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1

Motswainyana, William M., i Peter A. Ajibade. "Anticancer Activities of Mononuclear Ruthenium(II) Coordination Complexes". Advances in Chemistry 2015 (19.02.2015): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/859730.

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Ruthenium compounds are highly regarded as potential drug candidates. The compounds offer the potential of reduced toxicity and can be tolerated in vivo. The various oxidation states, different mechanism of action, and the ligand substitution kinetics of ruthenium compounds give them advantages over platinum-based complexes, thereby making them suitable for use in biological applications. Several studies have focused attention on the interaction between active ruthenium complexes and their possible biological targets. In this paper, we review several ruthenium compounds which reportedly possess promising cytotoxic profiles: from the discovery of highly active compounds imidazolium [trans-tetrachloro(dmso)(imidazole)ruthenate(III)] (NAMI-A), indazolium [trans-tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)](KP1019), and sodium trans-[tetrachloridobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (NKP-1339) to the recent work based on both inorganic and organometallic ruthenium(II) compounds. Half-sandwich organometallic ruthenium complexes offer the opportunity of derivatization at the arene moiety, while the three remaining coordination sites on the metal centre can be functionalised with various coordination groups of various monoligands. It is clear from the review that these mononuclear ruthenium(II) compounds represent a strongly emerging field of research that will soon culminate into several ruthenium based antitumor agents.
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2

Vatansever, Hafize Seda, Hilal Kabadayı, Mehmet Korkmaz, Feyzan Özdal-Kurt, Serdar Batıkan Kavukcu i Hayati Türkmen. "Apoptotic Properties of Rutheinum Complexes on Different Type of Cancer Cell Lines". Proceedings 2, nr 25 (11.12.2018): 1593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2251593.

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Among chemotherapeutic agents, cisplatin and the other platinum-based drugs have occupied for 35 years an enviable position. The limitations of platinum-based drugs, dose dependent side effects and development of drug resistance mechanisms, have boosted the research for finding other metal-based drugs. Among metals, ruthenium is probably the one showing the greatest promises. Ruthenium (Ru) appears to be less toxic than platinum and several biological studies have indicated that ruthenium complexes possess diverse modes of action. The redox chemistry of ruthenium is rich and compatible with biological media, and the overall toxicity of ruthenium is lower than platinum, thus allowing higher doses of treatment. In this study we aimed that, analyses of different type of ruthenium complexes in cancer cell lines. Six Ru complexes were determined by elemental analysis, FTIR, NMR, UV-visible spectroscopy, electron density on the metal was measured by cyclic voltammetry. After that, the cellular properties of this complexes were analyses on PC-3, HT-29, Du-145 and Vero cell lines. DNA damage was analyzed H2AX staining, apoptotic cell analyses were performed flow cytometry and western blotting. After 48 h incubation of Ru complexes three of them more effective for cell lines. Especially Ru3 was more effective in cancer cell lines. Apoptotic pathway was triggered after Ru complexes incubation in PC-3, Du-145 and Ht-29 cancer cell lines. Our study suggest that Ru complexes may be used for cancer cell cytotoxicity as a drugs in patients.
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Zhang, Si-Qi, Li-Hua Gao, Hua Zhao i Ke-Zhi Wang. "Recent Progress in Polynuclear Ruthenium Complex-Based DNA Binders/Structural Probes and Anticancer Agents". Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, nr 22 (30.06.2020): 3735–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666181203143422.

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Ruthenium complexes have stood out by several mononuclear complexes which have entered into clinical trials, such as imidazolium [trans-RuCl4(1H-imidazole)(DMSO-S)] (NAMI-A) and ([Ru(II)(4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine)2-(2(2'-,2'':5'',2'''-terthiophene)-imidazo[4,5-f] [1,10]phenanthroline)] 2+) (TLD-1433), opening a new avenue for developing promising ruthenium-based anticancer drugs alternative to Cisplatin. Polynuclear ruthenium complexes were reported to exhibit synergistic and/or complementary effects: the enhanced DNA structural recognition and DNA binding as well as in vitro anticancer activities. This review overviews some representative polynuclear ruthenium complexes acting as DNA structural probes, DNA binders and in vitro anticancer agents, which were developed during last decades. These complexes are reviewed according to two main categories of homo-polynuclear and hetero-polynuclear complexes, each of which is further clarified into the metal centers linked by rigid and flexible bridging ligands. The perspective, challenges and future efforts for investigations into these exciting complexes are pointed out or suggested.
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4

Kanaoujiya, Rahul, i Shekhar Srivastava. "Ruthenium based antifungal compounds and their activity". Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 25, nr 7 (25.06.2021): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/257rjce17721.

