Rozprawy doktorskie: „Scalene”

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Saboisky, Julian Peter Clinical School Prince of Wales Hospital Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Neural drive to human respiratory muscles". Publisher:University of New South Wales. Clinical School - Prince of Wales Hospital, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/42792.

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This thesis addresses the organisation of drive to human upper airway and inspiratory pump muscles. The characterisation of single motor unit activity is important as the discharge frequency or timing of discharge of each motor unit directly reflects the output of single motoneurones. Thus, the firing properties of a population of motor units is indicative of the neural drive to the motoneurone pool. The experiments presented in Chapter 2 measured the recruitment time of five inspiratory pump muscles (diaphragm, scalene, second parasternal intercostal, and third and fifth dorsal external intercostal muscles) during normal quiet breathing and quantified the timing and magnitude of drive reaching each muscle. Chapter 3 examined the EMG activity of a major upper airway muscle (the genioglossus). The single motor units of the genioglossus display activity that can be grouped into six types based on its association or lack of association with respiration. The types of activity are termed: Inspiratory Phasic, Inspiratory Tonic, Expiratory Phasic, Expiratory Tonic, Tonic, and Tonic Other. A new method is presented in Chapter 4 to illustrate large amounts of data from single motor units recorded from respiratory muscles in a concise manner. This single figure displays for each motor unit, the recruitment time and firing frequency, the peak discharge frequency and its time, and the derecruitment time and its frequency. This method, termed the time-and-frequency plot, is used to demonstrate differences in behaviour between populations of diaphragm (Chapter 2) and genioglossus (Chapter 3) motoneurones. In Chapter 5, genioglossus activity during quiet breathing is compared between a group of patients with severe OSA and healthy control subjects. The distribution of central drive is identical between the OSA and control subjects with the same proportion of the six types of motor unit activity in both groups. However, there are alterations in the onset time of Inspiratory Phasic and Inspiratory Tonic motor units in OSA subjects and their peak discharge rates are also altered. Single motor unit action potentials in OSA subjects showed an increased area. This suggests the presence of neurogenic changes and may provide a pathophysiological explanation for the increased multiunit electromyographic activity reported in OSA subjects during wakefulness.

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Pokorny, Andrew. "Chord-Specific Scalar Material in Classical Music: An Adaptation of Jazz Chord-Scale Theory". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18443.

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Jazz chord-scale theory identifies scales that can be used to embellish a particular type of chord. It has fostered the notion that chords can generate their own local scales. This idea as well as many of the scale types that jazz chord-scale theory identifies are essentially foreign to classical music theory, which instead tends to focus on the scales that represent relatively global key areas--that is, the scales that accommodate entire chord successions. Both the jazz and classical perspectives can coexist, and each can inform and supplement the other. This study explores implications of the jazz chord-scale perspective for classical music and classical music theory. The scalar notes and intervals that embellish a particular chord are referred to as chord-specific scalar material (CSSM). Following the suggestion of jazz chord-scale theory and Ramon Satyendra's chord spaces, each chordal zone can exhibit its own local tonal hierarchy potentially consisting of a local tonic note (usually a chord root), chordal notes and intervals, scalar notes and intervals, and sub-scalar notes and intervals. Focusing particularly on the scalar level of these chord-specific tonal hierarchies, CSSM is a relatively foreground phenomenon that can be understood against the backdrop of a deeper, uninterrupted scalar space that is associated with the key of the passage at hand. A chord succession can occupy the deeper scalar space while each chord is embellished with CSSM suggestive of potentially different local scalar spaces. This study considers examples of CSSM spanning the music of Bach through Fauré, and it proposes a classification of four general types of CSSM found in classical repertoire. Each type suggests a different theoretical derivation for examples of CSSM, and each type has its own implications for tonal function (both locally and globally), coherence, and color. The fourth type apparently did not emerge until the Romantic era. Special attention is given to CSSM in the music of Gabriel Fauré, who seemingly developed rather innovative CSSM techniques. Practical benefits of this theoretical approach for today's composers, improvisers, and performers are also considered. Various techniques for generating CSSM are offered, and further scalar possibilities are explored.
2016-09-29

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Carapezzi, Stefania <1970&gt. "Scaled down physical properties of semiconductor nanowires for nanoelectronics scaling up". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6222/.

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Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) are one- or quasi one-dimensional systems whose physical properties are unique as compared to bulk materials because of their nanoscaled sizes. They bring together quantum world and semiconductor devices. NWs-based technologies may achieve an impact comparable to that of current microelectronic devices if new challenges will be faced. This thesis primarily focuses on two different, cutting-edge aspects of research over semiconductor NW arrays as pivotal components of NW-based devices. The first part deals with the characterization of electrically active defects in NWs. It has been elaborated the set-up of a general procedure which enables to employ Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) to probe NW arrays’ defects. This procedure has been applied to perform the characterization of a specific system, i.e. Reactive Ion Etched (RIE) silicon NW arrays-based Schottky barrier diodes. This study has allowed to shed light over how and if growth conditions introduce defects in RIE processed silicon NWs. The second part of this thesis concerns the bowing induced by electron beam and the subsequent clustering of gallium arsenide NWs. After a justified rejection of the mechanisms previously reported in literature, an original interpretation of the electron beam induced bending has been illustrated. Moreover, this thesis has successfully interpreted the formation of NW clusters in the framework of the lateral collapse of fibrillar structures. These latter are both idealized models and actual artificial structures used to study and to mimic the adhesion properties of natural surfaces in lizards and insects (Gecko effect). Our conclusion are that mechanical and surface properties of the NWs, together with the geometry of the NW arrays, play a key role in their post-growth alignment. The same parameters open, then, to the benign possibility of locally engineering NW arrays in micro- and macro-templates.

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Lewis, Gregory. "The scale invariant generator technique and scaling anisotropy in geophysics /". Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68198.

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Recently, there has been a dramatic increase in the use of scale invariance in the study of geophysical fields. However, very little attention has been paid to the anisotropy that is invariably present in these fields, in the form of stratification, differential rotation, texture and morphology. In order to account for scaling anisotropy, the formalism of Generalized Scale Invariance (GSI) was developed. Until now, only a single analysis technique has been developed which incorporates this formalism and which can be used to study the differential rotation of fields.
Using a two-dimensional representation of the linear approximation to GSI, a new, greatly improved, technique for quantifying anisotropic scale invariance in geophysical fields is developed: the Scale Invariant Generator technique (SIG).
The ability of the technique to yield valid estimates is tested by performing the analysis on multifractal (scale invariant) simulations. It was found that SIG yields reasonable estimates for fields with a diversity of anisotropic and statistical characteristics. The analysis is also performed on three satellite cloud radiances and three sea ice SAR reflectivities to test the applicability of the technique. SIG also produced reasonable estimates in these cases.

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Gartenburg, Michael A. "Scale and TDOA estimation using signal heterodyning and wavelet scaling". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0005/MQ44842.pdf.

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Rossmanith, Eva, Niels Blaum, Manfred Keil, F. Langerwisch, Jork Meyer, Alexander Popp, Michael Schmidt i in. "Scaling up local population dynamics to regional scales : an integrated approach : [Poster]". Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://www.uni-potsdam.de/imaf/events/ge_work0602.html.

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In semi-arid savannas, unsustainable land use can lead to degradation of entire landscapes, e.g. in the form of shrub encroachment. This leads to habitat loss and is assumed to reduce species diversity. In BIOTA phase 1, we investigated the effects of land use on population dynamics on farm scale. In phase 2 we scale up to consider the whole regional landscape consisting of a diverse mosaic of farms with different historic and present land use intensities. This mosaic creates a heterogeneous, dynamic pattern of structural diversity at a large spatial scale. Understanding how the region-wide dynamic land use pattern affects the abundance of animal and plant species requires the integration of processes on large as well as on small spatial scales. In our multidisciplinary approach, we integrate information from remote sensing, genetic and ecological field studies as well as small scale process models in a dynamic region-wide simulation tool.

Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Musterdynamik und Angewandte Fernerkundung
Workshop vom 9. - 10. Februar 2006.

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Mohammed, Abdulwasey. "Scaling up of peatland methane emission hotspots from small to large scales". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15772.

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Methane is an important greenhouse gas that is relatively long-lived in the atmosphere, and wetlands are a major natural source of atmospheric methane. Methane emissions from wetlands are variable across both space and time at scales ranging from meters to continents and a comprehensive accounting of wetland methane efflux is critical for quantifying the atmospheric methane balance. Major uncertainties in quantifying methane efflux arise when measuring and modelling its physical and biological determinants, including water table depth, microtopography, soil temperature, the distribution of aerenchymous vegetation, and the distribution of mosses. Further complications arise with the nonlinear interaction between flux and derivers in highly-heterogeneous wetland landscape. A possible solution for quantifying wetland methane efflux at multiple scales in space (‘upscaling’) is repeated observations using remote sensing technology to acquire information about the land surface across time, space, and spectra. These scaling issues must be resolved to progress in our understanding of the role of wetlands in the global atmospheric methane budget from peatlands. In this thesis, data collected from multiple aircraft and satellite-based remote sensing platforms were investigated to characterize the fine scale spatial heterogeneity of a peatland in southwestern Scotland for the purpose of developing techniques for quantifying (‘upscaling’) methane efflux at multiple scales and space. Seasonal variation in pools such as expansion and contraction was simulated with the LiDAR data to investigate the expansion and contraction of the lakes and pools that could give an idea of increase or decrease in methane emissions. Concepts from information theory applied on the different data sets also revealed the relative loss in some features on peatland surface and relative gain on others and find a natural application for reducing bias in multi-scale spatial classification as well as quantifying the length scales (or scales) at which important surface features for methane fluxes are lost. Results from the wavelet analysis demonstrated the preservation of fine scale heterogeneity up to certain length scale and the pattern on peatland surface was preserved. Variogram techniques were also tested to determine sample size, range and orientation in the data set. All the above has implications on estimating methane budget from the peatland landscape and could reduce the bias in the overall flux estimates. All the methods used can also be applied to contrasting sites.

