Artykuły w czasopismach: „Scale insects Control”

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Dr. T. V. Sathe, Dr T. V. Sathe, Dr P. M. Bhoje Dr. P. M Bhoje i A. S. Desai A. S. Desai. "Harmful Scale Insects (Coccidae: Hemiptera) of Mango and Their Control". Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, nr 6 (15.06.2012): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/june2014/4.

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Hill, M. G., S. J. Dobson, C. M. Mckenna, B. J. Maher i N. A. Mauchline. "Comparing armoured scale insect (Hemiberlesia spp) populations on male and female Actinidia chinensis vines". New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (1.08.2009): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4795.

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The wood and leaves of Actinidia chinensis Hort16A and two male pollinisers A chinensis Meteor and A chinensis Sparkler from commercial kiwifruit orchards were sampled for the presence of armoured scale insects during winter 2007 and summer 2008/09 The numbers and species of scale insect were recorded Meteor had high armoured scale insect populations on its wood with approximately 10 times more armoured scale insects than Sparkler or Hort16A The leaves of Hort16A vines adjacent to Meteor vines had 44 more armoured scale insects and were 30 more likely to be infested by scale insects than the leaves of Hort16A vines adjacent to Sparkler vines The implications of these findings for armoured scale insect control on Hort16A fruit are discussed

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MOGHADDAM, MASUMEH, i GILLIAN W. WATSON. "THE SCALE INSECTS OF IRAN Part 1 THE ARMOURED SCALES (HEMIPTERA: COCCOMORPHA: DIASPIDIDAE)". Zootaxa 4907, nr 1 (12.01.2021): 1–276. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4907.1.1.

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Iran is situated at the junctions of the Palaearctic and Oriental zoogeographical regions, and the Caspian, Baluchi and Irano-Tiranian floral zones, so it has a very diverse scale insect fauna. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) are economically important in forestry, agriculture and horticulture. This taxonomic account of the armoured scales (Diaspididae) of Iran is the first of three works planned to cover all the scale insects in the country. It provides a resource for accurate laboratory identification of all the species known to occur in Iran or that are likely to be found there. Keys to the families of scale insects found in Iran, and to the 49 genera and 144 species of Diaspididae found there, are provided. Detailed line drawings of all the species known to occur in Iran are provided to facilitate identification. These are accompanied by detailed descriptions, distribution data, information on natural enemies, economic importance and host-plants recorded in Iran. The main purpose of the work is to provide agricultural entomologists concerned with pest control and quarantine inspection worldwide with a reliable means of species identification.

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Hashem, Mohamed Hassan. "Some scale insects and fungi infesting mango trees in Ismailia, Egypt". Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 54, nr 1 (1.01.2021): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2021-0014.

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Abstract The aim of the present work was to largely identify the scale insects and fungi living on mango leaves in order to find out from their biology whether there is a possible relationship between the two groups of organisms so that specific recommendations for their control can be made. A white hard scale insect Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Diaspididae) and a green soft scale insect Kilifia acuminata Signoret (Coccidae) as well as four saprotrophic fungi belonging to the genera Alternaria Nees: Fr., Cladosporium Link., Helminthosporium Link ex Fr. and Stemphylium Wallr., were detected based on their morphological features in accordance with the identification keys and descriptions of scale insects and fungi. The infestation of mango leaves with the saprotrophic fungi was interpreted as a secondary infection due to the primary infection with the scale insects as honeydew producers on which the fungal spores develop and reproduce. Therefore, it is recommended to control the scale insects at an infection rate of 10% or more by means of which the application of fungicides could be dispensed. Furthermore, it cannot be ruled out that the climatic changes (e. g. fluctuating temperatures, increased relative humidities and greenhouse gases) as well as the increasing use of pesticides with their associated changes in the build-up of resistance, entomological and fungal biodiversities and in the balance sheets to the natural enemies are of greater importance as to provide a possible explanation for the seasonal fluctuations in the qualitative and quantitative mango crop failures.

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Clarke, S. R., G. L. DeBarr i T. X. Liu. "CONTACT TOXICITIES OF FIVE PYRETHROID AND FOUR ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS INSECTICIDES TO TOUMEYELLA PARVICORNIS (COCKERELL) CRAWLERS". Canadian Entomologist 124, nr 3 (czerwiec 1992): 563–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent124563-3.

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The use of pyrethroids in southern pine seed orchards to control seed and cone insects has sometimes resulted in outbreaks of scale insects (Nord et al. 1985). Onset of these infestations has been related in part to the relatively low contact toxicities of pyrethroids (Clarke et al. 1988). Pyrethroids have lower contact toxicities than organophosphorous insecticides against crawlers of the striped pine scale, Tourneyella pini (King). Our objective was to determine if a similar relationship existed for the pine tortoise scale, Tourneyella parvicornis (Cockerell), another scale insect pest that infests southern pine seed orchards.

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Banu K, Arifa, i Aruna Devaraj. "A NOVEL HERBAL PESTICIDE TO CONTROL ADULT SCALE INSECTS". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation 4, nr 4 (29.07.2013): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4572.02445.

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Liang, Jiaming, Yichuan Wu, Justin K. Yim, Huimin Chen, Zicong Miao, Hanxiao Liu, Ying Liu i in. "Electrostatic footpads enable agile insect-scale soft robots with trajectory control". Science Robotics 6, nr 55 (30.06.2021): eabe7906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abe7906.

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Agility and trajectory control are two desirable features for robotics, but they become very challenging for soft robots without rigid structures to support rapid manipulations. Here, a curved piezoelectric thin film driven at its structural resonant frequency is used as the main body of an insect-scale soft robot for its fast translational movements, and two electrostatic footpads are used for its swift rotational motions. These two schemes are simultaneously executed during operations through a simple two-wire connection arrangement. A high relative centripetal acceleration of 28 body length per square second compared with existing robots is realized on a 65-milligram tethered prototype, which is better than those of common insects, including the cockroach. The trajectory manipulation demonstration is accomplished by navigating the robot to pass through a 120-centimeter-long track in a maze within 5.6 seconds. One potential application is presented by carrying a 180-milligram on-board sensor to record a gas concentration route map and to identify the location of the leakage source. The radically simplified analog motion adjustment technique enables the scale-up construction of a 240-milligram untethered robot. Equipped with a payload of 1660 milligrams to include the control circuit, a battery, and photoresistors, the untethered prototype can follow a designated, 27.9-centimeter-long “S”-shaped path in 36.9 seconds. These results validate key performance attributes in achieving both high mobility and agility to emulate living agile insects for the advancements of soft robots.

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Mani, M. "Recent trends in biological control of scale insects on fruit crops in India". Journal of Biological Control 30, nr 4 (21.06.2017): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2016/15565.