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Ruthenium is recognized as a highly attractive alternative to platinum since the toxicity of many ruthenium compounds is lower and some complexes are quite selective for antifungal drugs. Ruthenium has various chemical properties these chemical properties are very useful for antifungal drug design. Ruthenium compounds have several types of advantages as antifungal drugs because of lower toxicity. . Ruthenium has unique properties making it of particularly use as fungal in drug design specially in antifungal drugs. Several types of ruthenium complexes and their antifungal activity standards are described here.
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5

Bond, AM, i M. Khalifa. "Accessibility of Formally Six-Coordinate Ruthenium(IV) Complexes Generated by Electrochemical Oxidation of Ruthenium(II) Dimethylglyoxime and Related Complexes Containing Phosphorus, Nitrogen or Oxygen Donor Axial Ligands". Australian Journal of Chemistry 41, nr 9 (1988): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9881389.

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The chemistry of higher valent ruthenium(IV) complexes has attracted considerable attention because of its possible relevance in catalytic processes and the fact that analogous iron complexes may be biologically important. In this work a range of RuII (N4)(X)(Y) complexes (N4 = nitrogen-based macrocycle or related ligand ; X, Y = axial ligands) has been prepared. It is shown that the presence of macrocyclic type ligands and suitable axial ligands leads to readily accessible six coordinate formally ruthenium(IV) complexes on the voltammetric time scale as ascertained by studies at platinum, gold, glassy carbon and mercury electrodes. Thus, dimethylgloxime complexes RuII ( dmgH )2(PPh3)2 and other complexes containing non- oxidizable macrocyclic type ligands readily undergo two chemically and electrochemically reversible one-electron oxidation processes to produce six coordinate ruthenium(III) and ruthenium(IV) complexes. The ruthenium(III) species are moderately stable on the synthetic time scale at ordinary temperature, whereas -78°C is required to generate low concentrations of the formally ruthenium(IV) complexes with a limited range of complexes. When the axial phosphine ligands are replaced by nitrogen and oxygen donors (N-methylimidazole , dimethyl sulfoxide , pyridine, etc.), the stability of the six-coordinate ruthenium(IV) complexes are significantly lowered as evidenced by the more complex voltammetry for the ruthenium(III)/(IV) oxidation process. Similarly, replacement of the (N4) macrocyclic type system by (N-O)2 (e.g. quinolin-8-ol as ligand ) lowers the stability of the ruthenium(IV) complexes. When the macrocyclic type ligand can itself be oxidized (e.g. benzoquinone dioxime as a ligand) four electrons can be transferred reversibly. In this case the oxidation processes are not readily assigned in terms of formal oxidation states although ruthenium(IV) still appears to be an accessible oxidation state. Electrochemical oxidation of the iron complexes, Fe( dmgH)2(P(Obu)3)2 and Fe(Pc)(P( OBu ),3)2 (Pc = phthalocyanine ), also produces two reversible one-electron oxidation processes, confirming that information derived from the more kinetically inert ruthenium systems may be applied to related iron systems on the voltammetric time scale and that macrocyclic type ligands stabilize both high oxidation state formally ruthenium(IV) and iron(IV) oxidation states.
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6

Pragti, Bidyut Kumar Kundu i Suman Mukhopadhyay. "Target based chemotherapeutic advancement of ruthenium complexes". Coordination Chemistry Reviews 448 (grudzień 2021): 214169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214169.

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7

Ghebreyessus, Kesete, i Stefan M. Cooper. "Photoswitchable Arylazopyrazole-Based Ruthenium(II) Arene Complexes". Organometallics 36, nr 17 (29.08.2017): 3360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00493.

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8

Golbaghi, Golara, i Annie Castonguay. "Rationally Designed Ruthenium Complexes for Breast Cancer Therapy". Molecules 25, nr 2 (9.01.2020): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25020265.

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Since the discovery of the anticancer potential of ruthenium-based complexes, several species were reported as promising candidates for the treatment of breast cancer, which accounts for the greatest number of new cases in women every year worldwide. Among these ruthenium complexes, species containing bioactive ligand(s) have attracted increasing attention due to their potential multitargeting properties, leading to anticancer drug candidates with a broader range of cellular targets/modes of action. This review of the literature aims at providing an overview of the rationally designed ruthenium-based complexes that have been reported to date for which ligands were carefully selected for the treatment of hormone receptor positive breast cancers (estrogen receptor (ER+) or progesterone receptor (PR+)). In addition, this brief survey highlights some of the most successful examples of ruthenium complexes reported for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive type of cancer, regardless of if their ligands are known to have the ability to achieve a specific biological function.
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9

Spörler, Susanne, Frank Strinitz, Philipp Rodehutskors, Lisa Müller, Andreas R. Waterloo, Maximilian Dürr, Eike Hübner, Ivana Ivanović-Burmazović, Rik R. Tykwinski i Nicolai Burzlaff. "Carbon-rich cyclopentadienyl ruthenium allenylidene complexes". New Journal of Chemistry 40, nr 7 (2016): 6127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nj03556b.

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10

Voutyritsa, Errika, Ierasia Triandafillidi, Nikolaos V. Tzouras, Nikolaos F. Nikitas, Eleftherios K. Pefkianakis, Georgios C. Vougioukalakis i Christoforos G. Kokotos. "Photocatalytic Atom Transfer Radical Addition to Olefins Utilizing Novel Photocatalysts". Molecules 24, nr 9 (26.04.2019): 1644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091644.

