Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Seawater desalination”
Kliknij ten link, aby zobaczyć inne rodzaje publikacji na ten temat: Seawater desalination.
Utwórz poprawne odniesienie w stylach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard i wielu innych
Sprawdź 50 najlepszych rozpraw doktorskich naukowych na temat „Seawater desalination”.
Przycisk „Dodaj do bibliografii” jest dostępny obok każdej pracy w bibliografii. Użyj go – a my automatycznie utworzymy odniesienie bibliograficzne do wybranej pracy w stylu cytowania, którego potrzebujesz: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver itp.
Możesz również pobrać pełny tekst publikacji naukowej w formacie „.pdf” i przeczytać adnotację do pracy online, jeśli odpowiednie parametry są dostępne w metadanych.
Przeglądaj rozprawy doktorskie z różnych dziedzin i twórz odpowiednie bibliografie.
1
Nayar, Kishor Govind. "Improving seawater desalination and seawater desalination brine management". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121886.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2019Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. "Thesis contains very faint/illegible footnote numbering"--Disclainer Notice page.
Includes bibliographical references.
Water scarcity is an increasing problem globally. Seawater desalination is increasingly being relied upon as a means of mitigating the problem of water scarcity. However, seawater desalination has costs associated with it: capital costs, cost of energy to desalinate and environmental costs from the discharge of high salinity brine. Efficient and cost-effective seawater desalination and desalination brine management systems are necessary to make seawater desalination a sustainable scalable process. This work seeks to improve seawater desalination and seawater desalination brine management in several ways. For the first time, the thermophysical properties of seawater have been characterized as a function of pressure across the full desalination operating regimes of temperature, salinity and pressure. Functions that allow accurate thermodynamic least work of desalination and seawater flow exergy analysis have been developed.
The least work of desalination, brine concentration and salt production was investigated and the performance of state-of-the-art brine concentrators and crystallizers was calculated. Hybrid designs of reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED) were proposed to be integrated with a crystallizer to concentrate desalination brine more efficiently. The RO-ED-crystallizer concept was applied to two separate applications: (a) salt production from seawater and (b) zero brine discharge seawater desalination. A parametric analysis to minimize the specific cost of salt production and water production was conducted. Parameters varied were: the ratio of seawater to RO brine in the ED diluate channel, ED current density, ED diluate outlet salinity, electricity, water and salt prices, and RO recovery by adding a high pressure RO (HPRO) stage. Results showed that significant cost reductions could be achieved in RO-ED systems by increasing the ED current density from 300 A/m² to 600 A/m².
Increasing RO brine salinity by using HPRO and operating at 120 bar pressure reduced salt production costs while increasing water production costs. Transport properties of monovalent selective ED (MSED) membranes were also experimentally obtained for sodium chloride, significantly improving the accuracy of modeling MSED brine concentration systems. MSED cell pairs transported only about ~~50% the water but nearly as much salt as a standard ED cell pair, while having twice the average membrane resistance.
Supported by Center for Clean Water and Clean Energy at MIT and KFUPM Project No. R13-CW-10, King Fahd University of Petroleoum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
by Kishor Govind Nayar.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering
2
Yu, Kwun Lok. "Modeling injection and extraction wells for seawater desalination in SEAWAT". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111534.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 67-68).
Subsurface intakes and disposal systems are gaining interest for seawater desalination in comparison with the older open ocean intake/discharge systems that induce many environmental problems. Facilities using reverse-osmosis technology to desalinate seawater require stringent feed water quality to operate efficiently, and are particularly prone to membrane fouling when contaminants enter the system. Subsurface systems leverage coastal aquifers as natural filters, increasing the effective flow field for seawater extraction and brine disposal, and are proven to reduce impacts on the coastal environment. In this study, we developed groundwater models in SEAWAT, a three-dimensional finite difference groundwater model capable of simulating a varying-density environment, to learn about the interactions of seawater, brackish water, freshwater and brine due to extraction and injection activities, with salinities ranging from 0-70 PSU, and densities ranging from 10009/L to 10509/L. Two hypothetical desalination plants with freshwater production rates adequate to supply 750 people and 7500 people were simulated. Using simplified cross-sectional two-dimensional models, an optimal offshore location can be identified to implement subsurface intake systems to extract seawater closest to the coastline while minimizing impacts on existing freshwater storage from seawater intrusion. Models have also shown that for the same desalination plants, the coastal aquifer is more tolerant of brine injection than feedwater extraction; given that desalination plants typically have a 50% efficiency, half of the extracted seawater becomes freshwater, and only the remaining wasted brine is injected into the aquifer. A 2D test model with an expanded longshore domain, as well as a 3D test model with non-uniform properties in the longshore direction were also developed to test sensitivity when the longshore domain is changed.
by Kwun Lok Yu.
M. Eng.
3
Batho, Mark P. (Mark Peter) 1968. "Economics of seawater desalination in Cyprus". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67163.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (p. 48-52).
The Republic of Cyprus is currently suffering from severe drought conditions. This is not uncommon to Cyprus, as they frequently experience three to four year droughts every decade. They are currently in the middle of their fourth year of drought. Some Cypriots believe that the main reason for water shortages is due only to low levels of rainfall (average rainfall in Cyprus is 500 mm per year, and less than 400 mm per year is considered a drought year). It is not disputed that this is part of the problem. However, my belief, along with many Cypriots is that the biggest part of the problem is one of water allocation. Agriculture in Cyprus contributes approximately 5% to the GDP, yet consumes 75% of available water in Cyprus. The remainder of water is left for the sector of the economy that produces the remaining 95% of the GDP, of which municipal, industrial and tourist uses are of greatest importance. One may ask why this is so. According to some Cypriots, it is because Cypriot farmers are thought to be a politically influential group, and that they farm more as a way of life, rather than to earn a living directly. Others discount this "way of life" theory. What is important, however is that farming is using a lot of water and is contributing very little to the GDP of Cyprus. For example, Citrus crops grown within the Southern Conveyor System (a large network of water conveyance pipes stretching for over 100 km in the southern part of the island) (see Figure 3, page 16) uses approximately 21% of all available water available in Cyprus, and without Government subsidies would not show profitability. Although there may be some aesthetic value in citrus groves one must ask if it is economically and environmentally justified to continue farming citrus. To do so means building seawater desalination plants that contribute 5.0 to 6.0 kg of CO 2, a greenhouse gas, to the atmosphere per m3 of water produced by desalination, along with the cost of the water nearing one US dollar per m3 . Desalination is a painful solution to Cyprus' water shortage that could be otherwise be addressed with a proper water allocation scheme.
by Mark P. Batho.
M.Eng.
4
Hughes, Amanda Jane. "Solar powered membrane distillation for seawater desalination". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2922.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This thesis presents an investigation into the performance of a Membrane Distillation (MD) system used for seawater desalination. The research is focused on the effects of intermittent use of the MD module when powered with a solar energy collector. The aim is to assess the feasibility of directly powering an MD unit with a fluctuating input from a solar collector. An investigation into the effect of temperature on the microstructure of the membrane was carried out. In a series of experiments, samples of PTFE membrane were imaged while heated from 17 C to temperatures between 60 C and 80 C. It was found that the membrane pore size increased with increases in temperature. When heated to 80 C the pore diameter increased by 44%. Intermittent use of the system would cause the temperature of the MD module to fluctuate, therefore altering the membrane microstructure. An investigation was carried out to determine the in fluence of intermittent MD operation on the flux and conductivity of the distillate. The system was tested after overnight shutdown periods and was also tested with short term `on/off' periods of between 5 and 20 minutes, simulating the intermittent output from a concentrated solar collector. It was found that as the module was heated, the distillate flux produced increased, while the distillate conductivity decreased. Conversely, when the module cooled, the flux decreased and the quality of the distillate worsened. This was the result of the dependancy of membrane pore size on temperature.
5
Bin, Marshad Saud Mohammed H. "Economic evaluation of seawater desalination : a case study analysis of cost of water production from seawater desalination in Saudi Arabia". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2996.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
As a result of the increasing scarcity of freshwater resources worldwide, many countries have resorted to the use of unconventional sources, of which seawater desalination is the most significant, for meeting the supply-demand gap. However, despite the recorded advances in desalination technologies of recent decades, desalination remains a very expensive operation and operators will be greatly assisted if reliable means of predicting the costs are available to aid effective decision making during planning of new plants or the operation of existing plants. To achieve this, it is important to fully understand the factors that contribute to desalination costs, which could then be used to develop appropriate models for predicting costs that can support budgeting and/or cost reductions decision making. Consequently, this project has investigated the development of such models for predicting monthly production costs using data from 16 operational plants in Saudi Arabia. Monthly and annual data spanning 2001 – 2010 were collected on total water production, type of desalination technique, sea water salinity, product water salinity, energy consumption, and total (capital and operational) unit cost of water production. Because of the way in which the data were archived, some of the variables only had the annual totals for some of the years, which made them unsuitable for the monthly scale adopted for the analyses. Consequently, disaggregation schemes based on several variants of the method of fragments widely used in hydrological studies were used to obtain monthly data from the annual data. Exploratory analysis showed that the monthly costs correlated most with the total water production, which then formed the lone independent variable for various tested regression model formulations. In general, an inverse regression model performed best during both calibration and validation. To enhance the usefulness of the predictive model for decision making, uncertainty limits of the predictions were constructed using a Monte Carlo simulation approach involving the seasonal, lag-1 autoregressive generation of equally likely realisations of the available historic records that have been transformed to remove the skewness. Extensive testing of the data generation technique showed that the assumed lag-1 auto-regressive dependence structure was adequate. This study thus provides for the first time a predictive model for costs of desalination in Saudi Arabia and its uncertainty range for effective budgeting and operational management. Although the models were developed using Saudi Arabia data, the fact that only one independent variable was used means that the replication of the methodology in other desalination-intensive countries can be readily carried out.
