Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Second Law of thermodynamics

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Second Law of thermodynamics”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 1 sierpnia 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Second Law of thermodynamics"

Struchtrup, Henning. "Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics—The Nonequilibrium Perspective". Entropy 22, nr 7 (21.07.2020): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22070793.

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An alternative to the Carnot-Clausius approach for introducing entropy and the second law of thermodynamics is outlined that establishes entropy as a nonequilibrium property from the onset. Five simple observations lead to entropy for nonequilibrium and equilibrium states, and its balance. Thermodynamic temperature is identified, its positivity follows from the stability of the rest state. It is shown that the equations of engineering thermodynamics are valid for the case of local thermodynamic equilibrium, with inhomogeneous states. The main findings are accompanied by examples and additional discussion to firmly imbed classical and engineering thermodynamics into nonequilibrium thermodynamics.

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TRANCOSSI, Michele, i Jose PASCOA. "Modeling Fluid dynamics and Aerodynamics by Second Law and Bejan Number (Part 1 - Theory)". INCAS BULLETIN 11, nr 3 (9.09.2019): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2019.11.3.15.

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Two fundamental questions are still open about the complex relation between fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. Is it possible (and convenient) to describe fluid dynamic in terms of second law based thermodynamic equations? Is it possible to solve and manage fluid dynamics problems by mean of second law of thermodynamics? This chapter analyses the problem of the relationships between the laws of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics in both first and second law of thermodynamics in the light of constructal law. In particular, taking into account constructal law and the diffusive formulation of Bejan number, it defines a preliminary step through an extensive thermodynamic vision of fluid dynamic phenomena.

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SHEYKHI, AHMAD, i BIN WANG. "GENERALIZED SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS IN WARPED DGP BRANEWORLD". Modern Physics Letters A 25, nr 14 (10.05.2010): 1199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732310032391.

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We investigate the validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics on the (n - 1)-dimensional brane embedded in the (n + 1)-dimensional bulk. We examine the evolution of the apparent horizon entropy extracted through relation between gravitational equation and the first law of thermodynamics together with the matter field entropy inside the apparent horizon. We find that the apparent horizon entropy extracted through connection between gravity and the first law of thermodynamics satisfies the generalized second law of thermodynamics. This result holds regardless of whether there is the intrinsic curvature term on the brane or a cosmological constant in the bulk. The observed satisfaction of the generalized second law provides further support on the thermodynamical interpretation of gravity based on the profound connection between gravity and thermodynamics.

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Tovbin, Yu K. "Second Law of Thermodynamics, Gibbs’ Thermodynamics, and Relaxation Times of Thermodynamic Parameters". Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A 95, nr 4 (kwiecień 2021): 637–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036024421020266.

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Brandão, Fernando, Michał Horodecki, Nelly Ng, Jonathan Oppenheim i Stephanie Wehner. "The second laws of quantum thermodynamics". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, nr 11 (9.02.2015): 3275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1411728112.

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The second law of thermodynamics places constraints on state transformations. It applies to systems composed of many particles, however, we are seeing that one can formulate laws of thermodynamics when only a small number of particles are interacting with a heat bath. Is there a second law of thermodynamics in this regime? Here, we find that for processes which are approximately cyclic, the second law for microscopic systems takes on a different form compared to the macroscopic scale, imposing not just one constraint on state transformations, but an entire family of constraints. We find a family of free energies which generalize the traditional one, and show that they can never increase. The ordinary second law relates to one of these, with the remainder imposing additional constraints on thermodynamic transitions. We find three regimes which determine which family of second laws govern state transitions, depending on how cyclic the process is. In one regime one can cause an apparent violation of the usual second law, through a process of embezzling work from a large system which remains arbitrarily close to its original state. These second laws are relevant for small systems, and also apply to individual macroscopic systems interacting via long-range interactions. By making precise the definition of thermal operations, the laws of thermodynamics are unified in this framework, with the first law defining the class of operations, the zeroth law emerging as an equivalence relation between thermal states, and the remaining laws being monotonicity of our generalized free energies.