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Photocatalysis is a rapidly evolving area of research in modern organic synthesis. Among the traditional photocatalysts, metal-complexes based on ruthenium or iridium are the most common. Herein, we present the synthesis of two photoactive, ruthenium-based complexes bearing pyridine-quinoline or terpyridine ligands with extended aromatic conjugation. Our complexes were utilized in the atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) of haloalkanes to olefins, using bromoacetonitrile or bromotrichloromethane as the source of the alkyl group. The tailor-made ruthenium-based catalyst bearing the pyridine-quinoline bidentate ligand proved to be the best-performing photocatalyst, among a range of metal complexes and organocatalysts, efficiently catalyzing both reactions. These photocatalytic atom transfer protocols can be expanded into a broad scope of olefins. In both protocols, the photocatalytic reactions led to products in good to excellent isolated yields.
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11

Lunardi, C. N., R. S. da Silva i L. M. Bendhack. "New nitric oxide donors based on ruthenium complexes". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 42, nr 1 (styczeń 2009): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-879x2009000100013.

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12

Coe, Benjamin J., Duane A. Friesen, David W. Thompson i Thomas J. Meyer. "trans-Chromophore−Quencher Complexes Based on Ruthenium(II)". Inorganic Chemistry 35, nr 16 (styczeń 1996): 4575–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ic9515463.

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13

Yanagisawa, Masaru, Ferenc Korodi, Jonas Bergquist, Anna Holmberg, Anders Hagfeldt, Björn Åkermark i Licheng Sun. "Synthesis of phthalocyanines with two carboxylic acid groups and their utilization in solar cells based on nano-structured TiO2". Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 08, nr 10 (październik 2004): 1228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424604000581.

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A way of anchoring unsymmetrical phthalocyaninato-metal complexes (metal ion: zinc and ruthenium) is described. The synthesis and characterization of these complexes are presented. In case of the zinc complex, the obtained product is an aggregate, while only the monomer is obtained in the case of the ruthenium derivative. Both complexes could be attached onto the TiO 2 surface by using the reported method. Both dyes are expected to form monolayers with dye molecules standing on the surface of nano-structured TiO 2, forming higher-order aggregates with the zinc but not with the ruthenium complex. A highest monochromatic incident photo-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 1.6% at 690 nm was obtained for a solar cell based on the Pc-Zn sensitized nano-structured TiO 2 electrode, while an IPCE of 23% at 630 nm was obtained for the Pc-Ru sensitized electrode. Overall conversion efficiencies (η) at a simulated AM 1.5 (100 W.m-2) of 0.03% and 0.40% for the zinc and ruthenium complexes were achieved, respectively. The difference in efficiencies could be due to the formation of face-to-face aggregation in the former case. This work shows that the ruthenium complex, with two axial methylpyridine ligands, does not form aggregates in solution nor on the surface of TiO 2, making it possible for further construction of supramolecular systems with such types of phthalocyanine.
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14

Telleria, A., P. W. N. M. van Leeuwen i Z. Freixa. "Azobenzene-based ruthenium(ii) catalysts for light-controlled hydrogen generation". Dalton Transactions 46, nr 11 (2017): 3569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt00542c.

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15

van Rixel, Vincent H. S., Anja Busemann, Adrien J. Göttle i Sylvestre Bonnet. "Preparation, stability, and photoreactivity of thiolato ruthenium polypyridyl complexes: Can cysteine derivatives protect ruthenium-based anticancer complexes?" Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 150 (wrzesień 2015): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.05.010.

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16

Cheisson, Thibault, Louis Mazaud i Audrey Auffrant. "Ruthenium complexes featuring cooperative phosphine–pyridine–iminophosphorane (PNN) ligands: synthesis, reactivity and catalytic activity". Dalton Transactions 47, nr 41 (2018): 14521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt03488e.

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17

Qin, Yuancheng, i Qiang Peng. "Ruthenium Sensitizers and Their Applications in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells". International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/291579.

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Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to the possibility of low-cost conversion of photovoltaic energy. The DSSCs-based ruthenium complexes as sensitizers show high efficiency and excellent stability, implying potential practical applications. This review focuses on recent advances in design and preparation of efficient ruthenium sensitizers and their applications in DSSCs, including thiocyanate ruthenium sensitizers and thiocyanate-free ruthenium sensitizers.
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18

Baskin, Maria, Larisa Panz i Galia Maayan. "Versatile ruthenium complexes based on 2,2′-bipyridine modified peptoids". Chemical Communications 52, nr 68 (2016): 10350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc04346a.

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19

Tuttle, Tell, Dongqi Wang, Walter Thiel, Jutta Köhler, Marco Hofmann i Johann Weis. "Ruthenium based catalysts for olefin hydrosilylation: dichloro(p-cymene)ruthenium and related complexes". Dalton Transactions, nr 30 (2009): 5894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b820115c.