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Scale insects are sap feeders, causing threat to the cultivation of several fruit crops. The scale insects can be grouped into two broad categories. The first group belonging to family Diaspidide, comprises many species of armoured scales (hard scales) belonging to the genera. Aonidiella, Aulacaspis, Pseudaulacaspis, Hemiberlesia, Aspidiotus, Chrysomphalus, Pinnaspis, Parlatoria etc. The second category belonging to family Coccidae comprises of the soft scales belonging to the genera Coccus, Puvinaria, Chloropulvinaria, Saisettia, Parasaisettia, Vinsonia, Drephanococcus, Ceroplastes, Ceroplastodes, etc. Scale insects are highly polyphagous, but certain species cause severe damage to specific fruit crops viz. the red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) on citrus; latania scale, Hemieberlesia lataniae (Sign.) on grapevine.; white scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) on mango; green shield scale, Pulvinaria psidii (Maskell) on guava, lemon and sapota, Pulvinaria polygonata (Ckll.) on mango; green scale Coccus viridis (Green) on citrus and sapota and Drephanococcus chiton (Green) on ber and guava. Insecticides are not effective due to the presence of protective cover over the scales. On the other hand, scale insects are more amenable for biological control due to their sedentary habit and colonial distribution. Several scale insects are well regulated by the local predators. In nature, green shield scale, Pulvinaria psidii (Maskell) is kept under check by the predator, Australian ladybird beetle Cryptolaemus montouzieri Mulsant on guava, sapota and lemon. The reduction of the mango green shield scale Pulvinaria polygonata was attributed mainly to the action of the predators C. montrouzieri and Spalgis epeus Westwood. The green scale Coccus viridis on acid lime and white scale Aulacaspis tubercularis on mango are well regulated by the coccinellids Chilocorus nigrita (Fab) and C. circumdatus Sch. Local parasitoids are also known to effectively check the populations of the scale insects on different fruit crops. The encyrtid Anicetus ceylonensis How and the pteromalid Cephaleta brunniventris Motsch are responsible for the suppression of wax scale Drephanococcus chiton on ber and guava. The aphelinid parasitoid, Pteroptrix koebeli How. plays a major role in the regulation of the mango scale Aulacaspis tubercularis. On sapota, the aphelinid parasitoid Coccophagus sp. was the dominant natural enemy causing up to 95 % parasitism. Scutellista cyanea Motsch. (Pteromalidiae: Hymenoptera) was able to suppress Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) on custard apple and pomegranate. In the absence of effective biocontrol agents in nature, parasitoids and predators have to be released in the field for obtaining an effective and quicker suppression of the scale insects. Release of adult C. nigirita was found to be effective in the control of the red scale on citrus in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab. Release of C. infernalis (C.bijugus) Mulsant @ 10-20 beetles/tree once in April-May has also been recommended to reduce Sanjose scale. The white halo fungus, Lecanicillium (Verticillium ) lecanii can be sprayed at 16 x 106 spores/ml along with 0.05% of sticking agents in the evening hours at 15 days interval to control the green scale in the hilly areas during cooler months. The biocontrol agents can be integrated with plant origin insecticides as they do not affect the activity of these agents.

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Eilenberg, J., J. M. Vlak, C. Nielsen-LeRoux, S. Cappellozza i A. B. Jensen. "Diseases in insects produced for food and feed". Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 1, nr 2 (1.01.2015): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2014.0022.

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Increased production of insects on a large scale for food and feed will likely lead to many novel challenges, including problems with diseases. We provide an overview of important groups of insect pathogens, which can cause disease in insects produced for food and feed. Main characteristics of each pathogen group (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists and nematodes) are described and illustrated, with a selection of examples from the most commonly produced insect species for food and feed. Honeybee and silkworm are mostly produced for other reasons than as human food, yet we can still use them as examples to learn about emergence of new diseases in production insects. Results from a 2014 survey about insect diseases in current insect production systems are presented for the first time. Finally, we give some recommendations for the prevention and control of insect diseases.

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Verneau, Fabio, Francesco La Barbera, Mario Amato, Roberta Riverso i Klaus G. Grunert. "Assessing the Role of Food Related Lifestyle in Predicting Intention towards Edible Insects". Insects 11, nr 10 (25.09.2020): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100660.

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Although recent literature has shown that switching to an insect-based diet could provide several relevant advantages—from a nutritional, environmental, economic and ecological point of view—the potential growth of insects as everyday food is still unclear. Despite a growing literature on consumer acceptance and product preference for insect-based food, a segmentation of this future and possible market has never been proposed. Therefore, in the present paper, a market segmentation based on the Food Related Lifestyle Scale (FRLS), was performed in order to predict consumers’ willingness to eat (WTE) edible insects. Moreover, the role of perceived behavioural control is taken into account. Results shows that the novelty and benefits of insect consumption have generated much interest in edible insects amongst consumers belonging to the Rational cluster, who showed the highest intention to introduce insects in their diet, thus confirming the presence of a niche of “early adopters”. In addition, perceived behavioural control was the major driver of intention. Implications for attempts to encourage people to incorporate insect-based foods into their diet are discussed, with special reference to the role of marketing campaigns.

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H., Mangoud, i Abou-Setta M. "Chemicals control of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea( under local conditions". Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology 5, nr 3 (1.12.2012): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajbsa.2012.14279.

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Sclar, D. Casey, i Whitney S. Cranshaw. "Evaluation of New Systemic Insecticides for Elm Insect Pest Control". Journal of Environmental Horticulture 14, nr 1 (1.03.1996): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-14.1.22.

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Abstract Use of systemic insecticides that can be injected either into the root system or trunk of woody plants provides several potential advantages, notably in control of drift during application. Recently, new classes of insecticides with systemic activity have been developed, which may supplant the organophosphate and carbamate systemic insecticides that have previously been available. To evaluate their potential to control insects affecting shade trees, studies were conducted using imidacloprid and abamectin on elm. Soil injections of imidacloprid appeared particularly effective, controlling all three of the target pest species in this study (elm leaf beetle, European elm scale, elm leaf aphid). Both imidacloprid and abamectin also were effective against at least some elm insects when injected into trunks. Persistence of irnidacloprid was unusually long, providing second season control of all elm insect pests, although root uptake following soil injections was slow.

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Martin, W. Randy. "Using Entopathogenic Nematodes for the Control of Insect Pests". HortScience 30, nr 4 (lipiec 1995): 750C—750. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.750c.

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Recent advances in the development of large-scale, in vitro rearing techniques and formulation technology have prompted the commercialization of entomopathogenic nematodes. The potential for these nematodes as biological control agents is very promising, with proven efficacy against a wide variety of soil-inhabiting insects including root weevils, white grubs, mole crickets, and fungus gnats. Entomopathogenic nematodes are currently marketed in many countries for a variety of horticultural crops, including turfgrass, vegetables, berries, ornamentals, and citrus. Specific examples of successful application of nematodes for the control of insect pests during stand establishment will be discussed.

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White, N. D. G., D. S. Jayas i C. J. Demianyk. "Movement of grain to control stored-product insects and mites". Phytoprotection 78, nr 2 (12.04.2005): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706122ar.