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Sheehan, Daniel. "Beyond the Thermodynamic Limit: Template for Second Law Violators". Journal of Scientific Exploration 36, nr 3 (22.10.2022): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31275/20222593.

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For 150 years the second law of thermodynamics has been considered inviolable by the general scientiﬁc com-munity; however over the last three decades its absolute status has been challenged by dozens of theoretical and experimental counterexamples. This study explores commonalities between some of the most potent of these and reveals a common template that involves broken physical-thermodynamic symmetries and reser-voirs of work-exploitable thermal energy stored at system boundaries. Commercially successful second law devices could disrupt the current energy economy and help support a sustainable energy future. This article expands on a talk presented at Advanced Energy Concepts Challenging the Second Law of Thermodynamics, a symposium hosted as part of the 4th Annual Advanced Propulsion and Energy Workshop (22 January 2022).Keywords: second law of thermodynamics, Maxwell’s demon, sustainable energy

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Sheehan, Eileen. "The Second Law of Thermodynamics". Books Ireland, nr 218 (1998): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20623792.

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Lightman, Alan. "The Second Law of Thermodynamics". Physics Today 58, nr 5 (maj 2005): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1995749.

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Cimmelli, Vito Antonio, i Patrizia Rogolino. "The Role of the Second Law of Thermodynamics in Continuum Physics: A Muschik and Ehrentraut Theorem Revisited". Symmetry 14, nr 4 (7.04.2022): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14040763.

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In continuum physics, constitutive equations model the material properties of physical systems. In those equations, material symmetry is taken into account by applying suitable representation theorems for symmetric and/or isotropic functions. Such mathematical representations must be in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics, which imposes that, in any thermodynamic process, the entropy production must be nonnegative. This requirement is fulfilled by assigning the constitutive equations in a form that guaranties that second law of thermodynamics is satisfied along arbitrary processes. Such an approach, in practice regards the second law of thermodynamics as a restriction on the constitutive equations, which must guarantee that any solution of the balance laws also satisfy the entropy inequality. This is a useful operative assumption, but not a consequence of general physical laws. Indeed, a different point of view, which regards the second law of thermodynamics as a restriction on the thermodynamic processes, i.e., on the solutions of the system of balance laws, is possible. This is tantamount to assuming that there are solutions of the balance laws that satisfy the entropy inequality, and solutions that do not satisfy it. In order to decide what is the correct approach, Muschik and Ehrentraut in 1996, postulated an amendment to the second law, which makes explicit the evident (but rather hidden) assumption that, in any point of the body, the entropy production is zero if, and only if, this point is a thermodynamic equilibrium. Then they proved that, given the amendment, the second law of thermodynamics is necessarily a restriction on the constitutive equations and not on the thermodynamic processes. In the present paper, we revisit their proof, lighting up some geometric aspects that were hidden in therein. Moreover, we propose an alternative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics, which incorporates the amendment. In this way we make this important result more intuitive and easily accessible to a wider audience.

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Xue, Ti-Wei, Tian Zhao i Zeng-Yuan Guo. "A Symmetric Form of the Clausius Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics". Entropy 26, nr 6 (14.06.2024): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e26060514.

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Bridgman once reflected on thermodynamics that the laws of thermodynamics were formulated in their present form by the great founders of thermodynamics, Kelvin and Clausius, before all the essential physical facts were in, and there has been no adequate reexamination of the fundamentals since. Thermodynamics still has unknown possibilities waiting to be explored. This paper begins with a brief review of Clausius’s work on the second law of thermodynamics and a reassessment of the content of Clausius’s statement. The review tells that what Clausius originally referred to as the second law of thermodynamics was, in fact, the theorem of equivalence of transformations (TET) in a reversible cycle. On this basis, a new symmetric form of Clausius’s TET is proposed. This theorem says that the two transformations, i.e., the transformation of heat to work and the transformation of work from high pressure to low pressure, should be equivalent in a reversible work-to-heat cycle. New thermodynamic cyclic laws are developed on the basis of the cycle with two work reservoirs (two pressures), which enriches the fundamental of the second law of thermodynamics.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Second Law of thermodynamics"

Barcellos, Ian Bernardes. "Black holes and the generalized second law of thermodynamics". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2018.

