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Coleman, Cynthia-Lou. Environmental Clashes on Native American Land: Framing Environmental and Scientific Disputes. Cham: Springer International Publishing AG, 2020.
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Samuel, Alex. DNA tests in criminal investigation and paternity disputes: A modern scientific technique. Allahabad: Dwivedi & Company, 2009.
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1941-, Engelhardt H. Tristram, i Caplan Arthur L, red. Scientific controversies: Case studies in the resolution and closure of disputes in science and technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
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Carl, Bromberg Lee, i Massachusetts Continuing Legal Education, Inc. (1982- ), red. Intellectual property conference '99: The internationalization of intellectual property law; pressing scientific and technological disputes in court; privacy concerns & proprietary rights in cyberspace. Boston, MA: MCLE, 1999.
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Kazakova, Gandalif. The problem of formation of romantic historicism and rehabilitation of medieval culture in the creative heritage of F. R. de Chateaubriand. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1044190.
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The monograph is devoted to the literary and scientific heritage of the famous French writer, historian, philosopher, thinker, diplomat and statesman F. R. de Chateaubriand, whose scientific works were practically unknown to the Russian reader for many decades. Being the founder of French romanticism and laying the main elements of this direction of culture, F. R. de Chateaubriand nevertheless causes numerous disputes and questions. The monograph shows the process of formation of the writer's romantic worldview on the example of his early works, which still retain traces of the literature of the XVIII century and already carry new romantic trends of the XIX century. The author also presents the facts of the writer's biography and analyzes a number of his historical works devoted to medieval France. From the Renaissance until the end of the XVIII century, one of the elements of medieval architecture and Christian religion-Gothic architecture — was perceived as something negative, barbaric, rude, completely inconsistent with the aesthetics of the XVI — XVIII centuries. F. R. de Chateaubriand was one of the first researchers who discovered the beauty of Gothic churches and the color of national history to the mass reader at the turn of the XVIII—XIX centuries. The rehabilitation of Gothic architecture was accomplished by F. R. de Chateaubriand in his Treatise "the genius of Christianity". The famous "forest theory" of the origin of Gothic helped to "remove" negative assessments of the middle Ages and influenced the formation and development of romanticism both in France and in other European countries. It was F. R. de Chateaubriand's idea of the relationship between medieval architecture and Christian consciousness that influenced all the subsequent development and formation of the history of medieval art. For a wide range of readers interested in the history of literature.
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Kapustin, Anatoliy, Vladislav Avhadeev, G. Aznagulova, Sayana Bal'haeva, Svetlana Gracheva, Nataliya Doronina, E. D'yachenko i in. Modern concept of interpretation of international treaties. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1839409.
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The monograph examines the most important elements of the modern concept of interpretation of international treaties, examines the history of the formation of the concept of interpretation of international treaties in doctrine and international practice, suggests approaches to conceptualizing the nature of interpretation of treaties, taking into account the provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969.
Along with scientific and theoretical aspects, practical aspects of the interpretation of an international treaty are disclosed. The features of the interpretation of an international treaty in the practice of international organizations, including international integration organizations, international judicial bodies (ECHR, international judicial bodies for maritime disputes, the International Criminal Court, the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union) are analyzed, individual doctrines of treaty interpretation (evolutionary interpretation, interpretation of contextual elements) are investigated. The peculiarities of the interpretation of international investment treaties are revealed, the problems of the interpretation of international treaties in the decisions of international commercial arbitration are identified, the place of the interpretation of treaties in the concept of comparative international law is investigated. The concept of interpretation of international treaties by national judicial bodies of states with the involvement of the practice of Russian courts is proposed.
For researchers, teachers, students and postgraduates of law schools and faculties, as well as anyone interested in the problems of modern international law.
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institut, Makedonski nauchen. Memorandum of the Macedonian Scientific Institute-Sofia concerning the relations between the Republic of Bulgaria and the Republic of Macedonia regarding the language dispute. Sofii͡a︡: Macedonian Scientific Institute, 1997.
