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Battista, Petronilla, Eleonora Catricalà, Marco Piccininni, Massimiliano Copetti, Valentina Esposito, Cristina Polito, Antonio Miozzo i in. "Screening for Aphasia in NeuroDegeneration for the Diagnosis of Patients with Primary Progressive Aphasia: Clinical Validity and Psychometric Properties". Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 46, nr 3-4 (2018): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000492632.
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Background: We evaluated the psychometric proprieties of the Screening for Aphasia in NeuroDegeneration (SAND) battery in Italian primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and movement disorder (MD) patients. Methods: The sample included 30 consecutive PPA and 45 MD patients who completed the SAND battery together with a clinical interview and a neurological/neuropsychological examination and 130 healthy controls (HC). Results: The SAND battery showed good internal consistency and good convergent and divergent validity. receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0.978 for PPA versus HC and of 0.786 for PPA versus MD. A cutoff ≥3 gave a sensitivity of 0.933% and a specificity of 0.946% for discriminating PPA versus HC, whereas a cutoff ≥5 gave a sensitivity of 0.767% and a specificity of 0.667% for discriminating PPA versus MD. Conclusion: These results indicate that the SAND battery is an adequate, reliable, and valid diagnostic tool for PPA.
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Bai, Yuxia, Jin Liu, Zezhuo Song, Fan Bu, Changqing Qi i Wei Qian. "Effects of Polypropylene Fiber on the Liquefaction Resistance of Saturated Sand in Ring Shear Tests". Applied Sciences 9, nr 19 (29.09.2019): 4078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9194078.
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This study focused on investigating the effects of polypropylene fiber on the liquefaction resistance of saturated sand. We performed a battery of tests with a state-of-the-art ring shear apparatus on fiber-reinforced saturated sand, considering the influences of fiber content and sand density. Two different shearing methods named shear-torque-controlled (STC) and cyclic-torque-controlled (CTC) were considered for carrying out the tests. An energy approach was chosen to evaluate the results, and the fiber reinforcement mechanisms were analyzed. Our test results showed that in STC tests, the shear strength and shearing time of saturated sand increased proportionally to an increase of fiber content and sand density. The cycles required for liquefaction in CTC tests also increase with an increase in sand density and fiber content. The presence of fibers clearly increases the shear energy required for liquefaction. The shear energy increases with an increase in sand density and fiber content. Greater total shear energy is required in specimens with a higher density or larger fiber content. Fiber reinforcement in sand has acted as a spatial network in interlocking soil grains, thereby resulting in the necessity of more energy for overcoming the resistance during the shearing process. After performing the shearing test, the unreinforced specimen with loose structure collapsed totally, and the one with a dense structure collapsed partially, while fiber reinforcement specimens still maintained structural stability.
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Picillo, Marina, Sofia Cuoco, Immacolata Carotenuto, Filomena Abate, Roberto Erro, Giampiero Volpe, Maria Teresa Pellecchia, Eleonora Catricalà, Stefano Cappa i Paolo Barone. "Clinical use of SAND battery to evaluate language in patients with Progressive Supranuclear Palsy". PLOS ONE 14, nr 10 (11.10.2019): e0223621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223621.
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Rahmawati, F., Z. Faiz, D. A. N. Romadhona, T. E. Saraswati i W. W. Lestari. "The performance of sodium ion battery with NaFePO4 cathode prepared from local iron sand". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 902 (28.10.2020): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/902/1/012008.
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., Prihantono, Anisah . i K. Adi Sambowo. "Analysis Compressive Strength of Solid Waste Recycling Battery As a Partially Replacing Sand in Concrete". KnE Social Sciences 3, nr 12 (25.03.2019): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i12.4140.
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Hunt, Julian David, Behnam Zakeri, Jakub Jurasz, Wenxuan Tong, Paweł B. Dąbek, Roberto Brandão, Epari Ritesh Patro i in. "Underground Gravity Energy Storage: A Solution for Long-Term Energy Storage". Energies 16, nr 2 (11.01.2023): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020825.
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Low-carbon energy transitions taking place worldwide are primarily driven by the integration of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power. These variable renewable energy (VRE) sources require energy storage options to match energy demand reliably at different time scales. This article suggests using a gravitational-based energy storage method by making use of decommissioned underground mines as storage reservoirs, using a vertical shaft and electric motor/generators for lifting and dumping large volumes of sand. The proposed technology, called Underground Gravity Energy Storage (UGES), can discharge electricity by lowering large volumes of sand into an underground mine through the mine shaft. When there is excess electrical energy in the grid, UGES can store electricity by elevating sand from the mine and depositing it in upper storage sites on top of the mine. Unlike battery energy storage, the energy storage medium of UGES is sand, which means the self-discharge rate of the system is zero, enabling ultra-long energy storage times. Furthermore, the use of sand as storage media alleviates any risk for contaminating underground water resources as opposed to an underground pumped hydro storage alternative. UGES offers weekly to pluriannual energy storage cycles with energy storage investment costs of about 1 to 10 USD/kWh. The technology is estimated to have a global energy storage potential of 7 to 70 TWh and can support sustainable development, mainly by providing seasonal energy storage services.
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Gaglio, Gabriella, Ettore Napoli, Francesca Arfuso, Jessica Maria Abbate, Salvatore Giannetto i Emanuele Brianti. "Do Different LED Colours Influence Sand Fly Collection by Light Trap in the Mediterranean?" BioMed Research International 2018 (27.06.2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6432637.
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Light traps represent the most used attractive system to collect and monitor phlebotomine sand flies. Recent studies have suggested that light traps can be easily upgraded by the use of light-emitting diode (LED) with positive effects on trap design, weight, and battery life. However, scant data on the effect of different LED colours on the attractiveness to phlebotomine sand fly species are available in literature. In this study, the capture performances of light traps equipped with different LED colours on phlebotomine sand fly species indigenous in the Mediterranean area were evaluated. Phlebotomine sand fly collections were performed using a classical light trap (CLT), equipped with a traditional incandescent lamp, and five Laika 4.0 light traps supplied, each with LED of different colours and wavelengths: (i) white; (ii) red; (iii) green; (iv) blue; (v) UV. Light traps were set for three consecutive nights fortnightly from May to October 2017 and climate data recorded using a meteorological station. A total of 411 phlebotomine sand flies (191 males and 220 females), belonging to three different species, namely, Phlebotomus perniciosus (n= 298, 141 males and 157 females), Sergentomyia minuta (n=110, 48 males and 62 females), and Phlebotomus neglectus (n=3, 2 males and 1 females) were collected. Abundance of capture was influenced by colours of LED and time. The highest number of phlebotomine sand flies was captured on June (P<0.01) and by UV LED (P<0.01). As regard to species, P. perniciosus was mainly captured by UV LED on June (P<0.01). No effect of time (P>0.05) or LED colour (P>0.05) was recorded for S. minuta and P. neglectus. According to the results of the present study light trap equipped with UV LED can represent an effective tool for the capture of sand fly species in the Mediterranean area.
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Ahmad, Ahmad, Erniwati Erniwati i Vivi Hastuti RM. "Analisis Nilai Kapasitansi Komposit Lithium Besi Oksida (Li5FeO4) dan Karbon Aktif Kulit Biji Mete sebagai Bahan Dasar Elektroda Baterai Lithium: Efek Variasi Massa". Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Fisika 5, nr 3 (15.07.2020): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.36709/jipfi.v5i3.13932.