6
Harrison, Catherine J. "Bench-scale testing of seawater desalination using nanofiltration /". abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2005. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/dissertations/fullcit/1433104.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2005."August, 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-84). Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2005]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.
7
Miranda, Marcos. "Small-scale wind-powered seawater desalination without batteries". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2003. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10708.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Potable water is a commodity taken for granted by many in modem society. In places where it is not naturally available, it is usually produced by adequate processing of the supply from other sources, as is the case with seawater desalination. Such processes require an energy supply, which just as well may not exist at many of these locations. In view of the above, this w~rk focuses on the study of two well-established technologies and their integration: water desalination by Reverse Osmosis (RO) and electricity generation using Wind Energy. Based on the premise that no energy backup or storage devices would be employed, two alternative wind-powered RO system configurations are proposed. Their components are individually described and modelled. Control strategies are devised for both systems, aiming at making the best possible use of the energy available. The expected performances of both systems are assessed through simulation of computer models. Based on the simulated performance results, one of the systems is chosen for further development. A prototype system is built and experimental tests carried out. The design of the prototype is detailed and the results obtained are presented. In the light of these results, the developed model is validated and the viability of the system is discussed. Finally, practical implementation issues are discussed; a case study is introduced, including performance predictions and a simplified economic analysis presented.
8
Nafey, Ahmed Safwat M. T. "Design and simulation of seawater thermal desalination plants". Thesis, University of Leeds, 1988. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15208/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Water is the most important chemical component on Earth. Seawater distillation processes have a considerable promise as a technique suitable for producing large scale quantities of potable water from the seawater. Distillation process flowsheets consist of a number of interconnected units. The development of the mathematical model describing the behaviour of these units, and the subsequent solution of this model are fundamental steps in process flowsheeting. The first objective of this work is to develop a specialized flowsheeting program for performing design and simulation calculations for different types and configurations of seawater distillation processes. Many numerical methods have been used for solving linear and nonlinear sets of equations representing distillation processes. Most of these methods involve the direct manipulation of the mathematical model equations without exploiting the special properties, such as the sparsity and the weak nonlinearities, of these equations. The second aim of this study is to develop a new approach taking advantages of these properties. Hence, the model equations can be linearized, and grouped according to the variable type. These groups can then be solved by linear matrix technique. The performance of the developed program is investigated by solving many distillation process problems. The results from design and simulation calculations for large practical desalination plants are discussed. In addition to that the convergence characteristics of the new approach (such as stability. number of iterations. computing time. sensitivity to starting values, and general ease of use) are presented. Also. the validity of the approximation assumptions proposed to develop the new approach is examined.
9
Vishwanathappa, Manohar D. "Desalination of seawater using a high-efficiency jet ejector". Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2463.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The ability to produce potable water economically is the primary focus of seawater desalination research. There are numerous methods to desalinate water, including reverse osmosis, multi-stage flash distillation, and multi-effect evaporation. These methods cost more than potable water produced from natural resources; hence an attempt is made in this research project to produce potable water using a modified high-efficiency jet ejector in vapor-compression distillation. The greater efficiency of the jet ejector is achieved by properly mixing propelled and motive streams. From experiments conducted using air, the pressure rise across the jet ejector is better in case of one or two mixing vanes and the highest back pressure (pinch valve closed 83.33%). At other pinch valve closings, the air velocity through the jet ejector was high, so the extra surface area from the mixing vanes caused excessive friction and lowered the efficiency.
10
Thomson, A. Murray. "Reverse-osmosis desalination of seawater powered by photovoltaics without batteries". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2003. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10701.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The design, construction and testing of a photovoltaic-powered reverse-osmosis (PV-RO) desalination system is presented. The system operates from seawater and requires no batteries, since the rate of production of freshwater varies throughout the day according to the available solar power. Initial testing of the system, with the modest solar resource available in the UK, provided freshwater at approximately 1.5 m³/day. Nearer to the equator and with a PV array of only 2.4 kWp, a software model of the system predicts production of over 3 m³/day throughout the year. The system employs a Clark pump brine-stream energy recovery mechanism and this, coupled with variable water recovery ratio, achieves a specific energy consumption of less than 4 kWh/m³ over a broad range of operation. Standard industrial inverters, motors and pumps are employed and provide good energy and cost efficiency. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for the photovoltaic array is provided by a novel control algorithm, developed by the author. Instrumentation and data acquisition of the hardware test rig using LabVIEW is described. Testing and modelling of the system components in MATLAB-Simulink is presented, together with a discussion of the full system modelling and design procedure, in which the aim was to minimise the cost of water. This led to a capital cost estimate of £23,055 includmg the PV array, and an overall cost of water, including full maintenance, of £2.00 per m³.
11
Kochanov, Ruslan. "Forward osmosis for seawater desalination membrane development and process engineering". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/29179.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Although industrial osmotic processes are often referred to as 'novel', the possibility for osmotic power generation has been suggested as early as the 1970s. Today forward osmosis is attracting significant interest and this interest has resulted in intensive research. Forward osmosis has been suggested as viable separation process, with numerous potential applications - from osmotic drug delivery and concentration of liquid foods to water purification and re-use in space. Particularly interesting is the possibility of seawater desalination by forward osmosis, as the process is claimed to require little or no pre-treatment of the feed water, due to minor membrane fouling. This alone is a significant advantage over reverse osmosis. Within the oil and gas sector, research conducted in the last couple of years shows that low salinity waterflooding can result in enhanced oil recovery, and therefore the industry is searching for new possibilities for off-shore based production of low salinity water. Due to the fact that forward osmosis operates at atmospheric pressure and requires no pressure vessels, the process can be utilized for seawater desalination where low overall equipment weight is required - off-shore oil platforms for example. This thesis is focused on the development of membranes for water desalination by forward osmosis, and estimation of the requirements (approximate membrane area and volume) for seawater desalination by a two-stage membrane based forward osmosis-nanofiltration process.
12
Udono, Ken, i n/a. "Modelling Seawater Desalination With Waste Incineration Energy Using Dynamic Systems Approach". Griffith University. School of Information and Communication Technology, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070110.164750.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Water shortage issues have been growing concerns in many cities around the world in recent years, especially in Eastern cities of Australia, which is the driest continent on the earth. The aim of this PhD thesis is a development of a model to study the use of waste incineration energy supplemented by alternative energy to power seawater desalination. It is to aid the freshwater supply of a drought stricken city in Eastern Australia. My work contributes to a development of efficient model in a simpler understandable way to reduce efforts required for modelling complex multi domain problems. This research is motivated by the successive severe drought conditions that affected many Australian cities in the past few years, compounded with an additional strain from a fast growing population. While we dump our waste into the Australian landscape, in more densely populated cities in Europe and Asia, the waste is incinerated to obtain thermal energy for various purposes. The waste is used as an energy source while at the same time reducing the amount of space needed for landfill. Seawater desalination has been uccessfully practiced for quite some time particularly in the Middle Eastern countries. To deal with increasing water shortage crisis, many cities around the world have opted or are considering seawater desalination to supplement their freshwater supply. The combination of both - waste incineration and seawater desalination - has rarely been studied. This is a twofold problem that requires modelling the problem of water demand and supply together with waste incineration to find a sustainable solution. This is a complex task. The effort needed for this can be reduced by using a modelling approach that is more efficient than the traditionally used statistical approaches. In this thesis, I present a comprehensive model developed using a dynamic system approach combined with artificial neural networks. It simulates water demand and supply as well as the possible amount of the desalinated water that can be produced using the energy from clean city waste incineration. This is done while taking in various influential factors including population growth and irregular weather patterns. This research comprises a literature review on seawater desalination and waste incineration, the establishment of water demand and supply dynamics of Gold Coast City as my case study and identifying any modelling difficulties that need to be overcome. This is followed by the development of a comprehensive model and its components, model calibration and simulation experiments. It was found that with the energy of waste incineration, up to 60% of the freshwater demand could be fulfilled by seawater desalination in a sustainable way.