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Coleman, Cynthia-Lou. Environmental Clashes on Native American Land: Framing Environmental and Scientific Disputes. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.
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Coleman, Cynthia-Lou. Environmental Clashes on Native American Land: Framing Environmental and Scientific Disputes. Palgrave Pivot, 2020.
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authors, Group of. Practice courts permit certain types of land disputes. Scientific-practical guide. Book on Demand Ltd., 2018.
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Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology. Cambridge University Press, 1987.
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Caplan, Arthur L., i Engelhardt H. Tristram Jr. Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
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Jr., H. Tristram Engelhardt (Editor) i Arthur L. Caplan (Editor), red. Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology. Cambridge University Press, 1987.
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Caplan, Arthur L., i Engelhardt H. Tristram Jr. Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology. Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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Chakravartty, Anjan. Saving the Scientific Phenomena. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796572.003.0003.
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To a great extent, the recent renaissance in the metaphysics of science has been spurred by an interest in the nature of causal powers (dispositions, capacities, tendencies, etc.). In particular, a number of authors have made realism about powers a cornerstone of their interpretations of scientific knowledge (for example, in developing accounts of scientific realism, inter alia). Against the backdrop of an admiration for the explanatory power of powers in this domain, this paper strikes a cautionary note. Is the existence of irreducible powers a commitment that is entailed by taking scientific practice seriously? I consider two approaches to this question: the first concerning the putative requirement of dispositional properties in the context of scientific explanation; the second concerning the putative requirement of these properties in the context of scientific abstraction. Neither, I contend, entails an ontological commitment to powers. This negative, interim conclusion suggests that inferences to the existence of causal powers in scientific contexts are ultimately independent of the science adduced; rather; they are a function of substantive philosophical commitments regarding time-honored disputes between realists and empiricists more generally, about issues such as how trade-offs between ontological commitment and explanatory capacity are properly made. In the philosophical domain, however, the realist has an advantage. For realism about powers better accords with an arguably scientistic consideration of the identities of scientific properties. Thus, interim conclusion notwithstanding, it would seem that powers can do something important for the philosopher of science after all.
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Healey, Richard. Metaphysics in Science. Redaktor Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.21.
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Science has transformed, if not solved, some metaphysical problems while posing new ones. Metaphysical ideas such as those of the ancient atomists have sometimes proved helpful in developing new scientific theories. But the widespread agreement on the empirically grounded progress achieved in science has often been contrasted with what seem to be abstruse and interminable disputes over metaphysical theses. Karl Popper sought to demarcate scientific from metaphysical and other claims by appealing to their empirical falsifiability, while Rudolf Carnap and other logical positivists dismissed metaphysical claims as cognitively meaningless since they are neither empirically verifiable nor true by virtue of meaning. This article considers some contemporary views on how science relates to metaphysics only after examining the impact of science on more specific metaphysical issues—composition, identity and individuality, time and change, determinism, causation, laws, probability, and the primacy of fundamental physics.
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Chakravartty, Anjan. Ontology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190651459.003.0001.
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This chapter considers the relationship between scientific and philosophical approaches to ontology, with the aim of clarifying what it means to engage in the project of scientific ontology. It introduces the most influential conceptions of ontology to emerge in the history of philosophy of science. These include deflationary views, which redescribe talk of ontology in terms of other things, as well as views which, conversely, take ontology at face value as an inquiry seeking knowledge of what there is in the world—a world whose existence is independent of the thoughts one may have concerning it. It is argued that the sciences do not yield ontologies until and unless they are interpreted, which requires some recourse to philosophical thinking, and that case studies of science cannot by themselves settle disputes about how these interpretations should go.
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Devetak, Richard. International Relations before Critical Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823568.003.0002.
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The chapter elaborates the post-war disciplinary context from which critical international theory emerged. While most accounts start with the so-called ‘third debate’, this chapter situates its emergence in the longer story of the rise in theory’s prestige in the social sciences. It tells the story of a series of disputes over method (Methodenstreit) that paved the way not just for higher levels of theoretical abstraction, and a never vanquished humanist challenge to the scientific outlook. It was during the 1950s that the persona of the theorist was first established in international relations. In the following decades, personae of the international relations theorist evolved through academic institutionalization of certain epistemic practices and technical capabilities modelled on behaviouralist and philosophy-of-science standards. The stage was thus set for a rival, namely, critical intellectual persona to emerge in opposition to both the humanist and scientific outlooks, but in continuity with the ever-higher orders of abstraction.
