Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Scavengers (Zoology)

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Scavengers (Zoology)”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 24 stycznia 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Scavengers (Zoology)"

Enari, Hiroto, i Haruka S. Enari. "Not avian but mammalian scavengers efficiently consume carcasses under heavy snowfall conditions: a case from northern Japan". Mammalian Biology 101, nr 4 (18.01.2021): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42991-020-00097-9.

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AbstractInterest in trophic interactions and ecosystem functions derived from carcass consumption by scavengers has been increasing. Here, we conducted the first evaluation of scavenging processes in an ecosystem with heavy snow, located in northern Japan, which is characterized by the limitations of visual and odor cues to detect carcasses. In this study, we verified the behavioral traits and assemblage compositions of avian and mammalian scavengers, which consumed six different carcass types buried in snow. We measured the visits of scavengers using camera traps between 2010 and 2020. The total scavenger richness observed was relatively low (only 12 species) compared to warmer biomes. We observed seven avian scavenger species, but their visit frequencies were extremely low compared with those of nocturnal mammalian scavengers, such as raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and martens (Martes melampus), which were able to detect carcasses more rapidly and frequently. Our findings imply that large snow piles significantly prevent avian scavengers from detecting carcasses. In contrast, the snow piles could protect carcasses from the freezing air and ensure the occurrence of a basal level of microbial decomposition, possibly leading to carcass decomposition. This probably results in carcasses still providing odor cues for mammalian scavengers with heightened sense of smell. Moreover, considering the high carcass consumption rate (91.3% of full-body carcass; n = 23) and short carcass detection times (approximately 90 h) observed, it is possible that scavenging in heavy snowfall conditions has become systematically integrated into the foraging tactics of many mammalian scavengers.

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DeVault, Travis L., I. Lehr Brisbin, Jr. i Olin E. Rhodes, Jr. "Factors influencing the acquisition of rodent carrion by vertebrate scavengers and decomposers". Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, nr 3 (1.03.2004): 502–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-022.

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Vertebrate scavengers and decomposers compete for animal carcasses in all temperate and tropical ecosystems. We examined the influence of carcass size, forest type, and air temperature on the fate of rodent carcasses at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, USA. Three hundred rodent carcasses were placed at random locations in forested habitats and scavengers were identified using remote photography. Seventeen species of vertebrates removed 104 of 300 (35%) rodent carcasses over a year. Raccoons (Procyon lotor (Linnaeus, 1758)) and Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792) scavenged most frequently. For scavenged carcasses, the mean time to carcass removal was 2.58 days after placement. Carcass acquisition by scavengers and decomposers was influenced moderately by forest type and carcass size, although ambient air temperature considerably influenced the fate of carcasses. Vertebrates removed fewer carcasses as temperatures increased: only 28 of 144 (19%) carcasses were scavenged when temperatures exceeded 17 °C. The temporal pattern of carcass removal by vertebrates, however, did not vary with temperature. Consistent rates of carcass removal by vertebrates across the year and increased activity by insects during warm weather led to elevated levels of decomposition during summer months. This study confirms the complexity and dynamic nature of competitive relationships among scavengers and decomposers.

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Ray, R. R., H. Seibold i M. Heurich. "Invertebrates outcompete vertebrate facultative scavengers in simulated lynx kills in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany". Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 37, nr 1 (czerwiec 2014): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2014.37.0077.

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Understanding the role of scavengers in ecosystems is important for species conservation and wildlife management. We used road–killed animals, 15 in summer 2003 (June–August) and nine in winter 2003/2004 (from November to January), to test the following hypotheses: (1) vertebrate scavengers such as raven (Corvus corax), red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) consume a higher proportion of the carcasses than invertebrates; (2) the consumption rate is higher in winter than in summer due to the scarcity of other food resources; and (3) vertebrate scavengers are effective competitors of Eurasian lynx. We monitored 65 animals belonging to eight different mammal and bird species with camera traps. Surprisingly, Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) was the most important vertebrate scavenger. However, in both seasons, the consumption of vertebrate scavengers was of minor impact. In summer, the carcasses were completely consumed within 10 days, mostly by invertebrates. In winter, only 5% of the carcasses were consumed within 10 days and 16% within 15 days. We conclude that vertebrates in the Bavarian Forest National Park are not strong competitors for lynx.