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Previous researchers have investigated the manufacture of lithium battery electrode materials from Li5FeO4 composites with activated carbon of cashew nutshells. However, the effect of combining activated carbon to the lithium battery electrode material was not reviewed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the comparison of the mass composition of Li5FeO4 and cashew nut shell active carbon on the capacitance value of the lithium battery electrode. These electrodes generated using the high-temperature solid-state method. The material used is iron oxide Fe2O3 from iron sand and LiOH.H2O, which homogenized with a sintering temperature of 850̊C for 15 hours with a ratio of 6/1 to produce Li5FeO4. Then Li5FeO4 was compiled with activated carbon of cashew nut shells with a mass fraction of activated carbon 60%, 50%, 40%, and 20%. Furthermore, it characterized using cyclic voltammetry. The results of cyclic voltammetry characterization for a mass fraction of 60% produce a capacitance of 4.7 F / g, a mass fraction of 50% produces a capacitance of 59.1 F / g, a mass fraction of 40% produces a capacitance of 87, 3 F / g, and a mass fraction of 20% produces capacitance of 243 F / g. From the four variations of mass fraction, the capacitance that meets the lithium battery electrode capacitance on the market is the mass fraction of 20%.
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Guo, Ziting, Shengwen Zhong, Mihong Cao, Zhengjun Zhong, Qingmei Xiao, Jinchao Huang i Jun Chen. "High-Temperature-Annealed Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as High-Performance Conductive Agents for LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Lithium-Ion Batteries". Metals 13, nr 1 (23.12.2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13010036.
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In this work, the high yield of MWNTs was prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, followed by annealing at 2000–2800 °C, and the effects of high annealing temperature on metal impurities and defects in multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) was explored. Furthermore, the annealed MWNTs were dispersed using a sand mill to make a conductive slurry, and finally the cathode LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 was added to the assembled batteries, and the application of MWNTs (slurry) as conductive agents in LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM) cathode materials by sand-mill dispersion on the performance of lithium-ion batteries was investigated. The results indicate that high temperature annealing can effectively remove the residual metal impurities from MWNTs and the defects in MWNTs gradually decreases as the temperature rises. In addition, 2 wt% of MWNTs (slurry) in LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 is sufficient to form an electronically conductive network; as a result, the electronic conductivity and the high rates performance of the LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 batteries were greatly improved. The LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 battery with MWNTs slurries annealed at 2200 ℃ as a conductive additive displays the highest initial discharge capacity of 173.16 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 C. In addition, after 100 cycles, a capacity retention of 95.8% at 0.5 C and a discharge capacity of 121.75 mAh·g−1 at 5 C were observed. The multi-walled carbon nanotubes used as conductive agents in LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM) cathode materials show excellent battery behaviors, which would provide a new insight for the development of high-performance novel conductive agents in lithium-ion batteries.
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Boretti, Alberto, Stefania Castelletto, Wael Al-Kouz i Jamal Nayfeh. "The energy future of Saudi Arabia". E3S Web of Conferences 181 (2020): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202018103005.
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In a recent publication, North European experts argue that “Saudi Arabia can achieve a 100% renewable energy power system by 2040 with a power sector dominated by PV single-axis tracking and battery storage”. They also say “Battery storage contributed up to 30% of the total electricity demand in 2040 and the contribution increases to 48% by 2050”. Based on considerations specific to the geography, climate conditions, and resources of Saudi Arabia, it is explained as batteries and photovoltaic solar panels are not the best choice for the country's energy sector. To cover all the total primary energy supply of Saudi Arabia by solar photovoltaic, plus battery storage to compensate for the sun's energy intermittency, unpredictability, and seasonal variability, is impracticable and inconvenient, for both the economy and the environment. Better environment and economy may be achieved by further valorizing the fossil fuel resources, through the construction of other high-efficiency plants such as the combined cycle gas turbine plants of Qurayyah, development of novel technologies for the production of clean fuels and clean electricity, including oxyfuel combustion and carbon capture and storage. Construction of nuclear power plants may also be more beneficial to the economy and the environment than photovoltaic and batteries. Regarding solar energy, enclosed trough solar thermal power systems developed along the coast have much better perspectives than solar photovoltaic, as embedded thermal energy storage is a better approach than battery storage. Further, a centralized power plant works better than distributed rooftop photovoltaic installations covered by dust and sand, rusted or cracked. Finally, pumped hydro energy storage along the coast may also have better perspectives than battery storage.
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Nordi, W. M., K. C. E. Yamashiro, M. Klank, R. Locatelli-Dittrich, R. N. Morais, A. I. Reghelin i C. F. M. Molento. "Quail (Coturnixcoturnix japonica) welfare in two confinement systems". Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 64, nr 4 (sierpień 2012): 1001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352012000400029.
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The intensification of animal production systems presents a potential impact on the welfare of animals. The objective of this work was to assess the welfare of quail Coturnixcoturnix japonicain two maintenance systems: battery cages (BC),and enriched aviary (EA),with saw-dust bedding, sand-bathing area and nests. The experiment procedure involved eight animals per holding area and four repetitions per treatment, an overall of 64 quails. Welfare was assessed through behavioral freedom, sanitary freedom (feather condition and injuries), blood analyses and glicocorticoid metabolites measurement in droppings. Results are presented in the BC order, followed by EA. Water drinking behavior and agonistic behavior were different between treatments (P<0.05). Feather condition was adequate in both treatments, except for the head in BC quails. Blood data were statistically different forred blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, blood proteins, eosinophils, heterophils, lymphocytes and heterophil: lymphocyte ratio. Glicocorticoid metabolites levels were significantly different between maintenance systems. The behavioral and physiological welfare indicators showed higher welfare degree for quails in enriched aviary as compared to battery cages system.
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A, Arun, Nagasankar P, Amirthalingam P, Barath Kumar. .E, Janarthanan G i Magesh AS. "Design and Fabrication of Garbage Collector on the Beach Using Solar Power". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 3.34 (1.09.2018): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.34.19331.
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Beach sand cleaning is one of the most needed aspects that have to be implemented for clean future. Even though many organizations are involved in removing the debris the amount of debris keeps on increasing day by day. From the various studies related to this paper, we found that a general awareness is created for the public regarding the environmental pollution and also machines are created with a complication in design and lack of efficiency. So, we have come up with a machine which is capable of collecting the garbage’s from the beach and that too with the simple design. Here the beach sand is cleaned by some mechanical equipment like conveyor, motor, gears which gives a fine outcome of the result. The Solar power is the main source of energy used in this machine. A 50 Watts monocrystalline solar panel is used for better results. The power from panel stores in a 24-volt 14 amps Lithium-Ion battery which then moves on to the motor which runs the conveyor and the machine.
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Yang, Hongyu, i Ruiwen Tang. "Power Consumption Based Android Malware Detection". Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6860217.
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In order to solve the problem that Android platform’s sand-box mechanism prevents security protection software from accessing effective information to detect malware, this paper proposes a malicious software detection method based on power consumption. Firstly, the mobile battery consumption status information was obtained, and the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) was built by using Mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC). Then, the GMM was used to analyze power consumption; malicious software can be classified and detected through classification processing. Experiment results demonstrate that the function of an application and its power consumption have a close relationship, and our method can detect some typical malicious application software accurately.
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Ahn, Jihoon, Dae-Hyeok Lee, Min Seok Kang, Kyung-Jae Lee, Jin-Kyu Lee, Yung-Eun Sung i Won Cheol Yoo. "Sea Sand-Derived Magnesium Silicide as a Reactive Precursor for Silicon-Based Composite Electrodes of Lithium-Ion Battery". Electrochimica Acta 245 (sierpień 2017): 893–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.164.
