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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Second Law of thermodynamics”

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Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 1 sierpnia 2024

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1

Struchtrup, Henning. "Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics—The Nonequilibrium Perspective". Entropy 22, nr 7 (21.07.2020): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22070793.

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An alternative to the Carnot-Clausius approach for introducing entropy and the second law of thermodynamics is outlined that establishes entropy as a nonequilibrium property from the onset. Five simple observations lead to entropy for nonequilibrium and equilibrium states, and its balance. Thermodynamic temperature is identified, its positivity follows from the stability of the rest state. It is shown that the equations of engineering thermodynamics are valid for the case of local thermodynamic equilibrium, with inhomogeneous states. The main findings are accompanied by examples and additional discussion to firmly imbed classical and engineering thermodynamics into nonequilibrium thermodynamics.

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2

TRANCOSSI, Michele, i Jose PASCOA. "Modeling Fluid dynamics and Aerodynamics by Second Law and Bejan Number (Part 1 - Theory)". INCAS BULLETIN 11, nr 3 (9.09.2019): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2019.11.3.15.

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Two fundamental questions are still open about the complex relation between fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. Is it possible (and convenient) to describe fluid dynamic in terms of second law based thermodynamic equations? Is it possible to solve and manage fluid dynamics problems by mean of second law of thermodynamics? This chapter analyses the problem of the relationships between the laws of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics in both first and second law of thermodynamics in the light of constructal law. In particular, taking into account constructal law and the diffusive formulation of Bejan number, it defines a preliminary step through an extensive thermodynamic vision of fluid dynamic phenomena.

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3

SHEYKHI, AHMAD, i BIN WANG. "GENERALIZED SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS IN WARPED DGP BRANEWORLD". Modern Physics Letters A 25, nr 14 (10.05.2010): 1199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732310032391.

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We investigate the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics on the (n - 1)-dimensional brane embedded in the (n + 1)-dimensional bulk. We examine the evolution of the apparent horizon entropy extracted through relation between gravitational equation and the first law of thermodynamics together with the matter field entropy inside the apparent horizon. We find that the apparent horizon entropy extracted through connection between gravity and the first law of thermodynamics satisfies the generalized second law of thermodynamics. This result holds regardless of whether there is the intrinsic curvature term on the brane or a cosmological constant in the bulk. The observed satisfaction of the generalized second law provides further support on the thermodynamical interpretation of gravity based on the profound connection between gravity and thermodynamics.

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4

Tovbin, Yu K. "Second Law of Thermodynamics, Gibbs’ Thermodynamics, and Relaxation Times of Thermodynamic Parameters". Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A 95, nr 4 (kwiecień 2021): 637–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036024421020266.

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5

Brandão, Fernando, Michał Horodecki, Nelly Ng, Jonathan Oppenheim i Stephanie Wehner. "The second laws of quantum thermodynamics". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, nr 11 (9.02.2015): 3275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1411728112.

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The second law of thermodynamics places constraints on state transformations. It applies to systems composed of many particles, however, we are seeing that one can formulate laws of thermodynamics when only a small number of particles are interacting with a heat bath. Is there a second law of thermodynamics in this regime? Here, we find that for processes which are approximately cyclic, the second law for microscopic systems takes on a different form compared to the macroscopic scale, imposing not just one constraint on state transformations, but an entire family of constraints. We find a family of free energies which generalize the traditional one, and show that they can never increase. The ordinary second law relates to one of these, with the remainder imposing additional constraints on thermodynamic transitions. We find three regimes which determine which family of second laws govern state transitions, depending on how cyclic the process is. In one regime one can cause an apparent violation of the usual second law, through a process of embezzling work from a large system which remains arbitrarily close to its original state. These second laws are relevant for small systems, and also apply to individual macroscopic systems interacting via long-range interactions. By making precise the definition of thermal operations, the laws of thermodynamics are unified in this framework, with the first law defining the class of operations, the zeroth law emerging as an equivalence relation between thermal states, and the remaining laws being monotonicity of our generalized free energies.

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6

Sheehan, Daniel. "Beyond the Thermodynamic Limit: Template for Second Law Violators". Journal of Scientific Exploration 36, nr 3 (22.10.2022): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31275/20222593.

