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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Se substitution”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Se substitution"

Jung, In Young, David Boettiger, Wingwai Wong, Man Po Lee, Sasisopin Kiertiburanakul, Romanee Chaiwarith, Anchalee Avihingsanon i in. "The Safety of Substitution of Antiretroviral Regimen in Non-Clinical Trial Settings in Asian Countries". Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.1091.

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Abstract Background Although substitutions of antiretroviral regimen are generally safe, most data on substitutions are based on results from clinical trials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of substituting antiretroviral regimen in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients in non-clinical trial settings in Asian countries. Methods HIV-infected patients enrolled in the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD) were included in this analysis if they started combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) after 2002, were being treated at a center that documented a median rate of viral load (VL) monitoring ≥ 1 tests/patient/year, and experienced a minor or major treatment substitution while on virally suppressive cART (VL < 200 copies/mL). Minor regimen substitutions were defined as within-class changes and major regimen substitutions were defined as changes to a drug class. Virologic failure was defined as having had two viral load measurements > 400 copies/mL. The patterns of substitutions and rate of virologic failure after substitutions were analyzed. Results Of 3,994 adults who started ART after 2002, 3,119 (78.1%) had at least one period of virological suppression. Among these, 1,170 (37.5%) underwent a minor regimen substitution, and 296 (9.5%) underwent a major regimen substitution during suppression. The rates of virological failure were 1.48/100person years (95% CI 1.14–1.91) in the minor substitution group and 2.85/100person years (95% CI 1.88–4.33) in the major substitution group, and 2.53/100person years (95% CI 2.20–2.92) among patients that did not undergo a treatment substitution. Conclusion The rate of virological failure was relatively low in both major and minor substitution groups, showing that regimen substitution is generally safe in non-clinical trial settings in Asian countries. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Smith, Nick G. C., i Laurence D. Hurst. "The Effect of Tandem Substitutions on the Correlation Between Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Rates in Rodents". Genetics 153, nr 3 (1.11.1999): 1395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/153.3.1395.

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Abstract Nonsynonymous substitutions in DNA cause amino acid substitutions while synonymous substitutions in DNA leave amino acids unchanged. The cause of the correlation between the substitution rates at nonsynonymous (KA) and synonymous (KS) sites in mammals is a contentious issue, and one that impacts on many aspects of molecular evolution. Here we use a large set of orthologous mammalian genes to investigate the causes of the KA-KS correlation in rodents. The strength of the KA-KS correlation exceeds the neutral theory expectation when substitution rates are estimated using algorithmic methods, but not when substitution rates are estimated by maximum likelihood. Irrespective of this methodological uncertainty the strength of the KA-KS correlation appears mostly due to tandem substitutions, an excess of which is generated by substitutional nonindependence. Doublet mutations cannot explain the excess of tandem synonymous-nonsynonymous substitutions, and substitution patterns indicate that selection on silent sites is the likely cause. We find no evidence for selection on codon usage. The nature of the relationship between synonymous divergence and base composition is unclear because we find a significant correlation if we use maximum-likelihood methods but not if we use algorithmic methods. Finally, we find that KS is reduced at the start of genes, which suggests that selection for RNA structure may affect silent sites in mammalian protein-coding genes.

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Zhang, Lei, Jiale Mao, Shuang Wang i Yiting Zheng. "Synthesis and thermal properties of phenol- and amine-capped main-chain benzoxazine oligomers with multiple methyl substitutions". High Performance Polymers 32, nr 7 (11.02.2020): 823–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008320905362.

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A series of main-chain benzoxazine oligomers with different methyl substitutions are successfully synthesized. Chemical structures are analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. Effects of methyl substitutions on chemical shifts of protons in oxazine ring and thermal properties, including glass transition temperature, thermal stability, and char yield, are discussed. The influences of methyl substitutions on different positions are demonstrated: (i) substitution on phenols induces obvious increase in curing temperature while substitution on amine does not show apparent impact; (ii) substitution at different positions results in T g variation, following the sequence of none-substitution > substitution at end-capping > substitution on diamines in main-chain > substitution on bisphenols in main-chain; and (iii) substitution at end-capping would cause apparent deterioration in thermal stability while substitution on diamines in main-chain would benefit thermal stability and char yield. Experimental results and related explanations are provided in detail.

