Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Russia (Federation). 1918 March 3”
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1
Demichev, Aleksei. "Periodization of the history of the magistrate’s court in Russia: a chrono-discrete approach". Gosudarstvo i pravo, nr 10 (2023): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s102694520027958-4.
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The article proposes a periodization of the history of the magistrate’s court in Russia, based on the methodology of chrono-discrete monogeographical comparative jurisprudence. As the boundaries of the periods, the dates of the adoption of regulatory legal acts that introduced, abolished or radically reformed the institution of the magistrate's court in Russia are proposed. In the history of the magistrate’s court in Russia, the authors distinguish six periods: 1) November 20, 1864 - July 12, 1889 - the period of the functioning of the magistrate’s court in the Russian Empire on the basis of the Judicial Charters on November 20, 1864; 2) July 12, 1889 - June 15, 1912 - the period of territorially limited action of the magistrate’s court in the Russian Empire, when there was a replacement in most places of justices of the peace with zemstvo district chiefs; 3) June 15, 1912 - March 3, 1917 - the period in which an attempt was made to restore the magistrate’s court throughout the Russian Empire; 4) March 3, 1917 - November 22 (December 5), 1917 - the period of attempts by the Provisional Government to reform world justice; 5) November 22 (December 5), 1917 - December 17, 1998 - a chrono-discrete pause in the history of the magistrate’s court in Russia; 6) December 17, 1998 - present - the period of functioning of the institution of the Justice of the Peace in the Russian Federation on the basis of the Federal Law “On magistrates in the Russian Federation” and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
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Gatagova, L. S. "The Republics of the Southern Caucasus on their way to the ‘Socialist federation’ (1917–1922)". Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics 14, nr 3 (27.11.2022): 195–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.48015/2076-7404-2022-14-3-195-226.
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As we approach the 100th anniversary of the formation of the USSR, political, military, social, ethnic and other determinants of consolidation of the peoples and territories of the former Russian Empire within the Bolshevik state attract an increasing interest of academic community. In particular, special attention is drawn to the complex and controversial process of integration of the South Caucasus with Soviet Russia. Soviet historiography advanced an official view on the role of the Transcaucasian republics in the formation of the USSR, which came down to a number of ideological clichés that provided an impoverished and partly distorted image of this complex phenomenon. On the basis of a wide range of Soviet, Russian, and foreign researches, as well as recently published primary sources, the author examines the landmark events in the history of the states of the South Caucasus in the period preceding the formation of the USSR. The author highlights both similarities and differences in the views of Soviet and modern historians on the related issues, including the realization of the right to self-determination of the peoples of the South Caucasus in the first years after the October Revolution and the complex impact of international political situation on the regional developments. The author notes that the struggle for spheres of influence between world powers also affected all the Transcaucasian republics, although with different results. The author pays special attention to the process of Sovietization: in the Soviet historiography it was portrayed as a triumphal march of Soviet rule, but, as recent researches has shown, the Bolsheviks actually did not have a clear and consistent plan for the Sovietization of the Transcaucasian republics and the process was accompanied by dramatic events and conflicts. The assessments of the subsequent formation of the Transcaucasian Federation also differ significantly. The Soviet interpretation of this project emphasized its importance for eliminating the consequences of the Civil War and resolving inter-ethnic conflicts. Contemporary historians point to the fact that the unification process was imposed artificially, and even forcefully, according to some assessments, by Moscow, and its unifying effect was rather mixed. In this context, the author emphasizes the need for an impartial and balanced research approach towards the processes that took place in the Transcaucasian republics in the first post-revolutionary years in order to gain a better understanding of their role in the creation of the USSR.
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Knyazev, Mark A. "Unknown Documents on the History of the February Revolution of 1917 and the Circumstances of the Abdication of Nicholas II". Herald of an archivist, nr 3 (2021): 866——878. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-3-866-878.
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The question of actions of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II during the February Revolution, and in particular, of his willingness or unwillingness to make concessions to the Duma opposition is a controversial issue in the historiography. Thus, Soviet and ?migr? historians believed that the tsar agreed to reforms under pressure of the military elite, which collaborated with the State Duma in those rebellious days. However, in modern historical science, an opposite opinion is gaining foothold, according to which in February – March 1917 the monarch showed a conciliatory attitude towards the opposition and was ready to agree to an actual limitation of his power by introducing a responsible ministry. The roadblock is assessment of sufficiency and reliability of the source corpus (mainly memoirs) for drawing the conclusion about the tsar's readiness for reforms. The lack of “documentary” evidence makes the narrative of the tsar’s desire to establish a “ministry of confidence” vulnerable. However, documents of the period of the February Revolution that have been identified in the State Archive of Russian Federation (fond 97 “Office of the Palace Commandant of the Ministry of the Imperial Court”) allow us to come nearer the end of this historiographical discussion. They are two typewritten paragraphs on a single sheet of paper, without a title or any additional information on its author, time, and place of creation. Source analysis has concluded that the documents are drafts of tsar’s telegrams prepared by the palace commandant V. N. Voeikov on March 1, 1917 to be sent to the ex-chairman of the State Duma M. V. Rodzianko. The content of these drafts clearly indicates that the tsar was ready to provide a “ministry of confidence” even before his arrival at the headquarters of the Northern Front on the evening of March 1, that is, de facto to establish parliamentarism in Russia. The author's reconstruction of the events has showed that the first draft of the telegram is tsar’s delayed response to the appeal of the Duma leader encouraging him to reform public administration (dated February 26-27, 1917). The second telegram is supposed to be sent to Rodzianko inviting him to Pskov for final decision concerning the head of the new “government of confidence.” Despite the fact that they for some reasons had never been sent to the addressee, these “messages,” nevertheless, are the “documentary” evidence of Nicholas II’s consent to a gradual introduction of parliamentarism in the country during the February Revolution.
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عبد علي, عماد, i عبد العظيم نصار. "Japan's position on the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk March 3, 1918". Kufa Journal of Arts 1, nr 16 (19.11.2013): 303–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36317/kaj/2013/v1.i16.6267.
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Shakhray, S., i K. Krakovskiy. "Reisner vs. Stalin: The RSFSR Constitution of 1918". BRICS Law Journal 6, nr 3 (14.09.2019): 78–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2019-6-3-78-99.
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In 2018, the centenary of the Constitution of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR) was celebrated. Scholarly debate over this legal and political document – Russia’s first constitution – has continued across time up to the present day. The process of drafting the Constitution of 1918 has received very contradictory coverage in the historical and legal literature. Writers’ assessments of the works on this topic have often been influenced by political circumstances. In particular, for a long time the role of the famous Soviet legal scholar and lawyer Mikhail Reisner in the preparation of the draft of the first Soviet Constitution was hushed up. This article examines Reisner’s contribution to the creation of the draft of the first Soviet Constitution and his confrontation with Joseph Stalin over the issue of federation in the Constitutional Commission. These two men proposed diametrically opposed approaches to the principles and foundation of the Soviet Federation. If Stalin believed that the Soviet Federation should be built on the national-state principle, Reisner considered this principle bourgeois and offered to abandon the national principle and build a Federation of Russia as a multi-stage Federation of Soviets. The article then analyzes the content of the draft of the Constitution prepared by Professors Reisner and Goikhbarg (the “professorial project”) and identifies its provisions, borrowed by the authors of the final text of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. Additionally, the article describes a number of the provisions of the draft prepared by Reisner and Goikhbarg and distinguishes it from the final text of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918.
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Mikheeva, Tsybik Ts, Sergey B. Zinkovskiy, Pavel V. Lapo i Anastasiya A. Grafshonkina. "Review of the I International Scientific Conference «Law as a Phenomenon of Civilization and Culture». Moscow, RUDN University, 30-31 March 30-31, 2018". RUDN Journal of Law 22, nr 3 (15.12.2018): 409–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2018-22-3-409-423.
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On March 30-31, 2018, the I International Scientific Conference “Law as a Phenomenon of Civilization and Culture” was held at the Law Institute of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (hereinafter - RUDN). The event was co-founded by the Federation Council Committee on Constitutional Legislation and State Building of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
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Nebratenko, Gennady G., Oleg P. Gribunov i Oksana V. Karyagina. "The Establishment of Criminal Investigation Police in the Province of the Don Cossack Host (1870 to 1918)". History of state and law 4 (11.04.2024): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3805-2024-4-62-69.
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Every year, on November 5, criminal investigation officers are honored in Russia, which is timed to coincide with an event that occurred in 1918, when the Central Criminal Investigation Department was established as part of the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR. This tradition originated in the Soviet period, and is continuously honored in the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation. At the same time, criminal investigation originated in the pre-Soviet period, and studying the history of the detective police of the Russian Empire allows us to form a more objective view of the domestic law enforcement system. After the dissolution of the tsarist police in March 1917, the future criminal investigation department underwent reorganization, its units were retained due to the special value of full-time undercover officers who continued to fight crime. The prepared scientific article examines in detail the experience of the formation of detective units and departments in the territory of the Donskoy Army Region, which is valuable for the history of the state and law of Russia and internal affairs bodies.
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Semakina, V. P., T. P. Akimova i A. K. Karaulov. "FMD EPIDEMIC PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS IN RUSSIA IN 2010 – FIRST QUARTER OF 2019". Veterinary Science Today, nr 3 (3.10.2019): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2019-3-30-39-44.
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Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed livestock and wild animals. Europe, North America and Oceania have long been FMD free; at the same time, the virus is widely spread in Asian and African countries. In the period from 2010 to March 2019, FMD was notified to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) by 89 countries of the world. Local FMD outbreaks were also reported in several regions of the Russian Federation throughout this period. The research was aimed at studying some characteristics of the FMD epidemic process in the Russian Federation. The undertaken epidemiological analysis covers the Russian Federation regions where FMD outbreaks were reported between 2010 and March 2019. During the period under consideration, FMD cases were reported in 9 regions of the Russian Federation, mainly in the settlements located in close proximity to the Russia-China and Russia-Mongolia international borders. Most of the outbreaks were caused by serotype O and A FMD viruses. In most cases, FMD was reported in cattle and pigs and, less frequently, in sheep and goats. The analysis of the FMD epidemic situation in the Russian Federation Subjects was performed through epidemic process assessment based on the following estimates: the proportion of infected settlements, epidemic, contagiousness and morbidity rates. The Zabaykalsky and Primorsky Krais have a lead in the number of infected settlements. The highest morbidity rate in pigs was recorded in the Primorsky Krai, in cattle – in the Amur Oblast. The epidemic rate was the highest in the Primorsky and Zabaykalsky Krais. The Primorsky Krai also accounted for the highest contagiousness rates in 2014 and 2019 when FMD occurred on several large pig farms.
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Lekiashvili, Tamriko. "The Issue of Georgia’s Borders in the Main and Additional Agreements of Bret-Litovsk". Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences 11, nr 1 (2.11.2023): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.62343/cjss.2018.173.