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Pennington, Mark. Freedom, Regulation, and Public Policy. Redaktorzy David Schmidtz i Carmen E. Pavel. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199989423.013.28.
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This chapter explores the relationship between freedom, regulation, and public policy. Adopting a “non-ideal” approach, it argues that there is no necessary connection between different conceptions of liberty and any particular sort of regulatory/public policy framework. Both negative and positive conceptions of freedom require a role for “regulation,” but whether this “regulation” arises from public policy or is best left to emerge through private agency in a competitive environment is a matter that can only be resolved by theoretical speculation and empirical inquiry. Many disputes about the freedom-enhancing capacities of regulatory regimes ought to be addressed within a framework that combines social scientific theory and evidence to understand the “compliance problems” arising under alternative institutional arrangements.
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Karmaza, Oleksandra, Tetiana Fedorenko i Oleksii Fast. The Law of Ukraine “On Mediation”. Scientific and Practical Commentary. Kyiv: TOV "Talkom", 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36994/978-617-8016-88-3-2023-241.
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The scientific and practical commentary investigates the concept of mediation, the legal principles and procedure of mediation as an out-of-court dispute settlement procedure, the basic principles of mediation, the status of a mediator, requirements for his/her training, and other issues related to this procedure. Detailed analysis of the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On Mediation" is presented.
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Farrell, Justin. The New (Wild) West: Social Upheaval, Moral Devaluation, and the Rise of Conflict. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164342.003.0003.
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This chapter examines how dramatic social change in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) after 1970 ramped up competing moral commitments. It draws on a wealth of longitudinal data about demographic, economic, and cultural rearrangement to show how the area transitioned, in striking fashion, from old west to new west. It makes two arguments: First, that this large-scale social change has important moral causes and consequences, as competing groups erect and protect new moral boundaries in the fight for nature. Second, this new social and moral arrangement fostered protracted environmental conflict. The chapter presents the cast of characters involved in GYE conflicts, and then documents the rise of conflict using a host of original time-series indicators, across a variety of institutional fields (e.g., lawsuits, voting segregation, congressional attention, scientific disputes, public responses, interest group conflict, carrying capacity conflict).
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Kahan, Dan M. On the Sources of Ordinary Science Knowledge and Extraordinary Science Ignorance. Redaktorzy Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan i Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.4.
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In order to live well—or just to live, period—individuals must make use of much more scientific information than any can comprehend or verify. They achieve this feat not by acquiring expertise in the myriad forms of science essential to their well-being but rather by becoming experts at recognizing what science knows. Cases of persistent controversy over decision-relevance science do not stem from defects in public science comprehension; they are not a result of the failure of scientists to clearly communicate; nor are they convincingly attributable to orchestrated deception, as treacherous as such behavior genuinely is. Rather, such disputes are a consequence of disruptions to the system of conventions that normally enable individuals to recognize valid science despite their inability to understand it. Generating the knowledge needed to pre-empt such disruptions and repair them when they occur is the primary aim of the science of science communication.
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Perillán, José G. Science Between Myth and History. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864967.001.0001.