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For 150 years the second law of thermodynamics has been considered inviolable by the general scientiﬁc com-munity; however over the last three decades its absolute status has been challenged by dozens of theoretical and experimental counterexamples. This study explores commonalities between some of the most potent of these and reveals a common template that involves broken physical-thermodynamic symmetries and reser-voirs of work-exploitable thermal energy stored at system boundaries. Commercially successful second law devices could disrupt the current energy economy and help support a sustainable energy future. This article expands on a talk presented at Advanced Energy Concepts Challenging the Second Law of Thermodynamics, a symposium hosted as part of the 4th Annual Advanced Propulsion and Energy Workshop (22 January 2022).Keywords: second law of thermodynamics, Maxwell’s demon, sustainable energy

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7

Sheehan, Eileen. "The Second Law of Thermodynamics". Books Ireland, nr 218 (1998): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20623792.

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8

Lightman, Alan. "The Second Law of Thermodynamics". Physics Today 58, nr 5 (maj 2005): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1995749.

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9

Cimmelli, Vito Antonio, i Patrizia Rogolino. "The Role of the Second Law of Thermodynamics in Continuum Physics: A Muschik and Ehrentraut Theorem Revisited". Symmetry 14, nr 4 (7.04.2022): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14040763.

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In continuum physics, constitutive equations model the material properties of physical systems. In those equations, material symmetry is taken into account by applying suitable representation theorems for symmetric and/or isotropic functions. Such mathematical representations must be in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics, which imposes that, in any thermodynamic process, the entropy production must be nonnegative. This requirement is fulfilled by assigning the constitutive equations in a form that guaranties that second law of thermodynamics is satisfied along arbitrary processes. Such an approach, in practice regards the second law of thermodynamics as a restriction on the constitutive equations, which must guarantee that any solution of the balance laws also satisfy the entropy inequality. This is a useful operative assumption, but not a consequence of general physical laws. Indeed, a different point of view, which regards the second law of thermodynamics as a restriction on the thermodynamic processes, i.e., on the solutions of the system of balance laws, is possible. This is tantamount to assuming that there are solutions of the balance laws that satisfy the entropy inequality, and solutions that do not satisfy it. In order to decide what is the correct approach, Muschik and Ehrentraut in 1996, postulated an amendment to the second law, which makes explicit the evident (but rather hidden) assumption that, in any point of the body, the entropy production is zero if, and only if, this point is a thermodynamic equilibrium. Then they proved that, given the amendment, the second law of thermodynamics is necessarily a restriction on the constitutive equations and not on the thermodynamic processes. In the present paper, we revisit their proof, lighting up some geometric aspects that were hidden in therein. Moreover, we propose an alternative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics, which incorporates the amendment. In this way we make this important result more intuitive and easily accessible to a wider audience.

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10

Xue, Ti-Wei, Tian Zhao i Zeng-Yuan Guo. "A Symmetric Form of the Clausius Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics". Entropy 26, nr 6 (14.06.2024): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e26060514.

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Bridgman once reflected on thermodynamics that the laws of thermodynamics were formulated in their present form by the great founders of thermodynamics, Kelvin and Clausius, before all the essential physical facts were in, and there has been no adequate reexamination of the fundamentals since. Thermodynamics still has unknown possibilities waiting to be explored. This paper begins with a brief review of Clausius’s work on the second law of thermodynamics and a reassessment of the content of Clausius’s statement. The review tells that what Clausius originally referred to as the second law of thermodynamics was, in fact, the theorem of equivalence of transformations (TET) in a reversible cycle. On this basis, a new symmetric form of Clausius’s TET is proposed. This theorem says that the two transformations, i.e., the transformation of heat to work and the transformation of work from high pressure to low pressure, should be equivalent in a reversible work-to-heat cycle. New thermodynamic cyclic laws are developed on the basis of the cycle with two work reservoirs (two pressures), which enriches the fundamental of the second law of thermodynamics.

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11

Jawad, Abdul, Sadaf Butt i Aneesa Majeed. "Thermodynamics of squared speed of sound parametrizations". International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 17, nr 05 (kwiecień 2020): 2050072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887820500723.