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This article concerns The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which was signedon March 3, 1918 between the Soviet Russia (the Russian SovietFederated Socialist Republic) and the powers of the QuadrupleAlliance (the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, theOttoman Empire, the Kingdom of Bulgaria) and significantly determinedrelations between Georgia and the Ottoman Empire inthe period 1918-1921.We are interested in the fourth article of the basic treaty and thesecond article of the supplementary treaty between Russia and Turkey,both of which deal with Georgia, especially its borders. Accordingto the basic treaty the question of the political orientationof Kars, Ardahan and Batumi should be discussed based on thereferendum. Thereport stressed that referendum was formal. In ouropinion this is confirmed by the supplementary treaty. Accordingto this, the border between Turkey and Russia (1877-1878) whereArdahan, Batumi, and Kars belonged to Turkey must be restored.According to these materials we conclude, that the result of referendumwas pre-determined and formal.
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Zhuravel, Valery. "An extraordinary incident in the Arctic Council". Analytical papers of the Institute of Europe RAS, nr 1 (2022): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/analytics11220228289.
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On March 3, 2022, in protest against the special military operation of the Russian Federation in Ukraine, seven states of the Arctic Council, including Denmark, Iceland, Canada, Norway, USA, Finland, and Sweden, issued a joint statement refusing to participate in meetings chaired by the Russian Federation and on its territory. The author assesses this extraordinary incident, predicts how Russia will plan and conduct its chairmanship during 2022, and what the Arctic Council may expect in the future.
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Wang, Yu. "“Diplomacy of Heads of State”: Chinese Media about Xi Jinping’s Visit to Russia in March 2023". Russia & World: Sc. Dialogue, nr 3 (12.09.2023): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.53658/rw2023-3-3(9)-47-70.
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The visit of the President of the People’s Republic of China to the Russian Federation attracted a lot of attention from the Chinese media, which was manifested in a large number of publications on this topic in the media and social networks. The purpose of the study was to analyze news reports and messages on the Weibo social network about the state visit of the President of the People’s Republic of China to the Russian Federation and determine its role in strengthening bilateral relations between China and Russia. For the first time, the main principles of China’s foreign diplomacy, implemented in a particular state visit, were considered by the example of how they were perceived by public opinion. A content analysis of news reports from mainstream Chinese media showed that this diplomatic move is highly appreciated. The authors of the publications noted the high significance and effectiveness of this visit. A statistical analysis of publications on the Weibo social network showed that public opinion also generally assesses Xi Jinping’s visit to Russia positively, paying attention to the content side of Russian-Chinese relations. In general, strengthening and deepening the comprehensive strategic partnership between China and Russia in the new era is a strategic choice made by countries based on the domestic political and domestic economic situation, which is in line with the fundamental interests of the peoples of the two countries and the development trend of international relations. The results of the study showed that China has always pursued an independent foreign policy, and promoting the development of Russian-Chinese relations at a high level is a strategic choice made by China, taking into account its internal development and overall diplomatic strategy.
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Kuzmin, Petr V., i Larisa G. Khalanskaya. "Development of civil society in the Republic of Crimea after its reconnection with Russia". Izvestia of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Sociology. Politology 21, nr 3 (25.08.2021): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1818-9601-2021-21-3-316-323.
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The processes of development of civil society in Crimea after the entry of the peninsula into the Russian Federation in March 2014 are analyzed. The authors conclude that in recent years it has developed and passed from inertia to a state of civic activity. However, an integral system of civil structures has not yet been formed.
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Smirnov, E. "Overdue Amendments to the Deposit Insurance Law". Auditor 9, nr 6 (26.06.2023): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1998-0701-2023-9-6-3-8.
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Th e Parliament of Russia, having adopted Federal Law No. 83-FZ in March 2023, made serious adjustments to Federal Law No. 177-FZ of December 23, 2003 “On Insurance of Deposits in Banks of the Russian Federation”, which made it possible to ensure that depositors apply to the Deposits Insurance Agency (DIA) for the payment of insurance compensation in electronic form, and thereby significantly simplified and facilitated their contacts with the DIA.
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Mazur, Grzegorz. "Traktaty brzeskie państw centralnych z Rosją i Ukrainą jako preludium do traktatu wersalskiego". Kultura Słowian Rocznik Komisji Kultury Słowian PAU 16 (2020): 179–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25439561ksr.20.010.13299.
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Brest Treaties of the Central States with Russia and Ukraine as a Prelude to the Treaty of Versailles In his article, the author discusses the reasons for the conclusion of peace treaties by the Central Powers with the Ukraine and Russia in February and March 1918. The article analyses the war goals of the Central Powers, especially Germany, and Austria-Hungary. It also depicts the situation of Russia and the Central Powers in the years 1917-1918. Furthermore, it describes the reasons that led individual countries to the Brest negotiating table, and presents the goals that these countries tried to achieve as the result of peace talks. An extensive part of the article constitutes a description of talks with the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic, a description of the peace agreement concluded with the Ukraine on February 9, 1918 and its significance. It led to far-reaching consequences as it resulted in breaking the concept of the so-called the Austro-Polish solution and in the decisive turn of Poles against the Habsburg monarchy and the Ukrainians. On the other hand, Austria-Hungary failed to obtain supplies, grain and raw materials granted by this agreement. The Ukraine was to supply 1 million tons of grain and a number of other resources. It was not viable as the country did not possess them. Nevertheless, it was the first international treaty to which the Ukraine was a signatory, and hence its great importance. It constituted international recognition of the Ukraine. A month later, on March 3, 1918, a peace treaty was signed with Soviet Russia. That was a confirmation of Russia's defeat in World War I. The country was unable to continue the war and had to sign it. The Soviet government signed a peace treaty knowing that they would break it at the first opportunity and did so immediately after the surrender of Germany on November 11, 1918. The author of the article presented the content of this treaty, the subsequent Soviet-German agreements of 1918 and their consequences - including details of the agreements with Turkey, as a result of which, on the one hand, Turkey tried to become the proverbial "regional power" in the Caucasus, and on the other, German troops entered Georgia. Autor w swoim artykule omawia przyczyny zawarcia przez państwa centralne w lutym i marcu 1918 r. traktatów pokojowych z Ukrainą i Rosją. Artykuł omawia cele wojenne państw centralnych, a zwłaszcza Niemiec, oraz Austro-Węgier, zaś w latach 1917-1918 ich sytuację oraz sytuację Rosji. Charakteryzuje przyczyny, które doprowadziły poszczególne państwa do stołu rokowań w Brześciu, a także przedstawia cele, jakie państwa te usiłowały osiągnąć w wyniku rozmów pokojowych. Obszerną część artykułu stanowi opis rozmów z rządem Ukraińskiej Republiki Ludowej, charakterystyka zawartego z Ukrainą 9 II 1918 r. układu pokojowego i jego znaczenie. Miał on ogromne następstwa, bowiem w jego wyniku doszło do zerwania koncepcji tzw. rozwiązania austro-polskiego i zdecydowanego obrócenia się Polaków przeciwko monarchii habsburskiej i Ukraińcom. Z drugiej strony Austro-Węgrom nie udało się uzyskać z tej strony zaopatrzenia, zboża i surowców; układ przewidywał, iż Ukraina dostarczył 1 mln ton zboża i szereg innych surowców. Nie mogła się z tego wywiązać, bo ich nie posiadała. Niemniej jednak był to pierwszy traktat międzynarodowy, którego sygnatariuszem była Ukraina, i stąd jego ogromne znaczenie, stanowił bowiem międzynarodowe uznanie Ukrainy. W miesiąc później, 3 III 1918 r., został podpisany układ pokojowy z Rosją Radziecką, który stanowił potwierdzenie klęski Rosji w I wojnie światowej, lecz ta nie była w stanie prowadzić dalej wojny i musiała go podpisać. Rząd radziecki podpisywał traktat pokojowy ze świadomością, że przy pierwszej nadarzającej się okazji zerwie go i uczynił to zaraz po kapitulacji Niemiec 11 XI 1918 r. Autor artykułu przedstawił treść tego układu, następne po nim układy radziecko-niemieckie z 1918 r., oraz jego konsekwencje, w tym szczegóły układów z Turcją, w wyniku których z jednej strony Turcja usiłowała stać się przysłowiowym „mocarstwem regionalnym” na Kaukazie, a z drugiej weszły do Gruzji wojska niemieckie.
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Kontsevoy, Ilya A. "Party Composition of Regional Authorities in the First Year of the Soviet Era". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 68, nr 3 (2023): 614–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.304.
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The article examines the problem of reconstruction of the party composition of the regional authorities of the RSFSR in March — July 1918. The source base of the work is statistical data collected by Soviet researchers, periodical press materials, as well as documents from the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The author studies the party composition of the Soviet authorities at two institutional levels: regional and provincial. The territorial scope of the article is limited to the regions of the European part of Russia (including most of the Urals), where the Soviet power existed in the first half of 1918. This article makes quantitative calculations of delegates of regional congresses of councils and members of executive committees. Based on the analysis of data on the party membership of congresses of Soviets and executive committees, the author comes to the conclusion about the formation of the dual party system in regional and provincial authorities by the time of the convocation of the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets. This process was characterized by a significant reduction in the representation of socialist parties other than the Bolsheviks and their temporary allies from the party of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries. The author of the article analyzes the dynamics of the representation of political parties at the provincial institutional levels of the Soviet state in the first half of 1918. Changes in the party composition of regional Soviet authorities consisted in increasing the share of the Left socialist revolutionaries in provincial executive committees and reducing the representation of the Bolshevik party.
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Ispolinov, Aleхey S., Leonid E. Bandorin, Aleksei V. Basharin, Sergey A. Yadrikhinsky i Nataliya Yu Rasskazova. "LEGAL CHRONICLE". Zakon 21, nr 3 (marzec 2024): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.37239/0869-4400-2024-21-3-92-106.
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In the March Legal Chronicle, read commentaries on the decisions of the UN International Court of Justice in Ukraine v. Russia, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the correlation between family relations and the resulting rights to social benefits and allowances, as well as the limits of liability of a legal consultant (Ernst & Young (CIS) B.V. case), and the Government Decree creating grounds for unification of rules for the preparation of territory planning documentation.
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Michaluk, Dorota. "The Political Rivalry for Belarus Between Belarusian Socialists and Bolsheviks in 1917 – 1919. The Establishment of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Belarus". Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki, nr 31 (12.12.2022): 255–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mzu2022.31.255.
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The aim of the article is to study the peculiarities of the rivalry between Bolsheviks and Belarusian socialists for the future of the Belarusian lands in 1918-1920. The research methodology is based on the principles of scholarship, historicism, systematism and historical analysis. The scientific novelty of the results of this study lies in the reconstruction of the events related to the creation of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Belarus. Conclusions: At the end of World War I, after the February Revolution, the process of formation of an independent Belarusian state by Belarusian socialists began. Although the Belarusian People's Republic was proclaimed on March 25, 1918, Belarusians did not manage to create their own state. It was determined by many internal and external factors. One of them being the political and territorial aspirations of the Bolsheviks and a rivalry between them and the Belarusian socialists for the future of the Belarusian lands. Conclusions: Belarusians, and therefore the Belarusian national movement, found themselves in a specific situation during the war. In the years 1915-1918, the Belarusian lands were divided by the Russian-German front line. As a result, military and civilians from the depths of Russia came to the frontier zone. After the February Revolution, the Russian army in the Western District and the Front began to become strongly politicized, focusing on various political and national programs. Belarusian socialists, including the military, gathered in the Central Belarusian Military Council opted for the creation of a Belarusian republic, first in a federation with Russia, and soon (after the Bolshevik coup) they leaned towards its independence. The military Bolsheviks were in favor of the incorporation of Belarusian lands into Russia as the West District. The conflict of interest between the Belarusian socialists and the Russian Bolsheviks was revealed at the All-Belarusian Congress held in Minsk in December, when Congress was brutally dispersed by the military Bolsheviks. The aspirations of the Belarusian socialists and position of the Belarusian communists were determined, among others, by the creation of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Belarus proclaimed twice on January 1, 1919 and July 31, 1920 just before the offensive against Warsaw. It was supported by Soviet Russia as a counterbalance to the activities of the Belarusian independence camp and Polish influence in Belarus
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Posadsky, Anton. "“Saratov Key” to the 1918 Campaign". Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, nr 3 (2023): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640025912-1.