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Das, Shyamal K., Soumit S. Mandal i Aninda J. Bhattacharyya. "Ionic conductivity, mechanical strength and Li-ion battery performance of mono-functional and bi-functional (“Janus”) “soggy sand” electrolytes". Energy & Environmental Science 4, nr 4 (2011): 1391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0ee00566e.
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Zhang, Limin, Michael C. McVay i Peter W. Lai. "Centrifuge modelling of laterally loaded single battered piles in sands". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36, nr 6 (1.12.1999): 1074–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-072.
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Centrifuge lateral load tests were performed on single battered piles at five pile inclinations founded in both medium-dense (relative density Dr = 55%) and loose (Dr = 36%) sands. The effects of pile batter and soil density on lateral resistance were studied. Pile batter had significant effects in dense sands but minor effects in loose sands. Based on the test results, nonlinear p-y curves, where p is the soil resistance in unit length and y is the lateral deflection of the pile, were developed for single piles at any angle (positive or negative) and sand density. The developed p-y curves were subsequently used with a Winkler model (COM624, LPILE, FLPIER, etc.) to predict all the test results with reasonable accuracy.
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Winter, Martin, Johannes Kasnatscheew, Kerstin Heinemann, Vanessa Bartling, Leonie Ellermann i Lukas Stolz. "(Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching) The Role of Electrochemistry in Battery R&D". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, nr 2 (7.07.2022): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012202mtgabs.
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Encouragement and motivation of young talents and students to engage in the mesmerizing field of electrochemistry and in particular in electrochemical energy storage is of outmost prominence to generate sustainability in the battery community that is inevitable to guarantee manpower continuity in one of the biggest global challenges of mankind, i.e. climate change and depletion of fossil fuels. Lithium-based batteries are regarded as key energy storage technology for further breakthroughs in energy transition and mobility transition and related R&D.[1] Limitations in typical electrochemical performance criteria, e.g. energy/power density, fast charge capability and cycle life will likely require even more intense R&D efforts in the future.[2] Electrochemistry is not only the basic principle of battery cell operation, but a reliable and frequently underestimated in situ instrument for monitoring and diagnostics.[3, 4] Alongside with its strong methodological capability, the fundamental principles of electrochemistry for the understanding of practical battery cells will be emphasized in this presentation. Fundamental electrochemical relations like Sand`s law, the Nernst equation, Ohm’s law and the rules of Faraday; and in reverse manner, their mindful use in electrochemical methodology can precisely indicate and forecast processes during battery cell application and thus realize a simple and systematic, but at the same time a very effective and impactful R&D approach.[5,6] Consequently, elucidating the role of electrochemistry in energy storage will build a bridge between (simple) electrochemical fundamentals and the rather complex practical behavior of state-of-the-art and future battery systems, thus serving as topical attraction for young talents to enter into one of the most relevant and fascinating fields of natural sciences and engineering. Reference s : [1] M. Winter, R. J. Brodd Chemical Reviews. 2004, 104, 4245-4269. [2] R. Schmuch, R. Wagner, G. Hörpel, T. Placke, M. Winter Nature Energy. 2018, 3, 267-278. [3] R. Nölle, K. Beltrop, F. Holtstiege, J. Kasnatscheew, T. Placke, M. Winter Materials Today. 2020, 32, 131-146. [4] J. Kasnatscheew, M. Evertz, R. Kloepsch, B. Streipert, R. Wagner, I. Cekic Laskovic, M. Winter Energy Technology. 2017, 5, 1670-1679. [5] L. Stolz, G. Homann, M. Winter, J. Kasnatscheew Materials Today. 2021, 44, 9-14 [6] F..Holtstiege, A. Wilken A, M. Winter M, T. Placke, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2017 , 19, 25905-25918
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Suroso, Indreswari. "Analisis Foto Udara dengan Multicopter di Daerah Penghasil Pasir Besi Karangwuni, Temon, Kulon Progo". Rekam 16, nr 1 (8.06.2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/rekam.v16i1.3474.
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Aerial Photo Analysis Using Multicopters in the Iron-Sand Producing Area in Karangwuni, Temon, Kulon Progo. This research was conducted in areas that have the potential for iron-sand, which is in Karangwuni village, Temon Subdistrict, Kulon Progo regency. The aim of this research is to examine the surface of the largest iron-sand producing areas in Kulon Progo. The specifications of the drones used in this research are as follows: frame :F450Flight Control: DJI Naza M-Lite; Propeller: 1045 Prop; Motorcycle: brushless sunnsky 980 kVa; ESC: Skywalker 40 Ampere 3s; Battery: Ace 3s Gens 5000mAH; Remote: Turnigy 9XR together with Frsky Tanseiver; and Camera: Xiaomi Yi 4k international edition. The drone made the mapping by recording the surface of the area. Once the drone was assembled, it was tested to fly. When the drone has flown perfectly, a camera was added on the lower side. So, the image of the surface were mapped using the camera which was attached to the drone. Before mapping the area using the drone, drone was tested again. The initial step of assembling was to choose the component. The drone could fly up to 70 meters until 100 meters with a duration up to 10 minutes using the payload drone multicopter weighed 1.5 kilograms. The result of this aerial photo analysis on mapping the largest iron-sand producing area in Kulon Progo regency showed that the area mapped are very sandy and very arid, therefore it cannot be used for an agricultural land. The government of Kulon Progo regency sets a regulation that this area could be used as an iron-sand mining because this land is no longer suitable for an agricultural land as in previous times. ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan di daerah yang memiliki potensi pasir besi, yaitu di daerah Karangwuni, Kecamatan Temon, Kabupaten Kulon Progo. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meneliti permukaan wilayah daerah penghasil pasir besi terbesar di Kulon Progo. Spesifikasi drone yang digunakan penelitian ini adalah dengan spesifikasi frame: F450; pengendali penerbangan: DJI Naza M-Lite; propeller: 1045 Prop; sepeda motor: brushless sunnsky 980 kVa; ESC: Skywalker 40 Ampere 3s; baterai: Ace 3s Gens 5000mAH; remote: Turnigy 9XR dengan Frsky Tanseiver; dan kamera: Xiaomi Yi 4k edisi Internasional. Cara drone melakukan pemetaan adalah dengan merekam gambar permukaan wilayah. Drone selesai dirakit, lalu diuji terbang. Jika drone telah terbang dengan sempurna, dilanjutkan dengan penambahan kamera di sisi bawah. Gambar permukaan area menggunakan kamera yang dipasang pada drone. Sebelum memetakan dengan drone, drone terlebih dahulu diuji lagi. Tahap awal perakitan adalah pemilihan komponen. Drone ini memiliki ketinggian dari 70 hingga 100 m dengan durasi hingga 10 menit menggunakan payload drone multicopter 1,5 kg. Drone ini menggunakan kamera DJI Naza M-Lite sehingga drone dapat memotret area seluas 1,5 km. Hasil penelitian foto udara pada pemetaan di daerah penghasil pasir besi terbesar di Kulon Progo ini adalah ternyata daerah tersebut berpasir dan sangat gersang sehingga tidak dapat dijadikan lahan pertanian. Pemerintah Kulon Progo memberikan izin untuk penambangan pasir besi dikarenakan lahan ini sudah tidak cocok untuk lahan pertanian seperti dahulu lagi.