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The movement of stored grain by auger or pneumatic conveyor was evaluated for control of stored-product insects and mites. In a pilot scale test using nine welded steel bins each holding 322 kg of wheat (Triticum aestivum), movement of grain using an auger in three bins caused 89% mortality of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum adults and 94% mortality of rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus adults. Larval mortality of both species, based on grain samples placed in Berlese funnels, was 100%. Pneumatic conveyance of grain in three bins caused 100% mortality of all stages of both insects based on grain samples and grain-probe insect traps. In field tests, infested wooden bins of wheat and corn (Zea mays) were moved by pneumatic conveyor to a truck and then hand-poured into welded steel bins. A parallel test on wheat and corn was done using a screw auger to move the grain. Pneumatic wheat movement killed 100% of mites (Aeroglyphus robustus), T. castaneum adults and larvae, and C. ferrugineus adults. Mortality of C. ferrugineus larvae and psocids was 79% and 83%, respectively. Augering wheat killed 98% of mites, 84% T. castaneum adults, 70% T. castaneum larvae, 14% C. ferrugineus adults, and 0% C. ferrugineus larvae. Pneumatic movement of corn killed 97% T. castaneum adults, 72% C. ferrugineus adults and 100% of the fungus beetle Cartodere constricta. Augering corn had less effects than pneumatic movement on insect mortality. Pneumatic conveyance of grain, especially wheat, offers an effective physical control for common stored-product insects.

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Magellan, Tracy Monique, Chad Husby, Stella Cuestas i M. Patrick Griffith. "Spent Coffee Grounds Do Not Control Cycad Aulacaspis Scale". HortTechnology 23, nr 2 (kwiecień 2013): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.23.2.201.

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Cycad aulacaspis scale [CAS (Aulacaspis yasumatsui)] is a highly destructive pest insect worldwide. CAS feeds on cycad (Cycas sp.) plantings and is also posing a problem for the foliage industry. The use of spent coffee grounds to prevent or control CAS has received increased popularity in the last few years. This study assesses whether the application of spent coffee grounds is a realistic control method against CAS, and whether spent coffee grounds can be successfully used as a natural alternative to chemical pesticides. Two tests were performed during Summer 2010 and 2011. The first experiment assessed seven treatments: five coffee treatments, neem oil, and orange oil to control CAS on the debao cycad (Cycas debaoensis). In the second experiment, only coffee mulch was tested against the control on the debao cycad and fadang (Cycas micronesica). There was no statistical evidence of a difference between the control and the coffee mulch treatment with regard to infestation (insects per square centimeter). Soil pH differences were confirmed between control and coffee treatments, with the application of coffee mulch lowering pH by an average of 0.48. Spent coffee grounds did not have an effect on cycad mortality, but neem oil and orange oil increased cycad mortality.

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Zongoma, A. M., D. B. Dangora, M. Sétamou, M. D. Alegbejo i O. J. Alabi. "Identification of mealybugs, soft scale insects and their predators in vineyards across the savannah agro-ecological region of Nigeria". Zoologist (The) 18, nr 1 (8.04.2021): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v18i1.5.

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Insect-vectored viruses are a major threat to grapevine production but there is a dearth of information on the occurrence and distribution of key grapevine pests in Nigeria. The recent detection of grapevine leafroll associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1), a known insect-vectored ampelovirus, in Nigeria elevates the importance of the identification of its potential vectors as a precursor to assessing the risk of grapevine leafroll disease spread. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence and diversity of potential vectors of grapevine viruses and their natural enemies in vineyards across the savannah agro-ecological region of Nigeria. Forty vineyard and nursery locations were surveyed during 2016 and 45 arthropod samples were collected. The samples were first morphologically identified, and DNA barcoding was conducted on a subset of 16 representative samples using universal primers specific to the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene of most insects. The results indicated the presence of two species of scale insects (Parasaissetia nigra and Saissetia coffeae) and two mealybug species (Maconellicoccus hirsutus and Ferrisia virgata), some ofwhich are potential grapevine virus vectors, in Nigerian vineyards. In addition, the natural enemies of these insect species were detected which includes three species of parasitoids (Anagyrus kamali, Anagyrus pseudococci and Encarsia inaron) and one predator (Hyperaspidius mimus). While the detection of mealybugs and scale insects underscore the risk of vector-mediated virus spread in Nigerian vineyards, the identification of their natural enemies indicates presence of natural biological control agents to facilitate an integrated management of economically important grapevine virus diseases in the country. Keywords: Mealybugs; scale insects; parasitoids and predators; insect vectors; grapevine viruses.

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Shyy, Wei, Chang-kwon Kang, Pakpong Chirarattananon, Sridhar Ravi i Hao Liu. "Aerodynamics, sensing and control of insect-scale flapping-wing flight". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 472, nr 2186 (luty 2016): 20150712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0712.

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There are nearly a million known species of flying insects and 13 000 species of flying warm-blooded vertebrates, including mammals, birds and bats. While in flight, their wings not only move forward relative to the air, they also flap up and down, plunge and sweep, so that both lift and thrust can be generated and balanced, accommodate uncertain surrounding environment, with superior flight stability and dynamics with highly varied speeds and missions. As the size of a flyer is reduced, the wing-to-body mass ratio tends to decrease as well. Furthermore, these flyers use integrated system consisting of wings to generate aerodynamic forces, muscles to move the wings, and sensing and control systems to guide and manoeuvre. In this article, recent advances in insect-scale flapping-wing aerodynamics, flexible wing structures, unsteady flight environment, sensing, stability and control are reviewed with perspective offered. In particular, the special features of the low Reynolds number flyers associated with small sizes, thin and light structures, slow flight with comparable wind gust speeds, bioinspired fabrication of wing structures, neuron-based sensing and adaptive control are highlighted.

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McKenna, C. E., S. Dobson i B. Maher. "MINERAL OIL FOR CONTROL OF ARMOURED SCALE INSECTS ON 'HORT16A' KIWIFRUIT". Acta Horticulturae, nr 753 (październik 2007): 703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.753.92.

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Abd-Elsalam, A. M., A. M. El-Minshawy i S. M. Hammad. "On the Chemical Control of some Scale Insects on Citrus Trees". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 68, nr 1-4 (26.08.2009): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1971.tb03128.x.

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Quesada, Carlos R., i Clifford S. Sadof. "Efficacy of Horticultural Oil and Insecticidal Soap against Selected Armored and Soft Scales". HortTechnology 27, nr 5 (październik 2017): 618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03752-17.