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20

Lai, Haoqiang, Zhennan Zhao, Linlin Li, Wenjie Zheng i Tianfeng Chen. "Antiangiogenic ruthenium(ii) benzimidazole complexes, structure-based activation of distinct signaling pathways". Metallomics 7, nr 3 (2015): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4mt00312h.

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21

Kajouj, Sofia, Lionel Marcelis, Alice Mattiuzzi, Adrien Grassin, Damien Dufour, Pierre Van Antwerpen, Didier Boturyn i in. "Synthesis and photophysical studies of a multivalent photoreactive RuII-calix[4]arene complex bearing RGD-containing cyclopentapeptides". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 14 (16.07.2018): 1758–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.14.150.

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Photoactive ruthenium-based complexes are actively studied for their biological applications as potential theragnostic agents against cancer. One major issue of these inorganic complexes is to penetrate inside cells in order to fulfil their function, either sensing the internal cell environment or exert a photocytotoxic activity. The use of lipophilic ligands allows the corresponding ruthenium complexes to passively diffuse inside cells but limits their structural and photophysical properties. Moreover, this strategy does not provide any cell selectivity. This limitation is also faced by complexes anchored on cell-penetrating peptides. In order to provide a selective cell targeting, we developed a multivalent system composed of a photoreactive ruthenium(II) complex tethered to a calix[4]arene platform bearing multiple RGD-containing cyclopentapeptides. Extensive photophysical and photochemical characterizations of this Ru(II)–calixarene conjugate as well as the study of its photoreactivity in the presence of guanosine monophosphate have been achieved. The results show that the ruthenium complex should be able to perform efficiently its photoinduced cytotoxic activity, once incorporated into targeted cancer cells thanks to the multivalent platform.
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Prompan, Preeyapat, Kittiya Wongkhan i Rukkiat Jitchati. "Design and Synthesis of Ruthenium (II) Complexes and their Applications in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)". Advanced Materials Research 770 (wrzesień 2013): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.770.92.

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Three thiocyanate-free ruthenium (II) sensitizers, [RuII(dcppy)(L1-L3)](PF6)] where dcppy = 4, 4-dicarboxylic acid-2, 2-bipyridine, L1 = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl) pyridine, L2 = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl) pyridine and L3 = 2-phenyl-5-(trifluoromethyl) pyridine were synthesized and applied for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The structures of ruthenium complexes were characterized by 1H, 13C NMR and IR spectra. The absorption was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy and the electrochemical property was determined by cyclic voltammetry. The surface morphology of ruthenium complexes on mica was examined by atomic force microscopy. The performance of this complexes as photosensitizer in TiO2 based dye sensitized solar cells is studied under standard AM 1.5 sunlight and by using an electrolyte.
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23

Ma, Peng, Jiaren Zhang, Xiaqian Wu i Jianhui Wang. "Ruthenium Metathesis Catalysts with Imidazole Ligands". Catalysts 13, nr 2 (26.01.2023): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13020276.

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Phosphine-free ruthenium benzylidene complexes containing imidazole ligands are reported. These catalysts are effective for ring-closing metathesis (RCM) and cross-metathesis (CM) reactions at high temperatures, where the more widely used phosphine-containing N-heterocyclic carbene-based ruthenium catalysts show side reactions. This discovery opens up a pathway to develop more selective ruthenium metathesis catalysts for reactions requiring harsh conditions.
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Hu, Xia, Ning-Yi Liu, Yuan-Qing Deng, Shan Wang, Ting Liu i Xue-Wen Liu. "Photoinduced DNA Cleavage and Photocytotoxic of Phenanthroline-Based Ligand Ruthenium Compounds". Molecules 26, nr 11 (7.06.2021): 3471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113471.

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The photophysical and biological properties of two new phenanthroline-based ligand ruthenium complexes were investigated in detail. Their DNA interaction modes were determined to be the intercalation mode using spectra titration and viscosity measurements. Under irradiation, obvious photo-reduced DNA cleavages were observed in the two complexes via singlet oxygen generation. Furthermore, complex 2 showed higher DNA affinity, photocleavage activity, and singlet oxygen quantum yields than complex 1. The two complexes showed no toxicity towards tumor cells (HeLa, A549, and A375) in the dark. However, obvious photocytotoxicities were observed in the two complexes. Complex 2 exhibited large PIs (phototherapeutic indices) (ca. 400) towards HeLa cells. The study suggests that these complexes may act as DNA intercalators, DNA photocleavers, and photocytotoxic agents.
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Teixeira, Rodolfo I., Nanci C. de Lucas, Simon J. Garden, Anabel E. Lanterna i Juan C. Scaiano. "Glass wool supported ruthenium complexes: versatile, recyclable heterogeneous photoredox catalysts". Catalysis Science & Technology 10, nr 5 (2020): 1273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cy02479d.

