Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Seco acids”
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Burgess, Vanessa Anne, i n/a. "Toxicology Investigations With The Pectenotoxin-2 Seco Acids". Griffith University. School of Public Health, 2003. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20030905.090222.
Pełny tekst źródłaBurgess, Vanessa Anne. "Toxicology Investigations With The Pectenotoxin-2 Seco Acids". Thesis, Griffith University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365382.
Pełny tekst źródłaThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Public Health
Faculty of Health Sciences
Full Text
Sampaio, Geni Rodrigues. "Ocorrência de óxidos de colesterol e análise do perfil lipídico em camarão salgado-seco". Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/89/89131/tde-16102006-141648/.
Pełny tekst źródłaFoods submitted to technological processes that require high temperature present a great potential for production of cholesterol oxides (COPs). Several evidences have indicated that COPs are potentially cytotoxic, atherogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. In sea food, the cholesterol oxidation is favored by the presence of unsaturated fatty acids and high cholesterol levels. The salted-dried shrimp is particularly susceptible to the formation of COPs due to its lipidic composition, the processing and storage conditions. The objective of this work was to determine the occurrence of cholesterol oxidation products and to analyze the lipidic profile in salted-dried shrimp. Fifty samples of salted-dried shrimp were evaluated, and the cholesterol oxides were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cholesterol and COPs (7ß-hydroxycholesterol, 7?- hydroxycholesterol, 7-Ketocholesterol and 25- hydroxycholesterol) were simultaneously analyzed. The fatty acids profile was determined by gas chromatography, and for the evaluation of lipidic oxidation the TBARS method was used. The results indicated that the samples contained: 7ß-OH (34.63-72,56 µg/g), 7?-OH (5.02-12.12µg/g), 7-Keto (7.44-32.68 µg/g) and 25-OH (2.37-22.88 µg/g). These data indicated that 7?-OH was the predominant product. The amount of COPs in the samples varied considerably, ranging from 4.52 to 77.30 µg/g. Regarding to the total cholesterol content and the average concentration of TBARS, the results varied from 73.88 to 247.69 mg/100g, and 0.023 to 1.30 mgMA/Kg, respectively. The fatty acids profile was: 27.48% saturated, 43.90% monounsaturated and 28.61% polyunsaturated. This study indicated that the samples were oxidized, by the presence of COPs and the values of TBARS as well. Such oxidation was probably initiated under inadequate conditions of processing and storage. These results reinforced the need of revaluation of the fishing handling procedures, particularly the salted-dried shrimp, including all the stages - from the capture to the de shelf-life determination, in order to minimize the oxidative reactions.
Putrino, Soraia Marques. "Composição corporal, exigências de energia e proteína para ganho e composição da carne de novilhos Nelore alimentados com dietas com milho grão seco ou úmido contendo gordura não degradável no rúmen". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-11052006-135306/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe beef cattle in Brazil have been a great development on productivity and quality of end product. These are decisive for the maintenance of the activity. Researchs about cattle look for to increase the profit to the farmer, improve the quality of carcasses for slaughtered and to guarantee quality meat to consumer. Nelore breed, the mostly cattle of Brazilian herd, suffers with deficient nutricional handling that reduce the performance of animals.The corn grain is very used as energy source for catlle and researchs look for to improve the digestibility of starch of grain, as the supply of processed grains as high moisture corn grain. Another energy source for feed cattle is ruminal protected fat. In this study looks for increased the knowledge of effects of energetic foods (diets containing dry or high moisture corn grain with or without ruminal protected fat) on total digestibility, body composition and meat composition of Nellore breed steers. There was no effect of diets on digestibility coefficients or The percentage total digestible nutrients. Diets didn't also change the body composition and net requirements of energy and protein for weight gain. The addition of fat reduced the percentage of water and increased ether extract in the meat. About the fatty acids profile, high moisture corn grain increased polyunsaturated, and fat increased omega 6. Meat cuts differed in chemical composition and fatty acids profile.
Coster, Mark Jeffrey. "Total synthesis of the protected seco-acid of spongistatin 1". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621217.
Pełny tekst źródłaDi, Francesco Maria Emilia. "Total synthesis of a fully protected Seco-acid of peloruside A". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616231.
Pełny tekst źródłaBettero, Vitor Pereira [UNESP]. "Fontes de ácidos graxos insaturados na alimentação de vacas leiteiras no período seco". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/124015.
Pełny tekst źródłaO objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de fontes de ácidos graxos insaturados para vacas leiteiras no período seco sobre a dinâmica e bio-hidrogenação ruminais e fluxo intestinal de ácidos graxos. Foram utilizadas 8 vacas secas da raça Holandesa, canuladas no rúmen e abomaso (614 ± 59 kg de peso corporal; média ± dp), agrupadas em dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4 contemporâneos e balanceados, alimentadas com as seguintes dietas: 1) controle (C), dieta a base de milho e farelo de soja; 2) óleo de soja refinado (OS) com inclusão de 3,0% na MS total; 3) Grão de soja cru e integral (GS), com inclusão de 16,0% na MS total; e 4) Sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos insaturados (SC), com inclusão de 3,2% na MS total. Os consumos de MS, MO, PB, FDN e NDT não diferiram (P>0,05) entre tratamentos. Dietas com fontes lipídicas tiveram maior consumo de EE (0,72 vs 0,30 kg/dia) e menor consumo de CNF (3,91 vs 4,40 kg/dia) quando comparadas ao controle. As digestibilidades da MS, MO E FDN foram maiores (P<0,05) no tratamento controle em relação aos tratamentos com adição lipídica. Já em relação ao EE, a digestibilidade da dieta C foi menor (P<0,001) que nos demais tratamentos (84,88% vs 86,93%) . A concentração de N-NH3 foi maior (P<0,05) para os animais que receberam a dieta C em relação às dietas com inclusão de lipídios (20,39 vs 17,49 mg/dL). A dieta C apresentou as menores concentrações de propionato (P=0,001) em relação às fontes lipídicas. Já a dieta OS apresentou maiores concentrações de propionato (P<0,05) em relação às dietas GS e SC. A relação acetato:propionato (C2/C3) foi maior (P<0,05) na dieta controle (4,13) do que nas dietas com suplementação (3,81). A síntese de proteína microbiana e os balanços de energia e nitrogênio não foram influenciados pelas dietas experimentais. Animais que receberam dietas com suplementação lipídica apresentaram maiores valores de colesterol total e ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sources of unsaturated fatty acids to dairy cows in the dry period on the ruminal dynamic and biohydrogenation and intestinal flow of fatty acids. Eight Holstein dry cows cannulated in the rumen and abomasum (614 ± 59 kg of body weight; mean ± SD), were assigned randomly in two contemporary and balanced 4 x 4 Latin squares, fed the following diets: 1) control (C) diet based on corn and soybean meal; 2) refined soybean oil (SO) with addition of 3.0% on total DM 3) Whole soybean raw (WS), with the inclusion of 16.0% on total DM; and 4) calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids (CS), with the inclusion of 3.2% on total DM. The DM, OM, CP, NDF and TDN intakes did not differ (P> 0.05) between treatments. Diets with fat sources had higher intake of EE (0.72 vs 0.30 kg/day) and lower intake of NFC (3.91 vs 4.40 kg/day) when compared to control. The digestibilities of DM, OM and NDF were higher (P <0.05) in treatment C compared to treatments with lipid addition. In relation to EE, the digestibility of C diet was lower than in other treatments (84.88% vs 86.93%). The concentration of NH3-N was higher (P <0.05) in animals fed C diet than the diets with lipids inclusion (20.39 vs. 17.49 mg/dL). The C diet had the lowest propionate concentration in relation to lipid sources. The SO diet had higher propionate concentrations (P <0.05) compared to WS and CS diets. The acetate: propionate ratio (C2/C3) was higher (P <0.05) in the control diet (4.13) than the diets with supplementation (3.81). The microbial protein synthesis and energy and nitrogen balances were not affected by diets. Animals fed diets with fat supplements had higher total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in the blood (P <0.05). The SO diet had lower ruminal digestion rates (P <0.05) for DM, NDF and pdNDF compared to WS and CS. WS diet had lower passage rates of DM, NDF and pdNDF (P <0.05) in relation to CS diet ...
Connaulte, Julie. "Contribution de substances endogènes et exogènes au pouvoir antioxydant et antiradicalaire de fruits secs". Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30049.
Pełny tekst źródłaPereira, Antonio Marcelo. "Ar seco e aquecido no processo de dormência e germinação de sementes de Brachiaria humidicola". Universidade do Oeste Paulista, 2012. http://bdtd.unoeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/421.
Pełny tekst źródłaSulfuric acid use has shown effectiveness in overcoming dormancy, even though its effective use carry some risks to the workers and environment. The work was carried out to study the sulfuric acid treatment effectiveness, recommended by the RAS, and ventilation with dry and heated air to overcome the dormancy and the germination performance of six seed lots Bracharia humidicola cv. Tully. The work performed comparisons between the physiological effects of heat treatments at 45, 55, 65 and 75 ºC, during 24 and 48 hours periods and chemical scarification (immersion in concentrated sulfuric acid) for 10 minutes, constituting eight treatments and two controls. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. The seed germination, the germination velocity index, the tetrazolium test and seedling dry weight were evaluated. The use of controlled temperatures and of H2SO4 are mechanisms to overcome dormancy, but in greater vitality batches results were equal to conventional treatment with sulfuric acid, which can be considered as an alternative. Generally, the work did not indicate the best period (24 or 48 hours), for use with dry air ventilation, however a temperature of 60 °C for lots with high vitality (L1, L3 and L5) may be recommended. The H2SO4 use in lots with greater vitality was not statistically significant compared with the control, but for lots with less vitality physiological deterioration occurred in the seeds.