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Insecticidal soap and horticultural oil have the potential to kill individuals within populations of soft-bodied insect pests by suffocation. However, scientific literature is inconsistent about the efficacy of insecticidal soaps and petroleum-based oils against armored scale (Hemiptera: Diaspidae) and soft scale (Hemiptera: Coccidae). We examined the efficacy of horticultural oil and insecticidal soap against armored and soft scales at different developmental life stages. Studies were conducted in the laboratory and field with two species of armored scale [pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) and oleander scale (Aspidiotus nerii)] and two species of soft scale [calico scale (Eulecanium cerasorium) and striped pine scale (Toumeylla pini)]. All insecticide applications were made at a rate of 2 gal per 100 gal water. Our laboratory results suggested that horticultural oil and insecticidal soap killed both calico scale (73% and 93%, respectively) and oleander scale (67% and 78%, respectively) when insecticides targeted 1-day-old scales. Scale insects built up tolerance to both materials over time after they settled. However, our field data indicated that horticultural oil had high control of settled armored scale [oleander scale (90%) and pine needle scale (83%)], but failed to control settled soft scale [stripe pine scale (5%)]. Insecticidal soap reduced armored scale [oleander scale (54%)]. Neither horticultural oil nor insecticidal soap significantly reduced populations of adult armored or soft scales compared with a control. Overall, horticultural oil killed a greater percentage of armored scales than soft scales, whereas insecticidal soap gave greater control against soft scales. We suggest that differences were driven by chemical properties of both insect integuments and insecticides. The waxy cover of an armored scale might reduce penetration of polar insecticidal soap whereas polar integument of a soft scale might impede infiltration of the lipophilic horticultural oil. Consequently, timing application to crawler stage is important for effective management of armored or soft scale with horticultural oils and insecticidal soaps.

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Shaw, P. W., i D. R. Wallis. "An investigation of San Jos scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) predation by the European earwig (Forficula auricularia)". New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (8.01.2015): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5855.

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The European earwig (Forficula auricularia) is a generalist predator of a wide range of insect pests in pipfruit orchards including scale insects Since the development of an integrated fruit production programme that uses selective pesticides and biological control of pests earwigs are now more frequently found in commercial pipfruit orchards San Jos scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus SJS) is a diaspid species that is an important insect pest in the main applegrowing regions in New Zealand This study investigated the potential of earwigs to feed on SJS in a nonchoice laboratory trial Individual mature earwigs were placed inside containers with small sections of apple wood infested with mixed age stages of SJS A total of 157 SJS on the apple wood were photographically indentified and marked so that subsequent predation by earwigs over 6 nights could be recorded Predation over this period was 1290 (mean 56) These results indicated that earwigs would potentially feed on scale insects but as they are generalist predators their impact on scale infestations in orchards would depend on scale density and the availability of other prey Very little earwig predation of SJS on fruit was recorded in a similar assessment

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Shaw, P. W., S. J. Bradley i J. T. S. Walker. "Efficacy and timing of insecticides for the control of San Jos scale on apple". New Zealand Plant Protection 53 (1.08.2000): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2000.53.3641.

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Applications of lime sulphur mineral oil neem and the insect growth regulator fenoxycarb were compared to diazinon and chlorpyrifos for control of San Jos scale Lime sulphur fenoxycarb and neem significantly reduced fruit infestation by scale insects at harvest relative to untreated trees but not to the same extent as the organophosphate insecticides diazinon and chlorpyrifos Mineral oil (1) gave a level of control intermediate between these two groups of treatments A second trial compared November applications of two rates of oil with chlorpyrifos The only treatment to significantly reduce scale incidence on fruit in late January was the 2 rate of oil A third trial examined the effectiveness of two dates of oil application in late summer Application on 24 February reduced the incidence of scale infested fruit more than applications on 8 March This was possibly due to dead scale still being present on the fruit

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G. W., Watson, Ouvrard D., Muo Kasina, Achieng J. C., Githae M. M., Mulwa J., Kinuthia W., Isaac Macharia, Hellen Heya i Polaszek A. "New scale insect country records for Kenya (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) from old samples in insect collections". African Phytosanitary Journal 2, nr 1 (1.11.2020): 72–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.52855/ajjy4729.

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Scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha) are some of the least understood insects, particularly in agriculture, even though they can cause high crop losses. Due to their small size and cryptic habits they are rarely noticed at the onset of an infestation. In Kenya, efforts have been initiated to understand these pests better. Scale insects from Kenya, found in samples between 13 and 107 years old, were studied in the insect collections of the Natural History Museum, London, U.K. and the Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organisation, Nairobi, Kenya. The study identified 51 new country records of scale insects including one new continental record for Africa, Ferrisia dasylirii (Cockerell) (Pseudococcidae). Of the new records, 35 species (68.6%) are native to Africa and 16 (31.4%) have been introduced from elsewhere. Six of the 51 species (11.8%) are pests in Kenya today. Amongst the introduced species, at least one (Aonidiella comperei McKenzie) could cause plant quarantine issues in trade, and four (25.0%) are pests, more than four times the frequency of pests amongst the African species (5.7%). The remaining 45 species have been present in Kenya for at least 13 years and many have not been collected again since the original samples, suggesting that either they have not survived or they are rare because they are under good natural control. Most of the introduced species listed (75.0%) have not caused economic problems in Kenya to date, so it is thought unlikely that they will do so in the future. Key words: Scale insects, introduced species, native species

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Spit, J., L. Badisco, H. Verlinden, P. Van Wielendaele, S. Zels, S. Dillen i J. Vanden Broeck. "Peptidergic control of food intake and digestion in insects 1This review is part of a virtual symposium on recent advances in understanding a variety of complex regulatory processes in insect physiology and endocrinology, including development, metabolism, cold hardiness, food intake and digestion, and diuresis, through the use of omics technologies in the postgenomic era." Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, nr 4 (kwiecień 2012): 489–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z2012-014.

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Like all heterotrophic organisms, insects require a strict control of food intake and efficient digestion of food into nutrients to maintain homeostasis and to fulfill physiological tasks. Feeding and digestion are steered by both external and internal signals that are transduced by a multitude of regulatory factors, delivered either by neurons innervating the gut or mouthparts, or by midgut endocrine cells. The present review gives an overview of peptide regulators known to control feeding and digestion in insects. We describe the discovery and functional role in these processes for insect allatoregulatory peptides, diuretic hormones, FMRFamide-related peptides, (short) neuropeptide F, proctolin, saliva production stimulating peptides, kinins, and tachykinins. These peptides control either gut myoactivity, food intake, and (or) release of digestive enzymes. Some peptides exert their action at multiple levels, possibly having a biological function that depends on their site of delivery. Many regulatory peptides have been physically extracted from different insect species. However, multiple peptidomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and genome sequencing projects have led to increased discovery and prediction of peptide (precursor) and receptor sequences. In combination with physiological experiments, these large-scale projects have already led to important steps forward in unraveling the physiology of feeding and digestion in insects.

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Abd-Rabou, Shaaban. "Coccophagus scutellaris(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): A Highly Effective Biological Control Agent of Soft Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Egypt". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/431874.

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About 953000 individuals of the cosmopolitan parasitoid,Coccophagus scutellaris(Dalman) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), were released and evaluated during 2009-2010 for the control of the following soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) infesting the following economic crops in Egypt:Ceroplastes ruscion citrus in Beni Seuf,Ceroplastes floridensisComstock on citrus in Gharbiya,Coccus hesperidumL. on guava in Giza,Pulvinaria floccifera(Westwood) on mango in Sharqiya,Pulvinaria psidiiMaskell on mango in Ismailia,Saissetia coffeae(Walker) on olive in Marsa Matruh, andSaissetia oleae(Oliver) on olive in the Northern Coast. The population ofC. scutellarisshowed a significant correlation with the build up of the population of the soft scale insects population in all of the release sites studied. The maximum rate of parasitism of the other species of parasitoids associated with soft scale insects at the release sites decreased after the release ofC. scutellaris.