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Miller, W. B. "Localization of Reserve Remobilization During Scalet Formation on Lilium longiflorum Scales". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216050.

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When Lilium longiflorum bulb scales we removed and placed in a moist environment, new bulbs ("scalets") arise from the base of the original scale, providing a practical means of clonal propagation. To determine which region of the scale is responsible for the early development of the new scalet, investigations were conducted on the localization of stanch hydrolysis and accumulation of soluble sugars in basal distal and central regions. Over a six week period starch concentration decreases initially in the distal regions, followed by the central region. Soluble sugars increased in distal areas over this same time period These findings indicate the distal regions of a lily scale are important in the early development of the new scalet, in contrast to the adjacen4 basal region.

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Christidis, Konstantinos. "Characterisation and monitoring of mineral deposits in down-hole petroleum pipelines". Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325400.

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Das, Narendra Narayan. "Modeling and application of soil moisture at varying spatial scales with parameter scaling". [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2877.

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Penmetsa, Sita rama raju S. "SCALE MODELING OF ALUMINUM MELTING FURNACE". UKnowledge, 2004. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/331.

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Secondary (recycled) aluminum constitutes around 48% of the total aluminum used in the United States. Secondary aluminum melting is accomplished in large reverberatory furnaces, and improving its energy efficiency has been one of the major interests to aluminum industries. To assist the industries in improving energy efficiency in aluminum melting, an experimental research furnace (ERF), with 907 kg (2000 lbs) capacity, has been built at the Albany Research Center of the U.S. Department of Energy as part of this multi-partner research program. To verify that the experimental results obtained in the ERF furnace are valid for the operation of industrial furnaces, we used scale modeling technology to assist the validation. In this thesis, scaling laws, which are applied to the thermal conduction loss through the model furnace, were developed and the partial modeling relaxation technique was applied to the development of modeling to derive achievable scaling laws. The model experiments were conducted in the model furnace, which was a one-fourth scaled-down version from the ERF furnace (as a prototype), and then compared to the tests in the ERF furnace. The temperature distributions across both the model and prototype were shown to be in good agreement. Confirmation of the scaling laws demonstrated the usefulness of the scale modeling concept and its applicability to analyze complex melting processes in aluminum melting.

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Mazzariol, Leonardo Monteiro. "Representação de estruturas sujeitas à cargas de impacto através de modelos escalonados: estrutura e modelo feitos de materiais diferentes". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3151/tde-18042017-135251/.

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Lança-se aqui a hipótese de que é possível reproduzir o comportamento do protótipo a partir de modelos feitos de materiais diferentes dos utilizados na estrutura de referência. A influência de distorção de espessura, de diferentes densidades, tensões de escoamento, encruamento e viscoplasticidade são todas avaliadas através de equações analíticas e simulações das estruturas básicas como viga, placa e o impacto de uma estrutura de chapa dupla. Adicionalmente, são realizadas caracterizações quase-estáticas e dinâmicas de material e experimentos em placas circulares para três escalas diferentes (1/1, 2/3 e 1/3), quatro materiais (alumínio, titânio, aço inox e cobre) e duas condições de carregamento: impacto de uma massa a baixa velocidade (3,5m/s) e um projétil a alta velocidade (130m/s). Mostra-se que o uso da lei de Johnson-Cook para descrever o comportamento viscoplástico dos materiais permite obter boa aproximação para o cálculo da velocidade de impacto corrigida, sem que sejam necessárias informações adicionais do comportamento da estrutura. Além disso, os resultados revelam a importância de se manter a razão entre massa de impacto e massa da estrutura constante em modelo e protótipo, levando a desejável similaridade das distorções entre ambas. Assim, ao se confirmar a hipótese deste trabalho, mostra-se possível inferir o comportamento de um protótipo com uso de modelos em escala reduzida feitos a partir de materiais diferentes.
It is hypothesized that it is possible to reproduce the behaviour of the prototype by using models made of different materials. The influence of thickness, different densities, flow stresses, hardening and viscoplasticity are all evaluated through analytical equations and simulations of basic structures such as beam, plate and the impact of a double plate structure. In addition, quasi-static and dynamic materials characterization are conducted , with experiments being performed in circular plates for three different scales (1/1, 2/3 and 1/3), four materials (Aluminum, Titanium, Stainless Steel and Copper) and two conditions impact of a mass (3,5m/s) and a projectile at high speed (130m/s). It is shown that the use of Johnson-Cook\'s law to describe the viscoplastic behavior of the materials allows a satisfactory approximation to the calculation of the corrected impact velocity, without the need for additional information on the behavior of the structure. In addition, the results reveal the relevance of maintaining the ratio between impact mass and structure mass constant in model and prototype, leading to the desirable similarity of the distortions between the two. Thus, when confirming the hypothesis of this work, it is possible to infer the behavior of a prototype using small scale models made from different materials.

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Teh, Tong H. "A novel electrochemical technique for mineral scale coverage and scaling tendency quantification". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/2488.

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Mineral scaling poses a far greater problem to any industry that uses or produces water. The quality of water used by industry varies widely and gives rise to numerous scaling problems. Mineral scale formation and deposition on equipment surface causes major flow assurance concerns particularly apparent in the offshore oil and gas industry. An improper of scale management programmes could lead to a rapid mineral scale build up and subsequently significant reductions in productivity and compromises the operational safety of process equipment (i.e. safety valves) as a result of blockage. The result is costly workovers increasing project operating costs (OPEX) due to the need for scale dissolver treatments and significant production losses. As part of scale management programme, it is desirable to be able to quantify the extent of the mineral scale that has deposited on component surface and also to be able to monitor the changes of likelihood that a production fluid will precipitate out mineral scale. The nature of this research is focus on exploring a simple approach or a methodology to detect the mineral scale formed specifically for calcium carbonate on the electrode surface. The application of a submerged impinging jet (SIJ) in conjunction with an electrochemical technique was developed. The development of this technique has been taken into the consideration of advantages and disadvantages of the current available scale detection techniques. Not only has the complexity of equipment and facilities been considered during the development stage, but the data interpretation of the existing technologies has been considered. In general, efforts have concentrated upon strategies to develop and to validate this methodology for the scale coverage on the electrode surface as well as monitoring the scaling tendency through the electrochemical technique measurement. Various verifications and experiments were undertaken to ensure the reliability of the use of electrochemical measurement and SIJ geometry configurations. The influence of surface condition on the sensitivity of this technique were also assessed This technique clearly demonstrated that various levels of mineral deposition on the surface could be quantified. This included the calcium carbonate deposition in the presence and absence of magnesium ions. In this study, a similar SIJ set up configuration was used for scaling tendency measurement to quantify and predict whether scaling will occur in water or brine solution. The scaling tendency results illustrated that there was a good correlation between the saturation ratio and the scaling tendency slope measurement by an electrochemical analysis. The contribution main of this research contributes to a better understanding of the used of SIJ for scale detection, monitoring and quantification of calcium carbonate scale formation.

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Perera, Ashansa. "Window-based Cost-effective Auto-scaling Solution with Optimized Scale-in Strategy". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-194210.

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Auto-scaling is a major way of minimizing the gap between the demand and the availability of the computing resources for the applications with dynamic workloads. Even though a lot of effort has been taken to address the requirement of auto-scaling for the distributed systems, most of the available solutions are application-specific and consider only on fulfilling the application level requirements. Today, with the pay-as-you-go model of cloud computing, many different price plans have been offered by the cloud providers which leads the resource price to become an important decision-making criterion at the time of auto-scaling. One major step is using the spot instances which are more advantageous in the aspect of cost for elasticity. However, using the spot instances for auto-scaling should be handled carefully to avoid its drawbacks since the spot instances can be terminated at any time by the infrastructure providers. Despite the fact that some cloud providers such as Amazon Web Services and Google Compute Engine have their own auto-scaling solutions, they do not follow the goal of cost-effectiveness. In this work, we introduce our auto-scaling solution that is targeted for middle-layers in-between the cloud and the application, such as Karamel. Our work combines the aspect of minimizing the cost of the deployment with maintaining the demand for the resources. Our solution is a rule-based system that is built on top of resource utilization metrics as a more general metric for workloads. Further, the machine terminations and the billing period of the instances are taken into account as the cloud source events. Different strategies such as window based profiling, dynamic event profiling, and optimized scale-in strategy have been used to achieve our main goal of providing a cost-effective auto-scaling solution for cloud-based deployments. With the help of our simulation methodology, we explore our parameter space to find the best values under different workloads. Moreover, our cloud-based experiments show that our solution performs much more economically compare to the available cloud-based auto-scaling solutions.

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Goodloe, John Bennett. "STANDARDIZED SUB-SCALE DYNAMOMETER SCALING METHOD FOR TRANSIT AND FREIGHT TRAIN APPLICATIONS". OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1899.