13
Bermudez-Contreras, Alfredo S. "An energy recovery device for small-scale seawater reverse osmosis desalination". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6098.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This work presents the concept development, implementation and first practical demonstration of a new pressure intensifier for energy recovery in small-scale seawater reverse osmosis systems, and the simplified system configuration it requires. The new concept has great potential to reduce the specific energy consumption of small-scale seawater reverse osmosis systems. A mathematical analysis to study pressure intensifiers for energy recovery in reverse osmosis applications was developed. The analysis was used in the design and modelling of the energy recovery device. A first prototype was built and subsequently demonstrated in a system desalinating seawater over a wide range of electrical input power stretching between 286 and 1196 W, producing up to 286 L/h of freshwater with specific energy consumptions in the range of 3.5 to 4.5 kWh/m^3. The flat specific energy characteristic makes the device attractive for renewable-energy-powered systems without energy storage. The prototype implementation was realised through modifying a Clark pump, but the new concept is fundamentally different. The new device recovers energy from the concentrate stream, which it then uses to suck in and pressurise seawater, relying purely on its piston area ratio, and thus eliminating the need for a low-pressure feed pump.
14
Mohamed, Hassan S. B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "A numerical analysis of condenser performance of a seawater desalination system". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54517.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 31).
This thesis presents the numerical analysis of three type condensers for desalination of seawater system. The condensers that were analyzed were a finned tube condenser that was built in Malaysia desalination plant, a cooling tube condenser in Jordan, and a common plate finned tube condenser. The goal of the analysis is to observe the thermal performance parameters of a condenser such as heat and mass transfer coefficient, surface effectiveness and condensate flow rate. The parameters that were changed in the analysis were the face velocity of air, the water velocity, and the number of rows of tubes. The numerical analysis was done based on basic heat exchanger analysis using e-NTU method for a dry case, and using a j-factor correlation that was developed by McQuiston for studying the wet case. Results from the basic heat exchanger analysis showed the air humidity ratio profile and temperature profile of air and water at the outlet of the condenser. The exit air temperature and humidity ratio were inversely proportional to the length of the condenser, whereas the temperature of the water at the outlet was proportional to the length of the condenser. Results from the j-factor correlation method show that the heat and mass transfer coefficient of the system increased when the number of rows of tubes, face velocity and water velocity increased. Similarly, the analysis showed that the condensate flow rate was highly influenced by the face velocity. In addition, the surface effectiveness was inversely proportional to the face velocity.
by Hassan Mohamed.
S.B.
15
Al, Hinai Ahmed. "Decision mapping and optimal inspection models for Oman Seawater desalination plants". Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654764.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The study presented in this thesis focuses on the critical evaluation of the on-going maintenance strategies of seawater desalination plants in the Sultanate of Oman. The unexpected failures of critical desalination plant equipment consequently escalate annual plant maintenance costs. Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Multistage Flash (MSF) seawater desalination plants are considered in this study. A comprehensive Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is conducted to identify the critical components/partsljunctions and the causes that contribute significantly to equipment failures of both RO and MSF plants. Failure in most cases leads to undesirable outcomes such as production losses and other catastrophic incidents. Through the FMEA analysis, common failure modes of differing severity for equipment in both RO and MSF desalination plants were examined Among other failure modes assessed in this study, scaling and fouling are very common in seawater desalination plants. Scaling and fouling are mainly caused by the accumulation of solid particles and algal blooms on the internal surfaces of critical plant equipment. The effects of scaling and fouling are explored by modelling the plant breakdown following these failure mode events. Historical failures and maintenance data are collected from both RO and MSF plants respectively. An exploratory statistical data analysis is conducted and the results are compared against the competing failure modes identified A graphical display of the RO and the MSF plant failures' inter-arrival times and maintenance data, as well as the sequence of downtime events are presented to give a better insight of the failures pattern. The inter-arrival times between failures tend to be shorter at some points on the graphs presented.
16
Udono, Ken. "Modelling Seawater Desalination With Waste Incineration Energy Using Dynamic Systems Approach". Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365604.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Water shortage issues have been growing concerns in many cities around the world in recent years, especially in Eastern cities of Australia, which is the driest continent on the earth. The aim of this PhD thesis is a development of a model to study the use of waste incineration energy supplemented by alternative energy to power seawater desalination. It is to aid the freshwater supply of a drought stricken city in Eastern Australia. My work contributes to a development of efficient model in a simpler understandable way to reduce efforts required for modelling complex multi domain problems. This research is motivated by the successive severe drought conditions that affected many Australian cities in the past few years, compounded with an additional strain from a fast growing population. While we dump our waste into the Australian landscape, in more densely populated cities in Europe and Asia, the waste is incinerated to obtain thermal energy for various purposes. The waste is used as an energy source while at the same time reducing the amount of space needed for landfill. Seawater desalination has been uccessfully practiced for quite some time particularly in the Middle Eastern countries. To deal with increasing water shortage crisis, many cities around the world have opted or are considering seawater desalination to supplement their freshwater supply. The combination of both - waste incineration and seawater desalination - has rarely been studied. This is a twofold problem that requires modelling the problem of water demand and supply together with waste incineration to find a sustainable solution. This is a complex task. The effort needed for this can be reduced by using a modelling approach that is more efficient than the traditionally used statistical approaches. In this thesis, I present a comprehensive model developed using a dynamic system approach combined with artificial neural networks. It simulates water demand and supply as well as the possible amount of the desalinated water that can be produced using the energy from clean city waste incineration. This is done while taking in various influential factors including population growth and irregular weather patterns. This research comprises a literature review on seawater desalination and waste incineration, the establishment of water demand and supply dynamics of Gold Coast City as my case study and identifying any modelling difficulties that need to be overcome. This is followed by the development of a comprehensive model and its components, model calibration and simulation experiments. It was found that with the energy of waste incineration, up to 60% of the freshwater demand could be fulfilled by seawater desalination in a sustainable way.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Information and Communication Technology
Full Text
17
Palmstrøm, Andreas, i Rolf Anders Brandsvoll. "Wave Energy Driven Desalination of Seawater – Experimental investigation of the hydrodynamic performance". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-15332.
Pełny tekst źródła
18
Baghbanzadeh, Mohammadali. "Nano-composite Membranes and Zero Thermal Input Membrane Distillation for Seawater Desalination". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35742.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
In this PhD thesis, seawater desalination by Membrane Distillation (MD) has been explored from the perspective of process and membrane. Regarding the process, an innovative, energy efficient, and environmentally friendly Zero Thermal Input Membrane Distillation (ZTIMD) process was proposed. ZTIMD uses thermal energy stored in seawater, which makes the process sustainable by being independent of the external sources of thermal energy, which is one of the major contributors to the cost and energy consumption of conventional MD desalination processes. Economic feasibility study was carried out for the ZTIMD process, and it was demonstrated that drinking water could be produced with a cost of $0.28/m3, which is approximately half of the cost of conventional desalination processes. Regarding the membrane, novel MD membranes were developed through incorporation of nanomaterials in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). Different nanomaterials including superhydrophobic SiO2, amine modified hydrophilic SiO2, CuO, and CaCO3 were used for this purpose. It was shown that membrane structure and consequently its performance could be affected by the nanoparticle properties, concentration, presence of backing material, PVDF blend ratio, and penetration time. In a best membrane developed in this work, almost 2500% increase was observed in the Vacuum Membrane Distillation (VMD) flux over that of the neat PVDF membrane at a feed temperature of 27.5 °C and vacuum pressure of 1.2 kPa, when 7.0 wt.% hydrophilic SiO2 nanoparticles were added into a PVDF membrane supported with Non-Woven Fabric (NWF) polyester. The membrane possessed near perfect selectivity.