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Dhyani, Abhishek, Jing Wang, Alex Kate Halvey, Brian Macdonald, Geeta Mehta i Anish Tuteja. "Design and applications of surfaces that control the accretion of matter". Science 373, nr 6552 (15.07.2021): eaba5010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aba5010.

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Surfaces that provide control over liquid, solid, or vapor accretion provide an evolutionary advantage to numerous plants, insects, and animals. Synthetic surfaces inspired by these natural surfaces can have a substantial impact on diverse commercial applications. Engineered liquid and solid repellent surfaces are often designed to impart control over a single state of matter, phase, or fouling length scale. However, surfaces used in diverse real-world applications need to effectively control the accrual of matter across multiple phases and fouling length scales. We discuss the surface design strategies aimed at controlling the accretion of different states of matter, particularly those that work across multiple length scales and different foulants. We also highlight notable applications, as well as challenges associated with these designer surfaces’ scale-up and commercialization.

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S., Abd-Rabou, Ahmed N. i Moustafa M. "Predators of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and their role in control in Egypt." Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. A, Entomology 5, nr 3 (1.12.2012): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/eajbsa.2012.14286.

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El-Minshawy, A. M., A. M. Abd-Elsalam i S. M. Hammad. "On the Chemical Control of Some Scale Insects and Mites on Guava Trees". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 68, nr 1-4 (26.08.2009): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1971.tb03139.x.

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Mountcastle, Andrew M., E. Farrell Helbling i Robert J. Wood. "An insect-inspired collapsible wing hinge dampens collision-induced body rotation rates in a microrobot". Journal of The Royal Society Interface 16, nr 150 (styczeń 2019): 20180618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2018.0618.

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Some flying insects frequently collide their wingtips with obstacles, and the next generation of insect-inspired micro air vehicles will inevitably face similar wing collision risks when they are deployed in real-world environments. Wasp wings feature a flexible resilin joint called a ‘costal break’ that allows the wingtip to reversibly collapse upon collision, helping to mitigate wing damage over repeated collisions. However, the costal break may provide additional benefits beyond reducing wing wear. We tested the hypothesis that a collapsible wing tip can also dampen sudden and unpredictable body rotations caused by collisions. We designed a wing buckle hinge for an insect-scale microrobot, inspired by the costal break in wasp wings, and performed wing collision tests in a yaw-based magnetic tether system. We found that a collapsible wing tip reduced collision-induced airframe yaw rates by approximately 40% compared to a stiff wing, and that the effect was most pronounced for collisions that occurred early in the wing stroke. Our results suggest that a collapsible wingtip may simplify flight control requirements in both insects and insect-scale microrobots. We also introduce a scalable hinge design for engineering applications that recreates the nonlinear strain-weakening behaviour of a costal break.

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Chiriví-Salomón, Juan S., Giovanna Danies, Silvia Restrepo i Tatiana Sanjuan. "Lecanicillium sabanense sp. nov. (Cordycipitaceae) a new fungal entomopathogen of coccids". Phytotaxa 234, nr 1 (11.11.2015): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.234.1.4.

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A new species of Lecanicillium was found associated with the soft scale insect Pulvinaria caballeroramosae (Coccidae), an important pest of Ficus soatensis (Moraceae) in Bogotá, Colombia. Lecanicillium sabanense sp. nov. differs from similar Lecanicillium spp. mainly in the size of the conidia, in the vertical arrangement of phialides on the host, and in the tomentose mycelium that sparsely covers the cuticle of the host. Phylogenetic analyses using ITS, SSU, LSU, TEF, RPB1, and RPB2 also confirmed the distinctness of this new species. Fungal epizootics were found on female soft scale insects, which may have implications for biological control in the forestry program of the city. The ecology of the fungus as well as its potential use as a biological control agent are further discussed.

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Kenney, Donald S. "DeVine®—The Way It Was Developed—An Industrialist's View". Weed Science 34, S1 (1986): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500068302.

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The use of biological control agents for the control of noxious pests is not new conceptual research. There are examples that predate by centuries the modern use of both herbicides and insecticides. For example, the successful control of insects by biological control was shown in 1762 by the introduction of the Mynah bird (Gracula religiosa Linnaeus) from India to Mauritius (4). In 1888, the Vedalia beetle (Rodolia cardinalis Muslant) was introduced to control the cottony-cushion scale (Icerya purchasi Maskell) of citrus (3). An example of biological control of weeds was reported in 1863 when it was observed that an infestation of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia humifusa Raf. # OPUHU) was decimated by the imported cochineal insect (Dactylopius tomentosus Lam.) (5).

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Kapranas, Apostolos, i Alejandro Tena. "Encyrtid Parasitoids of Soft Scale Insects: Biology, Behavior, and Their Use in Biological Control". Annual Review of Entomology 60, nr 1 (7.01.2015): 195–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-021053.

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Benlarbi Larbi, Boulanouar Ali i Akermi Moulay M’hammed. "Evaluating the biocontrol potential of insects auxiliary and bio- insecti-cide extracted from Citrullus colocynthis against Parlatoria blanchardi in date palm in Saoura Oases, Algeria". South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 11, nr 4 (9.08.2021): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.11(4).p369-377.

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Saoura, is an Algerian desert region, characterized by a height density of date palm trees (more than 300000).Despite this high density, the produc-tion of dates has seen a continuous decrease due to multiple reasons includ-ing increasing water salinity, the spread of many fungal diseases and insect pests where the most serious is Parlatoria blanchardi. The random use of Malathion during the invasions of desert locusts caused an ecological imbal-ance, where the majority of the natural enemies of date palm scale (DPS) disappeared, as consequence the population of DPS expanded increasingly. This study aims to find alternative methods to control pests taking into con-sideration the ecological balance. For this purpose, three entomofauna in-ventories were carried out to study the dynamics of insect populations and for introduction and acclimatization of new auxiliary insects to biocontrol the large infestation of DPS. we also looked to find a biodegradable insecticide extracted from Citrullus colocynthis (desert plant pariah by insects due to its toxicity). By comparing the results we noticed that effectiveness of the colo-cynth aquatic extracts on the target insect was as high as 65.99 % however it’s side effects on ecosystem were negligible unlike Malathion which exter-minated over than 301 non-target insects where 68% are useful such as bees, butterflies, some entomophagous insects and even some vertebrate such as Oenanthe leucopyga. Finally, a phytochemical screening and toxico-logical studies are recommended to determine exactly which component in colocynth is more effective on DPS and its undesirable effect on human health.