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Pasquato, Leone, Christoph Strangfeld, Esko Strömmer, Sergej Johann, Vera Lay, Christian Köpp i Ernst Niederleithinger. "Embedded sensors system to monitor cemented waste drums". Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 2 (6.09.2023): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-2-21-2023.
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Abstract. BAM (Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) is developing an electronic measurement system to be placed inside a waste drum, which will be filled with concrete. The goal of this measurement system is to monitor the process of hardening and the evolution of the concrete itself over time to indirectly identify potential defects such as corrosion or cracking. The measured parameters are humidity, temperature, and pressure. In this regard, particular attention was given to the design of the electronic board's enclosure, to allow the sensors to measure the state of the concrete without being in direct contact with it. In the scope of the European Commission's project of PREDIS, the supply of power to the battery-less sensors and the data acquired by such sensors are transmitted through the metallic waste drum by an innovative wireless technology developed by VTT (Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd) in order to ensure long-term operation, while keeping the integrity of the sealed container. The sensing system is made of a chain of small units, called SensorNodes. Each SensorNode includes two off-the-shelf sensors, with one for relative humidity and temperature and one for pressure and temperature. A SensorNode is designed to have a unique identifier, in order to be connected to other units while being uniquely discoverable by a standard communication protocol. In this way, a distributed matrix of measurement points is created. One of the most challenging tasks in designing a measurement system to run in a harsh environment (such as hardening concrete) is to let the sensors sense the external environment without damaging the sensors themselves. In order to keep the external environment away from the electronic board while still letting the sensors measure the concrete behaviour, holes have been drilled through the lid and covered from the inside with a layer of porous membrane. The membrane's pores allow water and gas particles to pass through and let the enclosed air equilibrate with the external environment. With the help of the developed sensors, monitoring concrete in cemented waste drums will be possible. The derived data will also serve as the basis for ongoing modelling approaches for digital twins within the PREDIS project. Overall, the sensors provide a means of enabling safe nuclear waste management through advanced monitoring.
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Li, Yuxian, Anita Hu, Yintian Fu, Sufeng Liu, Wutian Shen, Henry Hu i Xueyuan Nie. "Al Alloys and Casting Processes for Induction Motor Applications in Battery-Powered Electric Vehicles: A Review". Metals 12, nr 2 (24.01.2022): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12020216.
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With the rapid expansion of battery-powered electric vehicles (BEVs) in the automotive industry, research interest in lightweight Al alloys as well as their casting processes and applications has increased considerably. The substitution of castable aluminum alloys with superior strengths and electrical conductivity for copper reduces the weight and size of electric induction motors, and improves the energy efficiency and driving range of the BEVs. The present article was intended to give a general introduction into the common cast Al aluminum alloys and their relevant processes, as well as to motivate the development of high strength and conductive Al alloys for the practical realization of Al applications in the motors of the BEVs. A number of cast alloy systems containing Cu, Si, Ni, Mg, Fe, and Ti were evaluated, in comparison to nanostructured wrought Al alloys. The conventional casting processes suitable for Al alloys, high pressure die casting, squeeze casting, and sand casting were described. Strengthening mechanisms including solid solution strengthening, precipitation strengthening, dislocation accumulation strengthening, and grain boundary strengthening were presented. The phenomenon of electrical conduction for Al alloys was outlined. The mechanical properties and electrical properties of the recently developed Al alloys for casting and deformation processes were comprehensively listed and critically reviewed in association with microstructural characteristics.
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Niklas, Fabian. "New Addressable Applications for Rheocasting to Escape from an Oversupplied Market". Solid State Phenomena 348 (28.08.2023): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-k3dfyn.
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The current market change of aluminium HPDC castings started with the “Dieselgate”. First, there was a shift from diesel to petrol engines. In the second step, hybrid and battery-powered cars gained significant market shares in sales statistics. Therefore, lucrative powertrain components are falling away. As powertrain foundries still want to utilize their machines to capacity, they are pushing into the structural castings market. As a result, there is an oversupply of casting machines here, which massively depresses prices and, thus, margins for tenders. With rising energy costs, these declining margins were eaten up, bringing foundries into crisis. Implementing Rheocasting at the existing die-casting cells is the solution to move into new market shares that are now not accessible in conventional HPDC.One of the new applications is electronic housings, high wall thickness parts, and fatigue bearing parts. These parts are commonly manufactured in sand or gravity castings because of their high wall thickness and low tolerance of porosity. Rheocasting is the perfect process for high-wall thickness components. Because of the semisolid melt preparation and the lamellar filling behavior, these components can be manufactured from the same alloy without pores or voids.This flow behavior of the semisolid slurry also results in a longer flow length. Slower casting speeds and lower pressure settings result in lower clamping forces. This gives an advantage in production costs and targets battery constructions made of castings and sheet metal. Structural battery housings must be leak-tight, even in a crash event. Having it in one casting instead of an assembly reduces the leakage area and improves crash performance.Another industry that relies on Rheocasting is the telecommunications industry. The power electronics in these 5G modules are significantly larger and generate much more waste heat. Until now, many antennas have been actively cooled or milled from a block of aluminum. The milled housings are significantly too expensive to enable series production. Therefore, the goal is to reproduce the passively cooled modules in die casting. Due to the process, the thermal conductivity in conventional HPDC is around 120 to 130 W/m*K. Similarly, no slim cooling fins can be formed. Only the Rheocasting process makes it possible to cast other alloys with low proportions of alloying elements, such as AlSi2Mn. This allows fins with a wall thickness of down to 0.4 mm and thermal conductivity of up to 190 W/m*K.Rheocasting enables access to market segments out of reach. These bring an unbeatable cost advantage against the current suppliers: gravity and sand casters. The low cycle time in Rheocasting brings back the high margins needed to sustain the business. Also, these products can be delivered with even better properties on smaller casting machines.
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Byrne, Aimee, Shane Barry, Niall Holmes i Brian Norton. "Optimising the Performance of Cement-Based Batteries". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4724302.
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The development of a battery using different cement-based electrolytes to provide a low but potentially sustainable source of electricity is described. The current, voltage, and lifespan of batteries produced using different electrolyte additives, copper plate cathodes, and (usually) aluminium plate anodes were compared to identify the optimum design, components, and proportions to increase power output and longevity. Parameters examined include water/cement ratio, anode to cathode surface area ratio, electrode material, electrode spacing, and the effect of sand, aggregate, salts, carbon black, silica fume, and sodium silicate on the electrolyte. The results indicate that the greatest and longest lasting power can be achieved using high proportions of water, carbon black, plasticiser, salts, and silica fume in the electrolyte and using a magnesium anode and copper cathode. This cell produced an open-circuit voltage of 1.55 V, a resistor-loaded peak current over 4 mA, maintaining over 1 mA for 4 days, and a quasi steady current of 0.59 mA with a lifespan of over 21 days.
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Furquan, Mohammad, Anish Raj Khatribail, Savithri Vijayalakshmi i Sagar Mitra. "Efficient conversion of sand to nano-silicon and its energetic Si-C composite anode design for high volumetric capacity lithium-ion battery". Journal of Power Sources 382 (kwiecień 2018): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.02.011.
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Shang, Ruoxu, Taner Zerrin, Bo Dong, Cengiz S. Ozkan i Mihrimah Ozkan. "Sustainable and Low-Cost Lithium-Ion Batteries: Nonconventional Electrode Chemistries and State of Health Characterization". Technology & Innovation 21, nr 4 (1.12.2020): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21300/21.4.2020.10.