19
Hashim, Ahmed. "Foulants investigations and performance modelling analyses in seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489274.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
The research was mainly concerned with performance analysis in seawater reverse osmosis desalination at the Addur SWRO Desalination Plant, Kingdom of Bahrain; there were four main objectives associated with the research. The first objective was conducting a process performance analysis of the conventional pre-treatment system at the Addur Plant so as to determine its filtration efficiency (Chapter 4). The analysis involved assessment of principal filtration parameters like temperature, silt density index (SDI) and turbidity for one seasonal year (with reference to total organic carbon (TOC), ultra violet absorbance (UVA), humic acids substances (HAS) and total suspended solids (TSS) that reflect the fouling potential of organic matter in the seawater feed). Through the evaluation of these parameters' time varying profile trends, specific key aspects were acknowledged. It was established that the incoming seawater quality is characterised as complex and most difficult seawater feed utilised for seawater RO desalination and confirmed that the , pre-treatment was unable to meeting its design performance parameters (i.e. reduce the raw seawater SDI to 2.7 and remove organic matter). Seeping of various undesirable matter through the pre-treatment was verified through EDX analysis suggesting filtration channelling. A system shortfall in the pre-treatment process was conclusive. It was a~so recognised from the profile trends that SDI and turbidity were influenced by seawater . temperature, as micro-organisms flourish within high temperature regions. The second objective was carrying out comprehensive performance analyses on three leading RO membrane modules in seawater desalination tested at similar seasonal conditions and seawater feed composition (Chapter 5) through which the most suitable module that withstood the harsh operation conditions was selected to replace the existing membrane modules at the Addur Plant (where the design aspects and operating guidelines for the three modules were also reviewed in Chapter 3). The results demonstrated that Toyobo CTA HF was best suitable and FilmTec spiral wound PA composite proven second suitable while the performance operation and endurance of DuPont HFF PA was not acceptable. both did not exactly correlate to one another owing to the unavailability of the salt concentration in the vicinity of the membrane wall during the actual RO process. In the second model variations in water and salt transport within a seawater RO module during RO were established in terms of flow, pressure and seawater feed concentration traversing through the module. Fundamental parameters to seawater RO processes were determined such as pure water permeability constant (A), mole fraction of concentrated boundary solution (XA2), solute transport parameter ((DAwKO)sw), mass transfer coefficient for seawater on the high pressure side of the membrane (ks»1, concentration polarisation modulus (M) and thickness of concentrated boundary solution (I). All these quantities are unique and not before determined for real seawater RO systems. The third modelling analysis was concerned with developing a mathematical model defining spatial variations in key parameters ofthe seawater feed entering and traversing through the RO module; this was performed in terms of seawater feed temperature,. volumetric permeate flow rate (and related velocity) and the volumetric flow rate, pressure and concentration of solutions on the high pressure side of the membrane during RO separation. The results achieved through this research have been of primary significance to the development of the pre-treatment and seawater RO process operations and systems at the Addur SWRO Desalination Plant while the consequences of the solutio.ns recommended henceforth had reshaped the configuration of the plant, enhanced production and ensured availability and reliability.
20
Yang, Rong Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Prevention of biofouling in seawater desalination via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD)". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91066.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Biofouling, the undesirable settlement and growth of organisms, occurs immediately when a clean surface is immersed in natural seawater. It is a universal problem and the bottleneck for seawater desalination, which reduces both the yield and the quality of desalted water. Mitigation of fouling in a desalination operation is an on-going challenge due to the delicate nature of desalination membranes, the vast diversity of fouling organisms, and the additional cross-membrane transport resistance exerted by an extra layer of coating. This thesis focuses on benign interface engineering methods and ultra-thin zwitterionic coating synthesis to bridge this gap in surface modification strategies. The direct application of ultra-thin coatings on commercial membranes with intact membrane performance has been enabled by a room-temperature vapor treatment called initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD). Diffusion-limited reaction conditions have shown to significantly improve the surface concentration of the antifouling zwitterionic moieties, which is crucial to the fouling resistance of modified membranes. Robustness of the ultra-thin coating is enhanced through cross-linking and covalent attachment between the membrane and the film. The resulting durability of the antifouling coating and its resistance to oxidative reagents lead to an unprecedented synergistic effect that is critical to longterm fouling resistance, which provides unique insight into the adhesion of microbial foulant and promises to lower the price of freshwater in water-scarce countries, where desalination may serve as the only viable means to provide the water supply necessary to sustain agriculture, support personal consumption, and promote economic development.
by Rong Yang.
Ph. D.
21
Madan, Kadhem Hassan Ali. "The avoidance of membrane fouling in Ro desalination of Arabian Gulf seawater". Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394226.
Pełny tekst źródła
22
Al-Rawajfeh, Aiman Eid. "Modelling and simulation of CO2 release in multiple effect distillers for seawater desalination". [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972520511.
Pełny tekst źródła
23
Gilabert, Oriol Guillem. "Optimization of ultrafiltration membrane cleaning processes. Pretreatment for reverse osmosis in seawater desalination plants". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/108954.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Esta tesis explica com mejorar la eficiencia del proceso de ultrafiltración en la desalinización de agua de mar. Esto se consigue optimizando diferentes procesos de limpieza como los contralavados y las limpiezas químicas mejoradas. Para conseguirlo se siguen diferentes estrategias como reducir el número de pasos de los contralavados, reducir la frecuencia de los contralavados, usar salmorra proveniente del concentrado de osmosis y reducir el consumo de químicos. Se propone una nueva metodología para analizar los ciclos de limpieza mediante la modelización del proceso. Diferentes tipos de fibra son analizados mediante su permeabilidad y tolerancia a la suciedad. Se presenta una nueva metodología para prevenir la cloración de las membranas de osmosis inversa causadas por las limpiezas químicas mejoradas que se llevan a cabo aguas arriba. Todos los descubrimientos son validados con datos obtenidos de plantas reales. Estas mejoras aumentan la eficiencia del proceso hasta al 98% y reducen el coste de operación de la ultrafiltración en un 7%.This thesis gives an overview on how to improve efficiency of the ultrafiltration filtration process in seawater desalination. This is achieved by optimizing different cleaning processes such as the backwash and the chemical enhanced backwash. Key success factors rely on reducing the number of backwash steps, improving the backwash frequency, using reverse osmosis brine for backwashing and reducing the chemical consumption. A new methodology to analyze these cleanings cycles is proposed through modeling the process. Different fibers types are also analyzed according to its permeability and its fouling tolerance. A methodology to prevent reverse osmosis chlorination from upstream chemical enhanced backwash cleaning is presented. All the findings are validated through real plant operating data. The proposed improvements increase the process efficiency to 98% and lead to a 7% cost reduction in the ultrafiltration process.
24
Woldai, Abraha. "Modelling, simulation and adaptive control of a multi-stage flash (MSF) seawater desalination process". Thesis, University of Bath, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242796.
Pełny tekst źródła
25
Blersch, Catherine Louise. "Planning for seawater desalination in the context of the Western Cape water supply system". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95848.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thesis (MEng) -- Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa has historically been reliant on inexpensive surface and groundwater resources; however, as pressure on these resources continues to grow, seawater desalination has begun to emerge as a potential future supply source. One of the towns earmarked as a candidate for large-scale seawater desalination is Cape Town. In order to maximise the benefits and minimise the costs of such a scheme, the desalination plant needs to be considered as an integral part of the current system. Integrated planning has been lacking at the existing seawater desalination plants in South Africa, most of which were constructed as emergency schemes and are financially cumbersome for the municipalities to operate and manage. Recent research related to inter-basin water transfer schemes has shown that a comprehensive approach is required in assessing water supply from a new scheme in which the system as a whole is modelled stochastically and the estimated water transfer extracted. This comprehensive approach was the foundation of the modelling undertaken in this research. Existing models of the Western Cape system were adapted to include a seawater desalination plant, and short-term and long-term analyses were completed for a variety of possible desalination plant operating scenarios and capacities. The increase in system yield and the annual supply from the desalination plant were determined. First-order capital and operating costs were estimated, and these costs were combined with the annual supply values to calculate and compare unit reference values. The maximum increase in yield was found to occur when the seawater desalination plant is used as a base supply, operational all the time. There was little benefit, in terms of system yield, in using the desalination plant as an emergency supply source only. Unit reference values for the desalination plant decrease as the percentage supply from the desalination plant increases, meaning that the lowest possible cost per cubic metre of water supplied is when the desalination plant is used as a base supply. It was also apparent that the unit reference values decrease with an increase in desalination plant capacity, suggesting that, from an economic perspective, the optimal solution would be to have one large desalination plant operational immediately. The lower the reservoir trigger level at which the desalination plant becomes active, the larger the stochastic variation in the supply from the desalination plant and hence the larger the variation in the costs. Hence, using stochastic modelling to calculate unit reference values is particularly important for integrating a desalination plant into an existing conventional supply system when used as a peak or emergency supply source.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika maak histories staat op goedkoop oppervlak- en grondwaterhulpbronne. Namate druk op hierdie hulpbronne aanhou toeneem, begin seewaterontsouting egter as ’n moontlike toekomstige waterbron na vore tree. Een van die stede wat as ’n kandidaat vir grootskaalse ontsouting geïdentifiseer is, is Kaapstad. Vir die meeste moontlike voordele teen die laagste moontlike koste, moet so ’n ontsoutingsaanleg as ’n integrale deel van die huidige stelsel beskou word. Geïntegreerde beplanning het tot dusver tekortgeskiet by bestaande ontsoutingsaanlegte in Suid-Afrika, wat merendeels as noodskemas opgerig is en waarvan die bedryf en bestuur ’n finansiële las op munisipaliteite plaas. Onlangse navorsing oor skemas vir tussenbekkenwateroordrag toon dat ’n omvattende benadering vereis word om watervoorsiening uit ’n nuwe skema te beoordeel. Volgens so ’n benadering word die stelsel in die geheel stogasties gemodelleer en die geraamde wateroordrag onttrek. Dié omvattende benadering was dan ook die grondslag vir die modellering wat in hierdie navorsing onderneem is. Bestaande modelle van die Wes-Kaapse stelsel is aangepas om ’n ontsoutingsaanleg in te sluit, en kort- en langtermynontledings is vir verskeie moontlike ontsoutingsaanlegvermoëns en -bedryfscenario’s voltooi. Die toename in stelselopbrengs en die jaarlikse watervoorsiening uit die ontsoutingsaanleg is bepaal. Kapitaal- en bedryfskoste van die eerste orde is geraam, welke koste toe met die jaarlikse voorsieningswaardes gekombineer is om eenheidsverwysingswaardes te bereken en te vergelyk. Die maksimum toename in opbrengs blyk te wees wanneer die ontsoutingsaanleg as ’n basisbron dien wat te alle tye in werking is. Wat stelselopbrengs betref, was daar weinig voordeel in die gebruik van die aanleg as ’n noodwaterbron. Eenheidsverwysingswaardes vir die ontsoutingsaanleg neem af namate die persentasie voorsiening uit die aanleg toeneem, wat beteken dat die laagste moontlike koste per kubieke meter water verkry word wanneer die ontsoutingsaanleg as ’n deurlopende basisbron dien. Dit was ook duidelik dat die eenheidsverwysingswaardes afneem met ’n toename in aanlegvermoë, wat te kenne gee dat die optimale oplossing uit ’n ekonomiese oogpunt sou wees om onmiddellik een groot ontsoutingsaanleg in bedryf te stel. Hoe laer die opgaardamvlak waarop die ontsoutingsaanleg in werking tree, hoe groter die stogastiese variasie in watervoorsiening uit die aanleg, en hoe groter die variasie in koste. Daarom is die gebruik van stogastiese modellering om eenheidsverwysingswaardes te bereken veral belangrik vir ’n ontsoutingsaanleg wat as ’n spits- of noodwaterbron dien.