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Sole, Roberto, Marco Bortoluzzi, Anke Spannenberg, Sergey Tin, Valentina Beghetto i Johannes G. de Vries. "Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of novel ruthenium complexes bearing NNN click based ligands". Dalton Transactions 48, nr 36 (2019): 13580–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt01822k.

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Karabuga, Semistan, Songul Bars, Idris Karakaya i Selcuk Gumus. "Efficient transfer hydrogenation reactions with quinazoline-based ruthenium complexes". Tetrahedron Letters 56, nr 1 (styczeń 2015): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.11.027.

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Kunz, Peter C., Indre Thiel, Anna Louisa Noffke, Guido J. Reiß, Fabian Mohr i Bernhard Spingler. "Ruthenium piano-stool complexes bearing imidazole-based PN ligands". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 697, nr 1 (styczeń 2012): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2011.10.006.

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Van Nguyen, Quyen, Frederic Lafolet, Pascal Martin i Jean Christophe Lacroix. "Ultrathin Molecular Layer Junctions Based on Cyclometalated Ruthenium Complexes". Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, nr 50 (29.11.2018): 29069–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b10766.

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Wang, Tzyy-Jiann, Chiu-Hui Chen, Shu-Mei Chang, Yih-Jing Tzeng i Yu-Chou Chao. "Flexible polymer light-emitting devices based on ruthenium complexes". Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 38, nr 5 (7.07.2003): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.11075.

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D’Aléo, A., S. Welter, E. Cecchetto i L. De Cola. "Electronic energy transfer in dinuclear metal complexes containing meta-substituted phenylene units". Pure and Applied Chemistry 77, nr 6 (1.01.2005): 1035–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200577061035.

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The synthesis and photophysical properties of heterometallic dinuclear complexes based on ruthenium and osmium trisbipyridine units, Ru-mPh3-Os and Ru-mPh5-Os, in which the metal complexes are linked via an oligophenylene bridge centrally connected in the meta position, are described. Electronic energy transfer from the excited ruthenium-based component (donor) to the osmium moiety (acceptor) has been investigated using steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy. The results obtained for the meta-substituted compounds are compared with the analogous systems in which the phenylene spacers are substituted in the para position. The mechanism of energy transfer is discussed.
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Poursharifi, Mina, Marek T. Wlodarczyk i Aneta J. Mieszawska. "Nano-Based Systems and Biomacromolecules as Carriers for Metallodrugs in Anticancer Therapy". Inorganics 7, nr 1 (20.12.2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics7010002.

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Since the discovery of cisplatin and its potency in anticancer therapy, the development of metallodrugs has been an active area of research. The large choice of transition metals, oxidation states, coordinating ligands, and different geometries, allows for the design of metal-based agents with unique mechanisms of action. Many metallodrugs, such as titanium, ruthenium, gallium, tin, gold, and copper-based complexes have been found to have anticancer activities. However, biological application of these agents necessitates aqueous solubility and low systemic toxicity. This minireview highlights the emerging strategies to facilitate the in vivo application of metallodrugs, aimed at enhancing their solubility and bioavailability, as well as improving their delivery to tumor tissues. The focus is on encapsulating the metal-based complexes into nanocarriers or coupling to biomacromolecules, generating efficacious anticancer therapies. The delivery systems for complexes of platinum, ruthenium, copper, and iron are discussed with most recent examples.
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Busemann, Anja, Ingrid Flaspohler, Xue-Quan Zhou, Claudia Schmidt, Sina K. Goetzfried, Vincent H. S. van Rixel, Ingo Ott, Maxime A. Siegler i Sylvestre Bonnet. "Ruthenium-based PACT agents based on bisquinoline chelates: synthesis, photochemistry, and cytotoxicity". JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry 26, nr 6 (10.08.2021): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00775-021-01882-8.

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AbstractThe known ruthenium complex [Ru(tpy)(bpy)(Hmte)](PF6)2 ([1](PF6)2, where tpy = 2,2’:6’,2″-terpyridine, bpy = 2,2’-bipyridine, Hmte = 2-(methylthio)ethanol) is photosubstitutionally active but non-toxic to cancer cells even upon light irradiation. In this work, the two analogs complexes [Ru(tpy)(NN)(Hmte)](PF6)2, where NN = 3,3'-biisoquinoline (i-biq, [2](PF6)2) and di(isoquinolin-3-yl)amine (i-Hdiqa, [3](PF6)2), were synthesized and their photochemistry and phototoxicity evaluated to assess their suitability as photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) agents. The increase of the aromatic surface of [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2, compared to [1](PF6)2, leads to higher lipophilicity and higher cellular uptake for the former complexes. Such improved uptake is directly correlated to the cytotoxicity of these compounds in the dark: while [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 showed low EC50 values in human cancer cells, [1](PF6)2 is not cytotoxic due to poor cellular uptake. While stable in the dark, all complexes substituted the protecting thioether ligand upon light irradiation (520 nm), with the highest photosubstitution quantum yield found for [3](PF6)2 (Φ[3] = 0.070). Compounds [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 were found both more cytotoxic after light activation than in the dark, with a photo index of 4. Considering the very low singlet oxygen quantum yields of these compounds, and the lack of cytotoxicity of the photoreleased Hmte thioether ligand, it can be concluded that the toxicity observed after light activation is due to the photoreleased aqua complexes [Ru(tpy)(NN)(OH2)]2+, and thus that [2](PF6)2 and [3](PF6)2 are promising PACT candidates. Graphic abstract
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34