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With the advancements in portable electronics and electric vehicle (EV) applications, the demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with high energy densities is ever increasing. Battery-powered transportation is being adopted more frequently due to its potential to enable a more sustainable society by reducing vehicle emissions from fossil fuels. There has been exponential growth in the need for high-capacity LIBs in all types of EVs, including hybrid and full electric automobiles, e-bikes, and drones, as well as electric tools, cell phones, tablets, and, more recently, house storage; this growth significantly increases the consumption of source material commodities, especially cobalt. Despite its drop in price in the last couple of years due to increased mining, cobalt remains expensive, and its price increase has gained momentum again compared to other electrode materials due to higher demand. Moreover, its toxicity and difficult mining practices could result in many problems, including excessive carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emission along with a possible much higher demand in the long term. This provides a strong motivation to explore alternatives to battery source materials. In this article, we present a selection of our important works on LIBs, with a focus on alternative electrode chemistries by using abundant and sustainable material sources. As alternatives to traditional graphite-based anodes, we demonstrate the successful use of both silicon electrodes derived from beach sand and waste glass and carbon electrodes derived from portobello mushroom and waste plastic precursors. In addition, we demonstrate stable cycling of batteries with nonconventional electrode chemistries, such as lithium-sulfur with TiO2-coated sulfur electrodes and sulfur-silicon full cell batteries with integrated lithium sources. Batteries prepared by sustainable methods not only perform better than conventional ones but also result in reduced costs. Since accurate determination of battery state of health is another important challenge, we further present our electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-based analysis of LIBs, which could potentially be utilized in safety evaluations of current and next-generation LIBs.
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Kumar, G. Jayanth. "Electronic Hover Craft". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, nr VI (30.06.2021): 4343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35945.
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Electronic hovercraft is a device which can easily move on sand, water, hill areas and also muddy places. The main reason behind this project is to rescue the people in the flooded region. Our Indian army forces like Indian army, Indian navy will have greater use of this project. For example coming to our local areas just recently happened these situation is in Hyderabad we got floods so many people lose their houses, property.so many people were injuired. There is no such reliable system to rescue there. In that one senior citizen was died due to the helpless situation these type of situation makes so hurting to us. In that cases these type of devices may save their lives. In this system we have Bluetooth, Arduino UNO, propellers, two navigation motors which can give right and forward moving directions. Considering the price, simple implementations this project proses a less cost compare to fire brigade. With the help of Bluetooth in distance we can operate the system. With driving manually we can operate. Due to this one person can be saved. Instead of a driver one extra person can save. By using Bluetooth Arduino control app we can send command to the Arduino. When we give command we can operate, navigate the device with the help of down propeller air fills in cushion with the help of back propeller it will move towards forward direction with this we can control the device navigation for this we have 12volt 3.5Amps Battery power supply. Amplified current version battery to drive the motors.
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Vegatama, Meita Rezki, Karnila Willard, Riza Hadi Saputra, Ain Sahara i Muhammad Ashar Ramadhan. "RANCANG BANGUN FILTER AIR DENGAN FILTRASI SEDERHANA MENGGUNAKAN ENERGI LISTRIK TENAGA SURYA". PETROGAS: Journal of Energy and Technology 2, nr 2 (29.10.2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.58267/petrogas.v2i2.38.
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Water is one of the basic needs in the life of creatures on this earth. Water is used for the body's metabolism, both humans and other living things. Thus, improving water quality is very necessary because it is very influential for the health of humans and other living things. Therefore, the water filter is designed so that this goal is achieved. Not only, water but environmental health is very important. So, this water filter is designed using solar cell technology, which is one of the ideas of renewable energy, and utilizes moringa seeds (moringa oleifera). This water filter is designed using solar panels and batteries as a source of electrical energy. The panel is coupled and will flow energy from the sun. That energy will be absorbed and received by the battery. This water filter uses a coagulation method and also a natural filter that utilizes fibers, silica sand, zeolite stones, and activated carbon. The process of this filter is to compare the input values detected by the sensor, the pH sensor and the turbidity sensor.
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Zhang, Shiyun, Jian Xie, Peng Zhang i Xinbing Zhao. "Low-cost and scalable preparation of nano-Si from photovoltaic waste silicon for high-performance Li-ion battery anode". Functional Materials Letters 14, nr 06 (3.07.2021): 2151033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604721510334.
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Nano silicon (nano-Si)-based materials have been considered as promising anodes for next-generation Li-ion batteries (LIBs) because of their high specific capacity. However, a facile processing method of nano-Si with cheap Si sources is still lacking. Herein, we propose a facile, scalable and cost-effective route to produce nano-Si using a low-cost Si source from photovoltaic (PV) waste silicon. The nano-Si of 484 nm in [Formula: see text] can be easily produced using the PV waste Si by facile acid washing, heat treatment and sand milling steps. Compared with commercial nano-Si (120 nm), our low-cost nano-Si exhibits higher Coulombic efficiency (87.1%) and better cycling stability. The cycling stability of nano-Si can be obviously enhanced by using a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder and an electrolyte composed of 1 mol L[Formula: see text] LiPF6 in fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (1:1:1). The nano-Si with CMC binder in 1 mol L[Formula: see text] LiPF6 FEC/EMC/DMC electrolyte could maintain a discharge capacity of 1488 mAh g[Formula: see text] after 200 cycles at 1 A g[Formula: see text]. Our work provides a promising, sustainable method to make high-performance nano-Si using a low-cost Si source.
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Kim, Sung Joon, Tae Seop Lim, Bong-Gu Kim, Jeong Hun Son i Yeon Gil Jung. "Performance and Charging-Discharging Behavior of AGM Lead Acid Battery according to the Improvement of Bonding between Active Material/Substrate using Sand-Blasting Method". Korean Journal of Materials Research 31, nr 2 (28.02.2021): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2021.31.2.75.
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Rohmawati, Lydia, Damini Alfarisi, Sitiv Holisa SP, Woro Setyarsih, Tukiran i Ahmad Subhan. "Prototype Profile of Supercapactors with Activated Carbon/Fe3O4 Electrodes Natural Materials and Celgard Li-Ion Battery Separators". E3S Web of Conferences 328 (2021): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132802012.
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The electrode composition material in the supercapacitor affects the storage performance of the supercapacitor. In this study, the electrodes were made from coconut shell activated carbon and Fe3O4 from iron sand. To be used as electrodes, the two materials are mixed with PVDF and a solution of Dimethylacetamide at a temperature of 70°C; then, a coating process is carried out by layering the electrode material onto aluminium foil to obtain an electrode sheet. The coin cell assembling process was then carried out by arranging the electrode sheets and the Celgard Li-ion battery separator in the glove box and then tested for charge/discharge with a current density of 5-81 mA/g and cycle stability at a current of 20 mA/g. The study results show that the activated carbon/5 wt% Fe3O4 supercapacitor has the best capacitance value for charging at 8.03 F/g and discharging at 8.55 F/g at a current density of 5 mA/g. The activated carbon/5 wt% Fe3O4 supercapacitor has cycle stability of up to 200 cycles and can withstand up to 95% with a capacitance of 6.6 F/g.
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Al-Tememy, Mais S., Mohammed A. Al-Neami i Mohammed F. Asswad. "A Numerical Analysis on the Behavior of Single Battered Pile under Pullout Loading". E3S Web of Conferences 318 (2021): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131801010.