26
Abutayeh, Mohammad. "Theoretical and experimental simulation of passive vacuum solar flash desalination". [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2010. http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?e14.3502.
Pełny tekst źródła
27
Wagner, Ole. "Modelling and simulation of transport phenomena in open channel spiral wound modules for seawater desalination /". Düsseldorf : VDI-Verl, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015715135&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Pełny tekst źródła
28
Sassi, Kamal M. "Optimal scheduling, design, operation and control of reverse osmosis desalination : prediction of RO membrane performance under different design and operating conditions, synthesis of RO networks using MINLP optimization framework involving fouling, boron removal, variable seawater temperature and variable fresh water demand". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5671.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
An accurate model for RO process has significant importance in the simulation and optimization proposes. A steady state model of RO process is developed based on solution diffusion theory to describe the permeation through membrane and thin film approach is used to describe the concentration polarization. The model is validated against the operation data reported in the literature. For the sake of clear understanding of the interaction of feed temperature and salinity on the design and operation of RO based desalination systems, simultaneous optimization of design and operation of RO network is investigated based on two-stage RO superstructure via MINLP approach. Different cases with several feed concentrations and seasonal variation of seawater temperature are presented. Also, the possibility of flexible scheduling in terms of the number of membrane modules required in operation in high and low temperature seasons is investigated A simultaneous modelling and optimization method for RO system including boron removal is then presented. A superstructure of the RO network is developed based on double pass RO network (two-stage seawater pass and one-stage brackish water pass). The MINLP problem based on the superstructure is used to find out an optimal RO network which will minimize the total annualized cost while fulfilling a given boron content limit. The effect of pH on boron rejection is investigated at deferent seawater temperatures. The optimal operation policy of RO system is then studied in this work considering variations in freshwater demand and with changing seawater temperature throughout the day. A storage tank is added to the RO layout to provide additional operational flexibility and to ensure the availability of freshwater at all times. Two optimization problems are solved incorporating two seawater temperature profiles, representing summer and winter seasons. The possibility of flexible scheduling of cleaning and maintenance of membrane modules is investigated. Then, the optimal design and operation of RO process is studied in the presence of membrane fouling and including several operational variations such as variable seawater temperature. The cleaning schedule of single stage RO process is formulated as MINLP problem using spiral wound modules. NNs based correlation has been developed based on the actual fouling data which can be used for estimating the permeability decline factors. The correlation based on actual data to predict the annual seawater temperature profile is also incorporated in the model. The proposed optimization procedure identified simultaneously the optimal maintenance schedule of RO network including its design parameters and operating policy. The steady state model of RO process is used to study the sensitivity of different operating and design parameters on the plant performance. A non-linear optimization problem is formulated to minimize specific energy consumption at fixed product flow rate and quality while optimizing the design and operating parameters. Then the MINLP formulation is used to find the optimal designs of RO layout for brackish water desalination. A variable fouling profile along the membrane stages is introduced to see how the network design and operation of the RO system are to be adjusted Finally, a preliminary control strategy for RO process is developed based on PID control algorithm and a first order transfer function (presented in the Appendix).
29
Bognar, Kristina [Verfasser]. "Energy and water supply systems in remote regions considering renewable energies and seawater desalination / Kristina Bognar". Aachen : Shaker, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1051573041/34.
Pełny tekst źródła
30
Al-Rawajfeh, Aiman Eid [Verfasser]. "Modelling and Simulation of CO2 Release in Multiple-Effect Distillers for Seawater Desalination / Aiman Eid Al-Rawajfeh". Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://d-nb.info/1181604028/34.
Pełny tekst źródła
31
Kleinguetl, Kevin (Kevin G. ). "Experimentation and application of directional solvent extraction for desalination of seawater and shale gas 'frac' flowback water". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68533.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2011."June 2011." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 18).
A recently demonstrated directional solvent technique for desalination of water has been tested for desalting seawater and shale gas 'frac' flowback water. The premise behind directional solvent extraction is that when certain organic oils such as decanoic acid are heated, they dissolve water without dissolving some other water soluble substances such as sodium chloride which can later be removed; upon cooling the absorbed water precipitates and is collected. This technique was tested to desalt a 3.5% w/w solution of sodium chloride in water, to simulate seawater salinity. The yield of water recovered as a fraction of the total weight of decanoic acid and its salinity was measured for various high operating temperatures. The average salinity of the recovered water was recorded to be 0.08%, while the yield percentage ranged between 0.32% and 1.65%, increasing with temperature. The same experiment was repeated using a 10.5% w/w solution of sodium chloride in water, to simulate 'frac' water salinity. In order to pave the way to practical application and commercialization of this technique, two industrial processes have been proposed; a one semi-continuous process and a fully continuous process which may be chosen depending on the throughput requirements, desired system size, and resource availability.
by Kevin Kleinguetl.
S.B.
32
Mondamert, Leslie. "Seawater desalination, autopsy and cleaning of reverse osmosis membranes recovered from full-scale plants and pilot units". Poitiers, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010POIT2264.
Pełny tekst źródła
33
Nagaraj, Veena. "Investigation and control of biofouling in seawater reverse osmosis desalination membranes by bacteria and their extracellular polysaccharides". Thesis, Nagaraj, Veena (2017) Investigation and control of biofouling in seawater reverse osmosis desalination membranes by bacteria and their extracellular polysaccharides. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/37865/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Biofouling in seawater reverse osmosis desalination membranes is a phenomenon that needs urgent solutions to effectively mitigate the problem, mainly due to huge economic losses it incurs. To achieve this, a thorough understanding of the microbial community ecology and source of fouling organisms on RO membranes is important. Extracellular polysaccharides produced by bacteria form an important part of the biofilm matrix that govern physical properties and structural integrity of the biofilm. Information about the chemical composition of exopolysaccharides is necessary to employ good control methods. The objectives of this research were defined to better understand biofouling, especially with respect to polysaccharide fouling, and investigate control methods.
They were achieved as follows i) Bacterial communities on industrially fouled RO membranes were characterized by next generation sequencing (NGS) on the Illumina Miseq platform; comparisons of microbial ecology were made between treatment groups of membrane samples. ii) Bacteria were isolated from membranes, prefilters and upstream locations of a full-scale desalination plant, and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and Biolog Gen III systems. Suitable models were then selected from the culture collection based on their dominance in the genetic biofilm community. iii) Exopolysaccharides of model bacteria were purified by acetone precipitation methods and characterized by ion chromatography, Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and enzyme linked lectin assay. iv) 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA), a biocide, and two free radical generating compounds, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and xanthine oxidase, were tested as control agents to disperse biofilms by degrading polysaccharides on industrially fouled membranes. v) For potential use in biological control, bacterial isolates were screened for production of oxidizing enzymes using a xanthine oxidase nitroblue tetrazolium assay.