O ácido sulfúrico tem mostrado eficiência na superação da dormência em sementes, porém o uso do mesmo traz riscos efetivos aos trabalhadores e ao meio ambiente. O trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo estudar a efetividade do tratamento com ácido sulfúrico, preconizado pelas RAS, e o emprego de ventilação com ar seco e aquecido na superação da dormência e desempenho germinativo de sementes de seis lotes de capim Brachiaria humidicola cv. Tully. O trabalho realizou comparações entre os efeitos fisiológicos de tratamentos térmicos de 45, 55, 65 e 75ºC, com períodos de 24 e 48 horas e o químico (imersão em ácido sulfúrico concentrado) por 10 minutos, constituindo-se oito tratamentos e duas testemunhas. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados a germinação das sementes, o índice de velocidade de germinação, o teste de tetrazólio e a massa seca das plântulas. O uso de temperaturas variadas e controladas e o uso convencional de H2SO4 são mecanismos de superação de dormência, porém em lotes com maior vitalidade ocorreram resultados iguais ao tratamento convencional com ácido sulfúrico, podendo ser considerado uma alternativa. De maneira geral, o trabalho não indicou o melhor período (24 ou 48h), para emprego da ventilação com ar seco, entretanto a temperatura de 60°C, para os lotes de maior vitalidade (L1, L3 e L5), pode ser recomendada. O H2SO4 nos lotes com maior vitalidade não mostrou significância estatística em relação à testemunha, porém para os lotes com menor vitalidade ocorreu deterioração fisiológica da semente.
Costa, Adilson da. "Estudo das mudanças quali e quantitativas da participação de ácidos graxos no sebo de pacientes com acne inflamatória, graus II ou III, em uso sistêmico de limeciclina e/ou suplementação oral à base de ácidos linoleico, gamalinolênico". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5133/tde-26042012-115056/.
Pełny tekst źródłaIntroduction: Acne is a dermatosis that presents an altered sebum pattern, quantitatively and qualitatively. Objectives: To study the possible quantitative and qualitative changes of fatty acids found in the sebum of patients with acne vulgaris grade II or III, through the daily use of lymecycline and/or oral supplementation based on linoleic, gamma-linolenic, and oleic acids. Methods: Fortyfive male research subjects, ages 12 to 40, presenting acne vulgaris grade II or III, were submitted to a 90-day use of: Group 1, 300mg of lymecycline per day; Group 2, 540mg of gamma-linolenic acid, 1,200mg of linoleic acid, and e 510mg of oleic acid per day; Group 3: Groups A+B. Every 30 days, a sample of the sebum of their forehead was collected for chromatographic analysis of the fatty acids contained therein. Results: Forty research subjects (88.9%) concluded the study. They ingested all dosages of the products, without presenting side effects in any of the Groups. The number of comedones, pustules, and cysts reduced with time (p<0.001, for all), in all the 3 Groups. With respect to the total number of lesions, Group B´s patients presented a larger quantity of lesions, as compared to those of Group A (p=0.033) and Group C (p=0.030). Seven fatty acids presented pattern changes during the study. In general, the changes that became more evident were: 1) the squalene concentration in the sebum did not diminish in any Group under study; 2) C12:0, C14:0, and C16:1 had their respective concentrations increased in the 3 Groups over the time of the treatments; 3) there is an indication for increasing of C18:1n9t+C18:1n9c when both of therapies are associated; 4) lymecycline and/or the ingestion of linoleic acid did not increase the participation of linoleic acid in the sebum; and 5) gama-linolenic acid had its concentration increased during the first 60-day and diminished during the last 30-day therapies period using lymecycline and/or with its own oral supplementation. Conclusions: The daily administration of lymecycline and/or gamma-linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids may alter the behavior of some fatty acids present in the sebum of patients with acne vulgaris grade II or III. Gamma-linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids, under systemic use, are not considered therapeutic agents in the treatment of acne; more studies need to be carried out in order to infer the existence of a possible clinical benefit of their isolated use and/or association in the treatment of this dermatosis
COUTO, Renê Oliveira do. "Obtenção e Caracterização do Extrato Seco Padronizado da Rosmarinus Officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2011. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2100.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this work, standardized spray-dried extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis L.(Lamiaceae), were obtained. The work started with the obtainment and characterization of the R. officinalis dried and powder leaves. A hydroalcoholic extract was obtained by percolation using as solvent ethanol at 80 % (v/v). The drying experiments followed a Box-Behnken (33) factorial design in order to obtain dry powders with optimized properties. In this way, the influence of several in-process parameters e. g. extract feed rate, drying air inlet temperature and spray nozzle airflow rate, on the dried extracts properties were investigated. The herbal raw material as well as both hydroalcoholic and dried extracts were analyzed by several physic-chemical and physical techniques. Additionally, the in vitro antioxidant activity from both hydroalcoholic and dried extracts were assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging test. Rosmarinic acid, the major component on the specie and one of the main compounds responsible for these pharmacological activities, was used as chemical marker in High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled to photodiode array detection (PDA) quantification assays in all steps of this work. The analytical method was validated following Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency) guidelines. This method proved to be simple, rapid, selective, linear, sensible, precise, accurate a robust. On the herbal raw material characterization, it were observed a swelling índex of 2.33 ± 0.11, a mean powder size of 437.94 ± 7.00 μm, as well as moisture, total ashes, acid insoluble ashes, total polyphenols, total tannins, total flavonoids and rosmarinic contents of 9.1 ± 0.23, 7.32 ± 0.045, 0.378 ± 0.016, 3.81 ± 0.043, 0.49 ± 0.01, 1.73 ± 0.07 and 1.05 ± 0.03% (w/w), respectively. The concentrated hydroalcoholic extract presented density of 0.964 ± 0.002 g/mL, solids content of 9.66 ± 0.07%, pH 5.106 ± 0.005, alcoholic content of 38.2 ± 0.53% and a viscosity of 5.2 ± 0.09 mPas. The levels of total polyphenols, total tannins, total flavonoids and rosmarinic contents were of 30.19 ± 0.24, 9.13 ± 0.01, 8.78 ± 0.1 and 10.68 ± 0.43% (w/w), respectively. Also, in the antioxidant assessment, the extract presented an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 17.29 μg/mL. Results showed drying yields ranging from 17.1 to 74.96%. Also, all dried products showed moisture contents and water activities below 5% (w/w) and 0.5, respectively. Although dry products having lost some of their polyphenols they still presented antioxidant activities (IC50) ranging from 17.58 to 24.83 μg/mL. However, most recovered products presented inadequate flowability and compressibility. In general, the particles showed spherical shape and various sizes. Analysis of variance (ANOVAs) proved that the factors studied and some of their interactions significantly affected most of the investigated responses. Moreover, the best condition for obtaining dry extracts of rosemary with stability evidence as well as adequate physicochemical and functional properties is the one performed with a high extract feed rate, an intermediate drying air inlet temperature and a low spray nozzle air flow rate. Accordingly, spray drying technique may be an attractive and promising alternative to develop intermediate phytopharmaceutical products of rosemary.
A obtenção de extratos secos padronizados da Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae),por meio da técnica de spray drying, foi precedida de duas etapas, iniciando-se pela obtenção e caracterização do material de partida (pó das folhas da planta) e a partir desse, obtendo-se o extrato hidroalcoólico pelo método de percolação usando como solvente etanol a 80% (v/v).Os experimentos de secagem foram conduzidos seguindo um planejamento fatorial do tipo Box-Behnken (33) a fim de se obter produtos secos com propriedades otimizadas. Nesse sentido, foram investigadas as influências de alguns parâmetros envolvidos no processo, e. g. fluxo de alimentação de extrato, temperatura de entrada do ar de secagem e vazão do ar de aspersão nas propriedades dos extratos secos obtidos. Tanto o material de partida quanto os produtos obtidos através dele, foram caracterizados por vários ensaios físico-químicos e físicos. Ainda, foi avaliado o potencial antioxidante in vitro do extrato hidroalcoólico e dos extratos secos por meio de um método colorimétrico empregando o radical livre DPPH . O ácido rosmarínico, componente majoritário e um dos principais responsáveis pelas atividades farmacológicas da espécie, foi selecionado como marcador químico e, em todas as etapas do processo, foi quantificado por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE) acoplada a detector de arranjo de fotodiodos (DAD). Para tanto um método analítico foi validado seguindo os parâmetros e critérios de aceitação propostos pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), o qual provou ser de fácil execução, rápido, seletivo, linear, sensível, preciso, exato e robusto. Na caracterização da droga vegetal, foram verificados teores de voláteis, cinzas totais, cinzas insolúveis em ácido, polifenóis totais, taninos totais, flavonóides totais e ácido rosmarínico de 9,1 ± 0,23, 7,32 ± 0,045, 0,378 ± 0,016, 3,81 ± 0,043, 0,49 ± 0,01, 1,73 ± 0,07 e 1,05 ± 0,03% (m/m), respectivamente, além de índice de intumescência de 2,33 ± 0,11 e tamanho médio de partículas de 437,94 ± 7,00 μm. O extrato hidroalcoólico apresentou densidade de 0,964 ± 0,002 g/mL, resíduo seco de 9,66 ± 0,07%, pH 5,106 ± 0,005, teor alcoólico de 38,2 ± 0,53% e viscosidade de 5,2 ± 0,09 mPas. Ainda, foi obtida uma concentração inibitória (CE50) de 17,29 μg/mL nos ensaios de atividade antioxidante e os teores de polifenóis totais, taninos totais, flavonóides totais e ácido rosmarínico foram de 30,19 ± 0,24, 9,13 ± 0,01, 8,78 ± 0,1 e 10,68 ± 0,43% (m/m), respectivamente. Os rendimentos de secagem variaram de 17,1 a 74,96%, sendo que em todos os produtos secos, foram observados teores de voláteis e atividade de água abaixo de 5% (m/m) e 0,5, respectivamente. Apesar dos produtos secos terem perdido parte de seus compostos polifenólicos, eles ainda apresentaram CE50 variando de 17,58 a 24,83 μg/mL. Entretanto, a maioria dos extratos secos apresentou propriedades de fluxo e compressibilidade inadequadas para fins farmacêuticos. As fotomicrografias obtidas para esses produtos mostraram partículas de tamanho variável e formato esférico. Análises de Variância(ANOVAs) demonstraram que ambos os fatores estudados e algumas de suas interações afetaram significativamente a maioria das respostas investigadas, sendo que a melhor condição a ser empregada na obtenção de extratos secos padronizados com indícios de estabilidade, assim como propriedades físico-químicas e funcionais adequadas é aquela realizada com alto fluxo de extrato de alimentação, temperatura do ar de admissão intermediária e baixa vazão do ar de aspersão. Assim, a técnica de spray drying pode ser uma alternativa atrativa e promissora para a obtenção de produtos fitofarmacêuticos intermediários da R. officinalis.