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In the article, the authors examine the role of Saratov in the 1918 campaign of the Great War. The significance of this Russian rear city in the events of the war only became apparent after the conclusion of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between the German Empire and Soviet Russia. The Treaty of 3 March 1918 created a vast field of new opportunities for the Central Powers, which had supposedly triumphed on the Eastern Front. The fragmentation of the Russian Empire, lack of resources and aspirations for a future radical colonial redistribution forced the German Empire to think on a Eurasian scale. The numerous descendants of German colonists in the Russian governorates of Saratov and Samara became an important point of diplomatic and military effort for both Germany and the parties of the Russian Civil War. From spring to autumn 1918, German military and political projects in the East would invariably include Saratov as a crucial location on the road to Turkestan and India.For the various anti-Bolshevik forces in the East and South, which managed to form independently by the summer of 1918, there was the possibility of uniting in the obvious Volga operational direction. In their hypothetical unification, wealthy Volga Germans could constitute a substantial reinforcement, although any interaction with them required an unambiguous pro-German orientation. In the article, the authors examine and assess the capabilities and actions of the main military and political actors – the German Empire, the RSFSR, the anti-Bolshevik governments – in the Brest system of international relations and in the context of the Russian Civil War in March – November 1918. They substantiate the hypothesis of the role, including the potential role, of the Saratov direction, in which both Germany and the White Movement missed the opportunity to achieve decisive results.
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Boldyrev, Oleg Yu. "The Constitutional Reform in Russia: Relevancy, Implementation, Prospects. Part 2. Amendments to the Constitution: Unsolved and New Issues and the Further Reformation Vector". Constitutional and municipal law 12 (24.12.2020): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3767-2020-12-3-8.
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The seriousness of the flaws in the 1993 Constitution of Russian Federation is a weighty argument in favor of its reform. However, it is important to answer the question whether the constitutional reform eliminated the main defects of the existing Constitution. The article shows that the Law on the amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of March 14, 2020 No. 1-FKZ does not provide solutions to the most pressing problems, including those that justified its adoption, and, in addition, creates new problems and risks. Accordingly, the relevance of further constitutional reforms remains. A number of proposals have been formulated concerning their directions and forms.
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Glushkova, E. V., A. Yu Brazhnikov, S. V. Krasnova, L. S. Glazovskaya, A. A. Savkina, N. V. Nikitin, V. A. Korshunov i N. I. Briko. "Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Scarlet Fever in Russia". Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 22, nr 3 (1.07.2023): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-3-14-25.
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Relevance. In recent decades, large outbreaks of scarlet fever have been reported in European and Asian countries. Severe forms of the infection have become more frequent and the number of complications has also increased.Aim. To assess the incidence of scarlet fever in the Russian Federation using the official statistical sources, to identify the clinical features of scarlet fever among adults.Materials and methods. Analysis of the level and dynamics of the long-term incidence of scarlet fever in the entire population and among different age groups in Russia from 1890 to 2021 was performed based on the data of annual statistical forms. A clinical and epidemiological descriptive retrospective census study was conducted using data from the case histories of patients diagnosed with “scarlet fever” in The Infectious Disease Clinical Hospital No. 2 Moscow Healthcare Department from 2010 to 2022.Results. Three major cycles (40-50 years) can be distinguished in the long term with regard to incidence. In 1986, the rise in incidence was noted after 30 years since the previous one and it was less intensive. In the first cycle, rates increased gradually over almost 10 years beginning from 1891. In subsequent years, the incidence remained high (220-280 per 100,000), decreasing markedly to 50-60 per 100,000 population only by 1917-1918. The second cycle, from 1918 to 1942, was characterized by increasing rates (up to 462 per 100,000 population). In the third cycle (1946 - 1981), incidence rate reached a peak by 1955 (531.8 per 100,000 population), and started to gradually decrease afterwards. There were cycles lasting 3–6 years in in this period The fourth cycle (1982-1991) was not so large. In recent years (2007–2021), the incidence decreased 7.3 times (from 45.4 to 6.2 per 100 thousand). The average incidence rate during this period was 29.8 per 100 thousand. In 2022, the incidence of streptococcal infection increased 2.8 times (including scarlet fever – 3 times). The incidence increases were observed in the group 0-14 years and 14 and older (from 298,2 to 34,1 and from1,6 to 0,1respectively). As in the previous years (fourth cycle), children aged 3-6 years were the main contributors to the incidence of scarlet fever (the average incidence rate – 452,1 per 100,000). The average age of patients admitted to the hospital was 24 years (18–45 years). There was an increase in the average age of patients since 2017. During the study period, the number of hospitalized adults with scarlet fever decreased by half. In most cases (98.56%) the patients had a moderate condition at admission and only 3 had a severe condition (1.44%). The most common comorbid diagnoses were ENT-organs infections (9%), urinary tract infections (3.35%) and Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome (2.87%). Scarlet fever had a complicated course of infection in 19 patients (9.09%). In the treatment were used cephalosporin (52.63%) and penicillin (41.63%).Conclusions. This study demonstrated a stable downward trend in the incidence of scarlet fever in the population of the Russian Federation in recent years until 2021. In 2022, the incidence increased 3 times (18.7 per 100 thousand). The number of hospitalizations among adults with scarlet fever and the number of patients with complications have decreased. The average age of patients by 5 years have increased. The treatment was carried out in accordance with clinical recommendations and the antibiotic resistance of the pathogen.
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Pshenichnaya, N. Yu, I. A. Lizinfeld, G. Yu Zhuravlev, А. A. Ploskireva i V. G. Akimkin. "Epidemic process of COVID-19 in the Russian Federation: interim results. 1th report". Infekcionnye bolezni 18, nr 3 (2020): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2020-3-7-14.
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Objective. To perform interim analysis of epidemiological parameters of COVID-19 in the Russian Federation. Material and methods. The article is based on the analysis of individual monitoring data carried out by Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing for January–June 2020. Results. The epidemic process in Moscow and Moscow region (MR) differed from that in other regions. In Moscow and MR,daily increase of new coronavirus cases was characterized by high absolute numbers and varied between 5.0% and 29.2% in March–April 2020. The peak (7,446 new cases) was registered on May 6; after that, the number of new cases was rapidly declining and decreased by 84.9% from the peak value by June 30. This was ensured by strict restrictive measures and effective control in Moscow and MR. In other regions, daily increase of new cases varied between 2.9% and 52.6%. The peak incidence was registered on May 21 (6,021 new cases), whereas the plateau phase was observed between May 14 and June 17, 2020 (5,808–6,021 new cases daily). Only by June 28, the number of new cases decreased by 43.8% from the peak value. During this time, the number of new cases in Moscow and MR was already 3 times lower. This can be explained by less severe restrictions in other regions. Half of patients (50.1%) had mild disease. The majority of patients were aged 41–64 (44.4%) and 18–40 years (30.2%). In the age group ≥40 years, women prevailed; however, they usually had milder disease, which was observed in all age groups ≥18 years. Conclusion. The characteristics of the epidemic process in Russia were largely determined by the restrictive measures introduced in March 2020. These measures significantly reduced both the epidemic intensity of COVID-19 and the role of children of various age groups in it. The earlier start of active circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in Moscow and MR, as well as its subsequent spread to the regions by labor migrants who returned from the capital led to a significant difference in the dynamics of new cases at the decline of the epidemic. Key words: age groups, COVID-19, Russia, severity, epidemic process.
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Karimi, Majid. "Nakhijevan from the Treaty of Batum and the Military Campaign of A. Ozanian to "Republic of Arasdayan"". Herald of Social Sciences 1 (27.04.2023): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.53548/0320-8117-2023.1-49.
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1918 թ. փետրվարի 10-ից Կովկասյան ճակատում հաջողությամբ ծավալված թուրքական հարձակումը հանգեցրեց 1918 թ. մարտի 3-ին կնքված Բրեստ-Լիտովսկի պայմանագրին։ Օսմանյան կայսրությունը շարունակեց առաջխաղացումն Անդրկովկասում և 1918 թ. հունիսի 4-ին Վրաստանի, Ադրբեջանի և Հայաստանի հանրապետություններին պարտադրեց շատ ավելի ծանր Բաթումի պայմանագիրը, որտեղ հայտարարվեց Նախջիևանը թուրքական բանակով բռնանվաճելու մասին։ Թեև հայ ազգային հերոս, գեներալ-մայոր Անդրանիկ Օզանյանը մերժեց Բաթումի պայմանագիրը և 1918 թ. հունիսի 7-ից մինչև հուլիսի 20-ը կատաղի կռիվներ մղեց թուրքերի դեմ, բայց նրա Հայկական առանձին հարվածող զորամասին չհաջողվեց Պարսկաստանում միանալ բրիտանական զորքերին կամ թուրքերից փրկել Նախիջևանի հայությանը։ Զորամասը 1918 թ. հուլիսի 23-ից մինչև նոյեմբերի 28-ը Զանգեզուրում էր և կարողացավ այս երկրամասը փրկել օսմանյան ներխուժումից ու կոտորածից։ Տեղի մահմեդական բնակչությունը Նախջիևանում փորձ արեց 1918 թ. մարտին անկախություն հռչակել: 1919 թ. հունվարի 17-ին, թուրքական հսկողության ներքո, Շարուր-Նախիջևան-Սուրմալուում ստեղծվեց «Արասդայանի հանրապետությունը»։ Քանի որ «Արաքսի հանրապետությունը» չափազանց թույլ էր, այն փոխարինվեց մարիոնետային այլ՝ թուրքական սահմաններում հայտարարված ինքնավար միավորով։ Успешное турецкое наступление на Кавказском фронте 10 февраля 1918 г. привело к Брест-Литовскому договору от 3 марта 1918 г. Османская империя не придерживалась пунктов этого документа, продолжая свое наступление в Закавказье. 4 июня 1918 г. с новообразованными независимыми республиками Грузии, Азербайджана и Армении был заключен более тяжелый – Батумский договор. Его текст гласил об аннексии Нахиджевана турецкими войсками. Хотя и армянский национальный герой, генерал-майор А. Озанян обоснованно отверг Батумский договор и с 7 июня до 20 июля 1918 г. развернул боевые действия против турок, но его Армянский особый ударный отряд не смог объединиться с британскими войсками в Персии и спасти нахиджеванских армян от турок. В марте 1918 г. местное мусульманское население Нахиджевана попыталось установить независимость. Затем в Шаруре-Нахиджеване-Сурмалу была создана марионеточная «Арасдаянская республика» под турецким контролем. Поскольку «Аракская республика» была слишком слабой, она была заменена другой марионеточной, уже автономной единицей в турецких границах. The successful Turkish advance on the Caucasus Front from February 10, 1918, re-sulted in the Treaty of Brest Litovsk, signed on March 3, 1918. The Ottoman Empire did not respect this document, continued its advance into the Transcaucasia and concluded on June 4, 1918, much more heavy Treaty of Batum with newly-independent republics of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia. Its text announced annexation of Nakhijevan by the Tur-kish forces. Their invasion had been fulfilled by the 36th, 11th and 33rd Divisions on July 10-19, 1918. Though the Armenian national hero and General Major A. Ozanian reasonably rejected the Treaty of Batum and waged his fights from June 7 till July 20, 1918, his Arme-nian Special Striking Detachment could not unite with the British troops in Persia or save the Nakhijevan Armenians from the Turks. On July 14, 1918 he subordinated this district to Soviet Russia, but without any support from the Red Army. His Armenian Special Striking Detachment of 1.400-3.000 men had to evacuate with 35.000 Western and local refu-gees. His further stay in Zangezur on July 23 – November 28, 1918, gave better results and saved the district from the Ottoman invasion and massacre. The local Muslim population first attempted its independence on March 7-25, 1918. Then it proclaimed in Sharur-Nakhijevan-Surmalu a puppet "Republic of Arazdayan" under the Turkish control on De-cember 5, 1918 – January 17, 1919. Since the "Republic of Araxes" could not stand Arme-nian demands, it was replaced by another puppet, now autonomous unit in the frontiers of Turkey, troops of which evacuated from Goghtan on November 25, 1918, and from the whole Nakhijevan on January 26, 1919. During this period the Republic of Armenia ap-pointed its commissar of the district on November 27, 1918, and established a Military Go-vernorship under General Major G. Shelkovnikian on January 14, 1919. On the insistence of British, it was replaces on January 26 by their own Military Governorship; so on Febru-ary 3, an agreement with the Republic of Armenia was signed and on February 10, 1919, the Armenian army was called back to the northern borders of the district.