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Scientists regularly employ historical narrative as a rhetorical tool in their communication of science, yet there’s been little reflection on its effects within scientific communities and beyond. Science Between Myth and History begins to unravel these threads of influence. The stories scientists tell are not just poorly researched scholarly histories, they are myth-histories, a chimeric genre that bridges distinct narrative modes. This study goes beyond polarizing questions about who owns the history of science and establishes a common ground from which to better understand the messy and lasting legacy of the stories scientists tell. It aims to stimulate vigorous conversation among science practitioners, scholars, and communicators. Scientific myth-histories undoubtedly deliver value, coherence, and inspiration to their communities. They are tools used to broker scientific consensus, resolve controversies, and navigate power dynamics. Yet beyond the explicit intent and rationale behind their use, these narratives tend to have great rhetorical power and social agency that bear unintended consequences. This book unpacks the concept of myth-history and explores four case studies in which scientist storytellers use their narratives to teach, build consensus, and inform the broader public. From geo-politically informed quantum interpretation debates to high-stakes gene-editing patent disputes, these case studies illustrate the implications of storytelling in science. Science Between Myth and History calls on scientists not to eschew writing about their history, but to take more account of the stories they tell and the image of science they project. In this time of eroding common ground, when many find themselves dependent on, yet distrustful of scientific research, this book interrogates the effects of mismatched, dissonant portraits of science.
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Rex, Ahdar, i Leigh Ian. Part III, 9 Medical Treatment. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199606474.003.0009.
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This chapter examines several medico-legal issues insofar as they have a religious dimension or implicate the religious liberty of the persons seeking or refusing treatment. The chapter is organized as follows. Section II summarizes the law concerning medical treatment, contrasting the position of adults, adolescents or teenagers, and infants. Section III considers the underlying assumptions represented in the disputes between the law and certain religionists who spurn conventional medical treatment in favour of exclusive reliance upon prayer or other spiritual cures. The premises which form the central tenets of conventional or orthodox medicine — reliance upon rationality, insistence upon the scientific method, the need for empirical evidence — have recently been challenged, not only by some devout religionists, but by also a raft of ‘alternative’ health practitioners. Section IV discusses two examples of these broader themes. The chapter concludes with some observations on the extent to which a liberal state accommodates the wishes of believers when they seek to determine their own or their children's health.
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Bespalov, Yu F. Family Relations and Disputes in the Practice of the Courts of the Russian Federation : Scientifi c and Practical Guide. Isdatelstvo Prospekt LLC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31085/9785392310142-2020-224.
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Maschke, Karen J., i Michael K. Gusmano. Debating Modern Medical Technologies. Praeger, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400638398.
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This book analyzes policy fights about what counts as good evidence of safety and effectiveness when it comes to new health care technologies in the United States and what political decisions mean for patients and doctors. Medical technologies often promise to extend and improve quality of life but come with many questions: Are they safe and effective? Are they worth the cost? When should they be allowed on the market, and when should Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance companies be required to pay for drugs, devices, and diagnostic tests? Using case studies of disputes about the value of mammography screening; genetic testing for disease risk; brain imaging technologies to detect biomarkers associated with Alzheimer’s disease; cell-based therapies; and new, expensive drugs, Maschke and Gusmano illustrate how scientific disagreements about what counts as good evidence of safety and effectiveness are often swept up in partisan fights over health care reform and battles among insurance and health care companies, physicians, and patient advocates. Debating Modern Medical Technologies: The Politics of Safety, Effectiveness, and Patient Access reveals stakeholders’ differing values and interests regarding patient choice, physician autonomy, risk assessment, government intervention in medicine and technology assessment, and scientific innovation as a driver of national and global economies. It will help readers to understand the nature and complexity of past and current policy disagreements and their effects on patients.
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Baruwaso, Riki Maulana. Catholic Theology and the Dispute Overthe Image of Science: A Critical Assessment of the Scientific Character of Catholic Theology. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2022.
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Baruwaso, Riki Maulana. Catholic Theology and the Dispute Overthe Image of Science: A Critical Assessment of the Scientific Character of Catholic Theology. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2022.
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Baruwaso, Riki Maulana. Catholic Theology and the Dispute Overthe Image of Science: A Critical Assessment of the Scientific Character of Catholic Theology. Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Peter, 2022.
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Brown, Candy Gunther. Debating Yoga and Mindfulness in Public Schools. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469648484.001.0001.