Turati, Daniela Flavia Machado [UNESP]. "Purificação, imobilização e caracterização bioquímica de lipase produzida por Penicillium sect. Gracilenta CBMAI 1583 em cultivo submerso". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/134061.
Pełny tekst źródłaCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
As lipases (triacilglicerol acil hidrolases, E.C. 3.1.1.3) catalisam a hidrólise das ligações éster de triacigliceróis, operando na interface água/óleo. Estas são enzimas ubíquas, porém as de origem microbiana têm se destacado no cenário industrial atual devido ao seu amplo espectro de aplicação. Dessa maneira, a prospecção de novas fontes de lipases com propriedades distintas é uma linha de pesquisa importante. Dentre os micro-organismos, os fungos vêm sendo explorados para a produção de enzimas por secretarem grandes quantidades de proteínas no meio extracelular que não são nocivas à saúde humana, em sua grande maioria. Este trabalho se insere neste contexto, uma vez que visa purificar e caracterizar as principais propriedades bioquímicas da lipase produzida pelo fungo filamentoso Penicillium sect. Gracilenta CBMAI 1583, isolado de solo de Mata Atlântica e ainda não estudado em relação a essa enzima. O pH e a temperatura ótimos de atividade lipásica foram 4,0 e 70 °C, respectivamente, tanto para a enzima presente no filtrado de cultura quanto para a enzima purificada. As energias de ativação da reação de hidrólise do p-nitrofenil palmitato catalisada pela lipase presente no filtrado de cultura e pela lipase purificada foram 27,01 e 8,77 kJ.mol-1, respectivamente. A enzima do filtrado se mostrou mais estável em relação à temperatura (T(1/2) de 1,5 h, 6,3 e 2,3 min a 50, 60 e 70 °C, respectivamente) e menos estável em relação ao pH (estável apenas entre os pH 5,0 e 7,0) que a enzima purificada. A enzima purificada apresentou T(1/2) de 8,5 min, 33,6 e 15,4 s nas mesmas temperaturas e estabilidade em pH de 2,0 a 8,5. Em relação à estabilidade na presença de surfactantes, os detergentes aniônicos desestabilizaram a estrutura proteica, com consequente perda de atividade, enquanto detergentes não iônicos a 1 % (m/v) ativaram a enzima. A lipase foi purificada em uma única etapa, através de...
Lipases (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolases, EC 3.1.1.3) are ubiquitous enzymes. However microbial enzymes stand out on the current industrial scenario, due to their wide spectrum of application. In this sense, prospection of new sources of lipases with distinct characteristics is an important research field. Among microorganisms, fungi are being explored for enzyme production, because they secrete high amounts of proteins to extracellular medium that are generally regarded as safe for human health. This work is inserted in this context once it aims to purify and to characterize the main biochemical properties of lipase produced by the filamentous fungus Penicillium sect Gracilenta CBMAI 1583, isolated from soil under Atlantic Rainforest and yet not studied in respect to this enzyme. Optima pH and temperature of activity were 4.0 and 70 °C, respectively, for both crude and purified lipase. Activation energys of hydrolysis of pNPP catalyzed by crude and purified lipase were 27.01 and 8.77 KJ.mol-1, respectively. Crude lipase was more stable to temperature (T(1/2) of 1.5 h, 6.3 and 2.3 min at 50, 60 and 70 °C, respectively) and less stable to pH (stable only at pH 5.0 to 7.0), while purified lipase showed the opposite behavior (T(1/2) of 8.5 min, 33.6 and 15.4 s at the same temperatures; and stable at pH 2.0 to 8.5). Regarding the stability in presence of surfactants, anionic detergents destabilized the protein structure with consequent loss of activity, while nonionic detergents at 1 % (w/v) activated the enzyme. Lipase was purified to homogeneity by one step, through a hydrophobic interaction chromatography at low ionic strength using the Phenyl Sepharose resin, as revealed by SDS-PAGE. By this strategy it was possible to recover 80.8 % of initial activity and achieve a purification factor of 516.1. Enzyme molecular mass was estimated to be 52.9 kDa by SDS-PAGE and 85.3 kDa by size exclusion chromatography, suggesting the formation of ...
Castro, Pollyana Souza. "Fabricação de microeletrodos para aplicações em microscopia eletroquímica de varredura". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-13102011-091404/.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn this study, platinum microelectrodes were fabricated with a Micropipette Puller and used in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) to obtain information on the acid erosion of tooth enamel. The sealing and polishing of the active area of the fabricated devices are considered critical steps in the construction process, hence a vacuum pump was used to enhance the efficiency of the seal of the glass microfiber. The parameters of the equipment were optimized allowing a reproducible and efficient method to be developed. Thus, microelectrodes of various materials and dimensions were constructed and evaluated for use in SECM. An alternative method for reducing the size of the probe was also proposed. A careful polishing of the probe was done and by comparing theoretical and experimental approach curves, microelectrodes with RG values near to 15 were obtained. The acid erosion of dental enamel was investigated using SECM and a platinum microelectrode as a probe to H+ ions. The obtained images revealed a significant and relatively fast consumption of H+ ions at the interface enamel-acid solution, as a consequence of the demineralization reaction of the protective layer. SECM images also showed topographical differences with respect to the tooth enamel and after an exhaustive process of acid demineralization, the thickness of the layer of eroded enamel was estimated. By using approach curves it was concluded that the thickness of the eroded enamel layer was around 18 µm after 48 hours of exposure, this value being enhanced to 25 µm after 96 hours. Atomic Force Microscopy was also used to confirm the morphological changes after exposing the enamel to different beverages with high acidity. Accordingly, one can conclude that the acid erosion of enamel exposes the dentin to the oral environment and creates problems associated with dental hypersensitivity.
Gomes, Mara de Menezes de Assis. "Aspectos fisiologicos de cultivares de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) em condições de deficiencia hidrica". [s.n.], 1996. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314826.
Pełny tekst źródłaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Uma das principais metas para seleção das variedades de arroz de sequeiro (Oryza sativa L.) é a resistência a déficits hídricos. O fechamento mais rápido dos estômatos em resposta ao estresse hídrico e o enrolamento foliar nas horas mais quentes do dia, características bem marcantes nas variedades de sequeiro, na verdade são mecanismos que também auxiliam as plantas a perder menos água. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a influência da deficiência hídrica no desenvolvimento de duas cultivares de arroz de sequeiro (IAC 165 e IAC 201), desenvolvidas no Instituto Agronômico de Campinas. As plantas foram cultivadas em condições hidropônicas e aos 50 dias de desenvolvimento foram submetidas à deficiência hídrica pela aplicação direta e crescente de polietilenoglicol (PEG) na solução nutritiva. Fotossíntese, transpiração, condutância estomática e potencial hídrico de folhas foram medidos diariamente, com irradiação de 900 µmol.m-2.s-l. Quando o potencial hídrico da solução atingiu valores que modificaram substancialmente a fotossíntese, raízes e folhas foram coletadas para análise de massa e determinação de ácido abscísico (ABA). Após o fim do estresse também houve coleta de material. A quantificação de ABA foi feita pelo método ELISA (enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay) . Em relação aos parâmetros analisados, é provável que a cultivar IAC 165 tenha maior capacidade de adaptação às condições de seca quando comparada com a cultivar IAC 201
Abstract: One of the main goals for the selection of rice varieties (Oryzasativa L.) is the resistance to water stress. Midday stomatal closure and leaf rolling are common characteristics that enable the plants to lose less water. The purpose of this work has been to study the development of two rice cultivars (IAC 165 and IAC 201 ) which were developped at Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC). The plants were cultivated under hidroponic conditions and on the fiftieth day of development were submitted to water stress by the application of polyethilene glicol (PEG) in the nutrient solution. Photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and leaf water potential were measured every day under irradiation by 900 µmol.m-2.s-l. When the water potential of the nutrient solution decreased till reach values that modified substantially the photosynthesis, root and shoot were collected to abscisic acid (ABA) and dry weight determination. After the nutrient solution was changed to a nutrient solution without PEG, there as also plant harvesting. The ABA quantification has been made by the ELISA method (enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay). In relation to the parameters studied, the cultivar IAC 165 seems to have best capacity to adaptation to water stress when compared to the cultivar IAC 201
Mestrado
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas
Furgason, Melonnie Lynn Marie. "VPS45p as a Model System for Elucidation of SEC1/MUNC18 Protein Function: A Dissertation". eScholarship@UMMS, 2008. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/425.
Pełny tekst źródłaSarno, Ferdinando. "Modellazione di sistemi a semi-secco per l'abbattimento dei gas acidi da effluenti gassosi di un termovalorizzatore". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/891/.