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Selva, N., B. Jędrzejewska, W. Jędrzejewski i A. Wajrak. "Factors affecting carcass use by a guild of scavengers in European temperate woodland". Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, nr 12 (1.12.2005): 1590–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-158.

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Although facultative scavenging is very common, little is known about the factors governing carrion acquisition by vertebrates. We examined the influence of carcass characteristics, carcass state, and weather conditions on carrion use by main scavengers. Carcasses (N = 214, mainly ungulates) of various origins (predation, natural deaths, harvest) were monitored by systematic inspections (N = 1784) in Białowieża Forest (Poland). Common raven (Corvus corax L., 1758), red fox (Vulpes vulpes (L., 1758)), and European pine marten (Martes martes (L., 1758)) mainly used the prey remains of gray wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758). The kills of predators were the preferred carrion, rather than dead ungulates. Common ravens, common buzzards (Buteo buteo (L., 1758)), white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla (L., 1758)), and domestic dogs scavenged more frequently on carcasses in open habitats. Carcasses located in the forest were the most available to European pine martens, jays (Garrulus glandarius (L., 1758)), and wild boar (Sus scrofa L., 1758). The common tendency was to increase scavenging when temperature decreased, except for raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray 1834)). As snow depth increased, jays and great tits (Parus major L., 1758) increased scavenging. We suggest that carrion use by scavengers is not random, but a complex process mediated by extrinsic factors and by behavioural adaptations of scavengers.

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Sebastián-González, Esther, José Antonio Sánchez-Zapata, José Antonio Donázar, Nuria Selva, Ainara Cortés-Avizanda, Fernando Hiraldo, Miguel Blázquez, Francisco Botella i Marcos Moleón. "Interactive effects of obligate scavengers and scavenger community richness on lagomorph carcass consumption patterns". Ibis 155, nr 4 (17.07.2013): 881–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12079.

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Wirsing, Aaron J., i Thomas M. Newsome. "Scavenging Effects of Large Canids". Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, nr 1 (21.03.2021): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab012.

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Synopsis Many large predators are also facultative scavengers that may compete with and depredate other species at carcasses. Yet, the ecological impacts of facultative scavenging by large predators, or their “scavenging effects,” still receive relatively little attention in comparison to their predation effects. To address this knowledge gap, we comprehensively examine the roles played by, and impacts of, facultative scavengers, with a focus on large canids: the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), dingo (Canis dingo), Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), gray wolf (Canis lupus), maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), and red wolf (Canis rufus). Specifically, after defining facultative scavenging as use or usurpation of a carcass that a consumer has not killed, we (1) provide a conceptual overview of the community interactions around carcasses that can be initiated by facultative scavengers, (2) review the extent of scavenging by and the evidence for scavenging effects of large canids, (3) discuss external factors that may diminish or enhance the effects of large canids as scavengers, and (4) identify aspects of this phenomenon that require additional research attention as a guide for future work.

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Steinbeiser, C. M., C. A. Wawrzynowski, X. Ramos i Z. H. Olson. "Scavenging and the ecology of fear: do animal carcasses create islands of risk on the landscape?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, nr 3 (marzec 2018): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0268.

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Many vertebrate scavengers function as predators in ecosystems, suggesting that the presence of scavengers and occurrence of predator effects may be intertwined near carcasses. We tested for risk effects near a series of experimentally placed carcasses by measuring small-mammal foraging in a before–after control–impact design. Validation efforts revealed low levels of food loss from stations due to human error and invertebrate foraging, and habituation to stations occurred after 2 weeks. Increased perceived predation risk by small mammals relative to controls occurred in three of seven trials. The effect was observed across tested carcass types (beaver, Castor canadensis Kuhl, 1820; white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) and seasons (summer and fall). However, small mammals also increased foraging relative to controls in two of seven trials, and foraging reached a ceiling in two other trials that prevented inference on a response. Taken together, our results suggest that scavenger recruitment to carcasses can in some instances create islands of risk for prey on the landscape, but the effect is not likely to be universal. Where small-mammal foraging does decrease, further work will be necessary to determine if risk effects cascade to adjacent trophic levels through enhanced seed and seedling survival.