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The introduction explains how yoga, mindfulness, and meditation entered the U.S. cultural mainstream, including public schools, between the 1970s and 2010s, and why it matters for education, law, and religion. In the 1960s, the U.S. Supreme Court prohibited public schools from endorsing prayer and devotional Bible reading. Yoga and meditation advocates reframed these practices as secular by downplaying religious beliefs and advertising scientific evidence of health benefits and cultivation of universal morality and ethics. Certain promoters used tactics of self-censorship, camouflage, code-switching, or frontstage/backstage behaviour to win a “Vedic Victory” or skilfully advance “stealth Buddhism.” Drawing on the author’s experience as an expert witness in four legal challenges, the introduction examines key terms: “yoga,” “mindfulness,” “meditation,” “Hinduism,” “Buddhism,” “religion,” “secularity,” “spirituality” and “science.” Because meanings of these terms are contested, social institutions such as schools and courts must arbitrate disputes by formulating and applying definitions for policy purposes. The introduction argues that the school programs considered are both secular and religious, and that their integration into public-school curricula may result in an unrecognized, fundamental historic and legal transformation: the reestablishment of religion in America.
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Norwood, F. Bailey, Michelle S. Calvo-Lorenzo, Sarah Lancaster i Pascal A. Oltenacu. Agricultural and Food Controversies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780199368433.001.0001.
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The public is more interested in agricultural and food issues than ever before, as is evident in the many agricultural controversies debated in the media. Why is it that some people embrace new agricultural technologies while others steadfastly defend traditional farming methods? Why do some prefer to buy food grown around the world while others patronize small, local farmers? In the debates about organic food, genetically modified organisms, and farm animal welfare, it is not always clear what the scientific literature actually says. To understand these controversies, the authors encourage readers to develop first an appreciation for why two equally intelligent and well-intentioned people can form radically different notions about food. Sometimes the disputes are scientific in nature, and sometimes they arise from conflicting ethical views. This book confronts the most controversial issues in agriculture by first explaining the principles of both sides of the debate, and then guiding readers through the scientific literature so that they may form their own educated opinions. Is food safe if the farm used pesticides, or are organic foods truly better for your health? Are chemical fertilizers sustainable, or are we producing cheap food today at the expense of future generations? What foods should we eat to have a smaller carbon footprint? Is genetically-modified food the key to global food security, and does it give corporations too much market power? Is the prevalence of corn throughout the food system the result of farm subsidies? Does buying local food stimulate the local economy? Why are so many farm animals raised indoors, and should antibiotics be given to livestock? These are the issues addressed in Agricultural and Food Controversies: What Everyone Needs to Know. While it doesn't claim to have all the answers, it provides a synthesis of research and popular opinions on both sides of these important issues, allowing readers to decide what they value and believe for themselves.
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Trout, J. D. All Talked Out. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190686802.001.0001.
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Few topics animate, even polarize, philosophers, more than Naturalism, a doctrine which states that philosophy is continuous with, and perhaps even replaceable by, sciences worthy of the name. On one side, fans of technical progress believe that the sciences can indeed replace philosophy with something that allows us to reason and explain better. On the other, advocates of the humanities herald the insights and methods of disciplines seemingly beyond the reach of science. But these disputes are often more about turf than truth. All Talked Out exemplifies the power of science in a philosopher’s hands and takes a welcome look at the resulting fate of philosophy. Based on Trout’s Phi Beta Kappa Romanell Lectures, each chapter presents a novel and positive view of intellectual advances while addressing traditional topics in philosophy, and each chapter explains why these achievements occurred despite the archaic and often retrograde influence of philosophical doctrine and method. While foundational reflection remains as necessary as ever, philosophy, as it is conceived of in the halls of academia, no longer adds anything distinctively useful. At its best, philosophy is a place to grow new ideas. But many other disciplines can and do provide that incubation. In the end, we don’t have to kill philosophy; but we do have to figure out what it’s good for. Following a spirited Introduction, the first lecture takes stock of the growing field of evidence-based approaches to reasoning and, in light of these scientific developments, criticizes important failures in epistemology as it is currently practiced in the English-speaking world. The second lecture examines the psychological impulse to explain, the resulting sense of understanding, and the natural limits on cognitively appreciating the subject we have explained. The final lecture, on social policy, presents the proper reaction to the idea that scientific evidence matters to responsible governance.