Leem, Gyu, Shahar Keinan, Junlin Jiang, Zhuo Chen, Toan Pho, Zachary A. Morseth, Zhenya Hu i in. "Ru(bpy)32+ derivatized polystyrenes constructed by nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization. Relationship between polymer chain length, structure and photophysical properties". Polymer Chemistry 6, nr 47 (2015): 8184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py01289a.

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35

Mongal, Binitendra Naath, Amritanjali Tiwari, Chandrasekharam Malapaka i Ujjwal Pal. "Ruthenium(iii)-bis(phenolato)bipyridine/TiO2 hybrids: unprecedented photocatalytic hydrogen evolution". Dalton Transactions 48, nr 27 (2019): 10070–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt01506j.

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36

Matsuo, Takashi. "Functionalization of Ruthenium Olefin-Metathesis Catalysts for Interdisciplinary Studies in Chemistry and Biology". Catalysts 11, nr 3 (10.03.2021): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11030359.

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Hoveyda–Grubbs-type complexes, ruthenium catalysts for olefin metathesis, have gained increased interest as a research target in the interdisciplinary research fields of chemistry and biology because of their high functional group selectivity in olefin metathesis reactions and stabilities in aqueous media. This review article introduces the application of designed Hoveyda–Grubbs-type complexes for bio-relevant studies including the construction of hybrid olefin metathesis biocatalysts and the development of in-vivo olefin metathesis reactions. As a noticeable issue in the employment of Hoveyda–Grubbs-type complexes in aqueous media, the influence of water on the catalytic activities of the complexes and strategies to overcome the problems resulting from the water effects are also discussed. In connection to the structural effects of protein structures on the reactivities of Hoveyda–Grubbs-type complexes included in the protein, the regulation of metathesis activities through second-coordination sphere effect is presented, demonstrating that the reactivities of Hoveyda–Grubbs-type complexes are controllable by the structural modification of the complexes at outer-sphere parts. Finally, as a new-type reaction based on the ruthenium-olefin specific interaction, a recent finding on the ruthenium complex transfer reaction between Hoveyda–Grubbs-type complexes and biomolecules is introduced.
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37

Kajouj, Sofia, Lionel Marcélis, Vincent Lemaur, David Beljonne i Cécile Moucheron. "Photochemistry of ruthenium(ii) complexes based on 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene and 2,2′-bipyrazine: a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study". Dalton Transactions 46, nr 20 (2017): 6623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7dt00620a.

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38

Zafar, Mohammad, Rongala Ramalakshmi, Alaka Nanda Pradhan, Kriti Pathak, Thierry Roisnel, Jean-François Halet i Sundargopal Ghosh. "Correction: Mercapto-benzothiazolyl based ruthenium(ii) borate complexes: synthesis and reactivity towards various phosphines". Dalton Transactions 48, nr 22 (2019): 7953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9dt90115a.

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Correction for ‘Mercapto-benzothiazolyl based ruthenium(ii) borate complexes: synthesis and reactivity towards various phosphines’ by Mohammad Zafar, et al., Dalton Trans., 2019, DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00498j.
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39

Juszczak, Michał, Magdalena Kluska, Daniel Wysokiński i Katarzyna Woźniak. "Anti-cancer properties of ruthenium compounds: NAMI-A and KP1019". Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 74 (19.02.2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.8549.

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Cancer research is among the key challenges in current medicine and biology. Many decades of investigations have brought measurable benefits in both areas with regard to expanding the knowledge of the molecular mechanism of cancer and developing treatment strategies. Despite that cancers are still among diseases with the highest mortality rate, and cancer treatment is often unsuccessful and connected with severe side effects. The development of therapeutic strategies in both targeting the primary tumor origin and preventing metastasis is largely based on testing newly synthesized chemical agents, including a group of metal-containing complexes. It seems that ruthenium-containing complexes are of high potential in cancer therapy, and our work presents the current data about the application of ruthenium-based complexes − NAMI-A and KP1019 in cancer therapy.
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40

Cuello-Garibo, Jordi-Amat, Catriona C. James, Maxime A. Siegler i Sylvestre Bonnet. "Ruthenium-based PACT compounds based on an N,S non-toxic ligand: a delicate balance between photoactivation and thermal stability". Chemistry Squared 1 (1.12.2017): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.28954/2017.csq.12.002.