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In this work, an attempt is made to study the thermodynamical analysis at the apparent horizon in the framework of fractal universe. We consider the Bekenstein entropy to examine validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics (GSLT) and thermal equilibrium for the four different cases which are developed with the utilization of different forms of squared speed of sound. In each case, we explore the behavior of total entropy through the graphical variation of its first- and second-order derivatives with respect to redshift parameter ([Formula: see text]). It is found that generalized second law of thermodynamics holds for Cases 1 and 2 for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively and it holds in late times as well. However, for Cases [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], this law is satisfied in early, present and future epochs. Furthermore, for Cases 1 and 2, instability of thermodynamic equilibrium is observed, but for Cases 3 and 4, it holds in the specific intervals [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively.

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12

Sun, Z. F., i C. G. Carrington. "Application of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics in Second Law Analysis". Journal of Energy Resources Technology 113, nr 1 (1.03.1991): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905777.

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We examine the exergy balance of a multi-component fluid subject to viscous dissipation processes, heat transfer by conduction, heat transfer by radiation, matter diffusion and chemical reactions. The differential equations for exergy balance in the fluid formalize the relationship between the exergy input/output approach to second law analysis and the entropy generation procedure using the Gouy-Stodola theorem. The balance relations for mass, momentum, energy and entropy are used to establish the validity conditions for the exergy balance equations. In particular, we define the role and significance of the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. The general functions and restrictions of nonequilibrium thermodynamics within second law analysis are also discussed.

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13

Siagian, Ruben Cornelius, Lulut Alfaris, Arip Nurahman i Eko Pramesti Sumarto. "TERMODINAMIKA LUBANG HITAM: HUKUM PERTAMA DAN KEDUA SERTA PERSAMAAN ENTROPI". Jurnal Kumparan Fisika 6, nr 1 (11.05.2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/jkf.6.1.1-10.

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ABSTRAK Artikel ini membahas konsep termodinamika yang berlaku pada Lubang Hitam, yaitu hukum termodinamika pertama dan kedua. Hukum pertama termodinamika menghubungkan perubahan massa dengan perubahan entropi dan kerja, memungkinkan Lubang Hitam diperlakukan sebagai sistem termodinamika dengan suhu dan entropi. Hukum kedua termodinamika menyatakan bahwa entropi suatu sistem terisolasi dalam kesetimbangan termodinamika selalu meningkat atau tetap konstan, termasuk untuk Lubang Hitam. Metode penulisan yang digunakan dalam artikel ini melibatkan derivasi matematis untuk entropi Lubang Hitam, dengan menggabungkan hukum kedua termodinamika dan konsep termodinamika Lubang Hitam, di mana entropi dapat dinyatakan sebagai fungsi luas cakrawala peristiwa. Artikel ini menyoroti pentingnya konsep entropi dan termodinamika Lubang Hitam dalam memahami alam semesta, serta penerapannya di berbagai bidang sains. Kata kunci—Lubang Hitam, Termodinamika, Entropi, Hukum pertama termodinamika, Hukum kedua termodinamika ABSTRACT This article delves into the concepts of thermodynamics that apply to Lubang Hitams, namely the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics connects changes in mass with changes in entropy and work, allowing Lubang Hitams to be treated as thermodynamic systems with temperature and entropy. The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of an isolated system in thermodynamic equilibrium always increases or remains constant, including for Lubang Hitams. The writing approach employed in this article involves mathematical derivations for Lubang Hitam entropy, combining the second law of thermodynamics with the concept of Lubang Hitam thermodynamics, where entropy can be expressed as a function of the event horizon's surface area. This article highlights the significance of entropy and Lubang Hitam thermodynamics in understanding the universe, as well as their applications in various scientific fields. Keywords—Lubang Hitam, Thermodynamics, Entropy, First law of thermodynamics, Second law of thermodynamics

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14

Siginc, Onur, Mustafa Salti, Hilmi Yanar i Oktay Aydogdu. "Cosmology in scalar–tensor–vector theory via thermodynamics". Modern Physics Letters A 33, nr 24 (3.08.2018): 1850137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732318501377.