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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF John Goodloe, for the Master of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering, presented on April 13, 2016, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: STANDARDIZED SUB-SCALE DYNAMOMETER SCALING METHOD FOR TRANSIT AND FREIGHT TRAIN APPLICATIONS MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Peter Filip Dynamometers are machines that are used in several industries for measuring force, torque, or power of a mechanism. These devices are in fact very useful in the friction material industry. Friction materials are created and then tested on dynamometers to analyze physical properties such as the dynamic coefficient of friction of the material based upon its retarding force against the wheel or disc, which is mounted to the dynamometer drive shaft. Dynamometer testing is expensive and often time consuming. Sub-scale dynamometers may be used to reduce cost, time, and material use while providing similar test results by implementing a proper scaling method. There are several scaling methods, but this approach will use surface analysis and the energy dispersed per surface contact area strategy to verify the testing conditions of both sub-scale and full scale testing. Since lab analysis costs are expensive, the project budget is restricted to analyzing the maximum of 1 full-scale disc and pad specimen and 2 subscale disc and pad sets. The test results are expected to prove that when the surface conditions of the analyzed specimens agree to each other, the dynamometer test results will also agree. Due to restrictions with budget and time the fastest and most effective way to test this hypothesis is by creating the baseline on the full-scale and then adjusting the scaling on the subscale dynamometer until similar results are given. Once similar dynamometer test results are obtained, the material specimens can be analyzed in the lab. Testing will continue as long as necessary, and if the expected results are not obtained, the results will still be tested for analysis and compared to the baseline. The results are expected to show that two separate machines may provide similar surface conditions for testing, as well as similar dynamometer test results for any given friction material. However, if the expected results cannot be obtained, then it may still prove that without matching the surface layer conditions while testing, the dynamometers recorded test results will not match either, which is in agreeance with the hypothesis.

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Sanderson, Philip John 1974. "Experimental verification of the simplified scaling laws for bubbling fluidized beds at large scales". Monash University, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7891.

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Topczewski, Anna Marie. "Effect of Violating Unidimensional Item Response Theory Vertical Scaling Assumptions on Developmental Score Scales". Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4921.

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Developmental score scales represent the performance of students along a continuum, where as students learn more they move higher along that continuum. Unidimensional item response theory (UIRT) vertical scaling has become a commonly used method to create developmental score scales. Research has shown that UIRT vertical scaling methods can be inconsistent in estimating grade-to-grade growth, within-grade variability, and separation of grade distributions (effect size) of developmental score scale. In particular the finding of scale shrinkage (decreasing within-grade score variability as grade-level increases) has led to concerns about and criticism of IRT vertical scales. The causes of scale shrinkage have yet to be fully understood. Real test data and simulation studies have been unable to provide complete answers as to why IRT vertical scaling inconsistencies occur. Violations of assumptions have been a commonly cited potential cause for the inconsistent results. For this reason, this dissertation is an extensive investigation into how violations of the three assumptions of UIRT vertical scaling - local item dependence, unidimensionality, and similar reliability of grade level tests - affect estimated developmental score scales. Simulated tests were developed that purposefully violated a UIRT vertical scaling assumption. Three sets of simulated tests were created to test the effect of violating a single assumption. First, simulated tests were created with increasing, decreasing, low, medium, and high local item dependence. Second, multidimensional simulated tests were created by varying the correlation between dimensions. Third, simulated tests with dissimilar reliability were created by varying item parameters characteristics of the grade level tests. Multiple versions of twelve simulated tests were used to investigate UIRT vertical scaling assumption violations. The simulated tests were calibrated under the UIRT model to purposefully violate an assumption of UIRT vertical scaling. Each simulated test version was replicated for 1000 random examinee samples to assess the bias and standard error of estimated grade-to-grade-growth, within-grade-variability, and separation-of-grade-distributions (effect size) of the estimated developmental score scales. The results suggest that when UIRT vertical scaling assumptions are violated the resulting estimated developmental score scales contain standard error and bias. For this study, the magnitude of standard error was similar across all simulated tests regardless of the assumption violation. However, bias fluctuated as a result of different types and magnitudes of UIRT vertical scaling assumption violations. More local item dependence resulted in more grade-to-grade-growth and separation-of-grade-distributions bias. And local item dependence resulted in developmental score scales that displayed scale expansion. Multidimensionality resulted in more grade-to-grade-growth and separation-of-grade-distributions bias when the correlation between dimensions was smaller. Multidimensionality resulted in developmental score scales that displayed scale expansion. Dissimilar reliability of grade level tests resulted in more grade-to-grade-growth bias and minimal separation-of-grade-distributions bias. Dissimilar reliability of grade level tests resulted in scale expansion or scale shrinkage depending on the item characteristics of the test. Limitations of this study and future research are discussed.

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Westhoff, Andreas. "Spatial Scaling of Large-Scale Circulations and Heat Transport in Turbulent Mixed Convection". Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-FD19-2.

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Soumagnac, M. T. "Tipping scales in galaxy surveys : star/galaxy separation and scale-dependent bias". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1460581/.

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In the first part of this thesis, we address the problem of separating stars from galaxies in future large photometric surveys. We derive the science requirements on star/galaxy separation, for measurement of the cosmological parameters with the Gravitational Weak Lensing and Large Scale Structure probes, in chapter 2. We formulate the requirements in terms of the completeness and purity provided by a given star/galaxy classifier. In order to achieve these requirements, we propose a new method for star/galaxy separation in chapter 3, combining Principal Component Analysis with an Artificial Neural Network. When tested on simulations of the Dark Energy Survey (DES), this multi-parameter approach improves upon purely morphometric classifiers (such as the classifier implemented in SExtractor), especially at faint magnitudes. Chapter 4 is dedicated to the testing of this tool on real data, namely the recent internal release of DES Science Verification data. In the second part and last chapter of this thesis, chapter 5, we develop a method to detect the modulation by Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations of the density ratio of baryon to dark matter across large regions of the Universe. Such a detection would provide a direct measurement of a difference in the large-scale clustering of mass and light and a confirmation of the standard cosmological paradigm from a different angle than any other measurement. We measure the number density correlation function and the luminosity weighted correlation function of the DR10 releases of the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS), and fit a model of scale dependent bias to our measurement. Although our measurement is compatible with previous theoretical predictions, more accurate data is needed to prove or disprove this effect.

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Kia, Seyed Hossein. "Uncertainty associated with scaling spectral indices of carbon fluxes at various spatial and temporal scales". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/417789/.

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Measurements from the global network of micrometeorological tower sites (FLUXNET) provide essential information on the ecosystems productivity (i.e. a key component for the study of the carbon cycle). However, the area sampled by instruments on a flux tower is poorly defined and varies with weather conditions. Additionally, gaps in the FLUXNET record are common, either due to unsuitable measurement conditions or instrument failure. Hence, remote sensing (RS) has been proposed as a way to enhance the FLUXNET database, as it provides complete spatial coverage and frequent repeat observations. In practice, the use of RS for this task is challenging. The integration of spatially-explicit ecosystem models, RS observations and eddy covariance (EC) flux measurements with environmental variables have facilitated the quantification of carbon cycling dynamics across multiple spatial and temporal scales. In this regard, process-based models with the aim of simulation of carbon dynamics in forest ecosystems are increasingly being used besides other tools to predict the effects of environmental factors on the forest carbon pool and forest productivity. However, despite this, decision makers must be aware of the limitations of these models by uncertainty analyses to make the process-based models more robust and to optimize them for estimating productivity at landscape level. There is a need to address various sources of uncertainty associated with such quantification, including sensor limitations in terms of support size defined by spatial and temporal resolutions; spatial heterogeneity of land surface properties; pre-processing calibration; and the structure of the model proposed and its parameterization. calibration; and the structure of the model proposed and its parameterization. This research investigated the sources of uncertainty mentioned across three domains of interest: spectral, spatial and temporal. The present research deals with this need using a combination of tower-based EC flux measurements and RS data from both airborne and satellite RS systems at a range of temporal and spatial scales. It incorporates multiple remote sensing data sets (Airborne LiDAR, Airborne Imaging Spectrometry, DMC, and MODIS) to derive indices related to canopy structure (nCHM), plant cover (NDVI) and photosynthesis processes (PRI), and attempts to relate these to the data measured by instruments on flux towers in two locations: Wytham Woods, southern England, and Chequamegon Nicolet National Forest in northern Wisconsin, USA. In terms of the spectral domain, the research adds to the evidence that NDVI alone is insufficient to fully characterize the primary productivity of plant canopies, specifically across heterogeneous landscape. The study also demonstrates the magnitude and variability of extraneous parameters (e.g. optical geometry, shadow fraction, soil background and aerosol) in RS observations of the mixed forest of Wytham Woods using a 3D forest light simulation model (FLIGHT model). The results reveal that the observed vegetation indices (NDVI and PRI) form the mixed forest is highly sensitive to variation in solar and view zenith angles and soil background, while the indices are relatively robust to aerosol scattering. In the temporal domain, the research makes use of a unique time-series of ten multispectral images acquired during a single growing season by the DMC satellite sensors. The heterogeneity of canopy cover has greatest impact on the DMC data early in the season, and this highlights the importance of understanding how the flux tower footprint varies with weather conditions. As the canopy began to green-up, the precision of temporal sampling became more important. Based on explicit representation of the time-varying flux tower footprint, prediction of flux tower measurements directly from space-borne coarse spatial resolution imagery is challenging and leads to a low predictive ability. In order to use the global FLUXNET EC dataset and RS observations to estimate the ecosystem productivity at regional and global scales, this research deals with an upscaling approach that it involves flux footprint climatology modelling and RS-based light use efficiency (LUE) model fusion. In this aspect, a large correlation is found between satellite-based PRI and the EC-based LUE of a homogeneous deciduous forest. However, estimating the regional level LUE of a heterogeneous landscape from space is still an uncertain process as the required spectral index (PRI) is affected by canopy level variables as well as the geometry of illumination and view. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis of a simple Diagnostic Carbon Flux Model (DCFM) to seven input parameters (ε_max,a, β, R'_refγ, λ and E₀) using a five-years record of the EC data from four flux towers selected across various plant functional types (PFTs) in the Upper Midwest region of northern Wisconsin, is considered to optimize the RS-based LUE model for estimating regional productivity. The results confirm that empirical constants for the estimation of the fPAR absorbed by vegetation canopies (a and β) next to the maximum light use efficiency (ε_max) has little impact on the fluctuations of net carbon exchange within each PFT whereas DCFM model was very sensitive to so, the estimation of this factor, in comparison with the other parameters, plays the key role in the accuracy of NEE's predictions. Moreover, except for homogenous canopy cover, in other PFTs, interactions among the crucial ecophysiological parameters have minor contribution to uncertainty of NEE prediction by DCFM model. In conclusion, the results demonstrated the potential combination of the satellite based approach, flux footprint modelling and data-model fusion for improving the accuracy of regional/global productivity estimations. This approach includes four steps: (1) a RS-based LUE model for estimating productivity; (2) EC flux footprint analysis for the corresponding RS images; (3) using the footprint integration of RSbased ecosystem productivity to be comparable with the tower-based EC-derived productivity values, several key parameters of the RS-based LUE model can be optimized using the DCFM; and (4) The optimized RS-based LUE model can be applied for estimating regional productivity.