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Dmitry I., Sostin. "The experience of national state building of the Caucassian people during the Russian revolutions in 1917". Kavkazologiya 2022, nr 3 (30.09.2022): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31143/2542-212x-2022-3-83-94.
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The article analyzes the features of the state building of Caucasian people in the crucial period of Russian statehood, marked by acute dramatic events—the revolutions of 1917. The specifics of the subject of the study are closely related to the All-Russian political process, the fall of the au-tocracy in February—March 1917. It is concluded that the consequence of the revolutions, includ-ing the October revolution, was not only the transformation of the social and political institutions of the mountain population of the Caucasus, the Cossacks of this agrarian outskirts of our country but a rather fierce struggle between local political forces that sought to implement their national state system projects in the region. However, none of them took place in 1918. The conclusion is given that in the conditions of the social and economic crisis, which was increasingly intensifying by the end of 1917, in the mass consciousness of the North Caucasian society, the South of Russia, as in other things, the main part of the population of other regions of Russia, left-wing radical tendencies prevailed, resulting in a civil war and the construction of socialism in the country.
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Skubko, Yury. "30th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations Between Russia and South Africa". Uchenie zapiski Instituta Afriki RAN 60, nr 3 (7.09.2022): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31132/2412-5717-2022-60-3-119-127.
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On March 14, 2022 the Institute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences held a round table discussion to mark the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of South Africa, organized by the Centre for Southern African studies. The history and current state of relations between the two countries and peoples were discussed by African studies researchers, Russian Foreign ministry officials and diplomats in South Africa, South African public figures and civil society activists, veterans of the national liberation movement. Among issues discussed were historic ties between Russia and South Africa dating back to the 18th century, first diplomatic contacts in the 19th century, participation of Russian volunteers in the Anglo-Boer war of 1899–1902, Russian emigration to South Africa, Soviet aid to the national liberation struggle against the apartheid regime, particularly relations with the ANC, first Soviet-South African diplomatic ties, influence on them of perestroika and the dissolution of USSR. Current problems of cooperation and development of relations in different fields within strategic partnership between the two countries, particularly, within the framework of BRICS, were also discussed.
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Mikheeva, Tsybik Ts, Elena N. Trikoz, Anastasia A. Grafshonkina i Polina N. Andreeva. "REWIEW OF THE II INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE «LAW AS A PHENOMENON OF CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE» Moscow, RUDN University, March 29 - 30, 2019". RUDN Journal of Law 23, nr 3 (15.12.2019): 455–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2019-23-3-455-477.
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On March 29-30, 2019, the II International Scientific Conference “Law as a Phenomenon of Civilization and Culture” was held at the Law Institute of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (hereinafter - RUDN). More than 150 researchers from the Russian Federation and foreign countries took part in it. This scientific forum in accordance with the overall RUDN’s general strategy as an internationally oriented university is dedicated to Russian jurisprudence integration into the worldwide scientific area, establishing the methodology of fundamental legal research related to the civilizational and cultural foundations of law. This review reflects the general concept of the conference, directions of its work, the contents of the plenary meeting and work of sessions.
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Ganeev, A., N. Bulaeva i I. Ruban. "Study of the Quality of the Conditions for the Implementation of Educational Activities by Educational Organizations of General, Secondary Vocational and Additional Education in 2020 and 2021". Standards and Monitoring in Education 10, nr 5 (27.09.2022): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1998-1740-2022-10-5-3-9.
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The article presents the results of the research on an independent assessment of the quality of the conditions for the implementation of educational activities by organizations engaged in educational activities in basic general education programs, educational programs of secondary vocational education, basic vocational training programs, additional general education programs, which was carried out in 2020-2021. The collection and synthesis of data as part of an independent assessment was carried out by order of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation on the basis of indicators approved by Order of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated March 13, 2019 No. 114, and in accordance with the Unified Procedure for Calculating Indicators approved by Order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation dated May 31, 2018 No. 344n.
The article compares the integral values of the quality criteria of the conditions for the implementation of educational activities for 2020 and 2021, changes in the values of the criteria for assessing the quality of the conditions for the implementation of educational activities are noted.
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Bobrova, N. A. "The policy of granting scientific grants in Russia and its prospects". Law Enforcement Review 6, nr 3 (19.09.2022): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2022.6(3).262-268.
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Modern criteria for assessing scientific activity, established in 2013, are considered. The shortcomings of these criteria, which the author of this article, together with another professor, tried to recognize as invalid and not subject to application due to their contradiction with Russian legislation and national interests, are emphasized. The requirements for applicants for grants of the Russian Science Foundation are considered (RSF), which, after merging with the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), became the only federal scientific foundation. The first results of the merger of the two funds are analyzed. It is shown that this had a negative impact on the humanities, including legal sciences. The Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated March 19, 2022 No. 414 "On some issues of applying the requirements and target values of indicators related to publication activity" is analyzed. The resolution was adopted in response to the sanctions of unfriendly states, as well as a reaction to open letters from the public about the immediate exclusion from all regulations of the requirement to publish in journals from commercial indices. The resolution has the character of a moratorium on the application of requirements for the availability of publications in scientific journals indexed in international databases. Proposals are being made on the development of domestic criteria for publication activity.
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Holewińska-Łapińska, Elżbieta. "SĄDOWE USTALENIE OJCOSTWA W FEDERACJI ROSYJSKIEJ". Zeszyty Prawnicze 3, nr 2 (10.05.2017): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2003.3.2.06.
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Judicial Establishing of Paternity in the Russian FederationSummary The article discusses the judicial establishing of paternity pursuant to the Family Code of the Russian Federation in force from March 1, 1996 against a background of former regulations of the Soviet Law starting from 1917.In the years 1917-1944 judicial establishing of paternity in USSR was admissible without restrictions. In the period from July 8, 1944 to October 1, 1968 prohibition of judicial establishing of paternity was in force.In the period from October 1, 1968 to March 1, 1996 establishing of paternity could occur if in a case one of the following was true: (1) A child’s mother and a defendant lived together before the birth of a child and managed a common household. (2) A child’s mother and a defendant raised a child together. (3) A child’s mother and a defendant provided jointly for a child. It was not required that a defendant contributed significantly to the cost of living of a child but that he did it systematically. (4) There was reliable evidence that a defendant admitted his paternity.If a child was born in the period from October 1, 1968 to March 1, 1996, his parentage was not as yet affiliated to a father, and a man whose paternity was to be established was alive - still one of the aforementioned conditions has to be proved in a lawsuit.Judicial establishing of paternity of a child who was born starting from March 1, 1996 may occur on a demand of a child’s mother, a man who claims he is a child’s father, a child’s custodian (guardian), a person who keeps a child, a child of age. Judicial establishing of paternity may be demanded in person by a parent who has turned fourteen. A child of age has to give his/her assent to establishing of paternity. If s/he was incapacitated - a consent should be given by a custodian or a care agency.One has to prove, presenting evidence of any nature, that this particular man is a father of a child. In practice evidence taken into account shall either prove the paternity in a scientifically dependable manner (a DNA test) or prove indirectly a validity of a suit (e.g. a child’s mother and a man pointed out as a father stayed in a common-law marriage during the period of a probable conception of a child).After father’s death a court may establish paternity on the grounds of the fact, that during his life a the said man expressed by his conduct a conviction that he believes himself a father of a child in question. If a child was born before October 1, 1968 additionally it has to be proven that a man deeming himself a father did keep his extra-marital child.
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Kazantsev, S. V. "Dynamics and Structure of Investments in the Main Types of Economic Activity in Russia After 2014". World of new economy 17, nr 3 (27.11.2023): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2023-17-3-32-39.
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The multidirectional, hybrid warfare war against the Russian Federation, launched in March 2014 and designed for many years, makes it necessary to strengthen the country’s power. Investments in the fixed capital of the main activities of society largely contribute to giving stability to the economic, financial, scientific, technological, military-technical potential of the state. The purpose of the study, the results of which are presented in this paper, was to find an answer to the following question. Are investments directed in Russia in those economic activities that contribute most to the development of the country’s economy, as well as in industries that are most dependent on the state of affairs in foreign trade? An analysis of the data presented in the Rosstat’s collections “Russian Statistical Yearbook” for 2015–2022 showed that after 2010, investments in fixed capital of the most dependent on foreign trade economic activities in the Russian Federation grew faster than other groups of activities. The growth rates of investments in fixed capital of those types of economic activities, the development of which contributes to the expansion of other types of activities, were higher than the all-Russian ones until 2017. The reason is that economic entities, having adapted to the anti-Russian sanctions, the main damage of which, according to the author, was inflicted on the domestic economy in 2015–2016, accelerated the growth of investments in other economic activities. The overall structure of investments in fixed capital of 47 types of economic activity in 2021 differs little from the structure of 2014.
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Kallin, Igor V., i Valentina I. Sokolova. "HOW IT WAS: RESULTS AND LESSONS OF THE MAIN EVENTS OF 1917 IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA". Historical Search 3, nr 2 (30.06.2022): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-2-5-19.