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BEZUGLYI, S., J. KWIATKOWSKI i K. MEDYNETS. "Aperiodic substitution systems and their Bratteli diagrams". Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 29, nr 1 (luty 2009): 37–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143385708000230.

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AbstractWe study aperiodic substitution dynamical systems arising from non-primitive substitutions. We prove that the Vershik homeomorphism φ of a stationary ordered Bratteli diagram is topologically conjugate to an aperiodic substitution system if and only if no restriction of φ to a minimal component is conjugate to an odometer. We also show that every aperiodic substitution system generated by a substitution with nesting property is conjugate to the Vershik map of a stationary ordered Bratteli diagram. It is proved that every aperiodic substitution system is recognizable. The classes of m-primitive substitutions and derivative substitutions associated with them are studied. We discuss also the notion of expansiveness for Cantor dynamical systems of finite rank.

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Rust, Dan. "Periodic points in random substitution subshifts". Monatshefte für Mathematik 193, nr 3 (26.08.2020): 683–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00605-020-01458-9.

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Abstract We study various aspects of periodic points for random substitution subshifts. In order to do so, we introduce a new property for random substitutions called the disjoint images condition. We provide a procedure for determining the property for compatible random substitutions—random substitutions for which a well-defined abelianisation exists. We find some simple necessary criteria for primitive, compatible random substitutions to admit periodic points in their subshifts. In the case that the random substitution further has disjoint images and is of constant length, we provide a stronger criterion. A method is outlined for enumerating periodic points of any specified length in a random substitution subshift.

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MALONEY, GREGORY R., i DAN RUST. "Beyond primitivity for one-dimensional substitution subshifts and tiling spaces". Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 38, nr 3 (20.09.2016): 1086–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/etds.2016.58.

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We study the topology and dynamics of subshifts and tiling spaces associated to non-primitive substitutions in one dimension. We identify a property of a substitution, which we call tameness, in the presence of which most of the possible pathological behaviours of non-minimal substitutions cannot occur. We find a characterization of tameness, and use this to prove a slightly stronger version of a result of Durand, which says that the subshift of a minimal substitution is topologically conjugate to the subshift of a primitive substitution. We then extend to the non-minimal setting a result obtained by Anderson and Putnam for primitive substitutions, which says that a substitution tiling space is homeomorphic to an inverse limit of a certain finite graph under a self-map induced by the substitution. We use this result to explore the structure of the lattice of closed invariant subspaces and quotients of a substitution tiling space, for which we compute cohomological invariants that are stronger than the Čech cohomology of the tiling space alone.

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Bulmer, M. "Estimating the variability of substitution rates." Genetics 123, nr 3 (1.11.1989): 615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/123.3.615.

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Abstract Suppose that amino acid or nucleotide data are available for a homologous gene in several species which diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time and that substitution rates between all pairs of species are calculated, correcting as necessary for multiple substitutions and for back and parallel substitutions. The variances and covariances of these corrected substitution rates are evaluated, and are used to construct a new test for uniformity (constancy of the molecular clock) and to find the best estimates of substitution rates in individual lineages with their standard errors. A substantial bias may arise if the effect of correcting the pairwise substitution rates is ignored.

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Overton, Tim, Eleanor G. F. Reid, Robin Foxall, Harry Smith, Stephen J. W. Busby i Jeffrey A. Cole. "Transcription Activation at Escherichia coli FNR-Dependent Promoters by the Gonococcal FNR Protein: Effects of a Novel S18F Substitution and Comparisons with the Corresponding Substitution in E. coli FNR". Journal of Bacteriology 185, nr 16 (15.08.2003): 4734–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.16.4734-4747.2003.