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C. Ainsworth (Charles Ainsw Mitchell. Documents and Their Scientific Examination: With Especial Reference to the Chemistry Involved in Cases of Suspected Forgery, Investigation of Disputed Documents, Handwriting, Etc. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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Farrell, Justin. The Battle for Yellowstone. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164342.001.0001.
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Yellowstone holds a special place in America's heart. As the world's first national park, it is globally recognized as the crown jewel of modern environmental preservation. But the park and its surrounding regions have recently become a lightning rod for environmental conflict, plagued by intense and intractable political struggles among the federal government, National Park Service, environmentalists, industry, local residents, and elected officials. This book asks why it is that, with the flood of expert scientific, economic, and legal efforts to resolve disagreements over Yellowstone, there is no improvement? Why do even seemingly minor issues erupt into impassioned disputes? What can Yellowstone teach us about the worsening environmental conflicts worldwide? The book argues that the battle for Yellowstone has deep moral, cultural, and spiritual roots that until now have been obscured by the supposedly rational and technical nature of the conflict. Tracing in detail the moral causes and consequences of large-scale social change in the American West, the book describes how a “new-west” social order has emerged that has devalued traditional American beliefs about manifest destiny and rugged individualism, and how morality and spirituality have influenced the most polarizing and techno-centric conflicts in Yellowstone's history. The book shows how the unprecedented conflict over Yellowstone is not all about science, law, or economic interests, but more surprisingly, is about cultural upheaval and the construction of new moral and spiritual boundaries in the American West.
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Mitchell, Bruce. Resource and Environmental Management. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190885816.001.0001.
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Change. Complexity. Uncertainty, Conflict, Ambiguity. Intractability. Wicked problems. Ethics, Integrity. All these terms capture much of what resource and environmental managers must address in determining the most appropriate course of action relative to social-ecological systems. Often, no obviously correct strategy or response is identifiable. Instead, options exist, each with strengths and weaknesses. Ultimately a decision must be taken, reflecting scientific and experiential understanding as well as values and priorities of societies and stakeholders. The intent in this book is to raise awareness about the need to recognize such attributes of resource and environmental management, and to provide concepts, approaches, and methods to help in developing solutions. At the outset, the importance of developing a vision is highlighted. In defining the scope of problems and opportunities, it is argued that a holistic or ecosystem approach should be interpreted as an integrated rather than a comprehensive approach, with the focus on a small set of variables and relationships having significant impact on the functioning of an ecosystem, and amenable to being managed. An adaptive management approach is also strongly encouraged, to learn from experience. Part of learning will arise through stakeholder engagement. Disputes may emerge, and need to be resolved. Finally, implementation of policies and plans can encounter many obstacles, emphasizing the need to become aware of and overcome them, and then monitor and assess outputs and outcomes, in order to adapt to changing circumstances.
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Farrell, Justin. Buffalo Crusaders: The Sacred Struggle for America’s Last Wild and Pure Herd. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164342.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the bitter, long-lasting, and sometimes violent dispute over the Yellowstone bison herd—America's only remaining genetically pure and free-roaming herd, which once numbered more than 30 million but was exterminated down to a mere 23 single animals. This intractable issue hinges on current scientific disagreements about the biology and ecology of the disease brucellosis (Brucella abortus). But in recent years, a more radical, grassroots, and direct action activist group called the Buffalo Field Campaign (BFC) has found success by shifting the focus of the debate away from science, toward the deeper religious dimensions of the issue. The chapter shows how the infusion of the conflict with moral and spiritual feeling has brought to the fore deeper questions that ultimately needed to be answered, thus making this a public religious conflict as much as a scientific one, sidestepping rabbit holes of intractability. It observes the ways in which BFC activists engaged in a phenomenon called moral and religious “muting.” This has theoretical implications for understanding how certain elements of culture (e.g., individualism and moral relativism) can organize and pattern others—especially in post hoc explanations of religiously motivated activism.