Pełny tekst źródłaAndrade, Marina Morena Pereira. ". Propriedades térmicas, reológicas e estruturais do amido de mandioca modificado com ácidos lático e acético e seco sob diferentes condições". Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, 2014. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2448.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O amido é uma das mais importantes fontes de reserva de carboidratos nas plantas e também a principal fonte destes compostos na dieta humana, devido à sua abundância na natureza, apresentando, além de suas propriedades nutricionais, função de espessante, texturizante, geleificante, entre outras. Entretanto, os amidos nativos são estruturalmente fracos e de aplicações muito restritas nas tecnologias industriais, sendo necessárias modificações. O amido de mandioca, matéria prima para a produção do polvilho azedo, que é um produto artesanal e passa por um processo fermentativo de duração variável, apresentando muita variação em suas características de qualidade, sendo que sua característica de expansão é atribuída principalmente à reação que ocorre entre os ácidos orgânicos formados durante a fermentação com a radiação de luz ultravioleta (UV) durante a secagem solar. Dessa forma, este trabalho busca analisar a modificação do amido de mandioca com diferentes concentrações de ácido lático, ácido acético e ação combinada de ambos, durante diferentes tempos de permanência na solução ácida e com diferentes processos de secagem, com e sem a ação da radiação UV. As amostras foram investigadas utilizando as técnicas termoanalíticas: termogravimetria – TG; termogravimetria derivada - DTG, e calorimetria exploratória diferencial - DSC, Análise Viscoamilográfica (RVA), Difração de raios X em pó, microscopia de força atômica, pelo método não-contato (NC-AFM). Os resultados obtidos permitiram verificar o comportamento térmico, temperaturas de gelatinização, entalpia e propriedades de pasta e estruturais foram determinados. Verificou que com o aumento da concentração do ácido lático, este atua mais profundamente nas propriedades de pasta das amostras, há um aumento na cristalinidade relativa, uma grande variação na rugosidade média e diâmetro médio e um ocorre um aumento nas temperaturas iniciais e de pico de gelatinização. O aumento de permanência da amostra na solução de ácido acético, apresentou um decréscimo nos valores de entalpia de gelatinização, aumentou a viscosidade de pico, não interferiu na rugosidade média e aumentou o diâmetro médio. Ao se misturar os ácidos lático e acético, o aumento do tempo de permanência na solução, aumentou a temperatura de pico de gelatinização, a maior viscosidade foi observada na amostra que permaneceu 48 horas na solução e foi seca com lâmpada de luz UV, os diâmetros médio não apresentaram diferença, uma grande variação foi observada na rugosidade média, e praticamente não observou diferença na cristalinidade relativa das amostras.
Starch is one of the most important sources of carbohydrate reserves in plants and it is also the main source of these compounds in the human diet, due to its abundance in nature. In addition to its nutritional properties, it is used as a thickener, and for texturising and gelling, among other functions. However, native starches are structurally weak and have very limited applications in industrial technologies, where modifications are necessary. Cassava starch is used as the raw material for the production of sour cassava starch (polvilho azedo), which is a handmade product that goes through a fermentation process of variable length, with much variation in its quality. Its expansion characteristics are mainly attributed to the reaction that occurs between the organic acids that are formed during fermentation through ultraviolet radiation (UV) light during solar drying. Thus, this paper seeks to analyse the modification of cassava starch with different concentrations of lactic acid, acetic acid and a combination of both, during different periods of immersion in the acid solution, and with different drying processes, with and without the action of UV radiation. The samples were investigated using the following thermoanalytical techniques: thermogravimetry (TG); derivative thermogravimetry (DTG); differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); rapid visco analysis (RVA); and x-ray diffraction powder, atomic force microscopy, non-contact method (NC-AFM). The results showed the thermal behaviour and gelatinisation temperatures; the enthalpy and pasting and structural properties were also determined. It was found that increasing concentrations of lactic acid acted more deeply in the pasting properties of the samples; there was an increase in relative crystallinity, a large variation in average diameter and average roughness, and there was an increase in the initial and peak temperatures of gelatinisation. An increased period of time for the sample in the acetic acid solution resulted in a decrease in gelatinisation enthalpy values, an increase in the peak viscosity; there was no affect the roughness but there was an increase in the average diameter. When a mixture of lactic and acetic acids was used, an increased period of time in the solution increased the peak gelatinisation temperature. The highest viscosity was observed in the sample that remained for 48 hours in the solution and was dried with a UV lamp. The average diameters showed no difference; a large variation was observed in the average roughness, and there was virtually no observed difference in the relative crystallinity of the samples.
Minguzzi, Sandro. "Estudo geoquimico dos oleos dos campos de Furado, Tabuleiro dos Martins e Pilar da bacia Sergipe-Alagoas : preparação do biomarcador acido 3,5 seco-4-norcolestan-3-oico". [s.n.], 1997. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/248504.
Pełny tekst źródłaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Mestrado
Souza, Márcia Raquel Ronconi de. "Avaliação do desempenho de diferentes tipos de cobertura seca aplicados a depósitos de rejeitos de carvão". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/96400.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work aimed to evaluate the performance of different types of dry cover employed in experimental cells filled with pyritic waste of mineral coal. Four cells with the same dimension were filled with coal tailings from the coal preparation plant of Unidade Mineira II –Verdinho, which belongs to Carbonífera Criciúma SA, located in Forquilhinha, Santa Catarina State. The first cell was constructed without any kind of cover, the second one was built with a cover composed by a mixture of coal wastes, the third one was built with a layer of compacted clay, and the forth one was constructed with a system composed by a dual-capillary barrier. All were exposed to the same meteorological conditions. To evaluate the performances of dry covers we analyzed the volume and the chemical and physicochemical characteristics of seepage between 2009 and 2010. The water was analyzed in terms of pH, Eh, acidity, alkalinity, conductivity and the concentration of Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, and sulfate. The experimental results showed that the best performance concerning the volume and the quality of the percolated water was obtained in the cell that received a cover of compacted clay and in the one that received a cover composed by dualcapillary barrier.
Beau, Bénédicte. "Relaxation nucléaire dans un polymère conducteur à comportement métallique, la polyaniline". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10240.
Pełny tekst źródłaPerales-Rondón, Juan V. "Electrocatalytic studies of formic acid oxidation on Pt model surfaces". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/59752.
Pełny tekst źródłaLee, Meng-Tse. "Catalytic Mechanisms in Sec7 and Vps9 Domain Exchange Factors for Arf and Rab GTPases: A Dissertation". eScholarship@UMMS, 2012. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/598.
Pełny tekst źródłaChibani, Kamel-Ali. "Analyse protéomique de la dormance et de la germination chez Arabidopsis thaliana écotype Cvi". Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006INAP0036.
Pełny tekst źródłaRannou, Patrice. "Poly(aniline) : synthèse, mise en oeuvre et vieillissement". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10080.
Pełny tekst źródłaPolycarpo, Gustavo do Valle. "Dietas para frangos de corte contendo diferentes fontes lipídicas suplementadas ou não com lisofosfolipídios e ácidos orgânicos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-19082015-175116/.
Pełny tekst źródłaOils and fats, so named because of their origin, are internationally indispensable ingredients in feed formulation for success in broilers production. The lipids coming from the diet are major suppliers of energy and essential fatty acids for metabolism. The nutrient utilization is dependent on digestibility, which, in turn, is influenced by the chemical composition of the lipid molecules. Characteristics related to the length of the carbon chain, presence or not of double bonds, links configuration (cis or trans), presence of fatty acids in the form of triglycerides or free fatty acids and the position of fatty acids in the glycerol molecule are factors that alter not only the digestibility of lipids, but also fat-soluble compounds. However, in biological assays, a multifaceted vision approach is required, considering, within the technical limits of animal experimentation, the various existing interactions. The physiological factors of the bird, especially those related to digestion, are extremely important in the conduction of nutrition studies. There is an infinity of physical and chemical interactions during the digestive process, in which the intestinal microbiota plays important roles. Modulation of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of the chicken has direct and indirect influence on the diet utilization, with merit in featured folded, especially considering the challenges faced after the European Union prohibit the use of antibiotics in animal feeds. Over the years, researches have shown the negative effect of undesired proliferation of microorganisms on the lipid digestion, mainly affecting lipid sources with large amounts of saturated fatty acids, which are more susceptible to poor digestion conditions. Such effect occurs by the bacterial cholyltaurine hydrolase activity, causing deconjugation of endogenous bile salts of birds, damaging the emulsification of lipids and the consequent micelles formation. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate diets containing soybean oil or beef tallow supplemented with lysophospholipids and organic acids, exploring the possible interactions and benefits that can occur in the combination of these two additives
Al-Ourabi, Hammoud. "Etude expérimentale de gaz azotés, du dioxyde de soufre et de l'ozone à l'échelle des écosystèmes de l'Afrique tropicale : application à l'estimation des dépôts secs gazeux dans le cadre du réseau IDAF". Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30126.