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The article considers the main events that occurred in Russia in 1917. In February 1917, a revolutionary crisis arose in the country, which led to the overthrow of the 300-year-old Romanov`s empire. The old state apparatus was broken. At the end of winter of 1917, at a meeting of the State Duma, the Provisional Committee of the State Parliament (Duma) was created. The Provisional Government headed by Duke G.E. Lꞌvov had been formed by March 1. On March 2, Emperor Nicholas II signed the “Manifesto on the abdication of the throne of the Russian state and the resignation of the Supreme power.” As early as February, the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies was created, it being headed by N.S. Chkheidze. Thus, dual power was established in the country. The newly formed government was unable to resolve the most important issues related to the life of the peoples of Russia. In early October 1917, V.I. Lenin began preparing an armed uprising in order to seize power. A course was taken for an armed coup. The conspiracy of the Bolsheviks was a success: the Winter Palace was taken, the ministers of the Provisional Government were arrested. At the II Congress of Soviets, a new government was created – the Council of People’s Commissars. The first decrees were adopted – the Decree on Peace, the Decree on Land, the decree on Power, proclaiming the establishment of the power of the Soviets. There was the only task on the agenda – the retention of power. The Constituent Assembly, for which alternative parties had high hopes, was dispersed by the Bolsheviks in early 1918.
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Vatlin, Alexander. "Bolshevik intellectuals on the foreign policy front: the relationship between Commissar for Foreign Affairs Georgy Chicherin and Plenipotentiary Adolf Joffe in 1918". Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, nr 6 (2022): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640021232-3.
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After coming to power in 1917, the Bolsheviks began to form their own system of foreign policy decision-making, rejecting the traditions and standards of bourgeois diplomacy in the Decree on Peace, and refusing to use the personnel of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The first trial of the new system, built on the principles of revolutionary Marxism, took place during the Brest negotiations and ended in defeat for Soviet Russia. The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918 paved the way for the transition from war to peace between the two countries and, consequently, for the exchange of diplomatic representatives. The Soviet legation in Germany, headed by Joffe, was in fact the only 'window to Europe' for the Bolsheviks. Because of the lack of a fine-tuned foreign policy decision-making mechanism and the highly unstable communication between Moscow and Berlin, and because Joffe was not a professional diplomat, the activities of his plenipotentiary representation were determined by his prerevolutionary political experience and personal qualities. Rejecting the hierarchy of the old regime and making no secret of his own ambitions, Joffe came into continuous conflict with his immediate superior, the People' Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Chicherin, and this conflict continued until the Soviet plenipotentiary representative was expelled from Berlin in 1918. The author reconstructs the formation of key decisions in the sphere of Soviet-German relations at the end of the Great War on the basis of official correspondence between the People's Commissar and the Plenipotentiary, shows the role of human factor in the process and the mechanism of departmental and personal conflicts resolution, the core of which was the authority of Lenin. The author concludes that the process of shaping the Soviet foreign policy in 1918 was extremely rapid, generally in line with the pace of events, and developed by trial and error. The traditions and norms laid down in the first year of the work of the People's Commissariat largely influenced the subsequent history of Soviet diplomacy.
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Spalević, Žaklina, i Dušan Jerotijević. "The peace of Brest-Litovsk: Causes, agreement, and consequences". Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 53, nr 2 (2023): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp53-43402.
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At the beginning of the 20th century, the opposing interests of the great powers were more and more clearly outlined in international relations. Two alliances were created (the Central Powers and the Entente) which in some way connected certain countries according to a minimum of common interest. This primarily refers to the Entente bloc, because the three leading powers in it (France, Russia and the United Kingdom) had conflicting positions on some important issues (for example, the issue of control of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles, as well as the issue of Turkey's survival in the Balkans, as well as Turkey as a regional power in general). After the attack of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy on Serbia in July 1918, Imperial Russia immediately sided with the Kingdom of Serbia and entered the war, which it led on a front spanning thousands of kilometres from the Baltic to the Caucasus against the armies of all the Central Powers. After three years of gruelling war and the February Revolution, the chain of command and morale of the army collapsed after the February Revolution. An unsuccessful military campaign against the German army by the Kerensky government in the summer of 1917 led to complete chaos in the country, which led to the October Revolution and the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. Lenin believed that capitulation was a necessity in the absence of another option. The main idea of the Soviet authorities was to show that the success of the socialist revolution was possible. Therefore, the Bolsheviks believed that the October Revolution was a prelude to a world revolution that would start with a domino effect from the heart of Europe, and that it would undo the negative consequences of signing the Brest-Litovsk Peace Agreement. The agreement was concluded on March 3, 1918 in Brest Litovsk. By signing Brest-Litovsk agreement, which was made under unexpectedly humiliating conditions, Russia renounced all rights and claims to Poland and parts of Belarus, then to Finland, Estonia, Courland (the western part of Latvia), Livonia, and Lithuania. At the request of Talat Pasha, the Russians had to hand over parts of Transcaucasia (Ardahan, Kars, and Batum), which Russia won in the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878, to Turkey. German and Austro-Hungarian military troops also occupied a part of Russian territory across the border stipulated by this peace treaty up to the line: Narva-Pskov-Polock-Orsha-Gomel-BelgorodMilerovo-Rostov on Don. The Brestlitovsk Agreement closed a large front and enabled German penetration deep into the interior of Russia. Russia lost a huge territory of 780,000 square kilometres where 56 million people lived before the war, i.e., a third of its population and where the country's most important mining and industrial resources were located. Finally, on August 27, 1918, in Berlin, the Russian side signed the War Reparations Agreement, which stipulated that Russia pay six billion marks in compensation to Germany. Fortunately for the Bolsheviks, the Brestlitovsk Agreement lasted only eight months. In November 1918, Germany had to renounce the agreement, because that renunciation represented one of the very important conditions for the armistice. Based on the Armistice of Comienne and the Treaty of Versailles (Article 116), the Brest-Litovsk Agreement was annulled, which opened the door to the formation of the Soviet Union, which was created on the foundations of Imperial Russia through the bloody civil war that lasted from 1918 to 1922. Germany and the USSR, by signing the Peace of Rapala on April 16, 1922, renounced their territorial and financial claims to each other, after the Brestlitovsk Agreement. With this agreement, the two governments agreed on the normalization of their diplomatic relations.
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Gorokhova, Mariya E. "THE ROLE OF THE "BELOCHEKHS (WHITE CZECHS)" IN CREATING THE IMAGE OF THE CZECHOSLOVAK STATE IN THE NEW IDEOLOGICAL SPACE OF RUSSIA". RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, nr 3 (2020): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2020-3-89-100.
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In the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, numerous Slavic peoples, including Czechs and Slovaks, for a long time possessed little to no political and even national-cultural autonomy. It was the First World War that gave them a chance for a national liberation. Prague gained political fame not only as the capital of a new independent state, but also as a center of attraction for Russian “white” emigration even earlier than Belgrade, Paris and other famous cities. It all began, however, not in these European capitals, but in distant Siberia. The activities of the Czechoslovak Legion during the Civil War from May 1918 to March 1920 had a huge impact on the political and military situation in Soviet Russia. The rebellion of the Belochekhs affected more than half of the country’s territory and a number of cities along the Trans-Siberian Railway. The Czech Legion was perceived as the first phenomenon of a new, unknown state. A representation of “Czechoslovaks” and Czechoslovakia was formed through the Legion. It was intended to become the face of the First Republic. Therefore, it is important to understand what opinion on the Czech Legion as a representative of a young Eastern European state various political forces of the new Russia formed and why, and how it influenced the establishment of allied relations with it in the future.
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Aliyeva, Nurlana. "Armenian claims to Nakhchivan and its impact to the historical geography of the region (1918–1924s years)". Grani 23, nr 3 (10.03.2020): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172034.
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Azerbaijan People Republic the new sovereign state, created in May 1918 in the Muslim East, has lived and worked in hard and difficult conditions for 23 months. The Republic had to fight against the political and economic policies of the world's major powers, including Russia, the United States, England and France, and resorted to all means to maintain its sovereignty, and faced very complex challenges along the way. Under the pressure of these states, on May 29, 1918, the National Council of Azerbaijan was forced to decide on the issue of Iravan to the armenians in order to maintain their sovereignty while discussing the border problem between Azerbaijan and Armenia and he considered this decision a "historic necessity", a "unavoidable disaster" for heartbreak. During the Azerbaijan People Republic, neighboring countries made a number of territorial claims against Azerbaijan. At that time, its territory was 113.895, 97 sq. km. Its 97,296,67 sq. km was undeniable, and 16,598,30 sq. km was disputed. To resolve such issues, the Treaty of Friendship was first signed on June 4, 1918, between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Azerbaijan. It was the first agreement signed by the Azerbaijan People Republic with any foreign state. The second article of the Batumi Treaty sets the border between Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia. According to the Batumi contract, Azerbaijan also suffered territorial losses. According to the agreement, the Sharur section of the Sharur-Daralayaz province and the Nakhchivan accident, except for Ordubad, were transferred to Turkey. In addition, the regions of Kamarly, Ulukhanli and Vedibasar of the Iravan provincewere transferred to Turkey. On March 12, 1921, the Moscow Treaty was signed. With the participation of a representative of the Soviet Russia to clarify some of the territories following the Moscow Treaty, Turkey signed an agreement on October 13, 1921, between the three South Caucasus republics. With the participation of a representative of the Soviet Russia to clarify some of the territories following the Moscow treaty, Turkey signed an agreement on October 13, 1921, between the three South Caucasus republics. The contract consisted of 20 articles and 3 annexes. A number of provisions of this treaty were consistent with the relevant articles of the Moscow Treaty. In general, this document was rejecting unequal rights, forcible contracts, and the Sevr treaty. Article 5 of the agreement was directly related to the fate of Nakhchivan. Thus, the Moscow and Kars treaties also resolved Nakhchivan's autonomy status.
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Grigorieva, O. G. "Is the Path to Citizenship through Property Investment Possible in Russia?" Journal of Law and Administration 20, nr 1 (30.05.2024): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2024-1-70-75-83.
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Introduction. Real estate has undoubted investment advantages. Moreover, in a number of countries it is a bridge for simplified obtaining a residence permit or even citizenship. In Russia, the legal regime of immovable property undoubtedly has a number of advantages. The very possibility to have property on the right of private ownership (including land plots) gives owners confidence in the possession and use of real estate. The legislation on real estate is characterized by stability and is less susceptible to change. Low rates of property tax calculated on the cadastral value of the property facilitate the acquisition of real estate. The variety of real estate objects allows citizens and legal entities to own residential and non-residential premises and parking places. With the development of digitalization of state administration, the registration of rights to immovable property has become as simple and accessible as possible, allowing owners to protect their property from fraudulent schemes. Property prices in Russia are steadily rising, which also stimulates investment in this sector. Whether investments in real estate contribute to obtaining citizenship of the Russian Federation in an accelerated (preferential, facilitated, etc.) manner will be shown in this article. Materials and methods. This study is based on: 1) the totality of such methods of scientific cognition as: the dialectical method, which allowed to connect the theory of civil and land law and the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation; the formal-legal method allowed to analyse legislative norms; the system method allowed to consider the institute of national treatment of foreign citizens in Russia as a system with internal unity and interrelations with other institutions of law (the institute of citizenship, the institute of property rights, etc.); 2) the results of the author's survey of the moderators of My Hectar Programme regarding the demand of foreign citizens for land plots sold under the Programme; 3) analysis of the Decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Research results. The study found that in Russia, at the constitutional level, foreign citizens are granted national treatment, exceptions to which are provided for by federal laws. Restrictions on the rights of foreigners are stipulated by a number of federal laws. For example, civil legislation has traditionally prohibited ownership of certain categories of land plots. As a response to western sanctions, in March 2022 a special permissive procedure was introduced for citizens of unfriendly countries to acquire ownership of real estate. The legislation on citizenship of the Russian Federation does not provide for any privileges for foreigners to obtain citizenship through investments in the country's economy in general, in real estate and business in particular.Discussion and сonclusion. The Russian Federation policy regarding the rights of foreign citizens to immovable property should continue to be aimed at maximum protection of the interests of national security and sovereignty of the country, and priority opportunities for Russians to acquire real estate. Certainly, the state should stimulate foreign investment. However, in the conditions of aggravation of international relations and threats to Russia's national security, it would be advisable to introduce a permissive procedure for the acquisition of real estate for all foreign citizens, taking into account the foreigner's occupation and the purpose of acquiring real estate, sources of his income, possible links with organizations banned in Russia.