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Sloan, William Taylor. "Up-scaling hydrological processes and the development of a large-scale river basin modelling system". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299643.

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Padilla, Sonya E. "Relationship of MMPI-2-RC Demoralization scale to MCMI-III scales in psychiatric inpatients". Diss., Wichita State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/3466.

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In 2003 (Tellegen, Ben-Porath, McNulty, Arbisi, Graham, & Kaemmer) the MMPI-2 RCd scale was developed to independently measure the MMPI ―factor one,‖ an inherent technical problem within the Clinical scales. The developers renamed this factor ―demoralization‖ after exploratory factor analyses were utilized to extract this dimension from the basic nine MMPI-2 scales, creating a separate demoralization scale known as the Restructured Clinical Demoralization scale (RCd). This study examined a sample of 440 adult psychiatric inpatients to determine the relationship of the MMPI-2 RCd scale with the MCMI-III scales to assess the degree to which it may measure demoralization. Exploratory principal axis factoring with promax rotations were conducted resulting in a four factor solution. RCd loaded moderately (0.48, 0.43) on two of the four factors, Factor I named demoralized affect and Factor II named demoralized social functioning. This study indicated the presence of demoralization among several of the MCMI-III scales and supported the multidimensionality of demoralization suggested within the literature.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wichita State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology

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Chang, Patrick. "An improved size, matching, and scaling synthesis method for the design of meso-scale truss structures". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41138.

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The recent improvement of additive manufacturing has allowed designers to achieve a level of complexity and customizability that is difficult or impossible to accomplish using traditional manufacturing processes. As a result, much research has been conducted on developing new methods to utilize the larger design space brought by additive manufacturing. One such research area is in the design of mesoscale lattice structures. Mesoscale lattice structures are a type of cellular structure with support element sizes on the order of magnitude of centimeters. These types of structures are engineered for high performance and have applications in industries where both low weight and high strength are desired. However, due to the small size of their struts, these structures can easily have hundreds to thousands of individual struts. As a result, design poses a unique challenge. Current methods approach design of mesoscale lattice structures as a topological optimization problem, treating each strut diameter in the structure as a design variable. For structures with a fewer number struts, these optimization methods can converge, but will generally be very time-consuming. For structures with a large number of struts, the optimization problem becomes too large for current algorithms to solve. In previous research, a new, highly efficient design method for mesoscale lattice structures was presented that eliminates the need for global size or topological optimization. This method, termed the Size, Matching and Scaling method, used a unique combination of a solid-body finite element analysis and a library of pre-defined lattice configurations, termed the "unit-cell library," to generate lattice topologies. The results from this method were highly promising: design time was significantly reduced when compared to optimization methods. Furthermore, lattices designed using the SMS method had performance results that were either comparable or better than their optimized counterparts. However, the method developed was highly conceptual, lacking a true systematic methodology for generating topologies and suffering from some gaps in implementation. In this research, we present a modified Size Matching and Scaling (SMS) design method. Firstly, we introduce and outline the modified methodology. This methodology particularly includes an optimization step for determining strut diameters that replaces the manual search used in the original method. Secondly, we expand and explore the unit-cell library in an attempt to improve the performance of lattices generated using the SMS method. In particular, we optimize several unit-cell configurations and compare their performance in the context of the SMS method. Finally, we test the updated SMS methodology and unit-cell library using various design examples. Results from the various example problems indicate that optimization is not only a viable systematic method for determining diameter values, but is actually preferred to the manual, iterative process used in the original method. Furthermore, various optimization algorithms and approaches yield different results. Between the two optimization algorithms utilized in this method: constrained optimization and least-squares minimization, constrained minimization converges faster, but least-squares minimization yields slightly improved performance results. In addition to these algorithms, a one-variable approach using an untested, simplifying assumption, dubbed the "28% approach," was tested. Results indicate that this assumption was incorrect and cannot be utilized. Finally, results from the expanded unit-cell library indicate that the best unit-cell configuration is still the same original unit-cell configuration utilized in the first SMS method. The addition of more unit-cell does not improve the performance of structures generated using the SMS method. In fact, both performance and design time worsen when additional configurations are utilized.

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Yuan, Mingdong. "Prediction of sulphate scaling tendency and investigation of barium and strontium sulphate solid solution scale formation". Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/912.

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Sulphate scale occurrence is one of the major production problems encountered during waterflooding processes in oilfield developments. In particular, as sea water injection is a common practice in North Sea oil operations, severe production problems are caused by sulphate scale deposition in the production facilities, also concern is arising of the potential formation damage in the near producing well bore zone due to scale precipitation. Of all the scales, barium sulphate precipitation is the most dominant scaling problem in North Sea offshore fields and it is commonly accompanied by strontium sulphate to form barium and strontium sulphate solid solution scale, which has distinct features in terms of scaling crystal morphology, size and hardness. This study was devoted to predict the scaling tendencies of barium sulphate, strontium sulphate and calcium sulphate scales and to investigate the formation damage arising from (Ba,Sr)SO4 scale formation in the porous media. A theoretically consistent model was developed in this study for predicting the sulphate scaling tendencies in single brines or due to mixing incompatible brines, such as seawater and formation water, by calculating the supersaturations and amounts of precipitation of the sulphates at temperatures and pressures covering surface and reservoir conditions. The model is able to predict competitive simultaneous coprecipitation of BaSO4,SrSO4 and CaSO4 of which sulphate is the common ion, reflecting closely the precipitation of more than one sulphate mineral. The scaling tendencies predicted from this model agree well with field observations. The computer programme of the model is compact, optional and user-friendly. The scale prediction model is based on a solubility model which was also developed in this study from the Pitzer equation for electrolyte mean activity coefficient, an approach widely used for calculating properties of aqueous electrolyte solutions because of its sound theoretical basis and accurate representation of electrolyte properties. The predicted sulphate solubilities from the solubility model agree with the published data within the experimental measurement error. Experimental investigation of the (Ba,Sr)SO 4 scale formation was carried out in static bulk solutions and under flow influence in sandstone cores by mixing two incompatible waters. The brines used in the study were both simple artificial brines and full component synthetic North Sea water and formation waters. The rock cores were multi-pressure tapped and the pressure data recorded during the core flow tests were converted to permeability changes. The formation damage due to scaling was examined by studying the rock permeability decline as well as porosity reduction. The scaling crystals and scale distribution within a core were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results show substantial scale build-up in the cores and large permeability loss resulted from concurrently flowing North Sea water and field waters and from concurrently flowing two incompatible simple brines through cores. The scale nature and permeability damage were largely dependent on sulphate supersaturation and temperature and they were also affected by the change in the ratio between the scaling ion concentrations. The external morphology of the scaling crystals formed from mixing the sea water and formation waters differed significantly from the morphology of those crystals precipitated from the mixed simple brines, suggesting the influence of the presence of the foreign ions other than sodium and chloride ions on scale nature. It is concluded from the study that the scale formation was a rapid process initiated by heterogeneous nucleation and sustained by scaling crystal growth and deposition on the rock pore surface. The sulphate scaling tendency prediction model and the data acquired from the experimental study on formation damage due to barium and strontium sulphate solid solution formation have potential for use in a reservoir simulation model of scale formation.

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Magalhães, Adsson. "Três estudos usando a Escala centiMax de Borg® (Escala CR de Borg®, CR 100, cM) para o escalonamento de sintomas depressivos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-13122017-093536/.