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Assuming the universe as a thermodynamical system, the second law of thermodynamics can be extended to another form including the sum of matter and horizon entropies, which is called the generalized second law of thermodynamics. The generalized form of the second law (GSL) is universal which means it holds both in non-equilibrium and equilibrium pictures of thermodynamics. Considering the universe is bounded by a dynamical apparent horizon, we investigate the nature of entropy function for the validity of GSL in the scalar–tensor–vector (STEVE) theory of gravity.

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15

Melkikh, Alexey V. "Can Quantum Correlations Lead to Violation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics?" Entropy 23, nr 5 (7.05.2021): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23050573.

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Quantum entanglement can cause the efficiency of a heat engine to be greater than the efficiency of the Carnot cycle. However, this does not mean a violation of the second law of thermodynamics, since there is no local equilibrium for pure quantum states, and, in the absence of local equilibrium, thermodynamics cannot be formulated correctly. Von Neumann entropy is not a thermodynamic quantity, although it can characterize the ordering of a system. In the case of the entanglement of the particles of the system with the environment, the concept of an isolated system should be refined. In any case, quantum correlations cannot lead to a violation of the second law of thermodynamics in any of its formulations. This article is devoted to a technical discussion of the expected results on the role of quantum entanglement in thermodynamics.

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16

Sheehan, Daniel. "Maxwell Zombies: Mulling and Mauling the Second Law of Thermodynamics". Journal of Scientific Exploration 34, nr 3 (15.09.2020): 513–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31275/20201645.

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Over the last decade two new classes of thermodynamic paradoxes have been investigated at University of San Diego involving the recently identified phenomena of {\em epicatalysis} and {\em supradegeneracy}. These paradoxes add to a growing list of challenges to the second law of thermodynamics begun in the early 1990s.

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17

Quan, Hai-Tao, Hui Dong i Chang-Pu Sun. "Theoretical and experimental progress of mesoscopic statistical thermodynamics". Acta Physica Sinica 72, nr 23 (2023): 230501. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.72.20231608.

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Does thermodynamics still hold true for mecroscopic small systems with only limited degrees of freedom? Do concepts such as temperature, entropy, work done, heat transfer, isothermal processes, and the Carnot cycle remain valid? Does the thermodynamic theory for small systems need modifying or supplementing compared with traditional thermodynamics applicable to macroscopic systems? Taking a single-particle system for example, we investigate the applicability of thermodynamic concepts and laws in small systems. We have found that thermodynamic laws still hold true in small systems at an ensemble-averaged level. After considering the information erasure of the Maxwell's demon, the second law of thermodynamics is not violated. Additionally, 'small systems' bring some new features. Fluctuations in thermodynamic quantities become prominent. In any process far from equilibrium, the distribution functions of thermodynamic quantities satisfy certain rigorously established identities. These identities are known as fluctuation theorems. The second law of thermodynamics can be derived from them. Therefore, fluctuation theorems can be considered an upgradation to the second law of thermodynamics. They enable physicists to obtain equilibrium properties (e.g. free energy difference) by measuring physical quantities associated with non-equilibrium processes (e.g. work distributions). Furthermore, despite some distinct quantum features, the performance of quantum heat engine does not outperform that of classical heat engine. The introduction of motion equations into small system makes the relationship between thermodynamics and mechanics closer than before. Physicists can study energy dissipation in non-equilibrium process and optimize the power and efficiency of heat engine from the first principle. These findings enrich the content of thermodynamic theory and provide new ideas for establishing a general framework for non-equilibrium thermodynamics.

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18

Xu, Jialong. "A review of the second law of thermodynamics and its application". Theoretical and Natural Science 13, nr 1 (30.11.2023): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/13/20240804.