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Orientador: Prof. Dr. André Gustavo Scagliusi Landulfo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Santo André, 2018.
Nas últimas décadas, pesquisas na área de física de buracos negros mostraram que existe uma relação profunda entre buracos negros, termodinâmica e mecânica quântica. Em particular, buracos negros em um contexto semiclássico parecem possuir uma temperatura TH=k/2p e uma entropia Sbh =A/4, proporcionais à sua gravidade superficial k e à sua área A, respectivamente. Essa surpreendente conexão é reforçada ao analisarmos a validade da chamada Segunda Lei Generalizada da Termodiâmica (SLG), que afirma que a entropia da matéria fora do buraco negro somada à entropia do buraco negro nunca decresce com o tempo. Este trabalho investiga provas gerais da validade da Segunda Lei Generalizada, já que tem um papel central na interpretação de buracos negros como entidadestermodinâmicas. Emseguida, é analisado como podemos usar a SLG para extender um teorema clássico de singularidade para um contexto semiclássico.
In the past few decades, research in black hole physics have shown a deep relation between black holes, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics. In particular, blackholes in a semiclassical context appear to have a temperatureTH =k/2p and an entropy Sbh = A/4 proportional to its surface gravity k and area A,respectively. This striking connection is strengthened when one analyses the validity of the so called Generalized Second Law of Thermodynamics (GSL), which states that the entropy of matter outside the black hole plus the black hole¿s entropy never decrease with time. This work investigate general proofsofthevalidityofGeneralizedSecondLaw,sinceitplaysacentralroleininterpreting black holes as thermodynamical entities. In addition, it is analyzed how the GSL can be used to extend a classical singularity theorem to a semiclassical context.

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Tapia, Carlos F. "Second law and thermoeconomic aspects of heat exchanger design /". The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487267546984182.

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Somayaji, Chandramohan 1980. "First and second law analysis of Organic Rankine Cycle". Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-03102008-143144.

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Cochran, Matthew. "Student understanding of the second law of thermodynamics and the underlying concepts of heat, temperature, and thermal equilibrium /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9632.

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Christensen, Warren Michael. "An investigation of student thinking regarding calorimetry, entropy, and the second law of thermodynamics". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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Fakhim, Babak. "Multifaceted Analysis of Data Centre Cooling Using CFD, Experiment and Second Law of Thermodynamics". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11430.

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The rapid growth in data centres has resulted in their consumption of up to 100 times more energy per square metre than office accommodation. IT equipment and systems, housed in data centres, consume a considerable amount of electricity. Energy consumption of data centres can be severely and unnecessarily high due to inadequate localised cooling and densely packed server rack layouts. To highlight the importance of cooling issues in data centres, operational data centres are studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Field measurements of temperature are performed. Numerical analysis of flow and temperature fields is conducted in order to evaluate the thermal behaviour of the data centre. A number of undesirable hotspots are identified. To rectify the problem, a few practical design and remedial solutions to improve the cooling effectiveness are proposed and examined to allow a reduced air-conditioning power requirement. Rack-level architecture and layouts have also been found to have a significant impact on the performance of server cooling systems. In this regard, semi-populated racks are modelled with various server arrangements and void positioning accommodated in a prototype data centre. In raised-floor data centres, the perforated tile flow rate distribution is fundamentally a fluid mechanics problem. The effects of position of the under-floor blockages and percentage opening of perforated tile are studied using CFD. Detailed thermodynamic analysis of air-cooled raised-floor data centres for exploring their optimised performance is performed in this thesis. Exergy based performance metric (EPM) is proposed to assess the irreversibilities in the data centre airspace. Detailed comparison is undertaken of the performance metrics based on the first and Second Laws of thermodynamics.