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In photoactivated chemotherapy, the photocleavable protecting group that prevents the bioactive compound from interacting with biomolecules in the dark is sometimes cytotoxic, which makes interpretation of phototoxicity challenging. For ruthenium polypyridyl complexes new, non-toxic protecting ligands that prevent a toxic metal complex from binding to biomolecules in the dark, but that can be efficiently photosubstituted upon visible light irradiation to recover the high toxicity of the metal complex, are necessary. In this work, we report on the synthesis, stereochemical characterization and cytotoxicity of a series of polypyridyl complexes; [Ru(bpy)2(mtpa)](PF6)2 ([1](PF6)2, bpy = 2,2’-bipyridine), [Ru(bpy)(dmbpy)(mtpa)](PF6)2 ([2](PF6)2, dmbpy = 6,6’-dimethyl-2,2’-bipyridine), and [Ru(dmbpy)2(mtpa)](PF6)2 ([3](PF6)2) based on the non-toxic 3-(methylthio)propylamine protecting ligand (mtpa). The number of methyl groups had a crucial effect on the photochemistry and cytotoxicity of these complexes. The non-strained complex [1]2+ was not capable of fully releasing mtpa and was not phototoxic in lung cancer cells (A549). In the most strained complex [3]2+, thermal stability was lost, leading to poor photoactivation in vitro and a generally high toxicity also without light activation. The heteroleptic complex [2]2+ with intermediate strain showed, upon blue light irradiation, efficient mtpa photosubstitution and increased cytotoxicity in cancer cells, but photosubstitution was not selective. Overall, fine-tuning of the lipophilicity and steric strain of ruthenium complexes appears as an efficient method to obtain phototoxic ruthenium-based photoactivated chemotherapeutic prodrugs, at the cost of synthetic simplicity and photosubstitution selectivity.
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41

Vasilyev, Kirill A., Alexandra S. Antonova, Nikita S. Volchkov, Nikita A. Logvinenko, Eugeniya V. Nikitina, Mikhail S. Grigoriev, Anton P. Novikov, Vladimir V. Kouznetsov, Kirill B. Polyanskii i Fedor I. Zubkov. "Influence of Substituents in a Six-Membered Chelate Ring of HG-Type Complexes Containing an N→Ru Bond on Their Stability and Catalytic Activity". Molecules 28, nr 3 (25.01.2023): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031188.

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An efficient approach to the synthesis of olefin metathesis HG-type catalysts containing an N→Ru bond in a six-membered chelate ring was proposed. For the most part, these ruthenium chelates can be prepared easily and in high yields based on the interaction between 2-vinylbenzylamines and Ind II (the common precursor for Ru-complex synthesis). It was demonstrated that the increase of the steric volume of substituents attached to the nitrogen atom and in the α-position of the benzylidene fragment leads to a dramatic decrease in the stability of the target ruthenium complexes. The bulkiest iPr substituent bonded to the nitrogen atom or to the α-position does not allow the closing of the chelate cycle. N,N-Diethyl-1-(2-vinylphenyl)propan-1-amine is a limiting case; its interaction with Ind II makes it possible to isolate the corresponding ruthenium chelate in a low yield (5%). Catalytic activity of the synthesized complexes was tested in RCM reactions and compared with α-unsubstituted catalysts obtained previously. The structural peculiarities of the final ruthenium complexes were thoroughly investigated using XRD and NMR analysis, which allowed making a reliable correlation between the structure of the complexes and their catalytic properties.
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42

Zhang, Zheng-Hao, Piao He, Shi-Rui Kang, Chao Liu i Xiao-Yi Yi. "Reversible pyrrole-based proton storage/release in ruthenium(ii) complexes". Chemical Communications 55, nr 97 (2019): 14594–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc08288c.

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Newly designed pyridylpyrrole Ru(ii) complexes are featured fast-responsive and reversible proton storage/release on Cα of pyrrole and act as an acid initiator in catalytic polymerization of 2,2-dimethyloxirane.
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43

Li, Panpan, Zhaoyu Jin, Meilian Zhao, Yanxue Xu, Yong Guo i Dan Xiao. "Self-enhanced electrogenerated chemiluminescence of ruthenium(ii) complexes conjugated with Schiff bases". Dalton Transactions 44, nr 5 (2015): 2208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4dt03310h.

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44

Nehru, Selvan, Selvakumar Veeralakshmi i Sankaralingam Arunachalam. "Synthesis, characterisation and self-assembly behaviour of emissive surfactant–ruthenium(ii) complexes". New Journal of Chemistry 41, nr 22 (2017): 13830–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nj02698f.

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45

Pardatscher, Lorenz, Mario J. Bitzer, Christian Jandl, Jens W. Kück, Robert M. Reich, Fritz E. Kühn i Walter Baratta. "Cationic abnormal N-heterocyclic carbene ruthenium complexes as suitable precursors for the synthesis of heterobimetallic compounds". Dalton Transactions 48, nr 1 (2019): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt03713b.

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46

Sytniczuk, A., A. Kajetanowicz i K. Grela. "Fishing for the right catalyst for the cross-metathesis reaction of methyl oleate with 2-methyl-2-butene". Catalysis Science & Technology 7, nr 6 (2017): 1284–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cy02623k.