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Hasibuan, Rosma. "EVALUASI LAPANG TERHADAP DAMPAK APLIKASI INSEKTISIDA ISOPROCARB PADA SERANGGA PREDATOR DAN HAMA KUTU PERISAI AULACASPIS TEGALENSIS Zhnt. (HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) DI PERTANAMAN TEBU". Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 4, nr 2 (16.09.2004): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.2469-74.

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Field evaluation of isoprocarb insecticide-application-effects on predacious insects and scale pest Aulacaspis tegalensis Zhnt. (Homoptera: Diaspididae) in sugarcane plantations. The sugarcane scale, Aulacaspis tegalensis Zehntner, is a new serious pest of sugarcane in Lampung Province. Over the years, most control practices against A. tegalensis rely on the use of chemical insecticide. A field study was conducted to assess the impact of isoprocarb (carbamate-insecticide) on sugarcane scale pests and their natural predators in sugarcane plantation. The results indicated that the application of isoprocarb (at recommended concentration = 1.25 mg/L) in sugarcane field failed to cause a significant reduction on scale pest populations. In contrast, the numbers of predacious insects was significantly reduced in isoprocarb-treated-field plots. The predacious insects in association with scale pests in sugarcane fields were predominantly coccinellids. Four species of primary predacious coccinellids attacking scale pests were: Chilocorus melanophthalmus, Chilocorus sp., Scymnus sp, and Telsimia sp. This field study indicated that the predacious species were more susceptible to isoprocarb than their prey.

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Wszelaki, Annette L., i Bryan Brunner. "(154) Alternatives for Pest Management in a Tropical Organic Watermelon Production System". HortScience 41, nr 4 (lipiec 2006): 1080B—1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1080b.

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While much research has been conducted in organic farming, little has focused on tropical systems. Tropical, versus temperate, systems present additional challenges for organic producers, including differences in soils, temperature, daylength, rainfall, and humidity. Pest management in tropical organic systems can be particularly demanding due to the year-round pest pressure and optimal environment for pest proliferation. Weed management is essential for the production of high-quality watermelons, but can be difficult when herbicides are not permitted. Weeds also serve as a source of inoculum for disease organisms and a habitat for insects, both beneficial and detrimental. Many products have been advertised for pest control in organic farming systems, most of which have not been adequately evaluated in independent, replicated trials. Here we investigated alternatives to pesticides for the control of weeds, insects, and diseases in `Crimson Sweet' watermelons. A split plot on a RCBD with four replications per treatment was used, with weed treatment (± paper-grass mulch) as the main plot and 12 insect and disease control alternatives as subplots. The alternatives for insect and disease control included traditional copper-based fungicides, biological control agents, potassium bicarbonate, hydrogen dioxide, milk, and commercial formulations of essential oils. Weed abundance (percentage cover), disease severity (percentage disease), and insect damage (percentage foliar damage) were evaluated weekly using a modified Horsfall-Barratt scale. Yield and quality were measured at harvest on five plants from each replication. While none of the products should be relied upon as the sole means of managing pests, those with efficacy could be integrated into organic management programs.

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Remón, Carolina, Georgina Fronza, Yanina Maza, Paula Sartor, Diego Weinberg i Gastón Mougabure-Cueto. "Resistance to deltamethrin in Triatoma infestans: microgeographical distribution, validation of a rapid detection bioassay and evaluation of a fumigant canister as control alternative strategy". Bulletin of Entomological Research 110, nr 5 (30.04.2020): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485320000206.

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AbstractTriatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is the main vector of Chagas disease in the Southern Cone of America and resistance to pyrethroid insecticides has been detected in several areas from its geographical distribution. Pyrethroid resistance presents a complex geographical pattern at different spatial scales. However, it is still unknown if the toxicological variability is a common feature within villages of the Gran Chaco were high resistance was descripted. The objectives of this study were to determine: (a) the microgeographical distribution of the deltamethrin-resistance in insects from Pampa Argentina village, (b) the performance of the insecticide impregnated paper bioassay to evaluate deltamethrin-resistance in field collected insects and (c) the lethal activity of the fumigant canister containing DDVP against insects resistant to deltamethrin. High survival of T. infestans exposed to discriminant dose was observed in the samples of all the evaluated dwellings, suggesting that the resistance to deltamethrin is homogeneous at the microgeographical level. Resistance determination by impregnated paper bioassay was similar to traditional topical determination, highlighting the use of this rapid methodology in field large-scale monitoring. The fumigant canister was not effective against resistant insects, remarking the need to develop suitable formulations that ensure minimal toxicological risk and high effectivity.

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Gaskin, R. E., D. W. L. Manktelow, W. May i K. D. Steele. "Technologies to maximise preflower spray applications to control scale on kiwifruit". New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (1.08.2009): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4796.

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The control of scale insects (Diaspididae) on kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is difficult because scale inhabit sites not easily accessed by sprays Early spring insecticide applications which target scale living on the bark of canes and leader wood are vital to reduce populations prior to summer This study identified firstly that targeted Masotti gun dilute spray applications increased deposits on leader vines by approximately 30 which should result in improved scale control Secondly using the Masotti technology sprays applied at 2x concentrate with the addition of a superspreader adjuvant increased deposits on leader wood by >60 compared with standard volumes The use of Masotti guns concentrate spray applications and adjuvant addition did not increase offtarget spray drift and often reduced it in moderate winds Adjuvant cost can be offset against increases in workrate efficiency for concentrate sprays and increased deposits and target coverage are expected to improve scale control on kiwifruit leader vines from preflower spray applications

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Cohen, Ephraim, Haggai Podoler i Muhamad El-Hamlauwi. "Effects of the malathion-bait mixture used on citrus to control Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on the Florida red scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), and its parasitoid Aphytis holoxanthus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 77, nr 2 (czerwiec 1987): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300011780.

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AbstractExamples of Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) from which the scale covers had been removed, were about six times as sensitive to malathion as intact insects (LC50s of 0·09% and 0·55%, respectively). These results indicate that the scale cover probably absorbed part of the insecticide. Immature stages of the external parasitoid Aphytis holoxanthus DeBach on C. aonidum were not affected by 0·13% malathion applied to the host. However, adults of the parasitoid, which were extremely susceptible, were exposed before or during emergence to lethal levels of the insecticide present in the host scale cover. The findings are discussed in the light of the adverse effects of malathion-bait sprays applied against Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) on beneficial insects, and failures of biological control of scale pests on citrus in Israel.

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CONN, ANDREW T., STUART C. BURGESS i SENG LING CHUNG. "THE PARALLEL CRANK-ROCKER FLAPPING MECHANISM: AN INSECT-INSPIRED DESIGN FOR MICRO AIR VEHICLES". International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 04, nr 04 (grudzień 2007): 625–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843607001199.