Pełny tekst źródłaCastro, Pollyana Souza. "Desenvolvimento de microssensores eletroquímicos e aplicações no estudo de processos dinâmicos interfaciais utilizando microscopia eletroquímica de varredura". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-06042016-145742/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe study reported in this thesis shows in details the fabrication and characterization of different electrochemical microsensors which have been employed as probes in SEPM. Thus, the characterization of surfaces can be performed by exploiting different interfacial phenomena that are relevant to life sciences. In this sense, the interfaces of crystalline materials such as hydroxyapatite (dental materials) and calcite were the focus of this study. Thus, different SEPM techniques were explored in order to obtain relevant information related to dental materials processes such as acid erosion and hypersensitivity. Initially, platinum microelectrodes were developed employing conventional methodology that utilizes microfibers encapsulated in glass capillaries. Amperometric SECM mode was used to obtain information regarding the topography changes of tooth enamel caused by contact with acid chemicals. In addition, SECM was used to study the transport of electroactive species in dentin samples. Investigations related to the treatment of dental hypersensitivity and dental whitening were also evaluated. SECM results were compared with SEM images obtained under the same experimental conditions. Ion-selective microelectrode (ISME) based on the ionophore membrane sensitive to calcium ions were also developed and characterized followed by application in SECM potentiometric mode. The acid dissolution of bovine enamel (dental erosion) was investigated at different pH values (2.5; 4.5; 6.8). In addition, the transport of calcium ions through synthetic porous membranes was evaluated at a tip/substrate distance of 300µm. Changes in calcium ion flux were studied in the presence and absence of magnetic fields generated by magnetite nanoparticles incorporated into the porous membrane. Calcite microcrystals easily synthesized by precipitation method were used as a model of an interfacial surface for investigations which can be correlated to the dental materials. Thus, glass nanopipette filled with supporting electrolyte was fabricated and used as SICM probe. The high resolution topographic mapping of the calcite microcrystal was obtained using hopping mode. Additionally, ISME-SICM multifunction probes were developed and characterized for simultaneous investigations related to the topographical changes and quantification of local calcium ions on the surface of a calcite microcrystal. The addition of acidic reagents in the SICM channel promoted the dissolution of the microcrystal surface and dissolution kinetic data were obtained. Investigations in neutral medium were also studied using the ISME-SICM multifunctional probe. The experimental results were also compared with those obtained by computer simulation.
Cinà, Federico Andrea. "Ottimizzazione di un sistema di trattamento fumi a doppio stadio". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaAndrade, Luiz Paulo de. "Silagem de grão de milho reidratado com soro de leite e água". Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, 2013. http://tede2.unifenas.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/98.
Pełny tekst źródłaGiven the intensification of animal production , the use of technology Wet grain silage can contribute significantly to improving productivity indices , highlighting the economic importance of this as a constituent of food rations . The objective of this research was to investigate the nutritional value of silage maize grain rehydrated at different moisture contents . The experiment was conducted at the Faculty of Agronomy of the University José do Rosário Vellano , Campus Alfenas - MG . The experimental design was completely randomized with a 3x2x2 , and ( rehydration grain at three moisture contents ; rehydrated in saline and water with and without inoculant ) totaling 12 treatments and 4 replications ; Results concerning the characteristics bromatological underwent to analysis of variance ( ANOVA ) using the statistical program SISVAR ( FERREIRA , 2003) . It was found lower pH in silage inoculated when there rehydration with acid whey . Inoculation biological silage moisture corn resulted in higher concentration of lactic acid . Inoculation of silage resulted in higher concentrations of acetic and propionic acid . The propionic acid concentration remained similar between treatments evaluated in this study , although the concentration was low in all of them . Rehydrated silages with whey had higher dry matter silages compared with rehydrated with water . The concentration of protein (CP ) in silage moisture corn was only changed due to the liquid used in rehydration . The NDF was reduced by rehydration with acid whey , whether or not the application of the inoculant . The concentration of ADF increased linearly in the control treatment due to rehydration using acid whey , while the inoculated silage , there was greater concentration rehydration by 40%.
Diante da intensificação da produção animal, o emprego da tecnologia da ensilagem de grãos úmidos pode contribuir significativamente para melhoria dos índices de produtividade, destacando-se a importância econômica deste alimento como constituinte de rações. Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa, estudar o valor nutricional da silagem de grão de milho reidratado à diferentes teores de umidade . O experimento foi conduzido na faculdade de agronomia da Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Campus de Alfenas - MG. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado num esquema fatorial 3x2x2, sendo( reidratação do grão em três teores de umidade; reidratado com soro e água e com e sem inoculante) totalizando 12 tratamentos e 4 repetições; Os resultados referentes às características bromatólogica foram submetidos a análises de variância (ANOVA) utilizando-se o programa estatístico SISVAR (FERREIRA, 2003). Constatou-se menor valor de pH na silagem inoculada quando houve reidratação com soro ácido de leite. A inoculação biológica da silagem de grão úmido de milho resultou em maior concentração de ácido lático. A inoculação das silagens resultou em maiores concentrações de ácido acético e propiônico. A concentração de ácido propiônico permaneceu semelhante entre os tratamentos avaliados neste estudo, embora a concentração tenha sido baixa em todos eles. As silagens reidratadas com soro de leite apresentaram teores de matéria seca maiores quando comparadas com silagens reidratadas com água. A concentração de proteína (PB) na silagem de grão úmido de milho somente foi alterada devido ao líquido utilizado na reidratação. A concentração de FDN foi reduzida pela reidratação com soro ácido de leite, independente da aplicação ou não do inoculante. A concentração de FDA aumentou linearmente na silagem controle devido à reidratação utilizando-se soro ácido de leite, enquanto na silagem inoculada, constatou-se maior concentração pela reidratação a 40%.
Cardoso, Natasha Queiroz. "Desenvolvimento tecnológico de extratos vegetais padronizados a partir da Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hill (Lythraceae)". Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/3042.
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Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hill (Lythraceae) popularly known as dedaleiro, didal, or mad-mangabeira pacari, is used by the Brazilian population as a febrifuge, tonic and healing. Studies have shown the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antinoceptiva antiedematogenic extracts from the stem bark, ellagic acid being one of those responsible for the same. This study aimed to obtain dry extract standardized technology from the stem bark of L. pacari. The drug was tested for various quality control tests, according to the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia 5th edition, which ensured the characterization of plant drug and subsequently obtaining the liquid and dry extracts standardized. The extraction method was chosen slow percolation with 80% hydroalcoholic solution as a solvent and velocity of 7 drops per min .. The liquid extract standardized had a density of 0.986 g / mL solids content of 12.49% (w / w), pH 3.53 and an alcohol content of 44.80% (v / v). The content of ellagic acid found in liquid extract was 3.84% (m / m). The spray drying / atomization was performed by experimental design of univariate and then by planning a fractional 5-2 with 2 replicates. During the process the adjuvants were used maltodextrin and aerosil, demonstrating that the optimal conditions found maltodextrin provides greater protection and ellagic acid concentration in the extract.
Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hill (Lythraceae) é conhecida popularmente como dedaleiro, didal, mangabeira-brava ou pacari, é utilizada pela população brasileira como febrífugo, cicatrizante e tônico. Estudos comprovaram as atividades antioxidante, antiinflamatória, antinoceptiva e antiedematogênica dos extratos provenientes das cascas do caule, sendo o ácido elágico um dos responsáveis pelas mesmas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a obtenção tecnológica de extrato seco padronizado a partir da casca do caule de L. pacari. A droga vegetal foi testada por diversos ensaios de controle de qualidade, de acordo com a Farmacopéia Brasileira 5ª edição, que garantiram a caracterização da droga vegetal e posteriormente a obtenção dos extratos líquidos e secos padronizados. O método de extração escolhido foi a percolação lenta com solução hidroalcóolica 80% como solvente e velocidade de 7 gotas por min.. O extrato líquido padronizado apresentou densidade de 0,986 g/mL, teor de sólidos de 12,49 % (m/m), pH 3,53 e teor alcoólico de 44,80% (v/v). O teor de ácido elágico encontrado no extrato líquido foi de 3,84%(m/m). A secagem por nebulização/atomização foi realizada por planejamento experimental de univariada e em seguida pelo planejamento fracionário 2 5-2 com replicatas. Durante o processo os adjuvantes utilizados foram a maltodextrina e o aerosil, demonstrando que nas condições ótimas encontradas a maltodextrina apresenta maior proteção e concentração de ácido elágico no extrato.
Papp, Laura V., i n/a. "Multiple Levels of Regulation of Human SECIS Binding Protein 2, SBP2". Griffith University. School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070208.145623.
Pełny tekst źródłaPapp, Laura V. "Multiple Levels of Regulation of Human SECIS Binding Protein 2, SBP2". Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367554.
Pełny tekst źródłaThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences
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Suñé, Luciane Nunes Pereira. "Composição Bromatologica de Forrageiras de Estação Fria Sob Adubação Orgânica". Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2014. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/2992.
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O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade bromatológica de duas forrageiras de estação fria, aveia preta (Avena strigosa Scrheb) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), produzidos sob adubação orgânica, utilizando vermicomposto bovino e ovino. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido, na Universidade da Região da Campanha, em Bagé-RS-Brasil, testando-se dois vermicompostos bovino (VB) e ovino (VO) recomendação ROLAS (2004), compondo os tratamentos: T1(sem adubação), T2(VB 50%), T3(VB 100%),T4(VB 150%) e T5(VB 200%); T6(VO 50%), T7(VO 100%), T8(VO 150%) e T9(VO 200%). O delineamento experimental foi formado por blocos casualizados com dez repetições. Os experimentos foram conduzidos separadamente, com aveia e azevém. As forrageiras foram semeadas em vasos com capacidade de 12kg. Foram realizados seis cortes na aveia cada um aos 10cm da superfície do substrato quando a planta atingia 20cm de altura: aos 39, 47, 59, 72, 86 e 103 dias de idade; e cinco cortes no azevém da mesma forma, aos 47, 59, 72, 86 e 103 dias de idade; onde foram analisadas a produção de fitomassa fresca, fitomassa seca, proteína bruta, fibra detergente neutro e fibra detergente ácido. Concluiu-se que as duas forrageiras, a aveia e o azevém, responderam positivamente à adubação orgânica, com destaque para os tratamentos compostos por vermicomposto ovino. A adubação com vermicomposto (bovino e ovino) na cultura da aveia permite uma produção de FFPA, FSPA, PB, FDN e FDA dentro dos limites que caracterizam uma boa forrageira. O vermicomposto ovino é um adubo que promove melhores respostas às culturas de aveia e azevém até os 103 dias de corte. A adubação com vermicomposto (bovino e ovino) na cultura o azevém permite uma produção de FSPA, PB, FDN e FDA dentro dos limites que caracterizam uma boa forrageira.