The major findings of this research that contribute to scholarly knowledge are:
i) The bacterial community on RO membranes was identified as being dominated by certain bacterial groups, which are known to be associated with unique biofilm forming abilities; mainly Caulobacterales, known to attach irreversibly with holdfast; Sphingobacterales, Rhizobiales and Sphingobacteriia that are known to produce glycosphingolipids; Burkholderiales, known for nitrate-reduction; and Pseudomonadales, proposed to be both primary and secondary colonizers, based on the literature.
ii) The cultured bacterial population were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria. MALDI-TOF and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were the most efficient identification methods. The model bacteria were good representatives of biofouling organisms in large scale, within limitations of culture bias.
iii) Polysaccharide structures of bacterial isolates revealed the presence of some rare sugars, which are known to form critical components of strong biofilms.
iv) Free-radical-generating compounds, SNP and xanthine oxidase, were more effective than the biocide DBNPA in alleviation of fouling by degrading polysaccharides.
v) Some bacterial strains like Microbacterium and Exiguobacterium produced xanthine oxidase to significant levels when exposed to hypoxanthine.
34
Höpfner, Johannes [Verfasser]. "A new method of seawater desalination via acrylic acid based hydrogels: Synthesis, characterisation, and experimental realisation / Johannes Höpfner". Karlsruhe : KIT Scientific Publishing, 2014. http://www.ksp.kit.edu.
Pełny tekst źródła
35
Alemi, Mehrnoosh. "The effect of wind fluctuations on the membrane of a stand-alone wind powered seawater Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination unit". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2019. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2243.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Water is one of the most important elements in human life. The major sources of water are defined as seawater, which cannot be used in many applications unless it gets desalinated. In this regard, investigations and developments for defining new economical and beneficial technologies in desalination methods have become more significant.
In this research, the influence of wind power fluctuations on Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane lifetime, in terms of variations in membrane inlet flowrate and/or pressure, was investigated experimentally. The RO membranes applied in this project,were spiral wound module, Model: DOW FILMTEC, SW30- 2521 used individually in the rig for each test.
The experiments were conducted using a modified lab-scale seawater RO unit (CE-530) from GUNT Hamburg company. A variable speed positive displacement pump and two actuated step motor valves were applied in the rig to facilitate the required wind fluctuations.
At the first stage of this research, some initial experiments were accomplished to find the basic requirements of the fluctuating tests. Afterwards, three series of experiments were conducted each on an individual s new membrane to analyze the effect of fluctuating flowrate and/or pressure on their lifespan. A sample wind fluctuating pattern was followed in all three sets of tests. Based on the requirements of each test, three remote-control system were programmed using LABVIEW software, each used for the specified test. Each test was performed for 7 weeks (5 working days), 4 hours a day (140 hours). Deterioration mechanism of the membranes was monitored by measuring target parameters in two constant flow conditions weekly (after 20 hours of fluctuating operation) for each test. By comparing the results, the influence of flowrate and/or pressure fluctuations on membrane lifespan was evaluated.
Accomplishing the fluctuating experiments, structural deterioration of the membranes was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) tests comparing them with the original structure of a brand new membrane. These results could not give a justifiable conclusion on the membranes deterioration mechanism. Therefore, the conclusion was derived based on the membrane operational monitoring curves.
The results of this research would be significant in reducing costs of a stand-alone wind powered RO desalination process by elimination of intermediate energy storage.
36
Beery, Matan [Verfasser], i Günter [Akademischer Betreuer] Wozny. "Novel Sustainable Concepts in Process Design and Assessment of Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Pre-treatment / Matan Beery. Betreuer: Günter Wozny". Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1031993754/34.
Pełny tekst źródła
37
Williams, Joseph. "Tapping the oceans : the political ecology of seawater desalination and the water-energy nexus in Southern California and Baja California". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/tapping-the-oceans-the-political-ecology-of-seawater-desalination-and-the-waterenergy-nexus-in-southern-california-and-baja-california(58750cb5-0c7c-4cfb-a3bd-8bef8ce21984).html.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Notions of connectivity and relationality increasingly pervade theories, discourses and practices of environmental governance. Recently, the concept of the 'resource nexus' has emerged as an important new framework that emphasises the interconnections, tensions and synergies between sectors that have traditionally been managed separately. Part of a broader trend towards integrated environmental governance, nexus thinking rests on the premise that the challenges facing water, energy, food and other resources are inexorably connected and contingent. Although presenting itself as a radically new framework, the nexus discourse in current form is techno-managerial in character, profoundly de-politicising, and reinforces neoliberal approaches to environmental governance. At the same time, the 'material turn' in social science research has re-engaged ideas of social, political and material relationality to understand the complexity and heterogeneity of the socio-natural condition in the twenty-first century. Although theoretically and ontologically diverse, the fields of political ecology, assemblage thinking and infrastructure studies all critically interrogate the politics of relationality. Mobilising an urban political ecology framework, and drawing on notions of emergence and distributed agency from assemblage thinking, this research examines the politics of the water-energy nexus through a critical analysis of the extraordinary emergence of seawater desalination as a significant new urban water supply for Southern California, USA, and Baja California, Mexico. Research was conducted in the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan region, where a large desalting facility has recently been completed to supply San Diego with purified ocean water, and a larger 'binational' facility is planned in Mexico to supply both sides of the border. The research makes three broad contributions. First, to understand desalination as emerging from the historical coproduction and urbanisation of water and energy in the American West. Second, to examine the transitioning environmental politics concomitant with calls for greater understanding of interrelationality. And third, to interrogate the efficacy of technology in reconfiguring the co-constitution of water, energy and society.
38
Deshpande, Jaydeep Sanjeev. "Investigations on Solar Powered Direct Contact Membrane Distillation". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71370.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Desalination is one of the proposed methods to meet the ever increasing water demands. It
can be subdivided into two broad categories, thermal based desalination and electricity based
desalination. Multi-effect Distillation (MED), Multi-Stage Flashing (MSF), Membrane
Distillation (MD) fall under former and Reverse Osmosis (RO), Electro-Dialysis (ED) fall under
later. MD offers an attractive solution for seawater as well as brackish water distillation. It shows
highly pure yields, theoretically 100% pure. The overall construction of a MD unit is way simpler
than any other desalination systems.
MD is a thermally driven diffusion process where desalination takes places in the form of
water vapor transport across the membrane. It has low second law efficiency due to parasitic heat
losses. The objective of the first part of the investigation is to thoroughly analyze a Direct
Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) system from the view point of yield and exergy. The
insights from exergy analysis are used in a design study, which is used for performance
optimization. The first part concludes with a design procedure and design windows for large scale
DCMD construction.
In the second part of the investigation, focus is moved to waveguide solar energy
collector. The idea behind an ideal waveguide is to reduce the complexity of modeling solar
energy collection. The mathematical model provided in this analysis can be extended to a
family of non-imaging optics in solar energy and serves as a benchmarking analysis tool. A
waveguide is suitable for low temperature operations due to limitations on maximum continuous
temperature of operation. Thus, it becomes an ideal solution for DCMD applications. A levelized
cost analysis is presented for a waveguide powered DCMD plant of a 30,000 capacity. A
combination of waveguide and DCMD shows levelized cost of water at $1.80/m3, which is found
to be lower than previously reported solar desalination water costs.Master of Science
39
Hawaidi, Ebrahim A. M. "Simulation, optimisation and flexible scheduling of MSF desalination process under fouling. Optimal design and operation of MSF desalination process with brine heater and demister fouling, flexible design operation and scheduling under variable demand and seawater temperature using gPROMS". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5629.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Among many seawater desalination processes, the multistage flash (MSF) desalination process is a major source of fresh water around the world. The most costly design and operation problem in seawater desalination is due to scale formation and corrosion problems. Fouling factor is one of the many important parameters that affect the operation of MSF processes. This thesis therefore focuses on determining the optimal design and operation strategy of MSF desalinations processes under fouling which will meet variable demand of freshwater.
First, a steady state model of MSF is developed based on the basic laws of mass balance, energy balance, and heat transfer equations with supporting correlations for physical properties. gPROMS software is used to develop the model which is validated against the results reported in the literature. The model is then used in further investigations.
Based on actual plant data, a simple dynamic fouling factor profile is developed which allows calculation of fouling factor at different time (season of the year). The role of changing brine heater fouling factor with varying seawater temperatures (during the year) on the plant performance and the monthly operating costs for fixed water demand and fixed top brine temperature are then studied. The total monthly operation cost of the process are minimised while the operating parameters such as make up, brine recycle flow rate and steam temperature are optimised. It was found that the seasonal variation in seawater temperature and brine heater fouling factor results in significant variations in the operating parameters and operating costs.