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Over thousands of years, many great physicists, such as Carnot, Boltzmann, Plank, Clausius, to name only a few, have put great endeavor into unwinding the mysteries of thermodynamic studies. In recent decades, many innovations have been made by groundbreaking modern technologies, such as refrigerators and air conditioning, and both recent findings and formerly discovered concepts of thermodynamics have been explained deeply by modern scientists. The paper briefly introduces the definition of the second law of thermodynamics and the relative concepts and their application. This paper delves into the history and definition of the Carnot Theorem, the Irreversible Carnot engine and refrigerator principle, as well as the Coefficient of Performance (COP). After that, this paper will introduce a few relative concepts, including entropy, exergy, and the Clausius-Duhem inequality. In summary, this paper covers a basic overall explanation of the aforementioned concepts, as well as drawing conclusions about the experimental achievements of the early explorers of thermodynamics.

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19

Pokrovskii, Vladimir N. "A Derivation of the Main Relations of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics". ISRN Thermodynamics 2013 (21.10.2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/906136.

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The principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics are discussed, using the concept of internal variables that describe deviations of a thermodynamic system from the equilibrium state. While considering the first law of thermodynamics, work of internal variables is taken into account. It is shown that the requirement that the thermodynamic system cannot fulfil any work via internal variables is equivalent to the conventional formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. These statements, in line with the axioms introducing internal variables can be considered as basic principles of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. While considering stationary nonequilibrium situations close to equilibrium, it is shown that known linear parities between thermodynamic forces and fluxes and also the production of entropy, as a sum of products of thermodynamic forces and fluxes, are consequences of fundamental principles of thermodynamics.

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20

Ben-Amotz, Dor, i J. M. Honig. "The Rectified Second Law of Thermodynamics†". Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110, nr 40 (październik 2006): 19966–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp0621631.

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21

Penrose, Roger. "On the second law of thermodynamics". Journal of Statistical Physics 77, nr 1-2 (październik 1994): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02186840.

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22

Haldar, Sourav, Pritikana Bhandari i Subenoy Chakraborty. "A thermodynamical analysis of the inhomogeneous FLRW type model: Redefined Bekenstein–Hawking system". International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 14, nr 11 (23.10.2017): 1750159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887817501596.

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A detailed thermodynamical study has been presented for the inhomogeneous FLRW-type model of the Universe bounded by a horizon with three possible modifications of Bekenstein–Hawking formulation of thermodynamical parameters namely entropy and temperature. For the first choice of the thermodynamical system validity of both the first law of thermodynamics (FLT) and the generalized second law of thermodynamics (GSLT) are examined. Also, the integrability conditions for the exact one-forms in both the thermodynamical laws are analyzed and it is found that they are consistent with each other. On the other hand, for the other two choices of the thermodynamical system to hold the first law of thermodynamics, one must restrict the parameters (in the definition of the thermodynamical variables) in some specific integral form.

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23

Cimmelli, Vito Antonio. "Entropy Principle and Shock-Wave Propagation in Continuum Physics". Mathematics 11, nr 1 (28.12.2022): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11010162.

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According to second law of thermodynamics, the local entropy production must be nonnegative for arbitrary thermodynamic processes. In 1996, Muschik and Ehrentraut observed that such a constraint can be fulfilled in two different ways: either by postulating a suitable form of the constitutive equations, or by selecting among the solutions of the systems of balance laws those which represent physically realizable thermodynamic processes. Hence, they proposed an amendment to the second law which assumes that reversible process directions in state space exist only in correspondence with equilibrium states. Such an amendment allowed them to prove that the restriction of the constitutive equations is the sole possible consequence of non-negative entropy production. Recently, Cimmelli and Rogolino revisited the classical result by Muschik and Ehrentraut from a geometric perspective and included the amendment in a more general formulation of the second law. Herein, we extend this result to nonregular processes, i.e., to solutions of balance laws which admit jump discontinuities across a given surface. Two applications of these results are presented: the thermodynamics of an interface separating two different phases of a Korteweg fluid, and the derivation of the thermodynamic conditions necessary for shockwave formation. Commonly, for shockwaves the second law is regarded as a restriction on the thermodynamic processes rather than on the constitutive equations, as only perturbations for which the entropy continues to grow across the shock can propagate. We prove that this is indeed a consequence of the general property of the second law of thermodynamics that restricts the constitutive equations for nonregular processes. An analysis of shockwave propagation in different thermodynamic theories is developped as well.