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Batter or raker piles are piles driven at an inclination with a vertical to resist large inclined or lateral forces. Many structures like offshore structures and towers are subjected to overturning moments due to wave pressure, wind load, and ship impacts. Therefore in such structures, a combination of the vertical and batter piles is used to transfer overturning moments in compression and tension forces to the foundation. This paper presents a three-dimensional finite element analysis using PLAXIS 3D software to study the battered pile's behavior under the effect of pullout load. Several variables that influence the pile tension capacity embedded in sandy soil are investigated. The pile models are steel piles embedded in the dense sand at different batter angles (0, 10, 20, and 30) degrees with two embedment ratios, L/d (15 and 20). To clarify the pile shape's influence on a pullout capacity, two shapes are used, a circular pile with a diameter equal to 20 mm and a square pile with a section of 15.7×15.7 mm. These dimensions are chosen to achieve an equal perimeter for both shapes. The numerical results pointed that the pile pullout capacity increases with the increasing of the batter angle and embedment ratio, and the maximum values are marked at a batter angle of 20o. The shape of the bending moment profile is a single curvature, and the peak values are located approximately at the midpoint of the battered pile, while a zero value is located at the pile tip and pile head.
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Ali, Ahmed Fate, i Farouk Idi Yusuf. "PREVALENCE OF INJURIES AMONG WASTE PICKERS. A CASE STUDY IN NIGERIA". Detritus, nr 17 (19.12.2021): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2021.15144.
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Waste picking might provide, in low-income countries, a livelihood for many individuals representing an important survival strategy. However, during their activities, waste pickers are at risk of encountering harmful waste, which could cause injuries and other infectious diseases. This paper investigates the occurrences of injury among waste pickers and the methods they use to treat the injuries in Bauchi city, Northeastern Nigeria. A total of 322 waste pickers were randomly selected across 80 waste pickers’ middlemen shops. Data was obtained through questionnaire and interview. Based on the data presented, 1474 frequencies of injuries were reported among 247 waste pickers. Age, education and working experience are significant parameters to the prevalence of injuries among waste pickers, and the incidence of injuries increased with the decrease in those parameters. The study shows that most of the waste pickers experienced injuries, most of whom do not attend clinic when injury occurs; instead, they used salt, ash, sand, hydraulic, kerosene, battery acid, among others, to treat their wounds. Cuts and pierces are good entry points for bacteria and viruses, which can eventually spread to the general public infectious diseases, such as Hepatitis, Cholera and Lassa fever. Provision of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE), a labor rights policy, immunization and the launch of an awareness campaign are among the recommendations made by this study.
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Chen, Xiaoyu W., Michele A. Lanotte, M. Emin Kutay i Larry Galehouse. "Performance Evaluation of an Innovative High-Friction Surface Treatment". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, nr 3 (marzec 2019): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119825640.
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High-friction surface treatment (HFST) is effective for improving pavement surface characteristics and enhancing drivers’ safety on the road. However, common HFST applications are not cost-effective and provide only limited preservation benefits to the existing pavement structure. In this study, the performance of a new HFST, consisting of corundum sand and waterborne epoxy, has been evaluated through laboratory testing. A battery of laboratory tests was performed to compare this new HFST against three common HFST applications used in the United States. Three aspects of the performance were investigated: (i) improvement of skid resistance, (ii) durability to environmental effects (moisture damage and freeze–thaw cycles), and (iii) the effect on an existing crack through semi-circular bending tests. The results showed that the application of the low-cost HFST provides an improvement of skid resistance as good as or better than the traditional HFST applications. Furthermore, since the aggregates used in this technique are much finer than the traditional HFST applications, the treatment looks more like a slurry, and it has the potential to fill the existing cracks with a width of 1.5 ± 0.1 mm and retard further propagation of the cracks. Results revealed that this new HFST technology (developed by a Chinese manufacturer) has the potential to lower the cost compared with materials and practices currently used in the United States.
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Pinto, Paulo, Michael McVay, Marc Hoit i Peter Lai. "Centrifuge Testing of Plumb and Battered Pile Groups in Sand". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1569, nr 1 (styczeń 1997): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1569-02.
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Pile groups are generally used under structures subject to heavy axial loads or large lateral forces with or without scour. The focus in this paper is only on pile groups subject to large lateral forces. Currently, little, if any, full-scale lateral load data exist on pile groups that vary pile head fixity or batter. Reported here is the summary of a series of centrifuge tests on free- and fixed-head plumb and battered pile groups. Influence of pile head constraint, pile spacing, soil density, and vertical dead load is reported for groups ranging from 3 × 3 to 3 × 7 in size. Results reveal a significant lateral resistance of fixed- over free-head pile groups; fixed-head piles develop significant axial forces; battered piles without vertical dead loads are generally no better than plumb piles; and in the case of plumb piles, the use of multipliers to represent group interaction is valid.
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Albusoda, Bushra S., i Anmar F. Alsaddi. "Experimental study on performance of laterally loaded plumb and battered piles in layered sand". Journal of Engineering 23, nr 9 (31.08.2017): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2017.09.02.
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This study introduces a series of single and pile group model tests subjected to lateral loads in . multilayered sand from Karbala, Iraq. The aim of this study is to investigate: the performance of the pile groups subjected to lateral loads; in which the pile batter inclination angle is changed; the effect of pile spacing (s/d) ratio, the influence of using different number of piles and pile group configuration. Results revealed that the performance of single negative (Reverse) Battered piles with inclination of 10° and 20° show a gain of 32% and 76 % in the ultimate lateral capacity over the regular ones. For pile groups, the use of a combination of regular, negative and positive battered piles in different angles of inclination within the same group shows a significant increase in the ultimate lateral load carrying capacity. Increasing the spacing between piles in groups of the same category shows an increase in the group efficiency, also changing the piles number within the group by using different patterns will influence the ultimate lateral resistance of the pile group.
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Nazir, Ashraf, i Ahmed Nasr. "Pullout capacity of batter pile in sand". Journal of Advanced Research 4, nr 2 (marzec 2013): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2012.04.001.
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Aravelli, Aparna, Dwayne McDaniel i Clarice Davila. "Assessment of Wave-Guided Ultrasonic Transducer System for Erosion-Corrosion Detection in Nuclear Applications". International Symposium on Microelectronics 2018, nr 1 (1.10.2018): 000694–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2018.1.000694.