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This paper presents a novel micro air vehicle (MAV) design that seeks to reproduce the unsteady aerodynamics of insects in their natural flight. The challenge of developing an MAV capable of hovering and maneuvering through indoor environments has led to bio-inspired flapping propulsion being considered instead of conventional fixed or rotary winged flight. Insects greatly outperform these conventional flight platforms by exploiting several unsteady aerodynamic phenomena. Therefore, reproducing insect aerodynamics by mimicking their complex wing kinematics with a miniature flying robot has significant benefits in terms of flight performance. However, insect wing kinematics are extremely complex and replicating them requires optimal design of the actuation and flapping mechanism system. A novel flapping mechanism based on parallel crank-rockers has been designed that accurately reproduces the wing kinematics employed by insects and also offers control for flight maneuvers. The mechanism has been developed into an experimental prototype with MAV scale wings (75 mm long). High-speed camera footage of the non-airborne prototype showed that its wing kinematics closely matched desired values, but that the wing beat frequency of 5.6 Hz was below the predicted value of 15 Hz. Aerodynamic testing of the prototype in hovering conditions was completed using a load cell and the mean lift force at the maximum power output was measured to be 23.8 mN.

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Nowrin, Samiha, Murshida Begum, Mousumi Khatun i Moksed Ali Howlader. "The abundance and mechanical control of Icerya purchasi (Maskell, 1878) (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) on Mangifera indica in Dhaka, Bangladesh". Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 47, nr 1 (27.06.2019): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v47i1.42024.

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The cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi, one of the devastating pests of citrus and ornamentals distributed all over the world. A study was conducted on the biology, abundance and mechanical control of this pest on mango plants from at two locations of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Simple linear regression lines were produced on the lengths and widths of different nymphal instars and adult of this pest. It was proved that body lengths and widths were highly correlated with the successive changing of the nymphal instars from 1st, 2nd and 3rd to adults. The maximum abundance of the I. purchasi on mango leaves was 310 ± 21 in March, 2016. The results of the mechanical control method by hand crushing showed that it was highly effective to control this insect. Abundances of this insect before and after treatment were significantly different (p < 0.05). Abundances of insects in different sampling times were showed different by Tukey’s HSD test (p < 0.05). Bangladesh J. Zool. 47(1): 89-96, 2019

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Ko, Hae-Jin, Chang-Ho Youn, Seong-Hyun Kim i So-Yun Kim. "Effect of Pet Insects on the Psychological Health of Community-Dwelling Elderly People: A Single-Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Trial". Gerontology 62, nr 2 (18.09.2015): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000439129.

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Background: There is evidence that animal-assisted therapy has positive effects on mental health, especially in elderly people. Caring for insects is easy, relatively inexpensive, and does not require much space. Objective: The aim of this 8-week randomized, controlled, single-blinded study was to investigate the effect of pet insects on the psychological health of community-dwelling elderly people. Methods: Elderly subjects (≥65 years old) attending a community center in Daegu, Korea, were enrolled in the study between April and May 2014 and randomized at a 1:1 ratio to receive insect therapy and health advice or only health advice. The insect group received 5 crickets in a cage with sufficient fodder and a detailed instruction manual. At baseline and at 8 weeks, all subjects underwent psychometric tests via a direct interview [Beck Anxiety Inventory, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, Insomnia Severity Index, Fatigue Severity Scale, and Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument] and laboratory analyses of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, biological antioxidant potential, and derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites). Results: The insect-caring (n = 46) and control (n = 48) groups did not differ in baseline characteristics. The insect-caring group had significantly lower GDS-15 scores at week 8 (3.20 vs. 4.90, p = 0.004) and, after adjustment for baseline values, a significantly greater change in GDS-15 scores relative to baseline (-1.12 vs. 0.20, p = 0.011). They also had a significantly greater change in MMSE scores relative to baseline (1.13 vs. 0.31, p = 0.045). The two groups did not differ in terms of other psychometric and laboratory tests. No serious risks or adverse events were reported. Conclusion: Caring for insects, which is cost-effective and safe, was associated with a small to medium positive effect on depression and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly people.

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Ibrahim, Fitiwy, Tsehaye Hadush, Gebretsadkan Abraha i Araya Alemu. "Evaluation of Some Botanical Extracts Against Major Insect Pests (Leafminer, Armored scale and Woolly Whitefly) of Citrus Plants in Central Zone of Tigray, North Ethiopia". Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science 11, nr 2 (7.07.2020): 258–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v11i2.6.

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Citrus fruit production is suffering from various yield-limiting factors particularly the sucking pests viz, citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella, woolly whitefly, Aleurothrixus floccosus and scale insects especially armored scales Aonidiella auriantii. The present paper tries to identify the effective botanical insecticides against these insect pests on citrus orange. An experiment was conducted in the established citrus orange farm in Kolla Temben at two farmer’s fields, Adiha and Agibe during the off-season of 2018 under irrigation growing condition in a randomized complete block design with six treatments and replicated thrice. The findings in both experimental sites showed that the neem seed extract had a significantly (P=0.001) lower leafminer infestation levels compared to the untreated control which is on par to the insecticide treatment of dimethoate. On the other hand, in both areas, whitefly mortality of more than 81% on average was recorded from neem seed extract followed by Tree tobacco (70%) (P=0.001). For scale insects however, in both experimental sites, the highest mean percent mortality was recorded from the insecticide dimethoate 40% EC (86.9%, 87.2 & 86.0%on average) followed by neem seed and tree tobacco extracts,70.1 and 65.4% respectively. The botanicals particularly the neem seed extracts followed by tree tobacco are as effective as the chemical insecticide, dimethoate 40% EC, even superior in some cases, in controlling the target pests. Therefore, these botanicals could be used as an IPM component for against the target pests.

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van Lenteren, Joop C. "Implementation of biological control". American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, nr 2-3 (1988): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002265.

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AbstractThe number of species of insect pests, estimated to be maximally 10,000 worldwide, forms only a small part of the millions of species of plant-eating insects. Chemical pest control is becoming increasingly difficult and objectionable in terms of environmental contamination so that other methods of pest control need to be developed. One of the best alternatives is biological control. Natural and inoculative biological control has already proven successful against a variety of pests over large areas. One is inclined to forget, however, how successful a biological control program has been as soon as the pest problem has been solved. Other types of biological control involving the regular introduction or augmentation of natural enemies are better known, although these have been applied on a much smaller scale; a survey of the present-day application of these latter types of biological control is presented here. Phases in the implementation of biological control are illustrated and needed future developments in research are discussed. The main limitation on the development of biological control is not the research, since natural enemies are easier found and with a much lower investment than new chemical pesticides, but rather the attitudes held by growers and disinterest on the part of industry, policy-makers, and politicians. The first priority for those concerned with the development and application of safer pest control should, therefore, be to change the perceptions that these other groups have of biological control.

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Pidakala, Paul P. B., Reuben T. Wilkinson, Agam Nangul, Dominic E. Hartnett, Natalie E. M. Page-Weir, Amanda J. Hawthorne, Lisa E. Jamieson i Allan B. Woolf. "Potential use of ethyl formate treatment to control surface pests of "Hass" avocado fruit". New Zealand Plant Protection 71 (28.07.2018): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.135.