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Shahvisi, Arianne. "On the nature and origins of thermodynamic asymmetry". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648799.

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Campisi, Michele. "Microscopic Foundations of Thermodynamics and Generalized Statistical Ensembles". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc6128/.

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This dissertation aims at addressing two important theoretical questions which are still debated in the statistical mechanical community. The first question has to do with the outstanding problem of how to reconcile time-reversal asymmetric macroscopic laws with the time-reversal symmetric laws of microscopic dynamics. This problem is addressed by developing a novel mechanical approach inspired by the work of Helmholtz on monocyclic systems and the Heat Theorem, i.e., the Helmholtz Theorem. By following a line of investigation initiated by Boltzmann, a Generalized Helmholtz Theorem is stated and proved. This theorem provides us with a good microscopic analogue of thermodynamic entropy. This is the volume entropy, namely the logarithm of the volume of phase space enclosed by the constant energy hyper-surface. By using quantum mechanics only, it is shown that such entropy can only increase. This can be seen as a novel rigorous proof of the Second Law of Thermodynamics that sheds new light onto the arrow of time problem. The volume entropy behaves in a thermodynamic-like way independent of the number of degrees of freedom of the system, indicating that a whole thermodynamic-like world exists at the microscopic level. It is also shown that breaking of ergodicity leads to microcanonical phase transitions associated with nonanalyticities of volume entropy. The second part of the dissertation deals with the problem of the foundations of generalized ensembles in statistical mechanics. The starting point is Boltzmann's work on statistical ensembles and its relation with the Heat Theorem. We first focus on the nonextensive thermostatistics of Tsallis and the associated deformed exponential ensembles. These ensembles are analyzed in detail and proved (a) to comply with the requirements posed by the Heat Theorem, and (b) to interpolate between canonical and microcanonical ensembles. Further they are showed to describe finite systems in contact with finite heat baths. Their mechanical and information-theoretic foundation, are highlighted. Finally, a wide class of generalized ensembles is introduced, all of which reproduce the Heat Theorem. This class, named the class of dual orthodes, contains microcanonical, canonical, Tsallis and Gaussian ensembles as special cases.

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Carpenter, Nolan A. W. "A study of exergy destruction and methods improving second law efficiency in common production engines using a thorough analysis of engine simulation results". Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009m/carpenter.pdf.

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Shyani, Rajeshkumar Ghanshyambhai. "Utilizing a cycle simulation to examine the use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) for a spark-ignition engine: including the second law of thermodynamics". Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/86044.

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The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system has been widely used to reduce nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission, improve fuel economy and suppress knock by using the characteristics of charge dilution. However, previous studies have shown that as the EGR rate at a given engine operating condition increases, the combustion instability increases. The combustion instability increases cyclic variations resulting in the deterioration of engine performance and increasing hydrocarbon emissions. Therefore, the optimum EGR rate should be carefully determined in order to obtain the better engine performance and emissions. A thermodynamic cycle simulation of the four-stroke spark-ignition engine was used to determine the effects of EGR on engine performance, emission characteristics and second law parameters, considering combustion instability issues as EGR level increases. A parameter, called 'Fuel Fraction Burned,' was introduced as a function of the EGR percentage and used in the simulation to incorporate the combustion instability effects. A comprehensive parametric investigation was conducted to examine the effects of variations in EGR, load and speed for a 5.7 liter spark-ignition automotive engine. Variations in the thermal efficiencies, brake specific NOx emissions, average combustion temperature, mean exhaust temperature, maximum temperature and relative heat transfer as functions of exhaust gas recycle were determined for both cooled and adiabatic EGR configurations. Also effects of variations in the load and speed on thermal efficiencies, relative heat transfers and destruction of availability due to combustion were determined for 0% EGR and 20% EGR cases with both cooled and adiabatic configurations. For both EGR configurations, thermal efficiencies first increase, reach a maximum at about 16% EGR and then decrease as the EGR level increases. Thermal efficiencies are slightly higher for cooled EGR configuration than that for adiabatic configuration. Concentration of nitric oxide emissions decreases from about 2950 ppm to 200 ppm as EGR level increases from 0% to 20% for cooled EGR configuration. The cooled EGR configuration results in lower nitric oxide emissions relative to the adiabatic EGR configuration. Also second law parameters show the expected trends as functions of EGR. Brake thermal efficiency is higher for the 20% EGR case than that for the no EGR case over the range of load (0 to WOT) and speed (600 rpm to 6000 rpm). Predictions made from the simulation were compared with some of the available experimental results. Predicted thermal efficiencies showed a similar trend when compared to the available experimental data. Also, percentage of unused fuel availability increases as the EGR level increases, and it can be seen as one of the effects of deteriorating combustion quality as the EGR level increases.