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ABSTRACT The Neisseria gonorrhoeae genome encodes a homologue of the Escherichia coli FNR protein (the fumarate and nitrate reductase regulator). Despite its similarity to E. coli FNR, the gonococcal FNR only partially complemented an E. coli fnr mutation. After error-prone PCR mutagenesis of the gonococcal fnr gene, we identified four mutant fnr derivatives carrying the same S18F substitution, and we showed that the mutant FNR could activate transcription from a range of class I and class II FNR-dependent promoters in E. coli. Prompted by the similarities between gonococcal and E. coli FNR, we made changes in gonococcal fnr that created substitutions that are equivalent to previously characterized substitutions in E. coli FNR. First, our experiments showed that cysteine, C116, in the gonococcal FNR, equivalent to C122 in E. coli FNR, is essential, presumably because, as in E. coli FNR, it binds to an iron-sulfur center. Second, the L22H and D148A substitutions in gonococcal FNR were made. These changes are equivalent to the L28H and D154A changes in E. coli FNR, which had been shown to increase FNR activity in the presence of oxygen. We show that the effects of these substitutions in gonococcal FNR are distinct from those of the S18F substitution. Similarly, substitutions in the putative activating regions of gonococcal FNR were made. We show that the activity of gonococcal FNR in E. coli can be increased by transplanting certain activating regions from E. coli FNR. The effects of these substitutions are additive to those due to S18F. From these data, we conclude that the effects of the S18F substitution in gonococcal FNR are distinct from the effects of the other substitutions. S18 is immediately adjacent to one of three N-terminal cysteine residues that coordinate the iron-sulfur center, and thus the S18F substitution is most likely to stabilize this center. Support for this came from complementary experiments in which we created the S24F substitution in E. coli FNR, which is equivalent to the S18F substitution in gonococcal FNR. Our results show that the S24F substitution changes the activity of E. coli FNR and that the changes are distinct from those due to previously characterized substitutions.

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Rahman, Shakibur, Sergei L. Kosakovsky Pond, Andrew Webb i Jody Hey. "Weak selection on synonymous codons substantially inflates dN/dS estimates in bacteria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, nr 20 (10.05.2021): e2023575118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023575118.

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Synonymous codon substitutions are not always selectively neutral as revealed by several types of analyses, including studies of codon usage patterns among genes. We analyzed codon usage in 13 bacterial genomes sampled from across a large order of bacteria, Enterobacterales, and identified presumptively neutral and selected classes of synonymous substitutions. To estimate substitution rates, given a neutral/selected classification of synonymous substitutions, we developed a flexible dN/dS substitution model that allows multiple classes of synonymous substitutions. Under this multiclass synonymous substitution (MSS) model, the denominator of dN/dS includes only the strictly neutral class of synonymous substitutions. On average, the value of dN/dS under the MSS model was 80% of that under the standard codon model in which all synonymous substitutions are assumed to be neutral. The indication is that conventional dN/dS analyses overestimate these values and thus overestimate the frequency of positive diversifying selection and underestimate the strength of purifying selection. To quantify the strength of selection necessary to explain this reduction, we developed a model of selected compensatory codon substitutions. The reduction in synonymous substitution rate, and thus the contribution that selection makes to codon bias variation among genes, can be adequately explained by very weak selection, with a mean product of population size and selection coefficient, Ns=0.8.

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Kolodiazhnyi, Oleg I. "Stereochemistry of electrophilic and nucleophilic substitutions at phosphorus". Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, nr 1 (28.01.2019): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0807.

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Abstract Nucleophilic and electrophilic substitutions are the most often applied reactions in organophosphorus chemistry. They are closely interrelated, because in a reacting pair always one reagent is an electrophile, and another nucleophile. The reactions of electrophilic and nucleophilic substitutions at the phosphorus center proceed via the formation of a pentacoordinated intermediate. The mechanism of nucleophilic substitution involves the exchange of ligands in the pentacoordinate phosphorane intermediate, leading to the more stable stereomer under the thermodynamic control. Electrophilic substitution proceeds with retention of absolute configuration, whereas nucleophilic substitution with inversion of configuration at the phosphorus center.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Se substitution"

