Gotowa bibliografia na temat „SAPPhIRE Model of Causality”

AbstractLiterature suggests that people typically understand knowledge by induction and produce knowledge by synthesis. This paper revisits the various modes of reasoning – explanatory abduction, innovative abduction, deduction, and induction – that have been proposed by earlier researchers as crucial modes of reasoning underlying the design process. First, our paper expands earlier work on abductive reasoning – an essential mode of reasoning involved in the process of synthesis – by understanding its role with the help of the “SAPPhIRE” model of causality. The explanations of abductive reasoning in design using the SAPPhIRE model have been compared with those using existing models. Second, the paper captures and analyzes various modes of reasoning during design synthesis with the help of the “Extended Integrated Model of Designing”. The analysis of participants' verbal speech and outcomes shows the model's ability to explain the various modes of reasoning that occur in design. The results indicate the above models to provide a more extensive account of reasoning in design synthesis. Earlier empirical validation of both the models lends further support to the claim of their explanatory capacity.

AbstractBiomimetics involves transfer from one or more biological examples to a technical system. This study addresses four questions. What are the essential steps in a biomimetic process? What is transferred? How can the transferred knowledge be structured in a way useful for biologists and engineers? Which guidelines can be given to support transfer in biomimetic design processes? In order to identify the essential steps involved in carrying out biomimetics, several procedures found in the literature were summarized, and four essential steps that are common across these procedures were identified. For identification of mechanisms for transfer, 20 biomimetic examples were collected and modeled according to a model of causality called the SAPPhIRE model. These examples were then analyzed for identifying the underlying similarity between each biological and corresponding analogue technical system. Based on the SAPPhIRE model, four levels of abstraction at which transfer takes place were identified. Taking into account similarity, the biomimetic examples were assigned to the appropriate levels of abstraction of transfer. Based on the essential steps and the levels of transfer, guidelines for supporting transfer in biomimetic design were proposed and evaluated using design experiments. The 20 biological and analogue technical systems that were analyzed were similar in the physical effects used and at the most abstract levels of description of their functionality, but they were the least similar at the lowest levels of abstraction: the parts involved. Transfer most often was carried out at the physical effect level of abstraction. Compared to a generic set of guidelines based on the literature, the proposed guidelines improved design performance by about 60%. Further, the SAPPhIRE model turned out to be a useful representation for modeling complex biological systems and their functionality. Databases of biological systems, which are structured using the SAPPhIRE model, have the potential to aid biomimetic concept generation.