The design and operation of the MSF process are optimized in order to meet variable demands of freshwater with changing seawater temperature throughout the day and throughout the year. On the basis of actual data, the neural network (NN) technique has been used to develop a correlation for calculating dynamic freshwater demand/consumption profiles at different times of the day and season. Also, a simple polynomial based dynamic seawater temperature correlation is developed based on actual data. An intermediate storage tank between the plant and the client is considered. The MSF process model developed earlier is coupled with the dynamic model for the storage tank and is incorporated into the optimization framework within gPROMS. Four main seasons are considered in a year and for each season, with variable freshwater demand and seawater temperature, the operating parameters are optimized at discrete time intervals, while minimizing the total daily costs. The intermediate storage tank adds flexible scheduling and maintenance opportunity of individual flash stages and makes it possible to meet variable freshwater demand with varying seawater temperatures without interrupting or fully shutting down the plant at any-time during the day and for any season.
Finally, the purity of freshwater coming from MSF desalination plants is very important when the water is used for industrial services such as feed of boiler to produce steam. In this work, for fixed water demand and top brine temperature, the effect of separation efficiency of demister with seasonal variation of seawater temperatures on the final purity of freshwater for both cleaned and fouled demister conditions is studied. It was found that the purity of freshwater is affected by the total number of stages. Also to maintain the purity of freshwater product, comparatively large number of flash stage is required for fouled demister.
40
Hájek, Zdeněk. "Výzkum zařízení pro úpravu mořské vody a další aplikace". Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234229.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
As water resources are rapidly being exhausted, more and more interest is focused on the desalination of sea water and brackish water. Increasing amounts of fresh water will be required in the future due to the rise in population rates, increasing living standards and the expansion of industrial and agricultural activities. The thesis is concentrated on current issues of treatment of sea water, mainly the desalination based on the distillation principle, in order to develop a unit for seawater treatment. The aim is to develop a compact modular unit for seawater desalinate on based on the implementation and evaluation of experimental tests on the experimental unit. The solution includes an overview of systems for treatment of seawater, a discussion of structural and material aspects of the units, design and manufacture of the experimental unit and confrontation the calculated values with the results of experimental measurements.
41
Guirguis, Mageed Jean. "Energy Recovery Devices in Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants with Emphasis on Efficiency and Economical Analysis of Isobaric versus Centrifugal Devices". Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3135.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
With huge demands for potable water in regions lacking fresh water sources such as surface or ground water, various potential technologies have been explored for eliminating water shortage. Seawater emerged as a potential source and a major lifeline for such water-deprived areas. The development of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) technology proved to be a groundbreaking innovation, making it easier to extract pure water from seawater. Ever since its inception, SWRO technology has taken many leaps towards the development of energy efficient and high yielding systems. The reduction in energy consumption of desalination plants that were based on the SWRO technology emerged as a major driver of the technology revolution in this field. The improvement of membrane life and salt rejection, increase in recovery, and decrease in energy consumption has been the primary criteria for sifting through available technologies for incorporation in desalination plants. Many developments have, ever since, occurred in this direction. The membrane life has multiplied and the Total Dissolved Solids in the product are now as low as 100 mg/L. In addition, recoveries of 40-50% have been achieved. By recycling energy, many SWRO desalination plants have significantly lowered their total energy consumption. With the help of energy recovery devices (ERDs), it is now possible to decrease power consumption and increase efficiency of the seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant.
The first large-scale municipal SWRO plant was installed in 1980 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. This plant consumed 8 kilowatt-hours energy per cubic meter of water produced. This consumed energy was less than half of what was usually consumed by other conventional distillation processes. However, the SWRO desalination technology has one disadvantage. The seawater, which is to be desalinated, is pressurized with the help of high-pressure pumps. A large amount of energy is consumed during this process. Once the desalination is complete, the remaining reject water has to be eliminated as waste. Since the brine reject produced in this process has a high pressure, simply dumping it back into the sea is a waste of energy. This pressure can be reused and thus, the energy could be recycled. This idea led to the innovation of energy recovery devices (ERDs) that prevent the wastage of energy in the SWRO process. The hydraulic energy in the highly pressurized reject brine can be re-used with the help of ERDs, and energy consumption can thus be reduced by significant high amounts. The development of ERDs helped in the set-up and operation of large-scale SWRO plants, and facilitated the economic viability of the desalination process. The energy requirements of conventional SWRO plants are presently as low as 1.6 kWh/m3, making the process more cost effective and energy efficient than other technologies. About 80% of the total cost of desalinated water is due to energy consumption and capital amortization. The remaining costs are associated with other maintenance operations such as replacement of membranes and other components, labor associated costs etc.
Since energy consumption is the main determinant of final costs of the product, increasing energy efficiency of the plants is of primary concern. This paper deals with various energy recovery devices such as the Francis turbine, Pelton wheel, turbocharger, Recuperator, DWEER and Pressure Exchanger, used in SWRO desalination plants along with case studies associated with each of these. Special focus is given to the energy efficiency and costs associated with these devices. A brief discussion of the devices that are currently under investigation is also provided in the conclusion.
An analysis of isobaric versus centrifugal devices is also conducted in this work. A comparison between the energy recovery turbine (ERT) manufactured by Pump Engineering Inc. (PEI) and the pressure exchanger (PX) manufactured by Energy Recovery Inc. (ERI) energy recovery systems is performed using collected data from provided water analyses and respective manufacturers' device specifications. The different configurations used for this comparison were applied to the Jeddah SWRO desalination plant for a total productivity of 240,000 m³/day. As a result of this analysis, the specific energy consumption of the ERT and PX configurations were 2.66 kWh/m3 and 2.50 kWh/m3 respectively. Analysis shows however that although the PX configuration achieved the best specific energy consumption, the ERT was favored over it due to its lower capital and maintenance costs. Therefore, the final conclusion of this work, in this special case, is that the ERT configuration is more economical than the PX configuration.
42
Hawaidi, Ebrahim Ali M. "Simulation, optimisation and flexible scheduling of MSF desalination process under fouling : optimal design and operation of MSF desalination process with brine heater and demister fouling, flexible design operation and scheduling under variable demand and seawater temperature using gPROMS". Thesis, University of Bradford, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5629.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Among many seawater desalination processes, the multistage flash (MSF) desalination process is a major source of fresh water around the world. The most costly design and operation problem in seawater desalination is due to scale formation and corrosion problems. Fouling factor is one of the many important parameters that affect the operation of MSF processes. This thesis therefore focuses on determining the optimal design and operation strategy of MSF desalinations processes under fouling which will meet variable demand of freshwater. First, a steady state model of MSF is developed based on the basic laws of mass balance, energy balance, and heat transfer equations with supporting correlations for physical properties. gPROMS software is used to develop the model which is validated against the results reported in the literature. The model is then used in further investigations. Based on actual plant data, a simple dynamic fouling factor profile is developed which allows calculation of fouling factor at different time (season of the year). The role of changing brine heater fouling factor with varying seawater temperatures (during the year) on the plant performance and the monthly operating costs for fixed water demand and fixed top brine temperature are then studied. The total monthly operation cost of the process are minimised while the operating parameters such as make up, brine recycle flow rate and steam temperature are optimised. It was found that the seasonal variation in seawater temperature and brine heater fouling factor results in significant variations in the operating parameters and operating costs. The design and operation of the MSF process are optimized in order to meet variable demands of freshwater with changing seawater temperature throughout the day and throughout the year. On the basis of actual data, the neural network (NN) technique has been used to develop a correlation for calculating dynamic freshwater demand/consumption profiles at different times of the day and season. Also, a simple polynomial based dynamic seawater temperature correlation is developed based on actual data. An intermediate storage tank between the plant and the client is considered. The MSF process model developed earlier is coupled with the dynamic model for the storage tank and is incorporated into the optimization framework within gPROMS. Four main seasons are considered in a year and for each season, with variable freshwater demand and seawater temperature, the operating parameters are optimized at discrete time intervals, while minimizing the total daily costs. The intermediate storage tank adds flexible scheduling and maintenance opportunity of individual flash stages and makes it possible to meet variable freshwater demand with varying seawater temperatures without interrupting or fully shutting down the plant at any-time during the day and for any season. Finally, the purity of freshwater coming from MSF desalination plants is very important when the water is used for industrial services such as feed of boiler to produce steam. In this work, for fixed water demand and top brine temperature, the effect of separation efficiency of demister with seasonal variation of seawater temperatures on the final purity of freshwater for both cleaned and fouled demister conditions is studied. It was found that the purity of freshwater is affected by the total number of stages. Also to maintain the purity of freshwater product, comparatively large number of flash stage is required for fouled demister.