Vanessa, Rocha Andréa. "Substitution operators". Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2009. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/7073.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:28:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo4238_1.pdf: 678788 bytes, checksum: 1a19da235845c146881443f4bbcb79b9 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Nós estudamos um novo tipo de processo estocástico a tempo discreto, que nós chamamos de processos de substituição. Como o tempo é discreto, nós podemos definir este processo através de um operador que transforma uma medida de probabilidade (em um certo espaço) em outra. Vale a pena notar que a maioria dos estudos de processos de partículas interagentes se baseia na suposição de que o conjunto de sítios, também chamado de espaço, não muda ao longo da interação. Existem apenas poucos trabalhos onde os sítios podem aparecer e desaparecer durante a realização do processo, e este trabalho é um deles. Considere então um conjunto finito não-vazio A chamado de alfabeto, cujos elementos são chamados de letras. Sequências finitas de letras são chamadas de palavras e o comprimento de uma palavra é o número de letras que existe nela. Os elementos de AZ (sequências bi-infinitas de letras) são chamados de configurações. Denotamos por M o conjunto de medidas de probabilidade invariantes por translação. Nós podemos definir um operador de substituição genérico como um operador de M em M que substitui cada ocorrência de uma palavra G (onde G precisa satisfazer uma certa condição) em uma configuração por outra palavra H com probabilidade ρ, onde ρ pertence a [0; 1], independentemente das outras ocorrências. A nossa maior contribuição é dada pela definição e estudo dos operadores de substituição em geral. O caso mais interessante do operador de substituição, na nossa opinião, é o caso em que G e H têm comprimentos diferentes; a própria definição do operador neste caso é não-trivial. De fato, foi preciso desenvolver uma teoria de aproximação de medidas por sequências de palavras para lidar com este caso. Uma dificuldade com este caso é que os operadores de substituição não são lineares. No entanto, foi possível provar que todos eles são finos, que nos parece ser a melhor propriedade depois da linearidade. Nós também provamos que todos os operadores de substituição são contínuos e nós utilizamos este fato para obter conclusões a respeito da existência de medidas invariantes por estes operadores, o que nos ajuda a estudar ergodicidade do processo de substituição. Por fim, nós esperamos que estas propriedades possam ser relacionadas com certas necessidades de ciências aplicadas

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Martyn, R. J. "Ipso aromatic substitution". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemistry, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7318.

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In the first part of this thesis the conformation and stereochemistry of a number of polychlorocyclohex-3-enones, formed by the reaction of chlorine in acetic acid and hydrochloric acid with polysubstituted phenols (or anilines), are discussed. Those polychlorocyclohex-3-enones with the H(Cl)CS or the Me(Cl)CS structural features were shown to exist in a twist-boat conformation with the CS-Cl bond in the flagpole orientation. In contrast, two polychlorocyclohex-3-enones with gem-dichloro substituents at C5, were shown to be conformationally mobile in solution. The alicyclic ring of two 4,4,5-trichlorocyclohex-2-enones were also shown to exist in twist-boat conformations, but with the CS-Cl bond in the equatorial orientation. A satisfactory correlation between the ¹H n.m.r. and infrared spectroscopic data and the known structures in the solid state indicates that these polychlorocyclohex-3-enones and polychlorocyclohex-2-enones adopt conformations in solution close to those observed in the solid state. Extensive use of single-crystal X-ray structure analysis was made in the above structural studies; some thirteen structure analyses are reported in this thesis. In the second part of this thesis are discussed the reactions of polysubstituted 2-methylphenols with chlorine in carbon tetrachloride in the presence of pyridine to give 6-chloro-6-methylcyclohexa-2,4-dienones. These 6-chloro-6-methylcyclohexa-2,4-dienones arise from ipso chlorine attack on the phenol ortho to the hydroxy function. It was shown that attack ipso to a methyl group occurred in preference to attack ipso to a chlorine atom. Where both ortho positions of the phenolic substrate are methyl substituted, the site of ipso chlorine attack is affected by the meta substituents. In the third part of this thesis the additions of chlorine to 6-chloro-6-methylcyclohexa-2,4-dienones to give polychlorocyclohex-3-enones and polychlorocyclohex-2-enones are discussed. These addition reactions proceed by three distinct reaction mechanisms, 2,3-, 4,5- and 2,5-chlorine addition. The 2,3-chlorine addition reaction was shown to be powerfully acid-catalysed. In contrast, the 4,5- and 2,5-chlorine additions were shown to be only mildly acid-catalysed. Reaction mechanisms which accommodate these observations are discussed. Finally, the formation of an acyclic pentachloro hex-3-enoic acid by the chlorination of 4-chloro-2-methyl-6-nitrophenol (130) in acetic acid and hydrochloric acid is described and a probable mode of formation suggested.

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Parnjai, Jarungjit. "Behavioral service substitution". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16725.