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Pensando nas milhoes de pessoas que sao afetadas mundialmente pelos transtornos depressivos (322 milhoes, sendo mais de 11 milhoes no Brasil e quase 450 mil na Suecia), tentamos criar um instrumento para avaliar depressao de forma mais eficaz. Em geral, os transtornos depressivos sao caracterizados por tristeza, perda de interesse/prazer, sentimentos de culpa ou baixa autoestima, disturbios no sono e apetite, sentimentos de cansaco, e baixa concentracao. Alem dos criterios diagnosticos, diversos instrumentos avaliam quadros depressivos. Utilizamos o Inventario de Depressao de Beck para validar a Escala CR100 de BorgR para o escalonamento de sintomas depressivos. As Escalas de Borg comecaram a ser desenvolvidas na decada de 60 para avaliacao do esforco percebido. A CR100 e uma escala de 0 a 100, com categorias verbais posicionadas de acordo com uma escala numerica gerando dados de razao. Esse tipo de escala tem diversas vantagens, como permitir a comparacao entre e dentre sujeitos e grupos, criacao de perfis de sintomas, analise de sintomas individualmente e a razao de intensidade entre eles. Essa tese consta de tres artigos usando a CR100. O Estudo I investigou as propriedades da CR100 comparada ao BDI. Cinquenta estudantes de Psicologia suecos responderam a um questionario online e os resultados mostraram uma alta correlacao entre as duas escalas (r = 0.754, p < 0.001), demonstrando que a Escala de BorgR avalia depressao tao bem quanto o BDI, entretanto fornece mais resultados. O perfil de sintomas gerado e muito mais detalhado do que o BDI, alem dos dados serem mais precisos e nao serem tao sensiveis as transformacoes matematicas. O Estudo II trata-se da validacao da CR100 para o portugues brasileiro e tal qual o Estudo I, da aplicacao em 50 estudantes brasileiros. Os resultados tambem apontam a alta correlacao entre as escalas (r = 0.824, p<0,001) com todas as caracteristicas se mantendo em ambas as nacionalidades A primeira analise de confiabilidade revelou um alto valor de alfa (entre 0.952 e 0.947) e R2 (entre 0.778 e 0.976), maiores que o BDI. O Estudo III teve como principal objetivo investigar propriedades psicometricas da CR100 em participantes depressivos (N=25) e - 10 - saudaveis (N=25), e encontrar pontos de corte para depressao leve, media e severa. A analise de confiabilidade da Escala revelou um indice alpha de 0.954 e por meio de uma reducao fatorial, os 32 itens foram agrupados em sete componentes. Tambem foi possivel construir um perfil de sintomas entre as duas populacoes corroborando a sensibilidade da CR100 em diferenciar populacao saudavel e com depressao em um intervalo de confianca de 95%. Um indice da razao entre pacientes e sujeitos saudaveis pode ser criado, gerando uma mini escala com oito itens, com um valor alpha de 0.80, e correlacao com a escala completa de r = 0.915 (p <0.001) e com o BDI de r = 0.820 (p<0,001). Os tres estudos revelaram resultados satisfatorios que vao ao encontro do que ja foi corroborado pelas pesquisas com as Escalas de BorgR. Demonstrou-se tambem ser possivel fazer o uso da CR100 para avaliar sintomas depressivos com mais informacoes e cujos dados sao mais precisos do que os instrumentos analisados
Thinking about the millions of people who are affected worldwide by depressive disorders (322 million, more than 11 million in Brazil and almost 450.000 in Sweden), we tried to create an instrument to assess depression more effectively. In general, depressive disorders are characterized by sadness, loss of interest/pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self-esteem, changes in sleep and appetite, tiredness, and low concentration. In addition to the diagnostic criteria, several instruments evaluate depressive disorders. We used the Beck Depression Inventory to validate the Borg CR100 ScaleR for scaling depressive symptoms. The Borg ScalesR were developed in the 60\'s for the evaluation of perceived exertion. The CR100 is a scale from 0 to 100, with verbal categories placed in agreement with the numerical scale so as to obtain ratio data. This type of scale has several advantages, such as allowing comparison between and within subjects and groups, creating symptoms profile, analyzing individual symptoms and the intensity ratio between them. This thesis consists of three papers using the CR100. Study #1 investigated the properties of CR100 compared to BDI. Fifty Swedish students of Psychology answered an online questionnaire and the results pointed a high correlation between the two scales (r = 0.754, p <0.001), demonstrating that the Borg Scale evaluates depression as well as the BDI, providing more results though. The symptom profile generated was much more detailed than the BDI, in addition, the data was more accurate and not that sensitive to mathematical transformations. Study #2 looked after the validation of CR100 for Brazilian Portuguese and, like #1, the application in 50 Brazilian students. The results also pointed to the high correlation between the scales (r = 0.824, p <0.001) with all characteristics preserved in both nationalities. The first reliability analysis revealed a high alpha value (between 0.952 and 0.947) and R2 (between 0.778 and 0.976), higher than the BDI. The aim of Study #3 was to investigate the psychometric properties of CR100 in depressive (N = 25) and healthy participants (N = 25), and to find cutoff points for light, medium and severe depression. The reliability analysis of the Scale revealed an alpha of 0.954 and by running a factorial reduction, - 12 - the 32 items were grouped into seven components. It was also possible to construct a profile of symptoms between the two populations verifying the sensitivity of CR100 to differentiate healthy from depressive population, in a 95% confidence interval. An index of the ratio between patients and healthy subjects could be created, generating a mini scale with eight items with an alpha value of 0.80 and correlation with the full scale of r = 0.915 (p <0.001) and with the BDI of r = 0.820 (p <0.001). The three studies have shown satisfactory results that match with what has already been demonstrated by researches with the Borg ScalesR. It has also been presented the possibility of using the CR100 to assess depressive symptoms with more information and which data are more accurate than the instruments analyzed

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Chen, Chih-Chieh. "Transient mountain waves in an evolving synoptic-scale flow and their interaction with large scales /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10078.

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Liu, Dan. "Research on Performance Evaluation and Anti-scaling Mechanism of Green Scale Inhibitors by Static and Dynamic Methods". Paris, ENSAM, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENAM0025.

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Increasing environmental concerns and discharge limitations have imposed additional challenges in treating process waters. Thus, the concept of "Green Chemistry" was proposed and green scale inhibitors became a focus of water treatment technology. Finding some economical and environmentally friendly inhibitors is one of the major research focuses nowadays. In this dissertation, the inhibition performance of different phosphonates as CaCO3 scale inhibitors in simulated cooling water was evaluated. Homo-, co-, and ter-polymers were also investigated for their performance as Ca-phosphonate inhibitors. Addition of polymers as inhibitors with phosphonates could reduce Ca-phosphonate precipitation and enhance the inhibition efficiency for CaCO3 scale. The synergistic effect of polyaspartic acid (PASP) and Polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA) on inhibition of scaling has been studied using both static and dynamic methods. Results showed that the anti-scaling performance of PASP combined with PESA was superior to that of PASP or PESA alone for CaCO3, CaSO4 and BaSO4 scale. The influence of dosage, temperature and Ca2+ concentration was also investigated in simulated cooling water circuit. Moreover, SEM analysis demonstrated the modification of crystalline morphology in the presence of PASP and PESA. In this work, we also investigated the respective inhibition effectiveness of copper and zinc ions for scaling in drinking water by the method of Rapid Controlled Precipitation (RCP). The results indicated that the zinc ion and copper ion were high efficient inhibitors of low concentration, and the analysis of SEM and IR showed that copper and zinc ions could affect the calcium carbonate germination and change the crystal morphology. Moreover, the influence of temperature and dissolved CO2 on the scaling potential of a mineral water (Salvetat) in the presence of copper and zinc ions was studied by laboratory experiments. An ideal scale inhibitor should be a solid form compound having a very low solubility, but the value of this solubility is big enough to ensure a total scaling inhibition. A new type of scale inhibitor we synthesized possesses these properties. In fact, the synthesized inhibitor has a very poor solubility (about 1. 5 mg/L) at 20°C for Paris's tap water. Its anti-scaling properties have been evaluated by RCP method. A complete scaling inhibition was obtained with a concentration of 30 µg/L (ppb) for Salvetat water at 30°C. Moreover, the introduction of the synthesized solid inhibitor to a water system can be easily realized by using a cartridge
Les exigences environnementales imposent de nombreux défis dans le domaine du traitement des eaux. Ainsi, le concept de " chimie verte " a-t-il été proposé et l'utilisation des produits chimiques " écologiques " est devenue une nécessité. Il est donc d'une importance primordiale d'élaborer des inhibiteurs d'entartrage " verts " afin de combattre les phénomènes d'entartrage qui ont des conséquences désastreuses, voire catastrophiques, dans certaines installations industrielles, comme les circuits de refroidissement des centrales nucléaires. Dans cette étude, l'efficacité de différents inhibiteurs d'entartrage de CaCO3 a été évaluée dans un circuit de refroidissement simulé. En tant qu'inhibiteurs de précipitation de Ca-phosphonates, des homo-, co- et ter-polymères ont également été étudiés en matière de leur efficacité. En fait, l'ajout de ces polymères dans l'eau contenant des phosphonates peut réduire la précipitation du Ca-phosphonates et renforcer l'efficacité d'inhibition de l'entartrage du CaCO3. L'effet synergétique de l'acide polyaspartique (PASP) et de l'acide polyepoxysuccinique (PESA) sur l'inhibition de l'entartrage a été étudié en utilisant à la fois des méthodes statique et dynamique. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l'efficacité inhibitrice du mélange PASP-PESA est supérieure à celle du PASP ou du PESA pris individuellement pour la précipitation de CaCO3, CaSO4 et BaSO4. L'effet de la concentration des inhibiteurs, de la température et de la concentration de Ca2+ ont également été étudié. Par ailleurs, l'analyse par MEB a bien montré la modification de morphologie des précipités en présence du PASP et du PESA. Dans ce travail, on a également étudié les propriétés inhibitrices des ions Cu2+ et Zn2+ dans l'eau potable avec la méthode de Précipitation Contrôlée Rapide (PCR) développée dans le Laboratoire (LIM). Les résultats obtenus montrent que ces ions métalliques sont des inhibiteurs très efficaces à faible concentration. De plus, l'analyse par MEB et IR indiquent que les ces ions peuvent affecter la morphologie cristalline du CaCO3. Par ailleurs, l'influence de la température et du CO2 dissous sur le pouvoir entartrant de l'eau minérale de Salvetat (utilisée comme eau de référence), en présence des ions Cu2+ et Zn2+, a été étudiée expérimentalement. L'inhibiteur idéal serait un composé sous forme solide dont la solubilité serait très faible, mais largement suffisante pour assurer une inhibition totale de l'entartrage. Il pourrait ainsi être mis en contact directement avec l'eau à traiter sans que l'on ait à se soucier de sa concentration qui serait régulée automatiquement par sa solubilité. La synthèse de tels inhibiteurs a été réalisée et leur efficacité a été évaluée durant cette thèse. En fait, les inhibiteurs solides obtenus ont une solubilité de l'ordre de 1,5 mg/L dans l'eau du robinet de Paris et ils donnent une inhibition totale de CaCO3 dans la même eau avec une concentration seulement de 30 ppb (μg/L). De plus, l'introduction de ces inhibiteurs solides peut être réalisée facilement par une cartouche