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Abstract Storage tanks and pipelines are used at nuclear waste sites across the Department of Energy (DOE) complex to store and transfer nuclear wastes. One of the significant aspects in such sites is monitoring the structural integrity of the waste transfer pipelines and the storage tanks. Literature indicates that the industry standard method of thickness measurements using ultrasonic sensors is mainly through manual inspections. As such, this procedure is expensive and exhaustive for nuclear applications. Hence, in this research, the authors assess a wave guided ultrasonic sensor system for erosion-corrosion (thickness change) detection in waste transfer pipelines at Hanford nuclear waste site. This ultrasonic transducer (UT) sensor system (from Permasense, a UK based manufacturer [2]) has the advantage of real-time remote monitoring. It is an integrated wireless sensor network system which uses a patented technology for the acoustic wave propagation and has proven applications in the oil and gas industries [3]. This UT sensor system meets the requirement of providing the actual thickness measurement in pipes, is capable for 2 inch pipes and elbows, and is customized for mounting with a mechanical clamping system. The sensors are also capable of operating at high temperatures up to 600°C (1100°F). This is due to their patented waveguide technology that holds the sensor head (containing ultrasonic transducers, electronics, and battery) away from the hot metal surface. The sensor's measurements are transmitted wirelessly back to a gateway (wireless access point) mounted near the main unit. Since there is no cost associated with measurement acquisition or measurement retrieval, the frequency of measurement can be configured to be as frequent as every 15 minutes. Connection of the gateway to the operator's existing information technology infrastructure allows the data to be viewed from personnel desks. Sensor battery life of up to 10 years allows continuous data delivery between turnarounds without access to a sensor's physical location. The sensor model chosen for the present research (testing and validation) is the WT 210 series [2]. It consists of the 304 stainless steel wave guides, sensor head, antenna, battery and a stabilizer. In addition there is a built in thermocouple probe to monitor the pipe surface temperature which also allows the wall thickness measurement to be temperature compensated when required. The sensors communicate using a customized wireless protocol, creating a self-forming and self-managing wireless mesh, which delivers continuous wall thickness measurements of the highest integrity and accuracy directly to the end user. Scope of the present research includes the initial verification and validation of the Permasense Guided Wave sensor system as a potential erosion/corrosion detection system for carbon steel pipelines under static conditions. The real-time erosion/corrosion detection is also investigated by measuring the thinning of the pipe sections by circulating simulants and continuous monitoring. This is achieved by passing abrasive solutions through an in-house designed pipe loop system. The loop has been designed to replicate the sections and carbon steel pipe material similar to the existing system at Hanford site. Varying concentrations of sand and water mixture is used as an eroding agent [5]. The erosion experiments are conducted for several months and the results obtained provide realistic wear rates on 2 inch and 3 inch carbon steel pipes with straight sections and elbows using the Permasense UT sensor system. Thus, the present research delivers solutions for sensor evaluations and conducts bench scale testing followed by data acquisition and analysis for corrosion and erosion assessment. This assessment of the UT sensor system will be useful for monitoring the real-time thinning of the waste transfer pipelines and to deliver more realistic estimates of the remaining useful life of the components and incorporate those estimates into future design/testing plans across the nuclear waste sites.
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Stolz, Lukas, Martin Winter i Johannes Kasnatscheew. "Concentration Polarization in Batteries: Theory, Experimental Verification and Practical Relevance". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, nr 2 (7.07.2022): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-012250mtgabs.
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Apart from particle-type inorganic solid electrolytes, organic, i.e. solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), are of high potential interest for the realization of next generation Li metal batteries, given their abundance, low cost, electrochemical stability and wetting ability.(1, 2) Nevertheless, the poor ion transport in SPEs limits the battery operation to elevated temperature and/or lower rates only and remains main focus of R&D.(3) Besides the internal-resistance induced polarizations (overpotentials), it is the onset of concentration polarization, which determines the operation limit in terms of e.g. temperature and current density. This work aims to practically unravel the mystery of concentration polarization by means of simple electrochemical experiments in Li||Li cells and mathematical descriptions via the well-known Sand and diffusion equations.(4, 5) The conformity of theory and experiments allows valuable mathematical determinations and predictions of parameter and operation limits. For example, these equations can predict the practical onset of concentration polarization. Also, parameter can be obtained, e.g. diffusion coefficients, based on the experimentally observed polarization onsets. The relevance of concentration polarization including its impact on the cell performance even in high voltage LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622)||Li cells is demonstrated by experimentally varying the applied current, the salt concentration, the temperature as well as the cell set-up (e.g. electrolyte thickness and electrode area-oversizing).(6) The validity of these relations is additionally confirmed in state-of-the-art liquid, i.e. LiPF6/carbonate-based, electrolytes and the special case of single-ion conducting electrolytes is discussed. L. Stolz, S. Röser, G. Homann, M. Winter and J. Kasnatscheew, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 125, 18089 (2021). J. Mindemark, M. J. Lacey, T. Bowden and D. Brandell, Prog. Polym. Sci., 81, 114 (2018). J. Janek and W. G. Zeier, Nature Energy, 1, 16141 (2016). L. Stolz, G. Homann, M. Winter and J. Kasnatscheew, Data in Brief, 34, 106688 (2021). L. Stolz, G. Homann, M. Winter and J. Kasnatscheew, Materials Today, 44, 9 (2021). L. Stolz, G. Homann, M. Winter and J. Kasnatscheew, ChemSusChem, 14, 2163 (2021). Figure 1
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Hanna, A. M., i A. Afram. "Pull-out capacity of single batter piles in sand". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 23, nr 3 (1.08.1986): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t86-054.
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The pull-out capacity of single rigid vertical and batter piles in sand and subjected to axial loading has been investigated. Good agreement was found when test results on instrumented model piles were compared with theoretical estimates. The effect of pile inclination on the pull-out capacity has been explained by means of variable mobilized passive earth pressure on the pile's perimeter. A design method and charts are presented. Key words: pile foundation, pull-out capacity, vertical pile, batter pile, sand–soil mechanics.
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Yun, Seong-Kyu, Jiseong Kim, Minsu Kang i Gichun Kang. "A study on the vertical bearing capacity according to the inclination angle of single batter piles and the relative density of sand under vertical loads". Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 21, nr 3 (30.06.2021): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2021.21.3.133.
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This study analyzed the increase in the compressive bearing capacity of single-sloped piles according to the relative density and inclination angle when the batter piles are subjected to a vertical load in non-adhesive sand. An experiment was conducted with inclination angles of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40, and the relative density of sandy soil was divided into 31% (loose), 53% (medium), and 72% (dense) and compared with the results of the earlier research. As a result of the experiment, when the relative density of the ground was medium and dense, the bearing capacity was greater than that of the vertical pile (0°) at all angles. The tendency noted was that the bearing capacity of the pile increased from vertical to 20° and gradually decreased after 20°. The same tendency was also exhibited by loose sandy soil, but with less bearing capacity than the vertical pile (0°) except for 20°.
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Iliff, John. "T/B MORRIS J. BERMAN OIL SPILL: RESTORATION PROJECTS OVERVIEW". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, nr 1 (1.05.2008): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-145.
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ABSTRACT The January 7, 1994, barge Morris J. Berman grounding and oil spill off Punta Escambrín, near San Juan, Puerto Rico, resulted in injury to natural resources along the shoreline and impaired their use for an extended time. Three major injury categories were pursued by the Trustees and the restoration projects for these injuries are presented in this paper. Including interest, approximately $10M in settlement funds are being used to fund 6 restoration projects. About $6 million of the settlement funds is being used for three projects to restore eolianite reef habitat, a type of fossilized sand dune, and other reef resources injured by the barge grounding and subsequent spill. One project, called the Condado Coral Trail project, will install artificial reef modules in the Condado Lagoon, approximately 1 mile southeast of the barge grounding site. Also in the Condado Lagoon, a 32-acre dredge hole will be brought back to historic elevations through beneficial use of dredged marine sediments. The third reef project entails acquisition of shoreline and coastal property which is intended to provide reef resource services comparable to those lost as a result of the oil spill and grounding. This parcel provides habitat for over 40 rare species of plants and animals including a major nesting beach for the endangered Leatherback Sea Turtle. The acquisition project also serves as the sole compensatory restoration project for lost recreational beach use. The parcel is being designated as a Puerto Rico Natural Reserve thereby allowing the public to use the land, including its unspoiled beaches, for recreational purposes. Finally, three restoration projects are being implemented to compensate for the lost historic visitor use services at the San Juan National Historic Site. More than 123,000 visitors to the El Morro and San Cristobal forts were affected by the spill for approximately six weeks. The first of the three projects includes Improving and Extending the Coastal Promenade, a walkway at the base of El Morro. The second is restoration of El Morro Water Battery and the third is cleaning and stabilizing certain exterior walls of the El Morro Fort.