The present study aimed to evaluate the bromatological quality of fodder of two cold season, black oats (Avena strigosa Scrheb) and italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), produced under Organic fertilization, using bovine and sheep worm compost. The experiment was conducted in a polyethylene greenhouse, at the Universidade da Região da Campanha Bagé-RS-Brazil, testing whether two vermicompostos cattle (VB) and sheep (VO) recommendation ROLAS (2004), composing the treatments: T1 (without fertilization), T2 (VB 50%), T3 (VB 100%), T4 (VB 150%) and T5 (VB 200%); T6 (50%), T7 VO (VO 100%), T8 (150%) and T9 VO (VO 200%). The experimental design was randomized blocks formed with ten repetitions. The experiments were conducted separately, with oats and Italian ryegrass. The foragers were sown in pots with a capacity of 12 kg. Were made six cuts in oats each to 10 cm from the surface of the substrate when the plant reached 20 cm height: to 39, 47, 59, 72, 86 and 103 days of age; and five azev cuts Similarly, 47, 59, 72, 86 and 103 days of age; where were analyzed fresh phytomass production, crude protein, dry phytomass, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. It was concluded that both the forage oats and Italian ryegrass, responded positively to the organic fertilizing, highlighting treatments composed of sheep worm compost. The fertilization with worm compost (cattle and sheep) in oat culture allows a production of FFPA, FSPA, CP, NDF and FDA within the limits which characterize a good forager. The sheep is a worm compost fertilizer promotes better responses to crops of oats and Italian ryegrass to 103 days of cutting. The fertilization with worm compost (cattle and sheep) in ryegrass culture allows a production of FSPA, CP, NDF and FDA within the limits which characterize a good forager.
Cadier, Muriel. "Nickelage chimique : analyse électrochimique en vue d'augmenter la vitesse de dépôt". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10244.
Pełny tekst źródłaAmani, Bouzekri. "Contribution a l'etude des revetements electrodeposes de ni, de zn et d'alliages zn-ni : preparation, porosite, comportement a la corrosion". Caen, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CAEN2031.
Pełny tekst źródłaBogonuk, Claude. "Gels polymères : latex et charges minérales : RMN, gonflement et réponses mécaniques". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10198.
Pełny tekst źródłaVelasquez, Alejandro Vargas. "Comparação dos métodos lignina detergente ácido (LDA), lignina permanganato de potássio (LPer), lignina Klason (LK) e lignina brometo de acetila (LBA) na determinação do teor de lignina em plantas forrageiras e correlação com digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS)". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-10092014-113254/.
Pełny tekst źródłaAnimal performance can be improved by enhancing feed digestibility. One of the elements for this process is an accurate characterization of feedstuff chemical composition. With the objective of evaluating four methods used today for lignin determination, five grasses were used: Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés (MG-5), Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, Pennisetum purpureum cv. Cameroon e Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier, All fibrous fractions, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and cell wall (CW), increased as the plants matured, reflecting the changes in the CW composition (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin). The values obtained for CW were higher than those obtained for NDF, indicating solubilization of pectin and other cell wall oligosaccharides in the neutral detergent solution. The ADL method produced the lowest lignin values, reflecting lignin solubilization by the acid detergent solution. PerL results were higher than those of ADL, possibly due to hemicellulose and pectin oxidation by potassium permanganate. The values for KL were higher than those of ADL, possibly due to protein contamination, but were lower than PerL values. ABL values were the highest among all methods. Digestibility inversely followed plant maturity throughout the study. In vitro dry matter digestibility showed high negative correlation with lignin contents. A 2,23 ratio between ADL and ABL methods was found, which when applied to ADL values, resulted in a curve similar to ABL method curve. It is interesting to note that, this value of 2,23 is very close to the 2,4 used in carbohydrate fractions B2 and C of the \"Cornell Net Carbohydrate & Protein System\", for the correction of lignin content. The ABL method is easy and convenient for total lignin content determination in forages.
Zambrano, Oscar Dario Bermudez. "Sinalização entre os sistemas radiculares e caulinares em genótipos contrastantes de Lycopersicon sob estresse por deficiência hídrica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11144/tde-24082004-145444/.
Pełny tekst źródłaMulticellular plants are complex organisms and their orderly development requires an extraordinary measure of coordination between cells. In order to coordinate their activities, cells must be able to communicate with each other, often at some distance. The principal means of intercellular communication are the hormones, chemical messengers that carry information between cells and thus coordinate their growth and development. Abscisic acid (ABA) is the hormone involved in physiological processes when plants are exposed to some sort of stress: water deficiency, for example. Relatively large amounts of ABA are rapidly synthesized in leaves in response to water stress, where it appears to play a major role in regulating stomatal opening and closure. As water stress begins, some of the ABA carried out by the xylem stream is synthesized in roots that are in direct contact with the drying soil. Because this transport can occur before the low water potential of the soil causes any measurable change in the water status of the leaves, ABA is believed to be a root signal that helps reduce the transpiration rate in the leaves by closing stomata. The main objective of the work was to determine if ABA synthesized in the roots of Lycopersicon esculentum is crucial in regulation stomata behavior or ABA produced by the leaves could act as hormone signal to improve plant survival under water shortage conditions. In a similar way, Lycopersicon pennellii, a water stress tolerant specie, was studied in order to determine the possible role of chemical root signals or any other mechanism. For that, 30 d-old plants obtained from seeds of L. esculentum cv Lukullus, L. pennellii and a mutant named notabilis were grafted to each other and grown in greenhouse conditions. Two months later, measurements of stomatal conductance, transpiration and leaf water potential were carried out. These measurements were done under three soil water conditions: plenty, stress and reirrigation. The values of stomatal conductance and transpiration showed that stomatal behavior was influenced by the genotype of the aerial part of grafted plants. It was also verified that the drought tolerance of L. pennellii was not only determined by morpho-anatomical characteristics of plant shoot.
Dias, Marcio Andrade. "Modelagem cinética da esterificação de sec-butanol com ácido acético e estudo de monitoramento em linha da reação com espectroscopia de infravermelho". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-16112012-163258/.
Pełny tekst źródłaThere is a lack of literature data on the reaction kinetics and equilibrium of the homogeneously catalyzed esterification of sec-butanol with acetic acid. This work aims at obtaining the kinetic parameters and chemical equilibrium parameters of this esterification reaction by using a second order kinetic model based on activities. The kinetic experiments were performed in a batch reactor and the Karl Fischer analytical method was used to determine the molar fraction of water along the reaction progress. The main challenge of modeling this reaction was to represent the highly non-ideal mixture in liquid phase, specially for reactions runs starting with acetic acid mole fraction higher than 50%. In these conditions, it was assumed the occurrence of acetic acid dissociation that leads to ionic interactions. The thermodynamic model used to calculate the activities was the NRTL. This model predicted well the molecular interactions on low acidity conditions but presented deviations when molar fractions of acid and water were higher. The present study also aims to develop calibration models for analytical on-line method to obtain molar fraction profiles along the reaction. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) was used due to the possibility of quantitatively analyze water mole fraction, besides the mole fractions of the other components. Another important reason to choose NIR was its crescent use in industry, and the present work intended to contribute towards the future use of this on line monitoring technique in industrial applications. Multivariate calibration models using internal set of calibration and cross-validation seems to be suitable for this system. External set of calibration leads to less accurate models, and the causes of this lack of accuracy were not clearly identified.
Nunes, Ana Catarina Gomes. "O efeito do pró-carcinogénico 17β-estradiol na captação de nutrientes essenciais para as células MCF-7". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15420.
Pełny tekst źródłaO cancro da mama é um dos cancros mais frequentes na população, principalmente nas mulheres pós-menopausa. As células tumorais apresentam um aumento da captação de glicose associado a um aumento da produção de lactato mesmo em ambiente aeróbico – o efeito de Warburg. Esta característica está associada a um aumento da expressão e atividade dos transportadores de glicose (da família GLUT) na membrana plasmática. O GLUT1 é o principal transportador de glicose presente nas células de cancro da mama. Um outro nutriente essencial para estas células é o ácido fólico, indispensável para a síntese e metilação de DNA. O estrogénio é uma hormona com um papel importante no desenvolvimento e progressão da carcinogénese mamária, que se liga a recetores de estrogénio específicos (ERα e ERβ). Anteriormente, foi demonstrado pelo nosso grupo que o polifenol kaempferol tem um efeito antiproliferativo em células de cancro da mama (células MCF-7) dependente da inibição do GLUT1. Assim, decidimos estudar se o efeito do 17β-estradiol é dependente de alterações da captação dos nutrientes glicose e ácido fólico. Paralelamente, decidimos investigar quais os recetores do estrogénio envolvidos no efeito do 17β-estradiol e decidimos investigar também se o seu efeito é alterado pelos polifenóis rutina e ácido cafeico. Para isso, as células MCF-7 foram expostas a 17β-estradiol e foi avaliado o seu efeito na viabilidade celular, proliferação celular, crescimento da cultura e capacidade de migração celular. Para o estudo do efeito dos polifenóis os mesmo foram adicionados às culturas e foi avaliada a viabilidade celular e a proliferação, procedendo-se da mesma forma para o estudo dos antagonistas dos recetores de estrogénio. Foi também avaliado o efeito do 17β-estradiol na produção celular de lactato. O efeito do 17β-estradiol na expressão do RNAm e na atividade do GLUT1 foi avaliado por qRT-PCR e pela quantificação da captação de 3H-desoxi-D-glicose, respetivamente. Por fim o efeito do 17β-estradiol na captação de ácido fólico foi avaliado pela quantificação da captação de 3H-ácido fólico. Verificou-se que o 17β-estradiol (48h; 100 nM) induziu um aumento no crescimento da cultura, na proliferação e na viabilidade celular e na produção de lactato, sem contudo afetar significativamente a migração celular. Relativamente aos polifenóis, nenhum deles modificou o efeito do 17β-estradiol. O antagonista do ERβ (PHTPP) reverteu o efeito pró-carcinogénico do 17β-estradiol, sugerindo que este efeito envolve ativação de recetores Erβ. Verificou-se também que o 17β-estradiol (48h; 100 nM) não afetou a captação de 3H-desoxi-D-glicose nem de 3H-ácido fólico. Por fim, o 17β-estradiol (48h; 100 nM) não teve efeito sobre os níveis de RNAm do GLUT1. Em conclusão, o efeito positivo do 17β-estradiol na proliferação e viabilidade das células MFC-7 não está relacionado com alterações na captação celular de glicose nem de ácido fólico.