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Książki na temat "Second Law of thermodynamics"

Atkins, P. W. The second law. New York: Scientific American Library, 1994.

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Ben-Naim, Arieh. Discover entropy and the second law of thermodynamics: A playful way of discovering a law of nature. Singapore: World Scientific, 2010.

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Čápek, Vladislav, i Daniel P. Sheehan. Challenges to the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3016-9.

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Fleck, Robert. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34950-8.

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Ben-Naim, Arieh. Entropy demystified: The second law reduced to plain common sense. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2007.

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Ben-Naim, Arieh. Entropy demystified: The second law reduced to plain common sense. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2008.

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Ben-Naim, Arieh. Entropy demystified: The second law reduced to plain common sense. Singapore: World Scientific, 2008.

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Blanco, H. Perez. Comparative first- and second-law analysis of an absorption cycle. Oak Ridge, Tenn: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1985.

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Ben-Naim, Arieh. A farewell to entropy: Statistical thermodynamics based on information : S=logW. Hackensack, N.J: World Scientific, 2008.

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Ben-Naim, Arieh. A farewell to entropy: Statistical thermodynamics based on information : S=logW. Hackensack, N.J: World Scientific, 2008.

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Części książek na temat "Second Law of thermodynamics"

Uddin, Naseem. "Second Law of Thermodynamics". W Thermodynamics, 176–94. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003423140-6.

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Gokcen, N. A., i R. G. Reddy. "The Second Law of Thermodynamics". W Thermodynamics, 71–88. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1373-9_4.

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Tahir-Kheli, Raza. "The Second Law". W General and Statistical Thermodynamics, 125–210. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21481-3_4.

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Tahir-Kheli, Raza. "The Second Law". W General and Statistical Thermodynamics, 109–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20700-7_4.

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Look, Dwight C., i Harry J. Sauer. "The Second Law of Thermodynamics". W Engineering Thermodynamics, 175–222. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9316-3_7.

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Barrick, Douglas E. "The Second Law and Entropy". W Biomolecular Thermodynamics, 131–72. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017. | Series: Foundations of biochemistry and biophysics: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315380193-4.

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Li, Dongqing. "Second Law of Engineering Thermodynamics". W Analytical Thermodynamics, 177–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90517-0_4.

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Lee, John H. S., i K. Ramamurthi. "Second Law of Thermodynamics". W Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 31–43. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003224044-4.

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Zohuri, Bahman, i Patrick McDaniel. "Second Law of Thermodynamics". W Thermodynamics In Nuclear Power Plant Systems, 173–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13419-2_7.

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Schmidt, Achim. "Second Law of Thermodynamics". W Technical Thermodynamics for Engineers, 313–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20397-9_15.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Second Law of thermodynamics"

Cover, T., i D. Julian. "Concavity of the second law of thermodynamics". W IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, 2003. Proceedings. IEEE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2003.1228070.