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47

Máliková, Klaudia, Lukáš Masaryk i Pavel Štarha. "Anticancer Half-Sandwich Rhodium(III) Complexes". Inorganics 9, nr 4 (8.04.2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9040026.

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Platinum-based anticancer drugs are most likely the most successful group of bioinorganic compounds. Their apparent disadvantages have led to the development of anticancer compounds of other noble metals, resulting in several ruthenium-based drugs which have entered clinical trials on oncological patients. Besides ruthenium, numerous rhodium complexes have been recently reported as highly potent antiproliferative agents against various human cancer cells, making them potential alternatives to Pt- and Ru-based metallodrugs. In this review, half-sandwich Rh(III) complexes are overviewed. Many representatives show higher in vitro potency than and different mechanisms of action (MoA) from the conventional anticancer metallodrugs (cisplatin in most cases) or clinically studied Ru drug candidates. Furthermore, some of the reviewed Rh(III) arenyl complexes are also anticancer in vivo. Pioneer anticancer organorhodium compounds as well as the recent advances in the field are discussed properly, and adequate attention is paid to their anticancer activity, solution behaviour and various processes connected with their MoA. In summary, this work summarizes the types of compounds and the most important biological results obtained in the field of anticancer half-sandwich Rh complexes.
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48

Yang, Jiajia, Mohan Bhadbhade, William A. Donald, Hasti Iranmanesh, Evan G. Moore, Hong Yan i Jonathon E. Beves. "Self-assembled supramolecular cages containing ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes". Chemical Communications 51, nr 21 (2015): 4465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc10292d.

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Substitution-inert, redox- and photo-active ruthenium(ii) complexes based on 2,2′,6′,2′′-terpyridine ligands were self-assembled into discrete supramolecular cages via coordination to palladium(ii) centres and characterised by NMR, ESI-MS and X-ray crystallography.
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49

Yanagisawa, Masaru, Ferenc Korodi, Jianjun He, Licheng Sun, Villy Sundström i Björn Åkermark. "Ruthenium phthalocyanines with axial carboxylate ligands: Synthesis and function in solar cells based on nanocrystalline TiO2". Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 06, nr 03 (marzec 2002): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424602000257.

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The synthesis and characterization of phthalocyaninato-ruthenium ( PcRu ) complexes with potential functional axial ligands are described. The solubility of these PcRu complexes was much improved compared to their parent phthalocyanines without Ru , enabling purification by normal flash column chromatography and also NMR measurements in common solvents (e. g. DMSO - d 6 and CDCl 3). Adsorption of these phthalocyanine dyes onto the surface of a semiconductor through the carboxyl group(s) in the axial ligands prevents to some extent formation of H-aggregates, which is typical for phthalocyanines. It also prevents stacking of the dye molecules on the surface. The photovoltaic behavior of sandwich solar cells based on nanostructured TiO 2 films sensitized by these PcRu complexes was studied under irradiation with visible light. For a solar cell based on bis(4-carboxypyridine)-phthalocyaninato ruthenium(II) (1) sensitized nanoporous-nanocrystalline TiO 2, a monochromatic incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 21% was obtained at 640 nm. The overall conversion efficiency (η) was 0.61%, which is one of the best results for a solar cell based on a phthalocyanine dye. For a cell based on (4-carboxypyridine)-(4-(2-ethoxy)ethyloxycarbo-nylpyridine)-2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octa(n-pentyloxy)-phthalocyaninato ruthenium(II) (5) sensitized TiO 2, a IPCE of 6.6% at 640 nm and η of 0.58% were obtained.
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50

Machado, João Franco, João D. G. Correia i Tânia S. Morais. "Emerging Molecular Receptors for the Specific-Target Delivery of Ruthenium and Gold Complexes into Cancer Cells". Molecules 26, nr 11 (25.05.2021): 3153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113153.

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Cisplatin and derivatives are highly effective in the treatment of a wide range of cancer types; however, these metallodrugs display low selectivity, leading to severe side effects. Additionally, their administration often results in the development of chemoresistance, which ultimately results in therapeutic failure. This scenario triggered the study of other transition metals with innovative pharmacological profiles as alternatives to platinum, ruthenium- (e.g., KP1339 and NAMI-A) and gold-based (e.g., Auranofin) complexes being among the most advanced in terms of clinical evaluation. Concerning the importance of improving the in vivo selectivity of metal complexes and the current relevance of ruthenium and gold metals, this review article aims to survey the main research efforts made in the past few years toward the design and biological evaluation of target-specific ruthenium and gold complexes. Herein, we give an overview of the inorganic and organometallic molecules conjugated to different biomolecules for targeting membrane proteins, namely cell adhesion molecules, G-protein coupled receptors, and growth factor receptors. Complexes that recognize the progesterone receptors or other targets involved in metabolic pathways such as glucose transporters are discussed as well. Finally, we describe some complexes aimed at recognizing cell organelles or compartments, mitochondria being the most explored. The few complexes addressing targeted gene therapy are also presented and discussed.
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