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Serviceevolution erlaubt es, einen Service durch einen anderen Service zu verfeinern oder zu ersetzen. Der Austausch durch einen anderen Service sollte garantieren, dass alle oder ausgewählte Partner des Originalservices erhalten bleiben. In dieser Arbeit entwickeln wir einen Ansatz welcher einem Serviceentwickler helfen soll, Analyse- und Syntheseaufgaben für den Serviceaustausch so durchzuführen, dass jeder Partner eines gegebenen Services beim Austausch erhalten bleibt. Wir modellieren einen Kontrollfluss eines Services als Beschreibung der Reihenfolge von asynchron kommunizierenden Ereignissen mittels eines impliziten ungeordneten Nachrichtenspeichers. Weiterhin studieren wir den Verhaltensaspekt von korrekter Interaktion zwischen Services und konzentrieren uns auf zwei Varianten von Verklemmungsfreiheit als Korrektheitskriterien von Serviceersetzung. Der wichtigste Beitrag ist ein Ansatz zur Charakterisierung jedes möglichen Austausches eines gegebenen Services. Die zentrale Idee dieses Ansatzes ist eine systematische Untersuchung der Verbindung zwischen einem Service und all seiner Partner bzgl. eines gegebenen Korrektheitskriteriums. Wir nutzen diese Verbindung um von einem gegebenen Service einen kanonischen Partner und einen kanonischen Austausch bzgl. aller Partner zu synthetisieren. Ein Service welcher den kanonischen Austausch eines gegebenen Services verfeinert wird als Austausch des gegebenen Services angesehen, wenn die Menge all seiner Partner jeden Partner des gegebenen Services enthält. Mit dem kanonischen Austausch eines gegebenen Services identifizieren wir die Menge der möglichen austauschenden Services eines gegebenen Services bei der jeder exakt die gleichen Partner wie der gegebene Service hat. Einige Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit fundieren auf früheren Arbeiten zu Austausch und Korrektheit von Services und können daher mit diesen verbunden werden um schwierigere Analyse- und Syntheseaufgaben für den Serviceaustausch durchzuführen.
Service evolution allows one service to be refined into or substituted by another service. Substituting one service by another service should guarantee to preserve all or selected partners of the original service. In this thesis, we develop an approach that shall assist a service designer, such as a domain expert, to perform analysis and synthesis tasks on service substitution. We model a control flow of services that describes the ordering of asynchronously communicating events over an implicit unordered message buffer. We study the behavioral aspect of correct interaction between services and concentrate on two variants of deadlock freedom as correctness criteria of service substitution. The major contribution of this thesis is an approach for characterizing the set of all substitutes for a given service. We systematically investigate the relationship between a service and all its partners under a given correctness criterion and employ this relationship to synthesize from a given service its canonical partner and its canonical substitute with respect to all partners. A service that refines the canonical substitute for a given service is regarded as a substitute for the given service if the set of all its partners includes every partner of the given service. With the canonical substitute of a given service, we identify a specific subset of the set of all substitutes for the given service, each of which has exactly the same set of partners as that of the given service. Parts of the results in this thesis have been established upon previous works on service substitution and correctness of services. Consequently, we can also combine our results with the related existing techniques to perform more sophisticated analysis and synthesis tasks on service substitution.

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Anfinsen, Jarle. "Making substitution matrices metric". Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9237.

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With the emergence and growth of large databases of information, efficient methods for storage and processing are becoming increasingly important. The existence of a metric distance measure between data entities enables efficient index structures to be applied when storing the data. Unfortunately, this is often not the case. Amino acid substitution matrices, which are used to estimate similarities between proteins, do not yield metric distance measures. Finding efficient methods for converting a non-metric matrix into a metric one is therefore highly desirable. In this work, the problem of finding such conversions is approached by embedding the data contained in the non-metric matrix into a metric space. The embedding is optimized according to a quality measure which takes the original data into account, and a distance matrix is then derived using the metric distance function of the space. More specifically, an evolutionary scheme is proposed for constructing such an embedding. The work shows how a coevolutionary algorithm can be used to find a spatial embedding and a metric distance function which try to preserve as much of the proximity structure of the non-metrix matrix as possible. The evolutionary scheme is compared to three existing embedding algorithms. Some modifications to the existing algorithms are proposed, with the purpose of handling the data in the non-metric matrix more efficiently. At a higher level, the strategy of deriving a metric distance function from a spatial embedding is compared to an existing algorithm which enforces metricity by manipulating the data in the non-metric matrix directly (the triangle fixing algorithm). The methods presented and compared are general in the sense that they can be applied in any case where a non-metric matrix must be converted into a metric one, regardless of how the data in the non-metric matrix was originally derived. The proposed methods are tested empirically on amino acid substitution matrices, and the derived metric matrices are used to search for similarity in a database of proteins. The results show that the embedding approach outperforms the triangle fixing approach when applied to matrices from the PAM family. Moreover, the evolutionary embedding algorithms perform best among the embedding algorithms. In the case of the PAM250 scoring matrix, a metric distance matrix is found which is more sensitive than the mPAM250 matrix presented in a recent paper. Possible advantages of choosing one method over another are shown to be unclear in the case of matrices from the BLOSUM family.