43
Jui, Chang Yu, i 張瑀芮. "Development of Seawater Desalination Technology". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35995769616255374115.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
碩士大葉大學
工學院碩士在職專班
101
The very limited world freshwater resources mean the uncertainty thereof has impact on the survival and economic development of human society. Despite abundant rainfall in Taiwan, rainwater retention remains challenging because of the temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation. Additionally, conventional ways of developing water resources are unable to guarantee steady water supply. These factors point to significant impact on Taiwan's society and economy in case of water shortages. This study, through data collection and analysis, investigates the feasibility of seawater desalination in Taiwan's development of water resources. Based on the state of water resources utilization in Taiwan, it is still difficult for seawater desalination to achieve commercial scale on the main island, but it has its advantages. Unlike the conventional way of developing reservoirs, seawater desalination has the advantages of reliable water sources, short construction periods, low land demand, low environmental impact, and high quality produced water. However, it requires much higher costs in comparison with reservoirs. The possible use of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy instead of fuels such as petroleum and coal can reduce not only costs but also carbon footprint emissions. The government can thereby make sensible adjustments to water prices and calculate reasonable prices by taking into account the construction and eco costs of water sources for reservoirs. This author believes that it is possible to strike a balance between the costs of seawater desalination and water prices following the upward adjustment of the latter and the yearly decline in the former. Taiwan may attain sustainability through more effective water resources utilization if it can combine the development and use of seawater desalination with the existing ways of utilizing water resources.
44
Huang, Kuan-wei, i 黃冠偉. "Study of Seawater Desalination Using Membrane Distillation". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38012110035980419959.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
碩士嘉南藥理科技大學
環境工程與科學系暨研究所
98
Membrane distillation (MD) is a relatively new separation process which is being investigated worldwide as a low cost, energy saving alternative to other conventional separation processes. Plasma-modified polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes for use in membrane distillation were prepared with composite PTFE membranes. The composite membrane consisted of a porous woven support and a dense PTFE layer. The membranes were characterized using contact angle measurement. Finally, the plasma-modified membranes were tested for their performance in the process of desalination by means of the air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) and direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). It was found that the plasma treatment strongly affected the surface hydrophilicity of the modified membranes and thus enhanced their desalination performance. It was also found that prolonging the plasma treatment time and increasing the plasma power significantly decreased the water contact angle and significantly changed the surface morphology of the modified membranes. Furthermore, the plasma treatment only slightly changed the roughness and surface porosity. Such changes in the surface’s morphology and polarity enhanced the hydrophilicity of the modified membranes and then significantly improved the permeation flux but expectedly decreased the salt rejection.
45
Wu, Chi Chan, i 吳奇展. "Study of Membrane Distillation Process for Seawater Desalination". Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43291422000229101646.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
碩士國立成功大學
機械工程學系
86
As the increase of global population compound with the rapid economic growthin mant developing countries, the demand for fresh water in those areas hasresen to a record level. Therefore, seeking a good clean water resource hasbecome an important domestic as well as worldwide issue. It is believed thesea water desalination may be the ultimate way to provide enough fresh water.Among many desalination methods, membrane distillation method is chosen as the interesting method in my study to investigate its performance in separatingthe fresh water from brine water.Membrane distillation is a process in which two solutions at different temperatures are separated by a microporous membrane. Because temperaturedifference which causes a corresponding vapor pressure difference across themembrane provides the driving force of the membrane distillation process. Thevapor evaporates through a porous membrane, and condenses on a coolant surfaceat the other side of the membrane. This paper is focused on air-gap membrane distillation (AGMD). A single stageAGMD facility is set up to investigate the transfer process, and the obtained data is confirmed by the theory of heat and mass transfers. Various kinds ofmembrane are used to examine the relationship between the permeate flux andmany other important parameters such as feed and cooling temperatures,membrane pore size, porosity etc. Finally, the scanning electron microscopy(SEM) is used to observe and analyze the detailed structure of membrane andthe crystallized salt on the membrane surface.The obtained experimental results show that the permeate flux increases exponentially with an increase in hot side temperature and is only slightly affected by the increase in salt concentration, and it*s hardly changed with the coolant flow rate. As the temperature difference between the feed solution and cooling flow increases, the effect due to polarization become obvious. The crystallized salts are found ( under SEM ) to block the membrane pores and result in the reduce of permeate flux or even the damage of membrane structure.
46
Hau-EnLuo i 羅浩恩. "Microfluidic Seawater Desalination Device Using Ion Concentration Polarization". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93596573183013596320.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
碩士國立成功大學
工程科學系
102
The shortage of fresh water is a serious problem in the world today. Climate change is leading to vanishing glaciers and reduced precipitation, which threatens the water supply of more than one-sixth of the Earth’s population. Our device is advantageous because it has a small footprint, is portable, scalable, consumes little power, and is highly energy efficient. In this study, we manufactured a microfluidic seawater desalination device using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication techniques and the self-sealed Nafion junction method. The ion concentration polarization (ICP) effect occurs at the junction of the micrometer and ion-selective nanometer channels when an electric field is applied across the channels. Both cations and anions are enriched at the cathode end and depleted at the anode end of a micro/nanojunction. The ion concentration is very low in the depletion zone; thus, the depletion zone repels charged particles, and no ions can pass through this region. This phenomenon is the principle underlying the ICP seawater desalination method used in this experiment. In seawater desalination experiments we applied 100 V to the microfluidic chip with One Nafion Junction and introduced a (Q = 5 µl/min) solution of 0.5 M NaCl and 10–5 M fluorescein into the chip. Seawater desalination was observed at the eighth minute after the voltage was applied. We discuss the desalination effect of several types of seawater desalination devices. These devices exhibit a different design of Nafion nanochannels. We could not produce a steady seawater desalination phenomenon. The major defect in this experiment lies in the fabrication of the nanochannel. We used the self-sealing method to produce micro/nanojunctions in our device; however, nonuniform Nafion sediment resulted in unsealed gaps. We will discuss these problems in more detail in chapter 5.
47
Max, M. D., K. Sheps, S. R. Tatro, L. Brazel i J. P. Osegovic. "SEAWATER DESALINATION AS A BENEFICIAL FACTOR OF CO2 SEQUESTRATION". 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1034.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
It is becoming increasingly recognized that the flood of anthropogenic CO2 into the atmosphere
should be reduced in order to mitigate the Earth’s atmospheric greenhouse and slow climate
change. If immediate action is required, then a number of greenhouse gas reduction strategies
may need to be implemented even before complete study of their impacts can be fully
understood. Energy production through combustion produces large amounts of CO2 in a
relatively small number of locations at which CO2 capture and compression to a liquid,
transportable form can be achieved. Physical disposal offers the best option for sequestering this
waste CO2. Because of the costs of transportation, geological sequestration will be most
applicable for one set of power plants, deep ocean sequestration may be most applicable for some
others. In both cases, the sequestration processes can provide some economic benefits. Ocean
CO2 disposal can produce desalinated, treated water as a byproduct.
48
Patroklou, G., Kamal M. Sassi i Iqbal M. Mujtaba. "Simulation of boron rejection by seawater reverse osmosis desalination". 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9711.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
yesBoron is a vital element for growth of creations, but excessive exposure can cause detrimental effects to plants, animals, and possibly humans. Reverse Osmosis (RO) technique is widely used for seawater desalination as well as for waste water treatment. The aim of this study is to identify how different operating parameters such as pH, temperature and pressure can affect boron concentrations at the end of RO processes. For this purpose, a mathematical model for boron rejection is developed based on solution-diffusion model which can describe solvent and solute transport mechanism through the membranes. After a wide and thorough research, empirical correlations developed in the past are filtered, adopted and calibrated in order to faction with reliability as part of the solution-diffusion model of this work. The model is validated against a number of experimental results from the literature and is used in further simulations to get a deeper insight of the RO process. The general findings of the boron rejection model are supporting the case that with increasing pH and operating pressure of the feed water, the boron rejection increases and with increasing feed water temperature the boron rejection decreases.
49
Haw-YangSheu i 許浩洋. "Integrated Assessment of Developing Seawater Desalination in Tainan Area". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yc2mz7.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
博士國立成功大學
海洋科技與事務研究所
107
The advantage for water supply from seawater desalination lies on its flexibility and expansion as well as offering a stable and clean water source, which made it possible as emerged water source. In this study, semi-structured qualitative interview was applied with grounded theory analysis to investigate how the stakeholders perceive the seawater desalination plant in Tainan city. System dynamic model was employed to construct supply-demand model of Tainan city water resource to analyze how desalinated seawater affect the supply of water resource and management strategy in the future. By using grounded theory, five issues of major concern among the stakeholders were summarized as follows. 1. The stakeholders wish to handle an integrated plan through national policy; and to 2. Implement the seawater desalination plant project; 3. The layout of the plan shall respect the public opinions and allow public participation; 4. Avoid causing environmental impact; 5. Expand water resource development and build up management measures. The desalinated seawater hopefully will be able to balance supply and demand of the tap water at Tainan city in the future, especially when the demand for industrial water increased or during the dry season the desalinated seawater supply may alleviate the pressure when industrial water is short. The water resource management simulation may aim at industrial water supply and demand to build up the model to investigate the control measures and water resource management of the industrial water in details.
50
Leao, Antonio Jose. "Polymer film heat transfer elements for multi-effect and vapour compression desalination". Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27376.
Pełny tekst źródła