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Kaplunov, Andrey, i Vladimir Ukhov. "International scientific and practical conference «Actual problems of administrative and administrative-procedural law» (Sorokin readings) (24 March 2023, St. Petersburg)". Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2023, nr 3 (28.09.2023): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2023-3-267-279.
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Abstract: On 24 March 2023, the plenary session of the international scientific-practical conference («Sorokin Readings») was held at the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia By the day of the event the materials of the conference have been published in electronic form, including 195 articles reflecting the content of scientific reports, in preparation of which 216 authors from 59 scientific and educational organisations took part, including 11 authors from 6 foreign countries (Republic of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Tajikistan, Republic of Armenia), 24 Doctors Sci. (Jurid.), 100 Candidates Sci. (Jurid.), including 22 professors, 66 associate professors, 7 employees of practical bodies of internal affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
At the plenary session of the conference there was an exchange of ideas on problematic issues of modernisation of public administration, administrative and administrative-procedural law, theoretical and applied problems of improvement of legislation on administrative infractions and administrativejurisdictional activity, problems of ensuring security and public order, improvement of police and other law enforcement activities. At the end of the conference, the results were summed up.
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Smirnov, A. V., B. V. Afanasyev, I. V. Poddubnaya, V. A. Dobronravov, M. S. Khrabrova, E. V. Zakharova, E. A. Nikitin i in. "Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance: consensus of hematologists and nephrologists of Russia on the establishment of nosology, diagnostic approach and rationale for clone specific treatment". Terapevticheskii arkhiv 92, nr 7 (1.09.2020): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2020.07.000659.
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Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS) is a new nosology in modern nephrology and oncohematology. MGRS is defined as kidney injury due to nephrotoxic monoclonal immunoglobulin produced by the B-cell line clone which does not reach the hematological criteria for specific treatment initiation. Monoclonal proteins pathological effects on kidney parenchyma result in irreversible decline of kidney function till the end stage renal disease that in line with the position of International Consensus of hematologists and nephrologists determinates critical necessity for clone specific treatment in patients with MGRS despite the absence of hematological indications for treatment initiation. Main challenge of MGRS in Russian Federation is an inaccessibility of an in-time diagnostic and appropriate treatment for the great majority of patients due to the following reasons: 1) limited knowledge about the MGRS among hematologists and nephrologists; 2) lack of necessary diagnostic resources in most health-care facilities; 3) lack of approved clinical recommendations and medical economic standards for treatment of this pathological entity. Consensus document comprises the opinion of experts leading nephrologists and hematologists of Russian Federation on the problem of MGRS including the incoherence in nosology classification, diagnostics approach and rationale for clone specific treatment. Consensus document is based on conclusions and agreements reached during the conference of leading nephrologists and hematologists of Russia which was held in the framework of symposia Plasma cell dyscrasias and lymphoproliferative diseases: modern approaches to therapy, 1516 of March 2019, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University. The present Consensus is intended to define the principal practical steps to resolve the problem of MGRS in Russian Federation that are summarized as final clauses.
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Trofimov, V. T., i V. A. Korolev. "ON THE TASKS OF REORGANIZATION ENGINEERING GEOLOGY IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION". Engineering Geology 13, nr 4-5 (21.12.2018): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25296/1993-5056-2018-13-4-5-6-10.
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The state of engineering geology in Russia and the main tasks for its reorganization in connection with the ongoing reform of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the current problems of the development of science in the Russian Federation in the present period are analyzed. The main drawbacks of the current state of engineering geology, according to the authors, are: 1) low level of organization and coordination of engineering and geological work, including scientific, in the country; 2) non-demand by the business of scientific developments and innovative achievements of modern engineering geology; 3) lowering the level of constantly updated and changing regulatory framework, especially in the field of engineering surveys; 4) shortcomings in the training of highly qualified engineers-geologists. The tasks of development of engineering geology in connection with the message of President Vladimir Putin to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation on March 1, 2018 are considered. The analysis of the message of the President of the Russian Federation, implies at least five priorities, in the implementation of which modern geological engineering should also find its worthy place: 1) the spatial development of the country; 2) the development of communications; 3) the solution of a number of environmental issues; 4) the development of fundamental science; 5) training of highly qualified personnel. Without the participation of engineering geologists, the effective solution of these tasks is impossible. The theoretical (fundamental) and practical role of engineering geology, as the science of the geological cycle in solving these major problems is indicated. The necessity of the All-Russian Congress of Engineers-Geologists is substantiated, where it is proposed to discuss the pressing issues of the reorganization of engineering geology in the country, its structure, as well as actual theoretical (fundamental) and practical (applied) problems of its development, the training of highly qualified engineers and geologists, etc.
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Kachalova, Oksana V., i Viktor I. Kachalov. "Criminal Procedure Code of Russia: Twenty Years Later (2001–2021)". Pravosudie / Justice 3, nr 3 (28.09.2021): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/2686-9241.2021.3.167-188.
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Introduction. 2021 marks the 20th anniversary of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, adopted by the State Duma on November 22, 2001 by Federal Law No. 174-FZ. The development of criminal procedure legislation in these years was not always consistent, often characterized by chaotic and hasty measures. Nevertheless, the main factors that determine the development of modern criminal procedure legislation, as well as the key trends in the legal regulation of criminal procedure legal relations, have remained fairly stable for twenty years. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The object of the study is the norms of criminal procedure law that have emerged and developed during the period of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation since 2001. The methodological basis of the study is the general dialectical method of scientific knowledge, which allowed us to study the subject of the study in relation to other legal phenomena, as well as general scientific methods of knowledge (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, and modelling) and private scientific methods of knowledge (formal legal, historical-legal, and comparative-legal). Results. Among the variety of various factors that determine the development of modern criminal procedure legislation, there are several main ones: 1. The impact of international standards in the field of criminal justice on Russian criminal proceedings. Having ratified the European Convention for the Protection of Citizens’ Rights and Freedoms in 1998, Russia voluntarily assumed obligations in the field of ensuring citizens rights and freedoms, as well as creating the necessary conditions for their implementation. Among the most important criminal procedure norms and institutions that have emerged in the system of criminal procedure regulation under the influence of the positions of the ECHR, the following are notable: a reasonable period of criminal proceedings, the rights of participants in the verification of a crime report, the disclosure of the testimony of an absent witness at a court session, and alternative preventive measures to detention. 2. Optimisation of procedural resources and improvement of the efficiency of criminal proceedings. From the very beginning of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, there was a special procedure for judicial proceedings, which is a simplified form of consideration of criminal cases, provided for in Chapter 40 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. In 2009, this procedure was extended to cases with concluded pre-trial cooperation agreements (Chapter 401 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation), and in 2013, the institute of abbreviated inquiry appeared in the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation (Chapter 321 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation). 3. Social demand for increasing the independence of the court, and the adversarial nature of criminal proceedings. Society’s needs to improve the independence of judges, increase public confidence in the court, transparency and quality of justice led to the reform of the jury court in 2016 (Federal Law of 23 June 2016 N 190-FZ). As a result of the reform, the court with the participation of jurors began to function at the level of district courts, the jurisdiction of criminal cases for jurors was expanded, the number of jurors was reduced from 12 to 8 in regional courts and 6 in district courts. However, practice has shown that sentences handed down by a court on the basis of a verdict rendered by a jury are overturned by higher courts much more often than others due to committed violations, which are associated, among other things, with the inability to ensure the objectivity of jurors. In the context of a request for an independent court, Article 81 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation on the independence of judges (Federal Law of 2 July 2013 N 166-FZ) was adopted. 4. Reducing the degree of criminal repression. In the context of this trend, institutions have emerged in the criminal and criminal procedure laws that regulate new types of exemption from criminal liability. In 2011, Article 281 “Termination of criminal prosecution in connection with compensation for damage” was adopted, concerning a number of criminal cases on tax and other economic crimes (Federal Law of 7 December 2011 N 420). In 2016, the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation introduced rules on the termination of a criminal case or criminal prosecution in connection with the appointment of a criminal law measure in the form of a court fine (Federal Law of 3 July 2016 N 323-FZ). 5. Digitalisation of modern society. The rapid development of information technologies and their implementation in all spheres of public life has put on the agenda the question of adapting a rather archaic “paper” criminal process to the needs of today, and the possibilities of using modern information technologies in the process of criminal proceedings. Among the innovations in this area, it should be noted the appearance in the criminal procedure law of Article 1861 “Obtaining information about connections between subscribers and (or) subscriber devices” (Federal Law of 1 July 2010 N 143-FZ), Article 4741 “The procedure for using electronic documents in criminal proceedings” (Federal Law of 23 June 2016 N 220-FZ), the legal regulation of video-conferencing in criminal proceedings (Federal Law of 20 March 2011 N 39-FZ), and the introduction of audio recording of court sessions (Federal Law of 29 July 2018-FZ N 228-FZ), etс. Currently, the possibilities of further digitalisation of criminal proceedings, and the use of programs based on artificial intelligence in criminal proceedings, ets. are being actively discussed. Discussion and Conclusion. The main factors determining the vector of development of modern criminal justice should, in our opinion, include the impact of international standards in the field of criminal justice on Russian criminal justice; optimisation of procedural resources and the need to improve the efficiency of criminal justice, social demands for strengthening the independence of the court, adversarial criminal proceedings; the needs of society to reduce the degree of criminal repression, and digitalisation of modern society.
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Lazarenko, Elena I. "Newspaper clippings with information about the status of Russian war prisoners in 1918 as a historical source". Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, nr 3 (2022): 780–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2022-27-3-780-793.