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Krofel, Miha, Ivan Kos i Klemen Jerina. "The noble cats and the big bad scavengers: effects of dominant scavengers on solitary predators". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 66, nr 9 (13.07.2012): 1297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-012-1384-6.

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Callahan, H. L., R. K. Chouch i E. R. James. "Hydrogen peroxide is the most toxic oxygen species for Onchocerca cervicalis microfilariae". Parasitology 100, nr 3 (czerwiec 1990): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000078690.

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SUMMARYThe toxicity of the active oxygen species hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen to microfilariae (mf) has been studied in vitro, using active oxygen-generating systems and scavengers/inhibitors. Mf viability was monitored by uptake of the radiolabel, [3H]2-deoxy-D-glouse. Hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen, but not superoxide radical or hydroxyl radical, are toxic for mf. Hydrogen peroxide was toxic for mf within 2 h at concentrations as low as 5 ¼, an amount eosinophils have been shown to release in vitro (Weiss et al. 1986). Catalase and thiourea, but not inactivated catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), singlet oxygen scavengers, or hydroxyl radical scavengers, protected mf. Mf have relatively high levels of endogenous SOD but no measurable glutathione peroxidase and low levels of catalase when compared with other parasites (Callahan, Crouch & James, 1988). The low levels of hydrogen peroxide-scavenging enzymes correlate well with mf sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and the protective effect of exogenous catalase.

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Allen, Benjamin L. "Skin and bone: observations of dingo scavenging during a chronic food shortage". Australian Mammalogy 32, nr 2 (2010): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10012.

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Dingo (Canis lupus dingo and hybrids) diet studies primarily rely on analyses of prey remains found in stomachs or scats (i.e. faeces). However, dingoes are also scavengers, and doubt may remain as to whether or not a given item found in a stomach/scat was killed or scavenged. This paper briefly reports some incidental observations of dingoes scavenging cattle (Bos taurus), red kangaroos (Macropus rufus), wedge-tailed eagles (Aquila audax), and other dingo carcasses during a chronic food shortage. This confirms that diet studies may not be evidence for predation, and that dietary items collected during a discrete period may not actually reflect the period when the item died.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Scavengers (Zoology)"

O'Brien, R. Christopher. "Forensic animal necrophagy in the South-West of Western Australia : species, feeding patterns and taphonomic effects". University of Western Australia. School of Anatomy and Human Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0195.

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[Truncated abstract] One of the standard ways of assessing time since death is from the stages of decomposition of the body. It is well known that the rate of decomposition is affected by environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. Another factor that can affect decompositional rates is the presence of breaches in the protective barrier of the skin, whether arising from antemortem injury or postmortem damage, including that occurring from animal necrophagy. Scavengers have the potential to affect decomposition by breaching the skin allowing access to associated insect material, feeding on the maggot masses, or by consumption of the carcass itself. Each locality will have its own set of features determining the rate of decomposition of the body, and variation may occur within localities based on the seasons. Such variation implies the need for local calibration of time since death against degree of decomposition and to establish the magnitude of interseasonal variation. When the localities are outdoors, the influence of potential scavengers, and the factors affecting their activity need also to be taken into account. This study investigates the interaction of environmental factors and animal scavenging on the rate of decomposition of pig (Sus scrofa) carcasses at four south-west Western Australia sites; Jandakot, Shenton Park, Perup Forest, and Watheroo National Park. Jandakot and Shenton Park are both close to the Perth metropolitan area and the western coast while Perup Forest is southern and inland and Watheroo is northern and inland. ... The most common insectivore feeding in relation to the carcasses was the Willie Wagtail (Rhipidura leucophrys) which was associated with the carcasses in all seasons and all locations except for Perup Forest. The breeding cycle appeared to have a marked influence on the intensity of scavenging by several species. The effect of season on decompositional rates was greatly reduced in carcasses that were exposed to scavenging. It took no additional time for carcasses to achieve skeletonization in winter than in the other seasons in the presence of scavenging. Scavenging had no significant impact on the rate of breakdown of carcasses in summer, when decompositional rates were greatest and scavenging at a minimum. v In Western Australia, it is not uncommon for bodies to remain undiscovered in bush environments for lengthy periods of time due to the low human population density. This study shows conclusively that it is not sufficient simply to consider the accumulated degree day (ADD) when estimating time since death by the degree of decomposition of the body. Attention must also be given to local wildlife assemblages and variations in their activities with the seasons. The implications of this research are in the determination of time of death. If the effects of scavengers accelerate decomposition this must be taken into account when any calculation since time of death is determined. The marked variations between sites in the rates of decomposition of carcasses exposed to natural animal scavenging in this study highlights the need for local calibration of time since death to decompositional stages for all locales. The techniques devised in this study are straight forward and easily conducted yet are informative and essential in determining time since death for bodies which have been exposed to animal scavenging.