Breast cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in the population, especially in older women, and its rate has been increasing over the years. Among several distinguishing characteristics, cancer cells present an increase in glucose uptake together with in an increase in lactate production –the Warburg effect. These characteristics are associated with an increase in glucose facilitative transporters (GLUT) expression and activity. GLUT1 is the main glucose transporter in breast cancer cells. Another essential nutrient for cancer cells is folic acid, which has an important role in DNA synthesis and methylation. Estrogen is known to be a key hormone in the development and progression of mammary carcinogenesis, and it bind to specific estrogen recetors present in breast cancer cells (ERα and ERβ). Previously, our group found that the antiproliferative effect of kaempferol on MCF7 cells was dependent on GLUT1 inhibition. So, we decided to investigate if the effect of 17β-estradiol in breast cancer cells is dependent on changes in nutrient (glucose and folic acid) uptake. Moreover, we also investigated which estrogen recetors are involved in the effect of 17β-estradiol and if the effect of 17β-estradiol is changed by the polyphenols rutin and caffeic acid. MCF-7 cells were exposed to 17β-estradiol and then we evaluated cellular viability, cell proliferation rate, culture growth, and migration capacity. For the study of the effect of the polyphenols and of ER antagonists, they were added to the culture and cellular viability and cell proliferation rate were evaluated. We also evaluated the effect of 17β-estradiol in the cellular production of lactate. GLUT1 activity and expression was assessed by measuring uptake of 3H-deoxy-D-glucose and by qRT-PCR, respectively. Finally, the effect of 17β-estradiol in folic acid uptake was evaluated by quantification of 3H-folic acid uptake. We were able to show that 17β-estradiol (48h; 100 nM) induces an increase in culture growth as well as an increase in cell proliferation rate and in cell viability. Additionally, an increase in lactate production was observed. In contrast, 17β-estradiol (48h; 100 nM) did not significantly affect the migration capacity. None of the polyphenols was able to change the effect of 17β-estradiol. In contrast, the ERβ antagonist (PHTPP) reversed the pro-carcinogenic effect of 17β-estradiol, suggesting that this effect involves ERβ activation. Neither the uptake of 3H-deoxy-D-glucose nor the expression of GLUT1 was affected by 17β-estradiol (48h; 100 nM); a similar effect was found in relation to 3H-folic acid uptake. In conclusion, the positive effect of 17β-estradiol upon proliferation and viability of MCF-7 cells is not dependent on inhibition of glucose or folic acid cellular uptake.
Garcez, Tiago Barreto. "Aspectos metabólicos, nutricionais e produtivos de cultivares de Brachiaria e Panicum visando eficiência no uso do nitrogênio". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-30102013-144741/.
Pełny tekst źródłaA better understanding of the metabolic, nutritional and production aspects of nitrogen use by grasses are needed to increase nutrient use efficiency and livestock production sustainability. Thus, this study aimed to analyze some forage grasses cultivars used in Brazilian pastures, for: i) morphological and production changes in shoots and roots; II) absorbed nitrogen partition to improve nitrogen use efficiency and III) nitrogen assimilation, evaluated by the variables: dry matter production, number of leaves and tillers, leaf area, concentration and content of total nitrogen, nitrate and ammonium, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities and free amino acids concentration in shoots and roots of these grasses, when supplied with high and low nitrogen rates. At low nitrogen rate, Marandu, Xaraés, Piatã, Basilisk and Mombaça cultivars kept the number of tillers constant and decreased the number of leaves and leaf area, while Tanzânia cultivar kept the number of tillers and leaf area constant and reduced the number of leaves, and Aruana and Massai cultivars increased the number of tillers and leaves and reduced leaf area. The low nitrogen rate resulted in different shoots to roots proportions among cultivars when compared to the higher nitrogen rate, which favored roots growth. The cultivars changed the partition of nitrogen, nitrate and ammonium between roots and shoots, in both nitrogen rates. These differences reflect the higher nitrogen use efficiency by Mombaça and Tanzânia cultivars. The nitrate assimilation occurred mainly in the shoots of these grasses. Mombaça and Aruana cultivars showed high nitrate reductase activity in diagnostic leaves. The glutamine synthetase activity in diagnostic leaves was higher in Panicum cultivars. Ammonium concentration in the roots was high in Piatã and Xaraés, at low nitrogen rate, and Aruana and Mombaça grasses, at high nitrogen rate. The total amino acids concentration in diagnostic leaves was higher in Panicum cultivars than in Brachiaria cultivars, when high nitrogen rate was supplied, whereas Brachiaria cultivars had this concentration high in the roots, at the two nitrogen rates.
Boutar, Mohamed. "Synthèse et étude de la relation structure-activité d'analogues de l'acide tenuazonique, phytotoxine de Pyricularia oryzae". Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112032.
Pełny tekst źródłaPyriculariosis is a widespread disease of rice whose causal agent is the fungus Pyricularia oryzae. Tenuazonic acid (TA) (3-acetyl 5-sec-butyl pyrrolidine-2,4-dione) is the olny phytotoxic metabolite detected in infected rice leaves in sufficient amounts. Besides being phytotoxic, TA possesses also antibacterial, anitviral and antitumor activity. Its phytotoxic activity is revealed by the inhibition of root growth in rice, lettuce and datura and by the presence of necrosis in rice when the toxin is applied on the leaves. In this work, we investigated the chemistry of this compound in order to discern its mechanism of action and its precise role in rice infection. Numerous structural analogs were synthetized essentially through variation in the chemical nature and the absolute configuraiton of the C5 substituent in addition to modifications on the 3-acetyl group (imine, oxime, enolether. . . . ) The structure-activity relationship of this compounds was examined and the origin of the toxic effects of TA was specified through biochemical and biological methods. Tritium-labelled TA synthetized in order to stady its penetration into cells and its diffusion in infected rice leaves. The synthesis of active esters of N-acetoacetyl-isoleucine is also reported
Rocha, Gilson Silvério da. "Modelos lineares mistos para dados longitudinais em ensaio fatorial com tratamento adicional". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-14122015-174119/.
Pełny tekst źródłaAssays aimed at studying some crops through multiple measurements performed in the same sample unit along time, space, depth etc. have been frequently adopted in agronomical experiments. This type of measurement originates a dataset named longitudinal data, in which the use of statistical procedures capable of identifying possible standards of variation and correlation among measurements has great importance. The possibility of including random effects and modeling of covariance structures makes the methodology of mixed linear models one of the most appropriate tools to perform this type of analysis. However, despite of all theoretical and computational development, the use of such methodology in more complex designs involving longitudinal data and additional treatments, such as those used in forage crops, still needs to be studied. The present work covered the use of the Hasse diagram and the top-down strategy in the building of mixed linear models for the study of successive cuts from an experiment involving boron fertilization in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) carried out in the field area of Embrapa Southeast Livestock. First, we considered a qualitative approach for all study factors and we chose the Hasse diagram building due to the model complexity. The inclusion of random effects and selection of covariance structures for residues were performed based on the likelihood ratio test, calculated based on parameters estimated through the restricted maximum likelihood method, the Akaike\'s Information Criterion (AIC), the Akaike\'s information criterion corrected (AICc) and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). The fixed effects were analyzed through the Wald-F test and we performed a regression study due to the significant effects of the variation sources associated with the longitudinal factor. The Hasse diagram building was essential for understanding and symbolic displaying regarding the relation among all factors present in the study, thus allowing variation sources and their degrees of freedom to be decomposed, assuring that all tests were correctly performed. The inclusion of random effect associated with the sample unit was essential for modeling the behavior of each unity. Furthermore, the structure of variance components with heterogeneity, added to the residues, was capable of modeling efficiently the heterogeneity of variances present in the different cuts of alfalfa plants. The fit was checked by residual diagnostic plots. The regression study allowed us to evaluate the productivity of shoot dry matter (kg ha-1) related to successive cuts of alfalfa plants, involving the comparison of fertilization with different boron sources and doses. We observed the best productivity in the combination of the source ulexite with the doses 3, 6 and 9 kg ha-1 boron.
Mazouzi, Driss. "Modification localisée de surface du polytétrafluoréthylène : réduction par microscopie électrochimique et fonctionnalisation". Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077170.
Pełny tekst źródłaBinay, Patrice. "Nouveaux modèles du NADH : réactivité et énantiosélectivité". Rouen, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ROUES001.
Pełny tekst źródłaLee, Kevin Chun. "Synthesis of erythronolide B seco-acid equivalent via double ester enolate Claisen rearrangement". 1992. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/28637268.html.
Pełny tekst źródłaTypescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 168-178).
Paredes, Rita Sofia Fernandes. "Preparação de insertos oculares para o tratamento do olho seco". Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/88051.