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Roll‐Hansen, Nils. Eugenics and the Science of Genetics. Redaktorzy Alison Bashford i Philippa Levine. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0005.
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This article deals with the history of eugenics, which started as a science-based movement to combat threatening degeneration. It was initiated by idealistic scientists and was inspired by a humanistic Enlightenment ideal of science as the servant of human welfare. The general goal was to improve the biological heredity of human populations. The article considers the main scientific input to the birth of eugenics and looks at the Darwinian theory of evolution. Furthermore, it deals with the distinction between positive and negative eugenics that is central to eugenic policy discussions. It further discusses the dispute between eugenics and genetics that raised the possibility that race crossings could produce genetically unbalanced and thus inferior hybrids. Finally, it concludes with some implications that make the best out of eugenics by establishing effective democratic political control of its practical applications.
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Briggs, Andrew, Hans Halvorson i Andrew Steane. The struggle is nothing new. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808282.003.0015.
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The question of tension between scientific study and religious commitment is examined through two historic examples: the impact of Aristotelian physics on thirteenth-century Europe, and the motion of the Earth argued by Copernicus and Galileo. Aristotelian physics was constructed from ideas around change, form, and substance, which together implied the physical universe must have existed into the infinite past. This conflicted with religious ideas about time itself having been brought into being in the finite past. Bonaventure wished to reject Aristotelian science, but others such as Averroes and Aquinas adopted a more nuanced view, in which the meaning of statements is to be drawn with reference to their context. Something similar happened in the resolution of the seventeenth-century dispute about Earth’s motion. From the perspective of Einstein’s General Relativity, statements about motion, including accelerated motion, are never absolute but always relative to frame of reference.
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Franck, Susan D. Arbitration Costs. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190054434.001.0001.
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Investment treaty arbitration (sometimes called ISDS or investor-state dispute settlement) has become a flashpoint in the backlash against globalization, with costs becoming an area of core scrutiny. Yet “conventional wisdom” about costs is not necessarily wise. To separate fact from fiction, this book reality tests claims about investment arbitration and fiscal costs against hard data so that policy reforms can be informed by scientific evidence, rather than intuition or cognitive illusions. The exercise is critical, as investment treaties grant international arbitrators the power to order states—both rich and poor—to pay potentially millions of dollars to foreign investors when states violate the international law commitments made in the treaties. Meanwhile, the cost to access and defend the arbitration can also be in the millions of dollars. This book uses cognitive psychology insights and hard data to explore the reality of investment treaty arbitration, identify core demographics and basic information on outcomes, and drill down on the costs of parties’ counsel and arbitral tribunals. It offers a nuanced analysis of how and when cost-shifting occurs, parses tribunals’ rationalization (or lack thereof) of cost assessments, and models the variables most likely to predict costs, using data to point the way toward evidence-based normative reform. With an intelligent interdisciplinary approach that speaks to ongoing reform at entities such as the World Bank’s ICSID and UNCITRAL, this book provides the most up-to-date study of investment treaty dispute resolution costs, offering new insights that will shape the direction of investment treaty and arbitration reform more broadly.
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Botelho Moniz, Jorge, red. O Futuro da União Europeia: Política, Economia, Estado de Direito e Religião. Edições Universitárias Lusófona, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24140/cp.01.
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When some of the leading Portuguese experts on European affairs gathered to discuss The Future of the European Union (EU) at a meeting at Lusófona University, the challenge seemed insurmountable. Due to the escalation of the conflict in Europe, the growing influence of populist movements, attacks on the rule of law, the inflationary spiral, and the dispute over European values, including religious ones. The future of the EU, as well as any other, is hard to unravel. However, this book is an answer to this challenge and an indispensable tool for understanding the controversial scenario in which the EU finds itself. Organised in four main chapters, this book offers contributions on some of the essential elements of the EU: politics, economics, geopolitics, rule of law, values, and religion. By its originality, scientific depth, and prospective methodology, it will enable the reader to understand, systematically and critically, where the EU came from, where it is now and where it is heading. A must-read for all those interested in reflecting on what Europe and the world will look like in the coming decades.