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Okrah, Maxwell. "Decentralised planning and 'scales' of participation : an analysis of multi-scale bottom-up planning in Ghana". Thesis, University of Reading, 2018. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/80305/.

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This thesis explores how participatory planning interacts with spatial scale processes to translate decisions at a lower scale into decisions at a higher scale in Ghana. Decentralised participatory planning and decision-making have become important way of creating space for inter-scalar decision-making practices across three spatial scales, namely the unit committee, area/zonal council and district assembly. This thesis seeks to understand what the mechanisms of participatory planning at the unit committee are, how participatory decisions at the unit committee are incorporated into district-wide decisions and the rationales for translating unit committee decisions into district decisions. For this purpose, I developed and use a Multi-Dynamic Socio-Spatial Connectivity (MDSSC) framework of analysis. Conceptually, this thesis is focused on participation and spatial scale and I conducted case studies of unit committees, area/zonal councils and district assemblies as scales of decentralised participatory planning in Ghana. The unit committee scale of study involved three mechanisms of participatory planning namely stakeholder sensitisation workshops, community forums and public hearings at Amanchia, Pasoro, Esaase and Mmorontuo unit committees. Using primary sources of information such as interviews and focus group disccusions, I show that with the exception of community forums, none of the mechanisms of participatory planning had been implemented. I extend my analysis to also explore the reasons for inability to implement stakeholder sensitisation workshops and public hearings and the consequent impact on active participation in unit committee planning. The findings suggest that financial and time constraints, local political influence and delay in the issuance planning guidelines by the National Development Planning Commission (NDPC) are fundamental to non-sensitisation and lack of public hearings in this case. In the area/zonal and district assembly studies, I investigated how plans of the unit committees were translated and harmonised at the area/zonal council and district assemblies. Using secondary sources of information, I tried to illustrate the procedures established to undertake harmonisation and prioritisation of development needs at the area/zonal council and district scales. I also used information from in depth interviews and focus group discussions to analyse the realities of harmonising and prioritising unit committee plans into district plans and how these were shaped by singular/plural senses of scale in harmonisation, harmonisation with scale jumping, bringing power into harmonisation and harmonising of scaled networks of connection. The findings highlighted that there was district-focused harmonisation with limited opportunities for active engagement of sub-district scales’ actors in the harmonisation process. The findings also bring into light the rationales for harmonising unit committee plans into district plans namely politically-induced lobbying, decision-making with experience, technical feasibility and decision choices and spatial implications. The district-focused harmonisation was found to be less sensitive to the scalar relations among the units, area/zonal and district scales, leading to the formulation of district medium term development plans (DMTDPs) with less attention to their scalar expressions. In the light of these findings, I argued that there was loss of scalar consciousness, which was operational within a scaled decentralised context of planning. Going beyond revealing the evidence of the loss of scalar consciousness, the study also illustrated the factors that are instrumental in giving rise to loss of scalar consciousness. Key among them are scale jumping with limited interaction, relationally weak networks of flows, and a weak sense of scaled spaces with strong political interests operating in planning and decision-making.

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Graham, Tabitha. "INVESTIGATION OF MEDIA INGREDIENTS AND WATER SOURCES FOR ALGAE CO2 CAPTURE AT DIFFERENT SCALES TO DEMONSTRATE THE CORRELATIONS BETWEEN LAB-SCALE AND LARGE-SCALE GROWTH". UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/bae_etds/16.

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As energy use increases globally the environmental burdens increase alike. Many accusations have been made that carbon dioxide is a culprit of climate change. The University of Kentucky and Duke Energy Power have partnered to test carbon capture technology in a large scale project. To this end, the objective of this thesis is to investigate potential water media sources and nutrient sources at different volume scales for algae cultivation to help create a more environmentally viable and economically feasible solution. This work will conduct a life cycle assessment of water media sources and the effects of the inputs and outputs needed for each medium. The up-scaling objective of the research is to identify which parameters vary as a result of up-scaling and how to maintain a culture at the large scale that is standardized to the lab scale culture.

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Xiao, Han [Verfasser]. "Scaling of sorption isotherms to quantify the field-scale variability of heavy metal retardation in soil / Han Xiao". Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1190283409/34.

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Tolle, Kathryn. "An Examination of the Criterion-Related Validity of Four Maximizing Tendency Scales: Which Scale is the "Best?"". Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1458418698.

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Parker, Kimberly. "Utility of the General Validity Scale Model: Development of Validity Scales for the Co-parenting Behavior Questionnaire". VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2301.

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Validity scales for child-report measures are necessary tools in clinical and forensic settings in which major decisions affecting the child and family are in question. Currently there is no standard model for the development and testing of such validity scales. The present study focused on 1) creating the General Validity Scale (GVS) Model to serve as a guide in validity scale development and 2) applying this model in the development of validity scales for the Co-parenting Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ), a child-report measure of parenting and co-parenting behaviors for children whose parents are divorced. Study 1 used the newly developed GVS Model to identify threats to CBQ validity and to develop procedures for detecting such threats. Four different validity scales were created to detect inaccurate responding due to 1) presenting mothering, fathering, and/or co-parenting in an overly negative light, 2) rating mothering and fathering in a highly discrepant manner, 3) inconsistent item responses, and 4) low reading level. Study 2 followed the GVS Model to test the newly developed scales by comparing CBQ responses produced under a standard instruction set to responses from contrived or randomly generated data. Support for the ability of each validity scale to accurately detect threats to validity was found.

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May, Adam D. R. "Identification of fire gases in early stages of fire in laboratory scaled and full scale fire experiments". Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2011. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/2823/.

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A series of reduced scale emulations of standard fires in a 2 m3 enclosure have been developed for studies at laboratory scale enabling useful comparison and correlation with full scale EN54/7 and UL268 test fires. This makes study of standard test fire conditions and products substantially more accessible. The reduced scale test fire emulations have smoke obscuration characteristics matched to the fire standards and show acceptable matching of experimental CO levels Sensor, fire detector, and analytical studies have been carried out on test fires in the 2 m3 enclosure and in a full scale test room. Protocols were developed for capture of gas and vapours from fires on absorbent media and their subsequently desorption and analysis by GC/MS techniques. A data set of GC chromatograms has been generated for full and reduced scale test fires and for a number of non standard fire or false alarm related process including overheating of cooking oils and toasting bread. Analysis of mass spectrometry ion fragmentation spectra has been carried out and a wide range of products identified. Products occurring for a range of different fires include propene, benzene, and some polyaromatics. The value of the scaled test fire emulations has been demonstrated by monitoring response of a range of sensors, detectors and instruments including electrochemical gas sensor, experimental and conventional light scattering smoke detectors, and ion mobility measurement equipment (FAIMS). The study has provided information on fire characteristics and products to inform future research and development on fire detection technologies.

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Rogers, Eric Paul. "Scale Construction and Halo Effect in Secondary Student Ratings of Teacher Performance". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd910.pdf.

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Scott, Erin G. "Process algebra with layers : a language for multi-scale integration modelling". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/23516.

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Multi-scale modelling and analysis is becoming increasingly important and relevant. Analysis of the emergent properties from the interactions between scales of multi-scale systems is important to aid in solutions. There is no universally adopted theoretical/computational framework or language for the construction of multi-scale models. Most modelling approaches are specific to the problem that they are addressing and use a hybrid combination of modelling languages to model specific scales. This thesis addresses if process algebra can offer a unique opportunity in the definition and analysis of multi-scale models. In this thesis the generic Process Algebra with Layers (PAL) is defined: a language for multi-scale integration modelling. This work highlights the potential of process algebra to model multi-scale systems. PAL was designed based on features and challenges found from modelling a multi-scale system in an existing process algebra. The unique features of PAL are the layers: Population and Organism. The novel language modularises the spatial scales of the system into layers, therefore, modularising the detail of each scale. An Organism can represent a molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ or any organism. An Organism is described by internal species. An internal species, dependent on the scale of the Organism, can also represent a molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ or any organism. Populations hold specific types of Organism, for example, life stages, cell phases, infectious states and many more. The Population and Organism layers are integrated through mirrored actions. This novel language allows the clear definition of scales and interactions within and between these scales in one model. PAL can be applied to define a variety of multi-scale systems. PAL has been applied to two unrelated multi-scale system case studies to highlight the advantages of the generic novel language. Firstly the effects of ocean acidification on the life stages of the Pacific oyster. Secondly the effects of DNA damage from cancer treatment on the length of a cell cycle and cell population growth.