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Ethyl formate (EF) is a Generally Recognised As Safe (GRAS) alternative to methyl bromide, with potential to control surface pests on New Zealand avocados before export. "Hass" avocados, two-spotted spider mites (TSM) and oleander scale (OS) insects were fumigated with 1.2% EF (240 g VAPORMATE™/m3) at 6 °C for 1, 2 or 4 h. Fruit were then stored at 5 °C for 3 weeks before external and internal fruit quality assessment. Survival of pest species was assessed 1 or 7 days later. Fumigation with 1.2% EF + 10% CO2 for 2 or 4 h controlled all life stages of non-diapausing TSM and all life stages of OS, apart from crawlers (0.3-0.7% survivorship). Diapausing TSM were harder to control (17% ± 4.8% mortality; 4-h treatment). Ethyl formate treatment resulted in damage to avocado skins (41% ± 5.3% – 91% ± 2.0%), and an increase in vascular browning and rots. The EF fumigations of avocado fruit at doses used here have potential to control non-diapausing mites and scale insects, but treated fruit were of unacceptable quality. Future studies could examine whether prior cool storage could reduce fruit damage.

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Fatzinger, Carl W., Harry O. Yates i Larry R. Barber. "Evaluation of Aerial Applications of Acephate and Other Insecticides for Control of Cone and Seed Insects in Southern Pine Seed Orchards2". Journal of Entomological Science 27, nr 2 (1.04.1992): 172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-27.2.172.

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Acephate was evaluated for control of cone and seed insects in southern pine seed orchards from 1980 to 1985. Insecticides compared with acephate during this study were azinphosmethyl, fenvalerate, malathion, and the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Insecticides were applied aerially, by hydraulic sprayers, and by airblast sprayers. Experiments were conducted in loblolly pine seed orchards in Florida and North Carolina and in two slash pine seed orchards in Florida. Control of coneworms, Dioryctria spp., slash pine flower thrips, Gnophothrips fuscus (Morgan), and two seed bugs, the leaffooted pine seed bug, Leptoglossus corculus (Say), and the shieldbacked pine seed bug, Tetyra bipunctata (Herrich-Schäffer) was evaluated. Frost damage and a serious infection of southern cone rust, Cronartium strobilinum (Arth.) Hedgc, and Hahn, caused significant flower and conelet losses and may have obscured differences between treatment effects during some years. All of the insecticide treatments were equally effective in controlling coneworms. The percentages of trees infested with pine tortoise scale, Toumeyella parvicornis (Cockerell), and the striped pine scale, T. pini (King), and the numbers of scale insects per branch after five applications of insecticide, differed significantly for acephate and fenvalerate treatments.

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Tomkins, A. R. "Teflubenzuron and phosalone alone and in combination for pest control on kiwifruit. I Armoured scale insects". Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference 45 (8.01.1992): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.1992.45.11215.

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Abd-Rabou, Shaaban, Hoda Badary i Noha Ahmed. "Control measures of two soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) infesting guava and mango trees in Egypt". Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology 65, nr 1 (styczeń 2012): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobaz.2012.04.003.

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Gauthier, Pascal, Mohamed Khelifi, Ariane Dionne i Silvia Todorova. "Technical Feasibility of Spraying Trichogramma ostriniae Pupae to Control the European Corn Borer in Sweet Corn Crops". Applied Engineering in Agriculture 35, nr 2 (2019): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12833.

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Abstract. The European corn borer, (Hübner), is the major insect pest of sweet corn in the province of Quebec, Canada, and around the world. The presence of this pest results in substantial yield decreases and profit losses for farmers. Currently, chemical insecticides are the main method used to control this insect pest. Nevertheless, there are some interesting alternatives to chemicals for controlling the European corn borer, in particular the use of predator insects. Many research studies demonstrated the effectiveness of using wasps to successfully control the corn borer. However, this biocontrol method is more expensive and complex than chemical insecticides. The main objective of this research study was to investigate the technical feasibility of spraying pupae to facilitate the implementation of this method and reduce operating costs. For this purpose, many experimental trials using were carried out in the laboratory, with the objective of finding a suitable aqueous solution that both disperses the pupae in the sprayer tank and causes them to adhere to corn leaves once sprayed. A laboratory-scale spraying system was also designed and built to check the viability of T pupae after immersion in the spray solution and spraying. The viability of pupae was investigated further using a field prototype boom sprayer. The results showed that it is possible to spray pupae while preserving their physical integrity. In addition, a mixture of guar gum and xanthan gum was found to be the most suitable for the adhesion of pupae to corn leaves. The system overall decreased the emergence rate of Trichogramma by 10% to 15% which is considered acceptable by the authors. The success of this spraying technique for controlling the European corn borer in corn crops is highly valuable and could be generalized to other predator insects. Keywords: Biocontrol, Emergence rate, European corn borer, Spraying system, Sweet corn, Trichogramma ostriniae.

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Ang, Li-Minn, Kah Phooi Seng i Adamu Murtala Zungeru. "Utilizing Social Insect-Based Communities for Routing in Network-based Sensor Systems". International Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research 7, nr 4 (październik 2016): 52–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsir.2016100103.

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The emergence of new technologies such as Internet/Web/Network-of-Things and large scale wireless sensor systems requires the collection of data from an increasing volume of networked-based sensors for analysis. This increases the challenge of routing in network-based sensor systems. This paper presents a study to utilize social insect-based communities for routing in wireless sensor networks. The authors will use for discussion two types of insects: ants and termites. Social insect communities are formed from simple, autonomous and cooperative organisms that are interdependent for their survival. These communities are able to effectively coordinate themselves to achieve global objectives despite a lack of centralized planning. The performances of these insect-based algorithms were tested on common routing scenarios. The results were compared with other routing algorithms with varying network density and showed that insect-based routing techniques improved on network energy consumption with a control over best-effort service.

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Moore, Georgianne W., David A. Watts i John A. Goolsby. "Ecophysiological Responses of Giant Reed (Arundo donax) to Herbivory". Invasive Plant Science and Management 3, nr 4 (grudzień 2010): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-10-00007.1.

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AbstractThe effect of invasive species might be lessened if herbivores reduced transpiration and growth rates; however, simply removing photosynthetic material might not ensure that the transpiration rate of active leaf tissue decreases. We assessed whether biological control has an injurious effect on the target plant species, giant reed (Arundo donax), by quantifying leaf photosynthetic and transpiration responses to two herbivores: an armored scale, Rhizaspidiotus donacis, and a stem-galling wasp, Tetramesa romana. Herbivory by a sap-feeding scale and a stem-galling wasp both separately and together, reduces the rates of leaf level physiological processes in A. donax. The effect of the wasp increases with density and reduces photosynthesis by reducing the carboxylation rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, which controls CO2 fixation in photosynthesis. The scale insect reduces photosynthesis by decreasing the maximum rate of electron transport, which determines how much light energy can be captured in photosynthesis. The effect of the armored scale takes approximately 5 mo after infestation, which coincides with generation time. When both insects are present at the same time, the effect of their herbivory appears additive after time for the scale to reproduce. We conclude that a combination of two herbivores can have a stronger physiological effect than one type of herbivore, likely because of their different effects on leaf function.

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