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We consider the activities of the Soviet press in 1918 to inform society about the problems of Russian war prisoners in the camps of the states of the Quadruple Alliance, re-evacuation home and providing them with comprehensive state assistance. The relevance of the study is to compare the printed publications of the First World War, which operated during the reign of Nicholas II, the Provisional Government and the Soviet government, and to consider how the pol-icy and ideology regarding Russian prisoners of war affected the media. The purpose of the article is based on the analysis of newspaper clippings from 1918 of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. During the study of works by Russian historians, printed publications of the Great War, it was concluded that the attitude towards Russian war prisoners by the tsarist leadership and the Soviet authorities were different. In the Russian press for 1914–1917, problems related to Rus-sian war prisoners were rarely mentioned, mass surrenders and statistics on the number of prison-ers of war languishing in foreign camps were kept silent. Due to the lack of information in printed publications in 1914–1915 borrowed articles from foreign newspapers. It seems that tsarism has forgotten about its compatriots in captivity. But local newspapers constantly talked about the situation of foreign prisoners of war in various regions and cities of Russia. Clippings from Soviet newspapers provided important information that was difficult to find in other historical sources, showing the social policy and ideology towards Russian war prisoners on the part of the Bolshe-viks. The government headed by V.I. Lenin tried in every possible way to help war prisoners who found themselves in a difficult situation, covering their activities and the fate of prisoners of war in newspapers, thereby gaining the confidence of the population of the country in order to enlist support for the young Soviet state.
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Sinichenko, Vladimir, i Dmitriy Kaveckiy. "Personnel support of the police of the Irkutsk province during the period of anti-Bolshevik power in 1918–1919". Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2020, nr 3 (2.10.2020): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2020-3-33-41.
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The article aims to study the activities of the police of the Irkutsk province during the Civil War. The object of the study in the article was the units of the people’s (civilian) police, created in early March 1917 and acting on the basis of the Regulation adopted on April 17, 1917 by the Provisional Government. On October 28 (November 10), 1917, the PKIB of the RSFSR issued a new decree «On the Workers’ Police», but after the overthrow of Soviet power in the summer of 1918 in the east of the country, the eastern regions returned to the Regulation of April 17. The functioning of the police in 1918–1919, based on the principles of the Provisional Government and became the object of analysis in this work. The subject of the study is the personnel work carried out during this period in the law enforcement agencies of the Baikal region. Along with general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction etc.), the work used problem-chronological and comparative methods that revealed the dynamics of historical events in Eastern Siberia, their impact on politics, on decision-making, and revealed similarities and differences in the forms, organization and manifestation of police actions operating in eastern Russia in the indicated historical period of time. It is concluded that the activities of the authorities of the Irkutsk province to recruit police units were unskilled. Of course, leaders at various levels, to the extent of their limited resources, tried to strengthen the public order authorities, but the lack of systemic organization of law enforcement work had a negative impact on the activities of the police. Neither the Omsk government, nor the civilian and military authorities of the Irkutsk province, could provide at the proper level not the material supply of the police, nor its personnel support. As a result, the police of the Irkutsk province not only did not defend the authorities against the Bolsheviks, but also could not cope with the functions of law enforcement. The increase in criminal criminality in 1918 and 1919 is recorded by all printed publications of the Irkutsk province of that time, as well as statistical reports of the provincial police.
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Halin, Alexey A., Anna V. Kiseleva, Elena V. Kainova i Elvira R. Sukhova. "TRANSFORMATION OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN 1991–1994 (based on the materials of Nizhny Novgorod)". Historical Search 3, nr 3 (29.09.2022): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2022-3-3-44-55.
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The relevance of the article is to highlight previously unexplored process showing evolvement of local self-government bodies in modern Russia when a new system of public relations was created before the adoption of the country’s Constitution in 1993. The claim that creation of the municipal government system began on the basis of the new Constitution is not substantiated by historical research. The presented article is intended to fill this gap.
The material was prepared based on the study of scientific literature and archival materials. The basis of the research is made by documents from the archives of the city of Nizhny Novgorod and the Central Archive of Nizhny Novgorod region. At this, the concrete-historical method, methods of using external and internal criticism of documents, comparative analysis were used.
The article reveals the process of local self-government transformation in Nizhny Novgorod in 1991–1994. The attempts to reform local self-government were initiated as early as within the framework of the Soviet political system. However, drastic changes occurred here only after the August Putsch failure and the beginning of the leading communist party officials’ dismantling.
Changes in the system of local self-government bodies began with the executive branch. On December 24, 1991 By the Decree of the President B.E. Yeltsin the post of head of the Administration of the city of N. Novgorod was taken up by D.I. Bednyakov. This appointment was perceived by the deputies of Nizhny Novgorod City Council of People’s Deputies as an undemocratic step of the new “democratic” government. From that moment, the powers of the city executive committee of the local Council of People’s Deputies were terminated.
Nizhny Novgorod City Council of People’s Deputies functioned until the fall of 1993. After the October events in Moscow, a radical restructuring of the entire system of local self – government began on the basis of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of October 26 , 1993 “On the Basics of Organizing Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation for the Period of Step-By-Step Constitutional Reform.” In pursuance of this decree, an act was issued by the Head of the Administration dated 29.10.1993, according to which it was prescribed: “to cease the activities of Nizhny Novgorod City Council of People’s Deputies beginning from October 29, 1993.” Preparations began for the election of a new representative body of city self–government – the City Duma of Nizhny Novgorod. Following the results of the elections held on March 27, 1994, the staff of the first convocation of the City Duma was formed.
The article argumentatively shows that formation of new local self-government bodies began on the basis of decrees issued by the President of the Russian Federation and resolutions of local authorities even earlier than adoption of the Constitution of 1993. This conclusion has important practical and theoretical significance for understanding the political history of modern Russia.
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Basov, A. A., N. M. Maksimova, S. O. Vysochanskaya, O. V. Tsvirkun, K. A. Yatskovsky i S. E. Aduguzelov. "Assessment of the State of Antidiphtheria Immunity in Different Age Groups of the Population of the Russian Federation Based on Seromonitoring Data for 2015–2021". Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 22, nr 5 (10.11.2023): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2023-22-5-63-73.
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Relevance. Diphtheria is one of the dangerous diseases that threaten human life. Immunization is the only means of creating a favorable epidemiological situation. Ensuring the immunity of the population to this infection prevents the occurrence of the rise and spread of diphtheria among the population. One of the ways to assess the state of specific immunity to diphtheria is annual serological monitoring. Aims. Assessment of the state of antidiphtheria immunity in different age groups of the population of the Russian Federation based on seromonitoring data for 2015–2021. Materials and methods. The data of serological monitoring of diphtheria and the state of vaccination of the population by indicator groups from 85 subjects of the Russian Federation in 2015–2021 were analyzed. In just 7 years, in terms of seromonitoring in Russia, 439,874 people were examined for the presence of antibodies to diphtheria, including 73,559 children in the age group of 3–4 years, 74,424 adolescents aged 15–17 years, and 291,891 adults aged 18 and older. During the same period, 12,154 controlled blood sera from 20 subjects of the Russian Federation were examined. In the age group of 3–4 years – 1834 children, 15–17 years – 1366 teenagers, 18–29 years – 1711 adults, 30–39 years – 1724 adults, 40–49 years – 1918 adults, 50–59 years – 1798 adults, 60 years and older – 1803 adults. The presence of antibodies to diphtheria was determined in the course of passive hemagglutination. The protective titers of antibodies were taken to be dilution of sera with a titer of 1:20 or more, the intensity of anti-diphtheria immunity was assessed as follows: antibody titers in dilution of sera 1:20–1:40 – low titers, 1:80–1:160 – medium and 1:320 or more – high titers of antibodies of JSC «Biomed» im. I. I. Mechnikov. Results and discussion. In Russia, improving the surveillance system for diphtheria continues to be an urgent task of the private epidemiology of this infection. The data obtained during the study allowed us to characterize the population immunity of the population of the Russian Federation, as a whole across the country, as sufficient to prevent the occurrence and spread of diphtheria. The main factor contributing to this was the long-term high coverage of vaccinations against diphtheria of persons in the decreed age groups (more than 95% of those vaccinated from the number of persons to be vaccinated in each age group). When comparing the level of immunization of the population depending on age, it was found that the percentage of vaccinated persons in the age group of people 50 years and older was statistically significantly lower than in the group of people younger than 50 years. The data of serological studies in Russia as a whole showed a high proportion of people with protective titers of antibodies to diphtheria in each age group – 3–4 years – 96.7 ± 0.1%, 15–17 years – 98.3 ± 0.1%, 18–29 years – 96,0 ± 0,4% – 97,5 ± 0,3%, 30–39 – 95,9 ± 0,4% – 97,5 ± 0.3%, 40–49 years old – 95,7 ± 0,4% – 97,7 ± 0,3%. The largest proportion of seronegative individuals is detected among groups aged 50–59 years and 60 years and older. The analysis of the share of seronegative persons in certain subjects of the Russian Federation revealed that the number of territories with a share of seronegative persons of more than 10% in the age groups of 50–59 years and 60 years and older was significantly higher than in other age groups. Conclusion. Thus, when planning companies for «сatch-up» immunization, it is advisable to provide mandatory revaccination of seronegative persons over 50 years of age. Timely revaccination according to the National Vaccination Calendar, tracking the proportion of persons susceptible to diphtheria in all indicator groups, followed by revaccination of seronegative persons in older ages will allow maintaining a high level of population immunity (more than 95%) and ensuring a consistently low incidence of diphtheria in the country for many years.
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Zinov, V. G., i I. S. Fedorov. "Technology Transfer from Academic to The Real Sector of The Economy: Barriers and Possible Solutions". Economics of Science 8, nr 3-4 (16.12.2022): 156–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2410-132x-2022-8-3-4-156-173.
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The possibilities of solving a key problem that hinders the development of multifaceted and long-term cooperation between universities and research institutes with industrial partners are considered in connection with the prospects for the development of technology transfer centers that received grants from the Ministry of Education of Russia in 2021. The main contradictions, systemic problems and mechanisms for building interaction between the academic and industrial sectors of the economy are highlighted. Foreign and Russian practices of building cooperation, issues of trust and mutual understanding, the possibility of removing barriers to marketing and quality, creating a network structure for transfer management are analyzed. A fundamentally new perspective of state support for the transfer of research and development results is shown, which is opened by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 17, 2022 № 392. For the first time, a model of interaction between corporations and technology companies implementing projects with the participation of universities and research institutes aimed at finalizing and creating products has been created under the guarantees of large customers.
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Grigaravičiūté, Sandra. "Diplomacy of the Concil of Lithuania in Entente powers". Sabiedrība un kultūra: rakstu krājums = Society and Culture: conference proceedings, nr XXII (6.01.2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/sk.2020.22.055.