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Neureither, Lara [Verfasser], Carsten [Gutachter] Hartmann, Tony [Gutachter] Lelièvre i Christof [Gutachter] Schütte. "Irreversible multi-scale diffusions: time scales and model reduction / Lara Neureither ; Gutachter: Carsten Hartmann, Tony Lelièvre, Christof Schütte". Cottbus : BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/120227546X/34.

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Kotras, Nicole. "A revision of a section of the hearing and speech scale of the Griffiths Scales of Mental Development". Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/350.

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Since the introduction of the Griffiths Scales of Mental Development (Griffiths Scales) in the United Kingdom (1950) and South Africa (1977) they have become widely used and researched, both at a national and international level. Studies completed in South Africa have demonstrated the invaluable role the Griffiths Scales have fulfilled in the assessment of South African children of all cultural and socio-economic groups. However, research has indicated a need for the revision of the scales specifically relating to social and cultural factors that influence performance. The aim of this study was two-fold , namely: (i) to revise the 20 small pictures and the large picture of the Hearing and Speech Scale of the Griffiths Scales, making them more culturally relevant for the children of our contemporary world, and especially in South Africa; and (ii) to describe the performance of South African children, between 60 and 83 months of age, utilizing the revised pictures. For the qualitative component of the study a questionnaire pertaining to the small and large “Experimental pictures” was completed by the participants. The participants consisted of the executive committee members of the ARICD in the United Kingdom. Additionally 17 “expert “ Griffith's users and “lay-experts” working in early childhood development throughout South Africa, were included. Their responses were content analyzed and incorporated into the Experimental pictures. This resulted in the development of the Revised Griffiths pictures. The quantitative component of the study utilized two sample pools. Sample 1 (n=204) and Sample 2 (n=180) were comprised of pre-school children aged between 60 and 83 months. Sample 1 was utilized for the 20 small revised pictures and the large revised SA picture, while sample 2 was utilized for the 20 small revised pictures and the large revised United Kingdom/ European/Australian picture. Furthermore, both samples, consisted of children from all cultural, socio-economic, language, and gender groups. x The major findings of the present study were as follows: 1. Referring to sample 1, only the White and Indian pre-schoolers correctly identified a mean number of small pictures above that which was proposed by Griffiths (1960). The Coloured pre-schoolers almost identified Griffiths (1960) proposed number. 2. Referring to sample 2, all excepting the Black pre-schoolers correctly identified Griffiths’ (1960) proposed mean of small pictures. 3. All children from sample 1 and sample 2 were able to identify more stimuli from the large revised pictures, than was proposed by Griffiths (1960). 4. All four cultural groups from samples 1 and 2, elicited a mean number of descriptive words below Griffiths’ (1960) proposed criteria. 5. White pre-schoolers from sample 1 elicited a mean number of descriptive sentences above Griffiths’ (1960) proposed criteria. 6. White and Coloured pre-schoolers from sample 2 elicited a mean number of descriptive sentences above Griffiths’ (1960) proposed criteria. 7. All four cultural groups from sample 1 and sample 2, elicited a mean number of personal or possessive pronouns below Griffith's (1960) proposed criteria. 8. A general trend noted for the four cultural groups of both samples, was that the percentage of children who passed successive age-appropriate items, did not decrease stepwise as would be expected from the placement of items in order of difficulty. In view of the latter finding, it is recommended that for South African children the placement of the items for the small and large pictures of the Hearing and Speech Scale should be revised in terms of their order of difficulty. It is furthermore recommended that separate norms for South African children be established for the Hearing and Speech Scale

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Zhang, Xijuan. "Improving the factor structure of psychological scales : the Expanded format as the alternative to the Likert scale format". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54043.

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Many psychological scales written in the Likert format include reverse worded (RW) items in order to control acquiescence bias. However, studies have shown that RW items often contaminate the factor structure of the scale by creating one or more method factors. The present study examines an alternative scale format, called the Expanded format, which replaces each response option in the Likert scale with a full sentence. We hypothesized that this format would result in a cleaner factor structure as compared to the Likert format. We tested this hypothesis on three popular psychological scales: the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale, the Conscientiousness subscale of the Big Five Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory II. Scales in both formats showed comparable reliabilities and convergent validities. However, scales in the Expanded format had better (i.e., lower and more theoretically defensible) dimensionalities than scales in the Likert format, as assessed by both exploratory factor analyses and confirmatory factor analyses. We encourage further study and wider use of the Expanded format, particularly when the dimensionality of a scale is of theoretical interest.
Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate

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Sendrowski, Janek. "Feigenbaum Scaling". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för matematik (MA), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96635.

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In this thesis I hope to provide a clear and concise introduction to Feigenbaum scaling accessible to undergraduate students. This is accompanied by a description of how to obtain numerical results by various means. A more intricate approach drawing from renormalization theory as well as a short consideration of some of the topological properties will also be presented. I was furthermore trying to put great emphasis on diagrams throughout the text to make the contents more comprehensible and intuitive.

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Landis, Mark J. "The effects of scale and information distribution on group decision-making processes and outcomes". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4377.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on month August 3, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

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Hattingh, Karien. "The validation of a rating scale for the assessment of compositions in ESL / K. Hattingh". Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4203.

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This study aimed to develop and validate a rating scale for assessing English First Additional Language essays at Grade 12 level for the final National Senior Certificate examination. The importance of writing as a communicative skill is emphasised with the re-introduction of writing as Paper 3 of the English First Additional Language examination at the end of Grade 12 in South Africa. No empirical evidence, however, is available to support claims of validity for the current rating scale. The literature on the concept of validity and the process of validation was surveyed. Theoretical models and validation frameworks were evaluated to establish a theoretical base for the development and validation of a rating scale for assessing writing. The adopted framework was used to evaluate the adequacy of the current rating scale used for assessing Grade 12 writing in South Africa. The current scale was evaluated in terms of the degree to which it offers an appropriate means of assessing Grade 12 Level essay writing while adhering to requirements of the National Curriculum Statement. It was found lacking and the need for a new, validated rating scale was established. Various approaches to scale development were considered in consideration of factors that impact scores directly, viz. the type of rating scale, rater characteristics, scoring procedures and rater training. A new scale was developed and validated following an empirical procedure comprising four phases. The empirical process was based on an analysis of actual performances of Grade 12 English learner writing. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used in each of the four phases to ensure the validity of the instrument. The outcome of this project was an empirically developed and validated multiple trait rating scale to assess Grade 12 essay writing. The proposed scale distinguishes five criteria assessed by means of a seven-point scale.
Thesis (Ph.D. (English))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

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Jordan, Benjamin Raines. "Sustainability at multiple scales: interactions between environment, economic and social indicators at the country, city and manufacturing facility scale". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43717.

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The simplicity of the Environmental Kuznets (EKC) curve concept motivated this study of the relationships between environmental, economic and social indicators at the country, city/regional and manufacturing facility scale. The study builds on almost 20 years of research on the EKC, which has shown conflicting results for confirmation of the EKC hypothesis that the environment first degrades, then improves, with increasing economic wealth. Most EKC studies use country-scale income or GDP as the primary economic indicator of interest; this study experiments with city/regional GDP at the local scale and a country-scale "market maturity" indicator commonly used by the corporation studied. The manufacturing facility scale analysis is new territory in the EKC literature. Firm-scale studies in the past have been just that, evaluating firm environmental performance across a specific industry. This effort evaluates manufacturing facility performance within the same firm across a set of 21 countries of interest to the corporation. This study is unique in a few other ways. Including multiple scales in the same study is not common in the EKC literature. Typically, a study would focus on one or a few indicators at one specific scale. The actual environmental and social outcome variables used here are also somewhat unique. Generally speaking, the results reported here will fall into the "mixed" bucket relative to the 20 years of existing EKC literature; however, a possible research platform is established based on the possible nesting of multiple scales within the same research effort.

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Svensk, Mikael. "Personlighet samt förekomst av ADHD i barndomen hos en grupp dömda sexualbrottslingar". Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Psychology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1109.

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Varje år anmäls ca 10 000 sexualbrott i Sverige. Forskning har visat att sexualbrottslingar är en heterogen grupp i fråga om personlighet. Studier visar dock på att de ofta har hög aggressivitet och mycket ångest, något som de får utlopp för genom sin sexualitet. Forskare har även påvisat en hög förekomst av Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) i barndomen hos sexualbrottslingar. Syftet med föreliggande undersökning var att undersöka förekomst av ADHD i barndomen, personlighet och samband mellan ADHD och personlighet hos dömda sexualbrottslingar (N = 30). Undersökningen syftade även till att undersöka uppväxt- och brottsbelatsning hos sexualbrottslingar. Resultaten visade att undersökningsdeltagarna i huvudsak inte skiljde sig från normalpopulationen i personlighet. Resultaten visade även att 30% av undersökningsdeltagarna hade ADHD i barndomen. Vidare visar resultaten att det råder samvarians mellan förekomsten av ADHD i barndomen, uppväxtbelastning och brottsbelastning. Detta är i linje med tidigare forskning som funnit en överrepresentation av ADHD bland kriminella.