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Maletti, Andreas. "Pure and O-Substitution". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-99193.

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The basic properties of distributivity and deletion of pure and o-substitution are investigated. The obtained results are applied to show preservation of recognizability in a number of surprising cases. It is proved that linear and recognizable tree series are closed under o-substitution provided that the underlying semiring is commutative, continuous, and additively idempotent. It is known that, in general, pure substitution does not preserve recognizability (not even for linear target tree series), but it is shown that recognizable linear probability distributions (represented as tree series) are closed under pure substitution.

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Harriss, Edmund Orme. "On canonical substitution tilings". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408103.

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Dolby, David. "Propositions, substitution and generality". Thesis, University of Reading, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500543.

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Maletti, Andreas. "Pure and O-Substitution". Technische Universität Dresden, 2006. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A26215.

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Mallet-Bricout, Blandine. "La substitution de mandataire". Paris 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA020072.

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La substitution de mandataire, operation a trois personnes reglementee par le code civil a l'article 1994, a lieu lorsque le mandataire confie a un tiers (mandataire substitue) tout ou partie de la mission qu'il a recue de son mandant, le substitue agissant alors au nom et pour le compte de ce dernier. Le legislateur de 1804 ne s'est interesse qu'a la responsabilite du mandataire principal a l'egard du mandant et a l'action ouverte au mandant directement a l'encontre du substitue. Mais bien des zones d'ombre subsistent, alors meme que la substitution de mandataire est tres frequemment mise en oeuvre dans des domaines varies. L'etude du triple rapport juridique unissant les protagonistes a cette operation s'impose, d'autant plus que la substitution de mandataire n'a jamais ete etudiee dans son ensemble. Or il apparait indispensable de s'interroger sur la justesse et l'opportunite de regles ou analyses considerees comme acquises, et de soulever plusieurs questions jusqu'a present delaissees : l'influence du droit commun du mandat sur le regime de la substitution de mandataire, celle de la jurisprudence sur les regles posees en matiere de responsabilite, l'existence d'hypotheses de substitution dans l'ignorance du mandant ou du mandataire substitue, ou encore la nature et le regime de l'action instauree par l'article 1994 alinea 2 en faveur du mandant, puis accordee au mandataire substitue par la jurisprudence. Un autre interet de cette etude est de decouvrir la veritable nature juridique de la substitution de mandataire. Pour de nombreux auteurs, le contrat de substitution est sans aucun doute un sous-mandat. Cette qualification, que la jurisprudence ne rejette pas expressement, est discutable. La substitution de mandataire presente un fort particularisme: loin de se glisser dans le moule d'une qualification juridique exclusive, sous-contrat ou cession de contrat notamment, elle se revele doublement originale. Du point de vue de la theorie de la representation, elle ne peut etre confondue avec le mandat de droit commun, bien qu'il s'agisse sans aucun doute d'une forme de representation. Du point de vue de la theorie generale des obligations, elle doit etre analysee en une operation + multi-qualifiable ;, qui recoit des qualifications distinctes en fonction des hypotheses pratiques envisagees
Subangency, a three persons operation which is ruled by the french civil code (art. 1994), takes place when the agent gives to the subagent a part of or all the mission he received from the principal. The subagent is therefore acting in the name and on behalf of the principal. Legislator in 1804 was only interested in the question of the agent liability to the principal (art. 1994 al. 1) and in the action granted to the principal directly against the subagent (art. 1994 al. 2). But many questions are subsisting even when subagency is very frequent in various legal areas. As subagency has never been studied in the whole in french law, it is necessary to examine the treble link between the protagonists of this operation. Expediency and accuracy of the rules or analysis considered secured must be discussed, and different questions till now deserted must be mooted : influence of agency common law on subagency regulations, that of jurisprudence on rules about liability, existence of hypothesis of subagency in the ignorance of principal or of subagent, nature and regulations of the action established by article 1994 al. 2 in favor of principal and then opened to subagent by jurisprudence. Another concern of this study is to discover the true juridical nature of subagency. For many authors part, subagency contract with no doubt is a + sous-mandat ;. This qualification, not expressly denied by judges, can be discussed. Subagency presents a great particularism : it can not answer to an exclusive and classical qualification, sub-contract or transfer of contract, it is revealed singular in a double manner. Regarding to agency theory, it can't be confounded with agency common law, even though it is an operation about representation. Regarding to general theory of bonds, it must be analysed as a + multiqualifiable ; operation, which receives different qualifications depedent of the practical subagency suppositions

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Mallet-Bricout, Blandine. "La substitution de mandataire /". Paris : Éd. Panthéon-Assas : diff. LGDJ, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb372052144.