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Suwardi, Swendrinata, i Andryan Suhendra. "PENGARUH KEMIRINGAN FONDASI TIANG PANCANG BATTERED PILE PADA TANAH LEMPUNG DAN TANAH PASIR". JMTS: Jurnal Mitra Teknik Sipil 3, nr 2 (17.05.2020): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmts.v3i2.7057.
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The Battered Pile is one of the foundation designs that aims to increase the lateral bearing capacity of the foundation. Battered Pile are designed with a certain slope that aims to increase the lateral capacity of the soil. The type of soil used will affect the lateral capacity of the pole. Calculation of bearing capacity of the pile is carried out on the condition of clay and sand soils at slope 00 to +200. The calculation results will then be analyzed to understand the effects that occur. The calculation results will be presented in the p-y curve method. The use of this method is expected to make it easier to understand the characteristics of Battered Pile for soil conditions. Based on the analysis it was found that an increase in the capacity of the pile up to 23% in the slope of 100 to 150. Sand soil in conditions below the surface of the ground water will have a linear carrying capacity and have a lower deflection value when compared to clay soil at a depth of 2 meters. But at a depth of 16 meters, clay has a point where it has a lower deflection value compared to sandy soil.AbstrakTiang pancang Battered Pile merupakan salah satu rekasaya fondasi yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan daya dukung lateral fondasi. Tiang Battered Pile dipancang dengan kemiringan tertentu yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan daya dukung lateral tanah. Jenis tanah yang digunakan akan mempengaruhi daya dukung lateral tiang. Perhitungan daya dukung tiang dilakukan pada kondisi tanah lempung dan tanah pasir pada kemiringan 00 hingga +200. Hasil perhitungan kemudian akan dianalisis untuk memahami pengaruh yang terjadi. Hasil perhitungan akan disajikan dalam metode p-y curve. Penggunaan metode ini diharapkan dapat memudahkan dalam memahami karakteristik tiang Battered Pile terhadap kondisi tanah. Berdasarkan analisis didapatkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan daya dukung tiang hingga 23% pada kemiringan 100 hingga 150. Tanah pasir pada kondisi di bawah permukaan air tanah akan mengalami kenaikan daya dukung secara linier dan memiliki nilai lendutan yang lebih kecil jika dibandingkan dengan tanah lempung pada kedalaman 2 meter. Tetapi pada kedalaman 16 meter, tanah lempung memiliki titik dimana memiliki nilai lendutan yang lebih kecil jika dibandingkan dengan tanah pasir.
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Schmidt, Birger. "Pull-out capacity of single batter piles in sand: Discussion". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 24, nr 3 (1.08.1987): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t87-059.
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Hanna, A. M., i A. Afram. "Pull-out capacity of single batter piles in sand: Reply". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 24, nr 3 (1.08.1987): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t87-060.
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Li, Zheng, Panagiotis Kotronis, Sandra Escoffier i Claudio Tamagnini. "A hypoplastic macroelement formulation for single batter piles in sand". International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 42, nr 12 (7.05.2018): 1346–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.2794.
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Meyerhof, G. G., i A. S. Yalcin. "Bearing capacity of flexible batter piles under eccentric and inclined, loads in layered soil". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 31, nr 4 (1.08.1994): 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t94-068.
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The behaviour of single free-head model flexible vertical and batter piles under the general case of eccentric and inclined loads in two-layered soil is investigated. The bearing capacity of the piles is found to depend on the layered structure, the eccentricity and inclination of the load, and the pile batter. The theoretical estimates of ultimate loads obtained from semiempirical relations agree fairly well with the test results. Key words : bearing capacity, deformation, batter pile, eccentricity factor, eccentric load, inclination factor, inclined load, layered soil, model test, sand, clay.
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Hanna, Adel, i T. Q. Nguyen. "Shaft Resistance of Single Vertical and Batter Piles Driven in Sand". Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 129, nr 7 (lipiec 2003): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2003)129:7(601).
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Meyerhof, G. G., i A. S. Yalcin. "Behaviour of flexible batter piles under inclined loads in layered soil". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30, nr 2 (1.04.1993): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t93-021.
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The behaviour of single free-head model flexible vertical and batter piles under central inclined loads in two-layered soil is investigated. The bearing capacity of the piles is found to depend on the layered structure, load inclination, and pile batter. The theoretical estimates obtained from semiempirical relations agree well with the test results. Previous displacement equations for flexible batter piles in elastic isotropic soil are modified for piles in anisotropic layered soil using an effective embedment depth of equivalent rigid piles. Practical equations for horizontal and vertical displacements of flexible batter piles are presented on the basis of resultant influence factors that are related to the batter angle, load inclination, and distribution of soil modulus with depth. The observed horizontal and vertical displacements of the piles are in reasonable agreement with the theoretical estimates, which are also supported by the results of some field cases. Key words : bearing capacity, deformation, batter pile, inclination factor, inclined load, layered soil, model test, sand, clay.
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Chaney, RC, KR Demars, L. Zhang, MC McVay i P. Lai. "Centrifuge Testing of Vertically Loaded Battered Pile Groups in Sand". Geotechnical Testing Journal 21, nr 4 (1998): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj11367j.
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Gezelius, Mats, i Reza Mortazavi. "Effect of Having Solar Panels on the Probability of Owning Battery Electric Vehicle". World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, nr 7 (7.07.2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13070125.
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Greenhouse gas emissions, produced by various sectors, including transportation, are significantly impairing the environment and drive climate change. Battery electric vehicles are increasingly seen as a way to alleviate these problems, but they must be charged with electricity produced through environmentally friendly methods. This paper investigates a possible relationship between battery electric vehicles and solar photovoltaic panels using ENABLE.EU household survey data from ten European countries in autumn 2017–spring 2018. Based on the estimates from a recursive bivariate probit model, it is found that the probability that a household owns a battery electric vehicle increases significantly if said household owns solar photovoltaic panels. This suggests that a policy encouraging the home charging of battery electric vehicles using solar photovoltaic panels that includes an energy storage facility could speed up the transition to the use of these vehicles.
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Potapenko, Tatiana, Jessica S. Döhler, Francisco Francisco, George Lavidas i Irina Temiz. "Renewable Energy Potential for Micro-Grid at Hvide Sande". Sustainability 15, nr 3 (25.01.2023): 2234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032234.
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Decarbonization of ports is a major goal to reduce their global carbon footprint. The port of Hvide Sande is located on the coast of the North Sea in Denmark and it has the potential to utilize various renewable energy sources. Wind and solar thermal parks are already installed there. Wave energy is an alternative to solar and wind energies and its advantage is the spatial concentration, predictability, and persistence. Heat to the town is provided by Hvide Sande Fjernvarme. In this work, it is investigated if the heat demand could be fully covered by renewable energies. Power profiles for each renewable energy resource were calculated using 30 years of re-analysis environmental data. Long, mid, and short term time series of power supply has been statistically and quantitatively examined. Considering the heat demand of Hvide Sande, the lowest frequency of zero occurrence in power generation can be ensured by the combination of wind, solar energy and wave. The article also estimated the capacity for Lithium-ion batteries. The optimal size of the battery is found by the bisection method. Finally, different combinations of renewable energy and demand as well as batteries are evaluated. The lowest zero occurrences in power production is met by the mix of three renewable energies. Also, the mix of three renewable energies significantly reduces the value of energy, required from the battery.