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24

Wang, Lin-Shu. "Unified Classical Thermodynamics: Primacy of Dissymmetry over Free Energy". Thermo 4, nr 3 (19.07.2024): 315–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/thermo4030017.

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In thermodynamic theory, free energy (i.e., available energy) is the concept facilitating the combined applications of the theory’s two fundamental laws, the first and the second laws of thermodynamics. The critical step was taken by Kelvin, then by Helmholtz and Gibbs—that in natural processes, free energy dissipates spontaneously. With the formulation of the second law of entropy growth, this may be referred to as the dissymmetry proposition manifested in the spontaneous increase of system/environment entropy towards equilibrium. Because of Kelvin’s pre-entropy law formulation of free energy, our concept of free energy is still defined, within a framework on the premise of primacy of energy, as “body’s internal energy or enthalpy, subtracted by energy that is not available.” This primacy of energy is called into question because the driving force to cause a system’s change is the purview of the second law. This paper makes a case for an engineering thermodynamics framework, instead, to be based on the premise of the primacy of dissymmetry over free energy. With Gibbsian thermodynamics undergirded with dissymmetry proposition and engineering thermodynamics with a dissymmetry premise, the two branches of thermodynamics are unified to become classical thermodynamics.

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Nielsen, Holger B., i Masao Ninomiya. "Law behind second law of thermodynamics — unification with cosmology". Journal of High Energy Physics 2006, nr 03 (16.03.2006): 057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2006/03/057.

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Schlitter, Jürgen. "The Second Law of Thermodynamics as a Force Law". Entropy 20, nr 4 (28.03.2018): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20040234.

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Ostoja-Starzewski, M., i A. Malyarenko. "Continuum mechanics beyond the second law of thermodynamics". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 470, nr 2171 (8.11.2014): 20140531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2014.0531.

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The results established in contemporary statistical physics indicating that, on very small space and time scales, the entropy production rate may be negative, motivate a generalization of continuum mechanics. On account of the fluctuation theorem, it is recognized that the evolution of entropy at a material point is stochastically (not deterministically) conditioned by the past history, with an increasing trend of average entropy production. Hence, the axiom of Clausius–Duhem inequality is replaced by a submartingale model, which, by the Doob decomposition theorem, allows classification of thermomechanical processes into four types depending on whether they are conservative or not and/or conventional continuum mechanical or not. Stochastic generalizations of thermomechanics are given in the vein of either thermodynamic orthogonality or primitive thermodynamics, with explicit models formulated for Newtonian fluids with, respectively, parabolic or hyperbolic heat conduction. Several random field models of the martingale component, possibly including spatial fractal and Hurst effects, are proposed. The violations of the second law are relevant in those situations in continuum mechanics where very small spatial and temporal scales are involved. As an example, we study an acceleration wavefront of nanoscale thickness which randomly encounters regions in the medium characterized by a negative viscosity coefficient.

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Vopson, Melvin M., i S. Lepadatu. "Second law of information dynamics". AIP Advances 12, nr 7 (1.07.2022): 075310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0100358.

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One of the most powerful laws in physics is the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the entropy of any system remains constant or increases over time. In fact, the second law is applicable to the evolution of the entire universe and Clausius stated, “The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum.” Here, we examine the time evolution of information systems, defined as physical systems containing information states within Shannon’s information theory framework. Our observations allow the introduction of the second law of information dynamics (infodynamics). Using two different information systems, digital data storage and a biological RNA genome, we demonstrate that the second law of infodynamics requires the information entropy to remain constant or to decrease over time. This is exactly the opposite to the evolution of the physical entropy, as dictated by the second law of thermodynamics. The surprising result obtained here has massive implications for future developments in genomic research, evolutionary biology, computing, big data, physics, and cosmology.

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Butler, Howard W. "Tracing the Second Law". Mechanical Engineering 129, nr 07 (1.07.2007): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2007-jul-5.