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Logue, Heather, i Louise Richardson, red. Purpose and Procedure in Philosophy of Perception. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853534.001.0001.
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Contemporary philosophy of perception is dominated by extremely polarized debates. The polarization is particularly acute in the debate between naïve realist disjunctivists and their opponents, but divisions seem almost as stark in other areas of dispute (for example, the debate over whether we experience so-called ‘high-level’ properties, and the debate concerning individuation of the senses). The guiding hypothesis underlying this volume is that such polarization stems from insufficient attention to how we should go about settling these debates. In general, there is widespread, largely implicit disagreement concerning what philosophical theories of perception are supposed to explain, the claims that we should hold fixed in the course of theorizing, and the methods that such theorizing should employ. The goal of this volume is to move such methodological questions from the background to the fore, in the hope of facilitating progress. The contributions constitute an initial effort to spur more explicit, systematic discussion of methodology in philosophy of perception. They cover a wide range of relevant topics, from the relation between scientific and philosophical theorizing about perception, to lessons we can learn from the history of philosophy of perception.
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Holt, Frank L. When Money Talks. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197517659.001.0001.
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This book tells the story of numismatics, the study of coins, as part of the larger history of money. It explains why and where coinage was invented and how this monetary revolution spread around the world. By examining sources ranging from Aristotle and the Gospels to modern novels and TV sitcoms, this book highlights how historians, philosophers, poets, and religious leaders have used coinage to investigate, teach, and preach about human societies. It uses new ideas about memes and object agency to ask whether coins can act as though independent of human oversight. It details how numismatists have become more scientific since the Renaissance, although misuses of physiognomy and phrenology still hamper the field. Coins are studied not solely as individual works of art, but also as meaningful groups brought together as treasures called hoards. The analysis of buried hoards offers many interesting insights into human behavior, particularly in times of political turmoil and natural disaster. Although numismatics shares a common origin with archaeology, these disciplines have clashed in recent history, particularly over the disputed rights of amateurs to collect artifacts of historical importance. This book explores the ethics of coin collecting and considers whether paleontology might provide a model for the future of numismatics. New forms of numismatic investigation, such as Cognitive Numismatics, also pave a novel path for one of the oldest and most respected contributors to the arts and humanities.
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Upton, MS. Rich and Diverse Fauna. CSIRO Publishing, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104860.
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This volume is the first comprehensive account of the formation of CSIRO Entomology and the Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC) and covers the growth of this national collection over its first 65 years.
In 1927, Robin John Tillyard stated that "the future of Australian entomology depends to a large extent on the gathering together of a really national collection." On taking charge of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research's entomological work in 1928, he set up the Division of Economic Entomology in which he saw the need for 'extensive collections', and the national insect collection was born.
A Rich and Diverse Fauna deals with the difficulties facing the establishment of research in Australia due to the scarcity of adequately trained staff and reveals the problems caused by Tillyard in the early days. Despite these, however, it shows that Tillyard laid the foundations of a Division that has withstood the test of time. He recognised the necessity of combining taxonomy and its associated collections with other entomological disciplines in order to provide a sound base for applied entomological research.
The book covers the building of the first laboratory for CSIRO's Division of Entomology and the recruitment of the taxonomic staff, together with the various early collecting expeditions and surveys. It records the tireless efforts of Bill Brandt collecting in New Guinea and the trials and tribulations confronting the early curators of the collection. It also details some of the major collections acquired or donated to the ANIC, records the major field surveys undertaken by the ANIC staff in the 1970s and covers the involvement of the taxonomists in the dispute over the legislation restricting the export of insect holotypes.
Richly illustrated, the book contains a comprehensive index together with a bibliography of more than 600 references.
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A letter to the president of the U. States of America: Proposing a method whereby the merits of the conflicting claims of the United States and Great Britain, on the disputed frontier, may be correctly examined and determined by scientific principles, combined with indisputable data, grounded in equity : together with an examination of the treaty of 1783, from which is derived a demonstration of the falsehood of the British claim. Cambridge [Mass.]: Metcalf, Torry, and Ballou, 1987.
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