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Tarlevé, Brigitte. "Le syndrome de la traversée cervico-thoraco-brachiale : à propos de vingt-cinq observations de consultation neurologique de ville". Nantes, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NANT3527.

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Borg, Elisabet. "On Perceived Exertion and its Measurement". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6862.

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Spencer, Katherine G. "Development and validation of the Comfort and Conformity of Gender Expression Scale (CAGES)". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4826.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on February 29, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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47

Bridge, S. R. J. "The landscape scale spatial distribution of vegetation gradients in a mixedwood boreal forest, linking ecological patterns to geomorphic processes across scales". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20820.pdf.

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Wimmer, Christian L. "Assessing item and scale sensitivity to therapeutic change on the College Adjustment Scales : working toward a counseling center specific outcome questionnaire /". Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2405.pdf.

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Wimmer, Christian L. "Assessing Item and Scale Sensitivity to Therapeutic Change on the College Adjustment Scales: Working Toward a Counseling Center Specific Outcome Questionnaire". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2008. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1384.

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Many college counseling centers use outcome measures to track therapeutic change for their clientele. These questionnaires have traditionally looked primarily at a client's symptom distress (e.g. depression, anxiety, suicidality, etc.) and are used to detect changes in the client's life that are due to therapy. Unfortunately, there is no measure that has been exclusively created and validated for use with college students. The College Adjustment Scales (CAS) form a multidimensional psychological measure designed specifically for use in college and university settings. Even though the CAS was created as a screening tool, it contains items that provide insight into changes that are possibly taking place for college students in therapy that are not measured by current outcome questionnaires. The purpose of this study was to determine which items and scales on the CAS were sensitive to therapeutic change for college students, thus assessing the validity of the test as an outcome measure and providing data for the development of future college counseling specific outcome questionnaires. This study used hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to generate slopes that represent change over time for treatment and control groups. These slopes were compared to each other in order to determine whether each item and scale was sensitive to therapeutic change. The control sample consisted of 127 student participants that were not in therapy. The treatment sample was archival and consisted of 409 student clients. Seven of the nine scales were found to be sensitive to therapeutic change. However, 45 of the 108 individual items did not meet the set criteria. Because of these findings, the creators of the CAS are encouraged to revise the measure if it is to be used as an outcome questionnaire. In addition, researchers and clinicians should consider these results and take care not to treat this measure as an instrument that is wholly sensitive to therapeutic change for the college population. Items found to be sensitive to therapeutic change can be used to create a new outcome measure specifically for counseling centers.

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Pérez, Ramírez Yolanda. "Contribució a l'estudi de l'efecte del canvi d'escala en l'experimentació en incendis forestals". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6484.

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Any rere any milions d'hectàrees són destruïdes pels incendis forestals, no només a Europa sinó arreu del món, tan sols cal recordar els dramàtics episodis viscuts a Califòrnia i Austràlia recentment. A banda de l'evident impacte mediambiental que això provoca -emissió de gasos d'efecte hivernacle, pèrdua de biodiversitat, acceleració de l'erosió del sòl, etc.- els incendis són també un problema social de primer ordre, que posa en perill a les persones i els seus béns.

Davant d'aquesta situació, en les darreres dècades s'ha impulsat fortament la recerca en l'àmbit dels incendis forestals. Tanmateix, l'estudi dels incendis forestals és certament complex per les condicions i l'entorn on aquests es desenvolupen, a banda també del gran nombre de fenòmens -físics, químics i socials- que interaccionen al llarg de diferents escales espacials i temporals, per a donar lloc a l'inici i propagació del foc. És per això que bona part de la recerca sobre el comportament dels incendis forestals ha tingut lloc bàsicament al laboratori, tot i que qüestions com ara com traslladar aquests resultats experimentals als incendis reals, o bé fins a quin punt aquest tipus d'experimentació és útil o què és el que realment es pot extrapolar i què no, no han tingut encara cap resposta clara.

L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi ha estat doncs el de contribuir a l'estudi del canvi d'escala en l'experimentació en incendis forestals pel què fa al comportament del foc, mitjançant les tècniques de l'anàlisi dimensional i de semblança. En primer lloc s'ha realitzat una extensa revisió bibliogràfica centrada bàsicament en aquells treballs que havien aplicat d'alguna manera o altra l'anàlisi dimensional i de semblança a l'estudi dels incendis i en particular dels incendis forestals. S'ha vist que no es possible realitzar un escalatge complet d'aquest fenomen i que el més utilitzat ha estat l'escalatge de Froude. A més s'ha detectat que mai abans s'ha aplicat aquest tipus d'anàlisi als models que s'utilitzen normalment avui dia en l'experimentació de laboratori. A continuació s'ha fet doncs una anàlisi exhaustiva de totes les variables que determinen el comportament d'un incendi forestal en els diferents escenaris experimentals (de laboratori i de camp). A partir d'aquestes variables s'ha realitzat una anàlisi dimensional per a estudiar la propagació d'un front de flames -tan bàsic com en condicions de vent i pendent- així com una anàlisi de semblança que ha permès obtenir les lleis d'escala per a les diferents variables que caracteritzen la propagació d'un incendi forestal. S'ha dissenyat i executat un programa experimental al laboratori amb l'objectiu de validar si es complien les lleis d'escala trobades i de determinar-ne el rang de validesa i les possibles causes en cas que no es complissin.

Els resultats obtinguts han mostrat que per a fronts de flama bàsics propagant-se sense vent ni pendent, totes les variables analitzades segueixen les lleis d'escala derivades de l'estudi teòric, en el rang de longituds de front de flama abraçat que va dels 25 cm als 3 m. Nogensmenys cal remarcar que paràmetres com la humitat i el tipus de combustible o les característiques de la instal·lació experimental utilitzada poden alterar enormement els resultats si no es controlen adequadament. En el cas dels fronts de flama propagant pendent amunt, els resultats han mostrat que les lleis d'escala de la geometria de flama es compleixen per a tot el rang de pendents estudiat que va de 0 fins a 30°, mentre que en el cas de la llei d'escala de la velocitat de propagació deixa de complir-se per a pendents de 30°. Finalment, en el cas dels fronts de flama propagant en condicions de vent, els resultats han mostrat que per a velocitats del vent superiors a aproximadament 2,5 m/s les lleis d'escala tant de la velocitat de propagació com de la geometria de flama deixen de complir-se.

Al final d'aquest treball s'apunten les causes que poden conduir a l'incompliment de les lleis d'escala així com als factors que poden restar validesa als experiments efectuats a escala de laboratori, quan es vol extrapolar els resultats a escales més grans o fins i tot a incendis reals.
Year after year millions of hectares are destroyed by wildland fires, not only in Europe but all over the world; just remember the dramatic episodes recently occurred in California or Australia. Besides the evident environmental impact caused by these fires -emission of greenhouse gases, biodiversity loss, soil erosion, etc- wildland fires represent also a social problem of primary order that threatens human life and their assets.

Because of this situation, during the last decades research on wildland fires has been greatly boosted. Nevertheless, the study of forest fires is really complex due to the conditions and the environment in which they develop and to the number of phenomena -physical, chemical and social- that interact all along the different spatial and temporal scales that give rise to the start and development of a fire. That is partly the reason because the study of wildland fire behaviour has mainly been developed in laboratories, but questions like how these experimental results can be translated to real fires?, or is really this kind of experimentation useful?, or what can be extrapolated? These questions have not yet received a clear answer.

The goal of this work was to improve the knowledge on the effect of changing the scale in the experimental study of forest fire behaviour, by means of dimensional and similarity analysis. First an extended bibliographic review has been done, centred on those works that had applied in one or another way the dimensional and similarity analysis to the study of fires and more specifically to forest fires. It was observed that it is not possible to undergo a complete scaling of a forest fire and that the most used partial scaling technique was the Froude scaling. Moreover it was detected that this kind of analysis was never before applied to the laboratory models used currently to obtain experimental data on wildland fires. Thus, an exhaustive analysis of all the variables affecting forest fire behaviour has been carried out for the diverse experimental scenario (in the lab and field). From these variables, a complete dimensional analysis has been developed in order to study the spread of a flames front -both in basic conditions and with slop or wind- and a subsequent similarity analysis has provided the scaling laws governing all the variables under study. A complete experimental program has been designed and developed in the laboratory with the aim of validating the scaling laws previously found and to establish the possible causes of any failure of the laws.

The results obtained show that in the case of a basic flame front, spreading under no wind and no slope conditions, all the variables analysed followed the scaling laws obtained during the theoretical study for flames front lengths ranging from 25 cm to 3 m. For the tests under slop conditions, the results indicate that the scaling laws corresponding to the flame geometry are verified for all the slopes tested which range from 0 to 30°, while in the case of the rate of spread scaling law is no longer verified for the 30° slope. Finally, in the case of flame fronts spreading under wind conditions, the results show that for wind speed values greater than 2,5 m/s neither of the scaling laws corresponding to the flame geometry and the rate of spread, are verified. It has also been observed that parameters such as moisture content, the type of fuel or the specific design of the experimental device used can have a big influence on the results obtained if they are not adequately controlled.

At the end of this work, the main causes leading to the failure of the scaling laws are pointed out together with the factors that can make the laboratory experiments less reliable when trying to extrapolate the results to larger scales or even to real fires.

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