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This article reviews the evolution in the field of thermodynamics. In the 19th century, James Joule, an English physicist, discovered the equivalence of heat and work, and the First Law of Thermodynamics was firmly established. The Second Law developed in phases over some 125 years. It is one of the most abstract laws of physical science and is the bane of students and others who try to understand its complexity. The first phase in the evolution of the Second Law is older than Joule's work and is due to Sadi Carnot. Carnot published his results in a book, Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, in 1824. The second phase in the evolution of the Second Law took place in 1849, when William Thomson studied Carnot's work. The third phase of the evolution of the Second Law was carried out by a German professor of mathematical physics, Rudolf Clausius, who became aware of the work of Carnot, Joule, and Kelvin in 1850. A fourth phase in the development of the Second Law was carried out by Lars Onsager in 1931. The fifth phase in the evolution of the Second Law was developed by Ilya Prigogine in 1945. The Second Law is a statement that the entropy content of a system may be increased or decreased by entropy exchanges with the environment, but may only be increased as irreversibilities cause entropy creation.

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Bécar, Ramón, P. A. González, Joel Saavedra, Yerko Vásquez i Bin Wang. "Phase transitions in four-dimensional AdS black holes with a nonlinear electrodynamics source". Communications in Theoretical Physics 73, nr 12 (12.11.2021): 125402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1572-9494/ac3073.

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Abstract In this work we consider black hole solutions to Einstein’s theory coupled to a nonlinear power-law electromagnetic field with a fixed exponent value. We study the extended phase space thermodynamics in canonical and grand canonical ensembles, where the varying cosmological constant plays the role of an effective thermodynamic pressure. We examine thermodynamical phase transitions in such black holes and find that both first- and second-order phase transitions can occur in the canonical ensemble while, for the grand canonical ensemble, Hawking–Page and second-order phase transitions are allowed.

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Mady, C. E. K., M. S. Ferreira, J. I. Yanagihara, S. Oliveira Jr i P. H. N. Saldiva. "SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND HUMAN BODY". Revista de Engenharia Térmica 10, nr 1-2 (31.12.2011): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v10i1-2.61968.

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Exergy analysis was applied to assess the energy conversion processes that take place in the human body, aiming at developing correlations of the destroyed exergy and exergy efficiency with the constants of the thermoregulatory system of a human model. Moreover the main concern of the present work was obtaining the exergy behavior of a healthy person. The analysis was applied to a model composed of 15 cylinders with elliptical cross section representing: head, neck, trunk, arms, forearms, hands, thighs, legs, and feet. For each cylinder a combination of the following tissues was considered: skin, fat, muscle, bone, brain, viscera, lung, and heart. From this model it was possible to obtain the energy and exergy transfer to the environment associated with radiation, convection, vaporization and respiration. It was also possible to calculate the energy and exergy variation of the body over time. Results indicate that the energy transfer to the environment is one order of magnitude larger than the exergy transfer and both have different trends. Simulations were carried out for different constants of the thermoregulatory system, and the results that gave the thermal response close to experimental responses of the human body, are in a point near to the minimum exergy destruction and maximum exergy efficiency.

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Turner, Wayne. "Second Law of Thermodynamics and Energy Sources". Energy Engineering 112, nr 3 (marzec 2015): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01998595.2015.11414487.

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CHAMBLIN, ANDREW, i JOSHUA ERLICH. "GRAVITATION AND THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS". International Journal of Modern Physics D 13, nr 10 (grudzień 2004): 2329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271804006401.

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Just as gravitons can carry energy, they can also be used to transmit information. It follows that an entropy should be associated with gravitational degrees of freedom, independent of the presence or absence of black holes. In this essay, we discuss how one might count gravitational entropy given a classical gravitational field. Our suggestion is motivated by a derivation of the covariant entropy bound in which a gravitational term appears naturally.

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Pavon, D. "The generalised second law and extended thermodynamics". Classical and Quantum Gravity 7, nr 3 (1.03.1990): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/7/3/022.

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Romer, Robert H. "Faith in the second law of thermodynamics". Physics Teacher 33, nr 3 (marzec 1995): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2344169.

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Bucher, Manfred. "Diagram of the second law of thermodynamics". American Journal of Physics 61, nr 5 (maj 1993): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.17242.

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Keifer, David. "Enthalpy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics". Journal of Chemical Education 96, nr 7 (4.06.2019): 1407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b00326.