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The research reveals appointment, competence and type of activities of the authorized representatives of the Council of Lithuania delegated to represent the Council of Lithuania, Lithuania’s interests or affairs abroad (in neutral and “belligerent countries”) from 22 October 1917 to 11 November 1918. The Entente Powers include the United States, Great Britain, France and also Italy in some cases. Russia, which also belonged to the Entente, is left outside the scope of the research, because after Soviet Russia signed the Peace Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3 March 1918), it did no longer fight on the side of the Entente. The research on the diplomacy of the Council of Lithuania in the Entente Powers was carried out on the basis of published (press, memoirs, published documents) and unpublished sources (from the Lithuanian Central State Archives, Manuscripts Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences). The study employed the methods of analysis and comparison, the descriptive method, and the comparison of sources and literature. While processing the primary sources, in particular in French and German languages, the logistic-analytical method was applied (the notional content and information analysis was carried out). The research consists of two parts. In the first part of investigation the author analyzes the appointment and competence of the authorized representatives of the Council of Lithuania in neutral and “belligerent countries” and concludes, that the analysis of the circumstances of appointment and chronology of the authorized representatives of the Council of Lithuania in neutral and “belligerent countries” as well as the content of their authorizations made it clear that permanent authorized representatives, Juozas Purickis and Vladas Daumanatas-Dzimidavičius, who were appointed on 22 October 1917, had their residence in Lausanne and constituted a part of the collegial body of Lithuanian National Council, were authorized to represent the Council of Lithuania; however, only Purickis’ authorization included the phrase “to represent Lithuania’s interests abroad”; there was no indication as to what countries were meant. An equivalent wording – “to represent Lithuania’s interests abroad” – was also included in the texts of authorizations of non-permanent authorized representatives – Augustinas Voldemaras and Konstantinas Olšauskas. The material contained in the minutes of the meetings of the Council of Lithuania entails that “representation in belligerent countries” also meant representation in the Entente Powers, though no direct indication was included. In the second part of the study the author reveals the specific type of activities of the authorized representatives of the Council of Lithuania (October 1917 – November 1918) and states, that Permanent representatives of the Council of Lithuania, who were based in Lausanne and formed a part of the collegial Lithuanian National Council, did not always coordinate their diplomatic steps in the Entente Powers or in their embassies in Bern; hence, the Council of Lithuania had to deny or dissociate itself from certain statements made by the Lithuanian National Council (in Lausanne) (the declaration of separation from Russia of 25 December 1917; the protest telegram of June 1918). Both permanent and non-permanent representatives of the Council of Lithuania authorized to represent Lithuania’s interests abroad shared the same goal of seeking “the recognition of the right to self-determination for the Lithuanian nation” and the recognition of independence declared by the Council of Lithuania (on the basis of Part I of the Act of 11 December 1917 and the Act of 16 February 1918).
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Kuznetsov, Sergey, i Dmitry Shmantsar. "PROBLEMS OF ENSURING FIRE SAFETY IN PLACES OF RESIDENCE OF LARGE FAMILIES, FAMILIES IN A DIFFICULT LIFE SITUATION, IN A SOCIALLY DANGEROUS SITUATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION**". LAW. SAFETY. EMERGENCY SITUATIONS 2023, nr 3 (30.09.2023): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.61260/2074-1626-2023-3-31-38.
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The problem of ensuring fire safety of large families, families in a difficult life situation, in a socially dangerous situation, living in residential premises (rooms, apartments, residential buildings) belonging to them by right of ownership or being in their use is considered. The legal acts regulating fire safety issues, including the Rules of the Fire regime in the Russian Federation, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation № 1479 of September 16, 2020, which were supplemented by a new paragraph 851, effective from March 1, 2023, have been analyzed.
As a result of the analysis, the problems of compliance with the new norm of these Rules, as well as the implementation of state fire supervision by employees of EMERCOM of Russia, were identified: visits to residential premises by employees of the state fire supervision, the lack of financial resources for the purchase of autonomous smoke detectors in 2023, the difficulty of distinguishing responsibility for their absence or improper installation in the event of a fire that caused serious harm to health or death of citizens, the absence of a transition period, allowing the specified requirement to be implemented within a reasonable time, violation of the constitutional principle of equality of all before the law, lack of a legislative basis for monitoring the implementation of this requirement.
In order to solve the task set by the state to reduce the number of fires, save the population, correct and unambiguous understanding by individuals and public authorities of their duties, the authors formulated proposals to exclude paragraph 851 from the Rules of the fire regime in the Russian Federation, to be fixed in the Federal law «On Fire Safety» and the Federal law «On general principles of the organization of local self-government in the Russian Federation» duties of local self-government bodies to assist large families, families, those who are in a difficult life situation, in a socially dangerous situation in the installation and regular inspection of the serviceable condition of autonomous smoke fire detectors, in the houses where they live.
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Zubarev, Sergei M. "On the relationship between the act of management and the law in new realities". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo, nr 45 (2022): 66–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22253513/45/5.
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The article deals with the problem of the correlation between the act of management and the law in domestic jurisprudence. Based on a systematic analysis using historical-legal, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods, the dominance of the law over the acts of management in the doctrine of administrative law and normative sources has been substantiated. At the same time, in modern Russia, there are situations when acts of management begin to play a leading role in the system of legal regulation. In the context of new realities, the author analyzed both trends in the development of legal acts of management and the risks associated with this process. The study resulted in the following conclusions: - today the legal act of management is both the basic element of public administration as management decision, and one of the key institutions of administrative law as management law; - new issues requiring scientific and regulatory resolution are: 1) wider use of the term "act of management", its adaptation in relation to the norm-setting of various subjects and levels of a single system of public power; 2) determination of the essence and place in the system of legal acts of management of their new types (instructions of the President of the Russian Federation; acts containing explanations of legislation and having regulatory properties; documents of strategic planning); 3) systematization of the types of legal acts of management and their legal status. - in post-Soviet Russia, there were situations when acts of management came to the fore, replacing (replacing) legislative regulation in the most important areas of public relations: the 1990s, when "law-substituting" decrees of the President of the Russian Federation were adopted on many important issues; pandemic conditions. The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation confirmed the legitimacy of such regulation in the first and second cases. - in the conditions of unprecedented external economic pressure on the country in late February - early March 2022, the acts of the President of the Russian Federation introduced special economic measures in connection with the unfriendly actions of foreign states. Many provisions of the decrees contain not only serious restrictions on the rights and freedoms of individuals and legal entities, but also suspend the operation of certain legislative norms. However, the issuance of the relevant acts by the head of state is expressly provided for in the norms of the federal laws "On Security" and "On Special Economic Measures". Currently, acts of management occupy a de facto dominant position in the legal system of Russia. The positive thing here is that they allow us to respond quickly to new challenges, those unprecedented measures of sanction pressure that Russia is facing today. However, there are significant risks of such domination: legal, political, economic, organizational and technical, social, etc. The most expedient to minimize these risks seems to strengthen, maybe even "mobilize" control over the adoption and implementation of management acts by both state and public structures. The author declares no conflicts of interests.
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Dzyuba, A. P., i D. V. Konopelko. "Electric power (capacity) supply on the wholesale market for industrial consumers operating within the Siberian United Power System: dynamics of price signals changes study". E-Management 5, nr 3 (26.09.2022): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2658-3445-2022-5-3-4-14.
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One of the main goals of creating a wholesale electricity market in the Russian Federation was to reduce the prices for circulating electricity. The achievement of this goal was supposed to be due to the development of competitive energy market relations, equal access to electricity supply services to consumers among all participants of the energy market, transparency and structuring of the electricity pricing mechanism. Traditionally, the regions with the lowest prices for supplied electricity in Russia are the territories of the Siberian United Energy System, where the demand for electricity is provided by cheap hydro generation, which ensures the competitiveness of the Siberian economy and high investment potential in the industrial sector. The article presents an empirical analysis of the dynamic changes in the parameters of the total cost of electricity sold in the regions of Russia included various federal districts with a comparison of the cost of electricity in the Siberian Federal District regions with other territories of Russia, with the identification of key trends and features of changes. Analysis of the dynamics of changes in the components of the cost of electricity on various territories for the period January 2021 – March 2022 revealed a significant increase in the cost of electric energy and electric capacity. Their dynamics in some cases exceeds 30 %, and led to a significant increase in prices for electricity sold to all groups of consumers operating in the United Energy System of Siberia regions, and in particular on territories of the Krasnoyarsk Krai and the Republic of Khakassia. The presented article emphasizes the need to study the factors and pricing conditions affecting the change in price parameters for power supplied to consumers operating in the regions of the Siberian United Energy System, with the development of follow-up measures to manage the increase in prices for electricity (capacity) in these regions.
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Ivanov, E. M., G. I. Klenov, V. I. Maksimov, V. S. Khoroshkov i A. N. Chernykh. "Prospects for the Development of Proton Therapy in Russia". MEDICAL RADIOLOGY AND RADIATION SAFETY 67, nr 3 (lipiec 2022): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33266/1024-6177-2022-67-3-41-46.
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It is generally accepted that a proton therapy is one of the most effective method of external beam radiotherapy. Proton therapy has the highest conformal factor even compared with the most modern facilities for radiotherapy which use electron beam or gamma rays. Accuracy of combination of the 90–95 % isodose surface with PTV is better and dose gradients outside PTV is steeper, also integral dose of radiation from proton therapy for a healthy tissue is less than two times that for gamma irradiation. We can clearly see it comparing a HDV of treatment plan for gamma irradiation and proton therapy for the same clinical cases. In last years a lifespan of patient after radiotherapy treatment is a quit extended, so a question for quality of life for them is more significant. Decreasing of integral dose for a healthy tissue reduces a chance of negative effects from radiotherapy that would mostly appear after a lot years after treatment, so named late side effects. Quality of life is even more important in the case of pediatric oncology, when we not only expect a long healthy life for them, but also have aim to exclude side effects from their development. There was a long term clinical investigation in 1954–1990 years in ten experimental centers (among them clinical data: 50% in USA, 30% in USSR/Russia) that had confirmed the described advantages of proton therapy. These clinical results formed a foundation of quick development proton therapy clinical centers in developed countries in 1990s. These centers are based on oncology and multidisciplinary hospitals and treat 1000 and more patients per year. There are 96 working and 38 constructing PTCs in the world for today. Although we have a lot of experience in proton therapy in Russia, we didn’t take part in this new stage. In fact a patient treatment was over in all of three experimental PTCs (Moscow, Dubna, St. Petersburg) up to 2014. Thus we have a delay in a development of proton therapy for 30 years from a world level. Government of the Russian Federation Decree № 287 of 16th March 2020 establishes Program, which has to overcome this delay in development. Main science executer of the Program is National Research Center «Kurchatov Institute», which has an experience, scientific potential and competence for it. The main aims, stages and objects of the Program are presented.
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Glushkova, Y. O. "COVID-19 IMPACT ON THE CREATIVE INDUSTRIES". Scientific Review: Theory and Practice 10, nr 8 (31.08.2020): 1798–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2020-10-8-1798-1810.
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President V.V. Putin, in his address to citizens on March 25, 2020, announced a number of measures aimed at supporting the economy in the face of accelerating the spread of coronavirus infection in the Russian Federation. These measures are focused on four area: 1. provision of essential goods and support to the population (monitoring of consumer prices; monitoring the availability of essential goods on sale; implementation of measures to actively support employment; establishment of a “green corridor” for the import of essential goods); 2. support for sectors of the economy that are at risk (exemption of tour operators from paying fees and establishing compensation for their losses; monitoring the financial situation of developers and contractors; granting a delay in tax payments for a period of 3 months to organizations and industries most affected by the pandemic; 3. support for small and medium-sized businesses (a moratorium on inspections of small and medium-sized businesses; deferral of rent payments in the case of using state or municipal property; provision of forms of preferential lending); 4. system-wide measures (creating a financial reserve of up to 300 billion rubles; creating a guarantee fund for the restructuring of loans to companies affected by the worsening economic situation). Despite all the measures taken, it is currently difficult to assess the real scale and consequences of the COVID-19 economy in Russia. Today (May 10, 2020), there is a deterioration in the sanitary epidemiological situation in the country. Time will tell, how Russia will survive this pandemic, and what damage will be done to the economy.