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Sheehan, Daniel P., i Daniel P. Sheehan. "PREFACE: SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: STATUS AND CHALLENGES". W SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: STATUS AND CHALLENGES. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3665227.

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Shental, Ori, i Ido Kanter. "The second law of thermodynamics for communication channels". W 2008 IEEE 25th Convention of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Israel (IEEEI). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eeei.2008.4736643.

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SAGAWA, TAKAHIRO. "SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS WITH QC-MUTUAL INFORMATION". W Summer Workshop on Physics, Mathematics, and All That Quantum Jazz. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814602372_0020.

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Jarzynski, Christopher. "The second law of thermodynamics at the nanoscale". W NOBEL SYMPOSIUM 153: NANOSCALE ENERGY CONVERTERS. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4794717.

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Lloyd, Seth, Gian Paolo Beretta, Ahmed Ghoniem i George Hatsopoulos. "The Once and Future Second Law of Thermodynamics". W MEETING THE ENTROPY CHALLENGE: An International Thermodynamics Symposium in Honor and Memory of Professor Joseph H. Keenan. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2979018.

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Nicolau, Dan Valeriu. "Numerical intractability and the second law of thermodynamics". W INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS ICNAAM 2019. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0026813.

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Fronsdal, Christian, Abhishek Pathak i Daniel P. Sheehan. "On Entropy In Eulerian Thermodynamics". W SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: STATUS AND CHALLENGES. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3665244.

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Butler, Howard W., Gian Paolo Beretta, Ahmed Ghoniem i George Hatsopoulos. "The Evolving Second Law". W MEETING THE ENTROPY CHALLENGE: An International Thermodynamics Symposium in Honor and Memory of Professor Joseph H. Keenan. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2979042.

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D'Abramo, Germano, i Daniel P. Sheehan. "The Second Law of Thermodynamics and the thermo-charged capacitor". W SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: STATUS AND CHALLENGES. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3665231.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Second Law of thermodynamics"

Camberos, Jose A., Shohei Nomura, Jason Stewart i Richard Figliola. A Unified Methodology for Aerospace Systems Integration Based on Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Aerodynamics Assessment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, sierpień 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada437035.

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Boehm, R. Maximum performance of solar heat engines: discussion of thermodynamic availability and other second law considerations and their implications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5244073.

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Gaggioli, Richard A., David M. Paulus i Jr. Optimization of Subsystem Integration via the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, grudzień 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada399115.

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Willman, Warren W. Optimal Control Law Phenomena in Certain Adaptive Second-Order Observation Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, sierpień 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada224274.

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Taylor, M. J. Second law optimization of a sensible heat thermal energy storage system with a distributed storage element. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), lipiec 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5705807.

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Bennett, Alexander, Contessa Gay, Ashley Graves, Thomas Long, Erin Milliken, Margaret Reed, Laura Smith i Lauren Thomas. Groundwater Laws and Regulations: A Preliminary Survey of Thirteen U.S. States (Second Edition). Redaktor Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, kwiecień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.usstategroundwaterlaws.2020.

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This report presents results of a study investigating the groundwater laws and regulations of thirteen U.S. states. The report is actually the second edition of the study following amendments made to the first edition in response to extensive feedback and reviews solicited from practitioners, academics, and other professionals working in the field of water law from across the country. The purpose of the project is to compile and present the groundwater laws and regulations of every state in the United States that could then be used in a series of comparisons of groundwater governance principles, strategies, issues, and challenges. Professor Gabriel Eckstein at Texas A&M University School of Law and Professor Amy Hardberger at Saint Mary’s University Law School developed a matrix to ascertain chief components and characteristics of the groundwater legal regime of each state. Student researchers then used the matrix to respond to a standardized set of questions about the groundwater laws and regulations of a selection of states. In the near future, additional volumes with surveys of other U.S. states will be issued.

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Drost, M. K., i J. R. Zaworski. Review of second law analysis techniques applicable to the Energy Conversion and Utilization Technologies Thermal Sciences Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), czerwiec 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6105365.