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Tannhauser, D. S., i C. G. Kuper. "Chirality and the second law of thermodynamics". Chemical Physics Letters 137, nr 5 (czerwiec 1987): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(87)80240-3.

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Beghian, L. E. "Fluctuations and the second law of thermodynamics". Il Nuovo Cimento B Series 11 110, nr 11 (listopad 1995): 1369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02723121.

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Sewell, Geoffrey L. "On the generalised second law of thermodynamics". Physics Letters A 122, nr 6-7 (czerwiec 1987): 309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(87)90831-0.

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Sheehan, Daniel P. "Supradegeneracy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics". Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics 45, nr 2 (26.04.2020): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jnet-2019-0051.

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AbstractCanonical statistical mechanics hinges on two quantities, i. e., state degeneracy and the Boltzmann factor, the latter of which usually dominates thermodynamic behaviors. A recently identified phenomenon (supradegeneracy) reverses this order of dominance and predicts effects for equilibrium that are normally associated with non-equilibrium, including population inversion and steady-state particle and energy currents. This study examines two thermodynamic paradoxes that arise from supradegeneracy and proposes laboratory experiments by which they might be resolved.

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Bekenstein, Jacob D. "Holographic bound from second law of thermodynamics". Physics Letters B 481, nr 2-4 (maj 2000): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(00)00450-0.

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Bunn, Emory F. "Evolution and the second law of thermodynamics". American Journal of Physics 77, nr 10 (październik 2009): 922–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.3119513.

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Sewell, Geoffrey L. "Gravitational thermodynamics and the generalized second law". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 49, nr 6 (styczeń 1988): 701–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(88)90203-x.

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Ayres, Robert U. "Eco-thermodynamics: economics and the second law". Ecological Economics 26, nr 2 (sierpień 1998): 189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8009(97)00101-8.

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Zivieri, Roberto. "Trends in the Second Law of Thermodynamics". Entropy 25, nr 9 (10.09.2023): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25091321.

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Mu, Benrong, Jun Tao i Peng Wang. "Minimal Length Effect on Thermodynamics and Weak Cosmic Censorship Conjecture in Anti-de Sitter Black Holes via Charged Particle Absorption". Advances in High Energy Physics 2020 (9.01.2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2612946.

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In this paper, we investigate the minimal length effects on the thermodynamics and weak cosmic censorship conjecture in a RN-AdS black hole via charged particle absorption. We first use the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) to investigate the minimal length effect on the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. After the deformed Hamilton-Jacobi equation is derived, we use it to study the variations of the thermodynamic quantities of a RN-Ads black hole via absorbing a charged particle. Furthermore, we check the second law of thermodynamics and the weak cosmic censorship conjecture in two phase spaces. In the normal phase space, the second law of thermodynamics and the weak cosmic censorship conjecture are satisfied in the usual and GUP-deformed cases, and the minimal length effect makes the increase of entropy faster than the usual case. After the charge particle absorption, the extremal RN-AdS black hole becomes nonextremal. In the extended phase space, the black hole entropy can either increase or decrease. When T>2Pr+, the second law is satisfied. When T<2Pr+, the second law of thermodynamics is violated for the extremal or near-extremal black hole. Finally, we find that the weak cosmic censorship conjecture is legal for extremal and near-extremal RN-Ads black holes in the GUP-deformed case.

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Glavatskiy, K. S. "Lagrangian formulation of irreversible thermodynamics and the second law of thermodynamics". Journal of Chemical Physics 142, nr 20 (28.05.2015): 204106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4921558.

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Wang, Jitao. "Modern thermodynamics – New concepts based on the second law of thermodynamics". Progress in Natural Science 19, nr 1 (styczeń 2009): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.07.002.

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WANG, LIQIU. "SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND ARITHMETIC-MEAN–GEOMETRIC-MEAN INEQUALITY". International Journal of Modern Physics B 13, nr 21n22 (10.09.1999): 2791–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979299002678.

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The application of the second law of thermodynamics to a typical irreversible process of a thermally isolated system shows that the Arithmetic-mean–geometric-mean (AM–GM) inequality, a powerful mathematical inequality, follows logically from the second law of thermodynamics, a powerful physical law.

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