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Książki na temat "Se substitution"

Sandra, Brown. Substitution? Paris: J'ai lu, 2007.

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Interfuel substitution. Singapore: World Scientific, 2012.

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Canto, Victor A., i Gerald Nickelsburg. Currency Substitution. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3261-6.

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Venrooy, Gerd J. van. Internationalprivatrechtliche Substitution. Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre, 1999.

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Giovannini, Alberto. Currency substitution. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1993.

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Giovannini, Alberto. Currency substitution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992.

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Substitution, représentation, diaphore. Praha: Univerzita Karlova, 1985.

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Fraser, Suzanne, i Kylie Valentine. Substance and Substitution. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230582569.

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Sharma, Rakesh Kumar, i Rakeshwar Bandichhor, red. Hazardous Reagent Substitution. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781782623847.

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Priestley, Mark. Routines of Substitution. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91671-2.

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Części książek na temat "Se substitution"

Canto, Victor A., i Gerald Nickelsburg. "Introduction". W Currency Substitution, 1–11. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3261-6_1.

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Canto, Victor A., i Gerald Nickelsburg. "A General Equilibrium Theory of Exchange Rates and Managed Floating". W Currency Substitution, 13–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3261-6_2.

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Canto, Victor A., i Gerald Nickelsburg. "Empirical Implementation of the Instability Hypothesis". W Currency Substitution, 63–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3261-6_3.

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Canto, Victor A., i Gerald Nickelsburg. "Currency Substitution and Small Open Economies: The Case of the Dominican Republic". W Currency Substitution, 95–127. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3261-6_4.

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Canto, Victor A., i Gerald Nickelsburg. "Dominant Currencies and Monetarism in Argentina". W Currency Substitution, 129–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3261-6_5.

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Canto, Victor A., i Gerald Nickelsburg. "Venezuela and Ecuador — Currency Substitution in Oil Economies". W Currency Substitution, 165–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3261-6_6.

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Canto, Victor A., i Gerald Nickelsburg. "Conclusion". W Currency Substitution, 189–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3261-6_7.

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Morgan, Michael M., MacDonald J. Christie, Luis De Lecea, Jason C. G. Halford, Josee E. Leysen, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi i in. "Substitution". W Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 1290. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_4578.

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Schneeweiss, Claudia, Jürgen Eichler, Martin Brose i Daniela Weiskopf. "Substitution". W Leitfaden für Fachkundige im Laserschutz, 225–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61242-2_8.

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Hannon, Bruce, i Matthias Ruth. "Substitution". W Dynamic Modeling, 280–86. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0211-7_27.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Se substitution"

"Import substitution". W 2017 International Conference "Quality Management,Transport and Information Security, Information Technologies" (IT&QM&IS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itmqis.2017.8085945.

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Roy, Aman, Aadesh Mirajkar i Geeta Atkar. "Advancement on Substitution Cipher using Multiple Substitution Table". W 2019 5th International Conference On Computing, Communication, Control And Automation (ICCUBEA). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccubea47591.2019.9128664.

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Chiang, Cheng-Han, i Hung-yi Lee. "Are Synonym Substitution Attacks Really Synonym Substitution Attacks?" W Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.findings-acl.117.

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Tumanyan, V. G., S. V. Yakovleva, Yu V. Krovatsky i N. G. Esipova. "THE EFFECTS OF NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTION ON AMINO ACID SUBSTITUTION". W Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814503655_0052.

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Abramov, S. A. "On d'Alembert substitution". W the 1993 international symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/164081.164086.

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Athanasopoulos, Dionysis, Apostolos Zarras i Valerie Issarny. "Service Substitution Revisited". W 2009 24th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ase.2009.58.

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El-Fotouh, Mohamed Abo, i Klaus Diepold. "Dynamic Substitution Model". W 2008 Fourth International Conference on Information Assurance and Security (IAS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ias.2008.20.