Pełny tekst źródłaO olho seco é uma doença crónica, sem cura, que afeta entre 5 a 30% da população mundial. Atinge, maioritariamente adultos com idades superiores a 50 anos, dentro destes, principalmente mulheres, quando estas atingem a menopausa. O aumento da esperança média de vida e consequente aumento da população de idosos, assim como o avanço tecnológico e o aumento do número de utilizadores de monitores levam a que o número de pessoas afetadas por esta patologia seja cada vez maior. Existem duas causas que levam ao olho seco: a produção insuficiente da lágrima e a sua evaporação excessiva. Os sintomas são variados, como por exemplo, desconforto, secura e ardor ocular, lacrimejo excessivo, visão desfocada, entre outros. Todavia, existem uma série de métodos que permitem atenuar os sintomas, nomeadamente os lubrificantes, como colírios, pomadas e géis, os agentes anti-inflamatórios, e em casos mais severos, a oclusão de pontos lacrimais e a cirurgia. Dentro destes destacam-se os colírios, que são os mais usados mundialmente, devido à sua fácil administração e adaptação e pelo custo acessível. Contudo, estes trazem algumas desvantagens, tais como, a necessidade de uma administração contínua e a dosagem imprevisível. Posto isto, surge a necessidade de desenvolver técnicas mais eficientes para o tratamento do olho seco.Com a presente dissertação pretendeu-se desenvolver um inserto ocular para reduzir os sintomas do olho seco. O inserto, de base polimérica, deverá libertar de forma continua e controlada, durante um período entre 1 a 2 semanas, um lubrificante, que corresponde ao ácido hialurónico (HA). Para além do HA, o inserto será composto também por policaprolactona (PCL), um polímero hidrofóbico, e por polietilenoglicol (PEG), um polímero hidrofílico com propriedades lubrificantes que deverá ser libertado em simultâneo com o HA.De forma a encontrar a metodologia e a formulação mais adequada ao objetivo estipulado, testaram-se diversas formulações e metodologias na preparação dos insertos, onde se fez variar vários parâmetros, nomeadamente, o rácio e o peso molecular dos polímeros (PEG e PCL). Para a preparação dos insertos foram utilizados dois métodos: os sistemas do tipo reservatório e os sistemas do tipo monolítico. Nos insertos do tipo monolítico, o HA encontra-se homogeneamente por toda a matriz polimérica, enquanto que nos insertos do tipo reservatório, este encontra-se num núcleo revestido por uma matriz polimérica. Para além da preparação dos insertos, foi estudada a cinética de libertação do HA e do PEG incorporado nos insertos. O estudo foi efetuado através da perda de massa dos insertos, durante um período entre 1 a 2 semanas, quando inseridos, individualmente em frascos com água destilada, numa estufa a 37°C. Foi também analisada a capacidade de absorção de água dos polímeros utilizados. Recorreu-se à técnica RMN para determinar a conversão, o peso molecular, o rácio PEG/PCL e a percentagem de PEG dos polímeros e copolímeros sintetizados. Os resultados adquiridos permitiram concluir que a libertação ocorre a uma velocidade demasiado rápida nos insertos do tipo monolítico. Em relação aos insertos do tipo reservatório, quanto maior é a percentagem de PEG (20%) e de HA no inserto, maior é a perda de massa e, consequentemente, maior é a libertação. Para além disso, quanto menor o peso molecular do PEG e da PCL, maior é a perda de massa. Para percentagens de PEG igual a 10%, este atua como plastificante pelo que a libertação é menor. Posto isto, o inserto que obteve melhores resultados foi aquele constituído por um núcleo com 20% de HA e 80% de PEG 4000, revestido por 10% de PEG 1000 e 90% de PCL 10 000, uma vez que a cinética de libertação foi linear ao longo do tempo, tendo libertado toda a massa prevista dentro do período de tempo pretendido.
Dry eye is a chronic disease, without cure, that affects 5 to 30% of the world’s population. It affects mostly adults older than 50 years of age, with a higher incidence in women when they reach menopause. The increase of the average life expectancy, resulting in the growth of the elderly population, and the technological advances, which increase the number of monitor users are two main factors leading to the growth of the number of people with dry eye. There are two main causes for developing dry eye: the decreasing of tear production and the excessing tear evaporation. The symptoms include ocular discomfort, dryness, burning, excessive tearing, blurred vision, and others. However, there are several methods available to mitigate these symptoms, such as the use of lubricants such as eye drops, ointments and gels, anti-inflammatory agents, and in more severe cases, lacrimal punctum occlusion and surgery. The most relevant and popular method in the world is the use of eye drops, due to its easy administration, adaptation and cost. However, the use of artificial tears has some limitations such as the need for a continuous administration and difficult dosing. Therefore, there is the need to develop more efficient techniques for treating dry eye.The aim of this dissertation was to develop an ocular insert to reduce dry eye symptoms. The insert, which is polymer based, has to release continuously and in a controlled way, for a period of 1-2 weeks, a lubricant which, in this case, was hyaluronic acid (HA). In addition to HA, the insert was also composed by polycaprolactone (PCL), a hydrophobic polymer, and by polyethylene glycol (PEG), a hydrophilic polymer with lubricating proprieties, witch has to be released simultaneously with the HA. In order to find the best methodology and formulation suited for the stipulated objective, various formulations and methodologies with different ratios and molecular weights of the polymers (PEG and PCL) were tested. For the preparation of the inserts two methods were used: the reservoir system and the monolithic system. In the monolithic inserts, HA was homogenously dispersed throughout the polymeric matrix, while in the reservoir insert the HA was immobilized in a core coated by a polymeric matrix. In addition to the preparation of the inserts, it was also studied the release kinetics of the HA and the PEG incorporated in the inserts. The study was performed through the determination of the inserts mass loss, for a period of 1-2 weeks, when individually incubated in glass bottles containing distillated water, which were kept at 37ºC. The capacity of water abortion of the polymers used was also analyzed. RMN technique was used to determinate the conversion, molecular weight, PCL/PEG ratio and percentage of PEG of the synthesized polymers and copolymers. The results showed that the components release of the monolithic inserts was too fast. In the reservoir inserts, the higher the percentage of PEG (20%) and of HA, the greater the mass loss and, consequently, the greater the liberation of PEG and HA. Furthermore, the lower the molecular weight of PEG and PCL, the greater the mass loss. For percentages of PEG equal to 10%, PEG acts as a plasticizer so the release rate is lower. In sum, the insert which presented the most suitable release kinetic results was composed by a core with 20% of HA and 80% of PEG 4000 coated by 10% of PEG 1000 and 90% of PCL 10 000. The release kinetic was linear over the time, and the insert lost all the mass expected within the desired time period.
Wang, Yi Hsuan, i 汪依璿. "3,4-seco-4(23),20(29)-Lupadiene-3,28-dioic acid inhibits neutrophilic inflammation by blocking FPR1". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/x3239x.
Pełny tekst źródłaVicente, Rui Filipe Matos. "Preparação de insertos oculares contendo ácido hialurónico para o tratamento do olho seco". Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/93893.
Pełny tekst źródłaA síndrome do olho seco é uma das condições oculares mais comuns a nível mundial, afetando mais de 300 milhões de pessoas. É uma condição geralmente caraterizada por uma sensação de secura ou queimadura no olho, um lacrimejamento excessivo, bem como um aumento da fotossensibilidade. Apesar de não existir cura para esta síndrome, existem vários produtos capazes atenuar os sintomas dos pacientes. Os mais utilizados são os colírios, no entanto, apresentam várias limitações, tais como rápida eliminação pré-corneal e necessidade de administração contínua.O objetivo da presente dissertação consistiu no desenvolvimento de um inserto ocular que liberte, de forma controlada, durante um período de 7 a 15 dias, um agente lubrificante comummente utilizado no tratamento do olho seco, o ácido hialurónico (HA). Adicionalmente, é constituído por polietilenoglicol (PEG), um polímero hidrofílico que possui propriedades lubrificantes e deverá ser libertado em simultâneo com o HA, e policaprolactona (PCL), um polímero hidrofóbico. A cinética de libertação do HA e PEG será avaliada através da perda de massa de dos insertos.Do conjunto de experiências onde se tentou imobilizar o HA em PEG/PCL, concluiu-se que este procedimento envolve a adição de água à formulação e a sua posterior evaporação parcial, até esta estar presente, numa percentagem total da mistura final, entre 46 – 49 %.Os insertos oculares preparados contendo PEG/PCL e HA perdem massa mesmo ao fim de 15 dias, sendo a perda de massa total média das amostras de 10,6 %, para o 7º dia de libertação, e de 13,7 % para o 15º dia de libertação.Durante os vários estudos de cinética de libertação, verificou-se a existência de problemas estruturais das amostras preparadas. Tais problemas revelaram poder estar diretamente relacionados com o processo de hidratação/desidratação, uma vez que se verifica a formação de poros e fissuras na estrutura dos insertos oculares.
Dry eye syndrome (DES) is one of the most common eye disorders worldwide, affecting more than 300 million people. It is a condition usually characterized by a feeling of dryness or burning in the eye, an excessive tearing, as well as an increase in photosensitivity.Although there is no cure for DES, there are several products capable of relieve patients' symptoms. The most used are eye drops, however, they present several limitations, like rapid pre-corneal elimination and need for continuous administration.The aim of the present dissertation is the development of an ocular insert that releases, in a controlled way, during a period of 7 to 15 days, a very common lubricating agent used in DES’ treatment, hyaluronic acid (HA). In addition, the ocular insert consists of polyethylene glycol (PEG), a hydrophilic polymer that has lubricating properties and must be released simultaneously with HA, and polycaprolactone (PCL), a hydrophobic polymer. The release kinetics of HA and PEG will be evaluated through the loss of mass of the ocular inserts.Trying to immobilize the HA in PEG/PCL led to the conclusion that this procedure requires the addition of water and its subsequent partial evaporation, until it is present, in a total percentage of the final mixture, between 46 - 49%.The ocular inserts containing PEG/PCL and HA have shown to lose mass even after 15 days, with an average total loss being 10,6 % for the 7th day of release, and 13,7% for the 15th day.During the various studies of release kinetics, there seemed to exist structural problems on the prepared samples. Such problems revealed to be possibly related to the hydration/dehydration process, since there is formation of pores and cracks in the structure of the ocular inserts.
VANĚK, Zbyněk. "Využití procesu vysokotlaké hydrolýzy kyselinou dusičnou při produkci bioplynu ze sena". Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-136971.
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