyse the data. The results showed that nationality was an important determinant of the migratory trajectories of immigrant vendors. Migration has been on the increase with the
improvement in technology and globalization. In the same light, migration into South African cities mainly from the rest of Africa and Asia took an upward trend especially after the fall of Apartheid
Regime and the advent of democracy in the nineties. Street vendors form part of these immigrants in South Africa. Many of them especially from other African countries find it a suitable means of
survival. Faced with the difficulty of getting jobs in South Africa, immigrants resort to informal trading as a starting point for survival. They may change to other activities depending on certain variables like duration of stay, level of education, age, sex, marital status, social capital and networks. Coming from different socioeconomic, cultural and political backgrounds, these immigrants
resort to different ways of migrating and forms of adaptation aimed at sustaining their livelihood in their new environments. Most studies in the field of migration and entrepreneurship focus on
remittances by the migrants as well as their impact on both their place of departure and on the place of destination. Little attention is paid to the way they migrate and how they insert themselves in the entrepreneurial city.
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Oppenheim, Thomas Kurt. "A public sector financial dream--New York's Battery Park City development". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69528.
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Connolly, Sarah E. 1977. "Unexpected victories : protecting workers' rights in Guatemala's apparel-for-export sector". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28801.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-117).
This thesis examines three surprise victories for workers' rights in the Guatemalan garment sector. In the past three years, three unions have formed at the Choishin, Cimatextiles, and Nobland factories and each has negotiated a collective bargaining agreement. This thesis explores why these victories were possible given the general context of globalization and the economic and institutional context of Guatemala. I have proposed a model that describes the dynamic approach that allowed the unions to form and negotiate the only collective bargaining agreements in Guatemala's apparel-for-export sector. These unions were successful because cross-border union organizing, corporate codes of conduct, independent monitoring, and government enforcement were dynamically combined. This thesis also demonstrates how the new synthesized model accounts for differences across the three cases. These cases provide a series of Lessons for protecting workers' rights. But the most salient lesson from Guatemala is that, under certain conditions, victory for Labor rights is possible; it is possible to maintain garment sector employment while increasing respect for workers' rights. And if this sort of victory is possible in Guatemala, then it seems possible anywhere.
by Sarah E. Connolly.
M.C.P.
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Núñez-Ollero, Cynthia A. "Innovations in housing finance--private sector funds for low income housing". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69281.
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Diaz, Ruiz Claudia E. (Claudia Esperanza). "Formal informal sector responses for housing low-income people in Colombia". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65696.
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