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Wang, Zibo. "The substitution and the nucleophilic substitution of ferrocene and derivative". W International Conference on Materials Engineering and Information Technology Applications (MEITA 2015). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/meita-15.2015.176.

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Neitz, Maureen, Jay Neitz i Gerald H. Jacobs. "Genes and encoded M-cone pigments from two types of protanope". W OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1991.mw3.

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Small differences in spectral peak among cone pigments appear to underlie several different human color vision polymorphisms. We recently identified three amino acid substitutions that can account for spectral differences among X-encoded pigments. Each of these appears to produce spectral shifts of specific magnitudes. The one that produces the smallest spectral shift (5–7 nm) is a serine for alanine substitution at amino acid position 180. This substitution may be responsible for cone pigment variations among color normal observers (Science, 252, p. 971). We have tested the hypothesis that this same substitution causes spectral variation in the M pigments of protanopes. Spectral sensitivities of protanopes were measured using ERG flicker photometry. We found two types of protanope (in a sample of seven); one phenotype has an M pigment with a spectral peak of 530 nm and the other has a pigment with a 537-nm peak. The amino acid sequences of the M pigments, deduced from nucleotide sequences of genes from one of each of the two protanope phenotypes, differ at position 180 just as predicted. These results confirm that this substitution produces a 5–7-nm shift in human cone pigments. Several different color vision polymorphisms may be caused by this single substitution.

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Yu, Francis T. S., Aris Tanone, Eddy C. Tam i Don A. Gregory. "High-efficiency joint-transform correlator for symbolic substitution". W OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.ww2.

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Symbolic substitution is essentially a combination of recognition and substitution process. In addition, although symbolic substitution is not restricted to space invariant operations, it is indeed based on the space invariant connectivity of optics. Therefore, holographic associative memory techniques may be alternatively applied to implement a symbolic substitution logic system. In this paper, we propose to use a high efficiency joint transform correlator to implement a symbolic subsitiution operation. Consider that the search pattern fs(x,y) and an input image which consists of M × N input patterns fm,n(x−xm,y−yn), are to be displayed on an input plane in a joint transform correlator architecture. The power spectrum recorded by a CCD camera is then replicated, using dedicated video hardware, to produce a L × L spectra array on a second spatial light modulator. Upon illuminated by a quasi-monochromatic, partially coherent parallel light source, the object irradiance at the correlation plane will be increased by L2 times that of a conventional joint transform correlator.1 Therefore, if fmn matches with the search pattern fs, a bright correlation peak would be located at a specific location determined by (xm,yn). To eliminate all of the unwanted light, a set of sampling pinholes is placed at the correlation plane. As a result, a spatial distribution of point light sources is generated. The substitution process can be accomplished by inserting a multiplexed Fourier transform hologram of the substituting pattern behind the collimating system after the sampling plane. Each of the point light source produces a plane wave front to read out the hologram. Consequently, each correlated input pattern produces a substituted output pattern at the corresponding position on the output plane, and symbolic substitution operation is completed.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Se substitution"

Giovannini, Alberto, i Bart Turtelboom. Currency Substitution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, grudzień 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4232.

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Leibovici, Fernando, i Michael E. Waugh. International Trade and Intertemporal Substitution. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2017.004.

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Raj, Anil. Sensory Substitution for Wounded Servicemembers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, październik 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada508807.

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Smith, V. Kerry, Mary Evans, H. Spencer Banzhaf i Christine Poulos. Can Weak Substitution be Rehabilitated? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, marzec 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13903.

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Muendler, Marc-Andreas, i Sascha Becker. Margins of Multinational Labor Substitution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, marzec 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14776.

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Leibovici, Fernando, i Michael Waugh. International Trade and Intertemporal Substitution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, wrzesień 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20498.

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Archsmith, James, Kenneth Gillingham, Christopher Knittel i David Rapson. Attribute Substitution in Household Vehicle Portfolios. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, wrzesień 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23856.

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Twitchell, K. E., i N. L. Skinner. Hazardous Solvent Substitution Data System tutorial. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), lipiec 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10194568.

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Meyer, Alvin F., i Marlan J. Humerickhouse. Coordinated Navy Hazardous Material Substitution Manual. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, sierpień 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada271083.

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Mulligan, Casey. Capital, Interest, and Aggregate Intertemporal Substitution. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, grudzień 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9373.

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