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Watson, Mark, Martyn Wilmott i Brian Erno. GRI-96-0452_2 Stress Corrosion Cracking Under Field Simulated Conditions II. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), listopad 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011974.

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The pH of solutions found under disbonded polyethylene tape coatings in the field is generally in the range of 6.5 to 7.5. Electrochemically determining corrosion rates for pipeline steels exposed to neutral pH solutions in this pH range indicate that corrosion rates are too low to account for the observed crack growth rates from field excavation programs. This suggests that for the SCC process to be based on a simple dissolution mechanism then the pH at the crack tip would have to be lower than the bulk solution pH. A computer model was developed to determine solution chemistry changes within an SCC crack under anaerobic conditions as a function of time The numerical simulation model showed that the pH at a crack tip is lower by at least one pH unit than the trapped electrolyte outside the crack. A second thermodynamic model was used to show that under appropriate conditions dilute groundwater can be converted to a concentrated carl ornately bicarbonate solution. High temperatures were not required to concentrate on this solution. The concentration of this electrolyte under coal tar or asphalt coatings can occur by a cyclical process in which groundwater levels fluctuate and in tum influence the ability of cathodic protection to reach the steel surface. The high pH is generated by effective cathodic protection and the carbonate concentration is developed by absorption of CO2 from soil gases.

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Lewis, Dustin, Naz Modirzadeh i Jessics Burniske. The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate and International Humanitarian Law: Preliminary Considerations for States. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, marzec 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/qiaf4598.

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In developing international humanitarian law (IHL), States have aimed in part to lay down the primary normative and operational framework pertaining to principled humanitarian action in situations of armed conflict. The possibility that certain counterterrorism measures may be instituted in a manner that intentionally or unintentionally impedes such action has been recognized by an increasingly wide array of States and entities, including the United Nations Security Council and the U.N. Secretary-General. At least two aspects of the contemporary international discourse on intersections between principled humanitarian action and counterterrorism measures warrant more sustained attention. The first concerns who is, and who ought to be, in a position to authentically and authoritatively interpret and apply IHL in this area. The second concerns the relationships between IHL and other possibly relevant regulatory frameworks, including counterterrorism mandates flowing from decisions of the U.N. Security Council. Partly in relation to those two axes of the broader international discourse, a debate has emerged regarding whether the U.N. Security Council may authorize one particular counterterrorism entity — namely, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED) — to interpret and assess compliance with IHL pertaining to humanitarian action in relation to certain counterterrorism contexts. In a new legal briefing for the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC), Dustin A. Lewis, Naz K. Modirzadeh, and Jessica S. Burniske seek to help inform that debate by raising some preliminary considerations regarding that possibility. The authors focus on the possible implications of States and other relevant actors pursuing various responses or not responding to this debate. One of the authors’ goals is to help raise awareness of this area with a focus on perspectives drawn from international law. Another is to invite a broader engagement with the question of the preservation of the humanitarian commitments laid down in IHL in a period marked by a growing number — and a deepening — of the intersections between situations of armed conflict and measures to suppress terrorism.

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Mote, Philip W., John Abatzoglou, Kathie D. Dello, Katherine Hegewisch i David E. Rupp. Fourth Oregon climate assessment report. State of climate science : 2019. Oregon Climate Change Research Institute, Oregon State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/osu/1159.

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This report, required by state law under HB3543, provides a comprehensive assessment of the state of science of climate change as it pertains to Oregon, covering the physical, biological, and social dimensions. The first chapter summarizes the current state of knowledge of physical changes in climate and hydrology, focusing on the period since the previous Oregon Climate Assessment Report (OCAR3, Dalton et al. 2017); and the second chapter covers the impacts. The second chapter is, verbatim, the Northwest chapter of the Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) which was released by the federal government November 23, 2018. It is available for download separately: https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_Ch24_Northwest_Full.pdf

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