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García, Ripollés Clara. "Biology and conservation of two scavenger species breeding in the East of the Iberian Peninsula". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/24426.

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Hartstone-Rose, Adam. "Evaluating the Hominin Scavenging Niche through Analysis of the Carcass-Processing Abilities of the Carnivore Guild". Diss., 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/704.

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Humans are more carnivorous than other hominoids. It has been hypothesized that, during the evolution of this increased carnivory, hominins transitioned through a scavenging niche made viable by certain carnivoran taxa (especially sabertooths) that may have lacked the morphology necessary to fully utilize all parts of carcasses (e.g., marrow), therefore leaving an open niche in the form of high-quality scavengable remains available for hominins. In this dissertation, I examine the postcanine dentition of modern carnivorans, using quantifications of occlusal radii of curvature and intercuspid notches, and study the correlation of this morphology with carcass-processing behavior. I use these correlations to deduce the carcass-processing capabilities of the Plio-Pleistocene carnivores of South Africa (a guild for which we have a good appreciation of taxonomic diversity, and that existed at an important time during the evolution of our lineage - possibly the time that we transitioned into that guild), and compare these results with those of previous studies that relied on more conventional morphological measures.

Both radius of curvature and intercuspid notch data do a good job of separating taxa by dietary category, revealing subtle patterns including possible differences in the carcass-processing abilities of fossil and modern members of some extant species. Other strong trends confirm that the "hunting-hyena," Chasmaporthetes, was probably a hypercarnivore, and not a durophage like its modern confamilial taxa. Somewhat surprisingly, results do not support the hypothesis that sabertooth felids were more hypercarnivorous than modern felids. Furthermore, though the sympatric hypercarnivorous taxa were more numerous, so to were the durophageous taxa, with one taxon, Pachycrocuta, probably exceeding the durophageous capabilities of modern durophages.

As such, this dissertation shows no evidence that members of the paleo-carnivore guild were capable of producing higher quality scavengable carcasses than are modern carnivorans, and thus, based on these analyses of fossil carnivorans, it does not appear that high-quality scavengable remains were more available in the Plio-Pleistocene than there are today. Therefore, though there is clear evidence from other sources that hominins did scavenge at least occasionally, this dissertation does not support the hypothesis that there was an open niche consisting of high-quality scavengable remains.

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Książki na temat "Scavengers (Zoology)"

Sturm, Jeanne. Scavengers. Vero Beach, Fla: Rourke Educational Media, 2013.

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Death eaters: Meet nature's scavengers. Minneapolis, MN: Millbrook Press, 2019.

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Carcass chewers of the animal world. North Mankato, Minnesota: Capstone Press, a Capstone impirnt, 2015.

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Vultures. Mankato, MN: Creative Education, 2015.

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Carcass chewers of the animal world. London: Raintree, an imprint of Capstone Global Library Limited, 2015.

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Medina, Martin. The world's scavengers: Salvaging for sustainable consumption and production. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2006.

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Berne, Emma Carlson. Raccoons. New York: PowerKids Press, 2015.

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Berne, Emma Carlson. Flesh flies. New York: PowerKids Press, 2015.

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Nature's cleaners. New York: Crabtree Pub., 2009.

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Vulture vomit. New York, NY: Gareth Stevens Publishing, 2015.

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