Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Rural poor – india

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Rural poor – india”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 29 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 30 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Rural poor – india"

Shaik, Arif M. "Poor Rural Health System in India". Southern Medical Journal 100, nr 11 (listopad 2007): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/smj.0b013e318158bb9b.

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Mehta, Atul, i Joysankar Bhattacharya. "What Works Best for the Poor in Rural India". South Asia Economic Journal 18, nr 2 (wrzesień 2017): 230–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561417713131.

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Financial sector development serves poor directly through poverty-lending approach or financial systems approach. Robinson (2001) questions the appropriateness of poverty-lending approach for the extremely poor and supports the financial systems approach for providing a poverty alleviation toolbox to serve the poor at various levels. The present study attempts to assess the effectiveness of the two lending approaches and comments on the appropriateness of the same for the poor and the poorest of the poor in rural India using state-wise annual data from 1999–2000 to 2011–2012. We conduct a panel data analysis for a sample of 15 major Indian states and provide an empirical evidence for the effect of various poverty alleviation tools on the poor and the poorest of the poor in rural India. The study partially supports the use of tools suggested by Robinson.

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Rajuladevi, A. K. "How Poor are Women in Rural India?" Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 2, nr 1 (lipiec 1992): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529119920101.

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Teeli, Mr Showkat Ahmad, Dr Imran Mehraj Dar i Dr Bilal Ahmad Sheikh. "Financial Inclusion of Rural Poor in India". Journal of Corporate Finance Management and Banking System, nr 31 (6.12.2022): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jcfmbs.31.5.16.

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The banking industry has continued to use the buzzword "Financial Inclusion" over the past few years. The term is connected with expanding the spread of monetary administrations to the people who don't know about or who are not in that frame of mind to profit monetary administrations because of distant regions or absence of innovation and so forth. The recent reforms carried out in India are in line with the expansion and development of disadvantaged and poor groups. In this regard, PM Modi's slogan, "SABKA SAATH SABKA VIKAS," which aims for everyone's balanced development, is accurate. It won't be possible until corruption and the huge gap between the rich and the poor are reduced. Financial inclusion is about making financial services like banking and insurance available to everyone at reasonable prices. There are not many issues coming in that frame of mind of monetary consideration however it is certain that if some corrective measures are embraced by the specialists, then, at that point, monetary consideration can be accomplished in India without limit. In the end, this will accomplish the campaign's goal of inclusive growth and balanced development. Hence, in present study researcher had analyzed the secondary data from different sources and corresponding findings and suggestions are explained in finding and conclusion section.

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Gaiha, Raghav. "On the chronically poor in rural India". Journal of International Development 4, nr 3 (maj 1992): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3380040303.

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Deb, Surajit. "The Poor and the Migrant in India". Social Change 50, nr 4 (13.11.2020): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049085720957831.

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The ninth part of the Social Change Indicators series gives an account of the poor and migrants in different states of India by focussing on the following aspects: Percentage of population belonging to the lowest two wealth quintiles, percentage of households (rural and urban) without any agricultural land, percentage composition of inter-state migration in India by source states, percentage composition of inter-state migration in India by destination states, per cent composition of employment as the reason for migration in inter-state out-migration of source states and the per cent unemployment rate (rural and urban) according to the usual status.

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Gaiha, Raghav, i Vani Kulkarni. "Panchayats, Communities, and the Rural Poor in India". Journal of Asian and African Studies 37, nr 2 (kwiecień 2002): 38–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002190960203700203.

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Hifdhi, Hefi Al, Achmad Nurmandi i Aulia Nur Kasiwi. "GOVERNMENT STRATEGY IN TACKLING POOR ACCESS TO PUBLIC SERVICE IN INDIA". PRAJA: Jurnal Ilmiah Pemerintahan 10, nr 2 (13.07.2022): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.55678/prj.v10i2.662.

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Artikel ini membahas fasilitas kesehatan di pedesaan India. Permasalahan ini menarik untuk dikaji karena terdapat kesenjangan antara fasilitas kesehatan di kota dan desa, baik dari segi peralatan medis maupun sumber daya manusia yaitu tenaga kesehatan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kebijakan Pemerintah India mengenai pemerataan akses dan fasilitas kesehatan di pedesaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif dan mengolah data melalui bibliografi VOSviewer untuk memberikan gambaran data grafis tentang bagaimana fasilitas kesehatan di pedesaan. Metode deskriptif kualitatif harus memperhatikan validasi data. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menggunakan triangulasi data. Temuan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa menyediakan perawatan kesehatan yang efektif untuk penduduk pedesaan di seluruh negeri, yang telah berusaha untuk menutup kesenjangan antara fasilitas kesehatan di daerah perkotaan dan pedesaan. Misi Kesehatan Pedesaan Nasional (NRHM) telah melaksanakan reformasi struktural yang signifikan untuk sistem kesehatan pedesaan, termasuk peningkatan ketersediaan sumber daya manusia, administrasi program, infrastruktur fisik, keterlibatan masyarakat, pendanaan perawatan kesehatan, dan pemanfaatan teknologi informasi. Kata kunci: Kebijakan, Fasilitas Kesehatan, Pemerintah This article examines health facilities in rural India. This problem is interesting to study because there is a gap between health facilities in cities and villages, both in terms of medical equipment and human resources, namely health workers. The purpose of this study was to determine the Indian Government's policies regarding equitable access and health facilities in rural areas. This study uses descriptive qualitative analysis and processes data through the VOSviewer bibliography to provide an overview of graphic data on how health facilities in rural areas are. The qualitative descriptive method must pay attention to data validation. Therefore, this study used data triangulation. The findings of this study are that providing effective health care to rural populations across the country, that have attempted to close the gap between health facilities in both urban and rural areas. The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) has implemented significant structural reforms to the rural health system, including enhancements to human resource availability, program administration, physical infrastructure, community engagement, health care funding, and information technology utilization. Keywords: Policy, Health Facility, Government

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Purohit, Brijesh C. "Demand for healthcare in India". Healthcare in Low-resource Settings 1, nr 1 (7.03.2013): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/hls.2013.e7.

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In a developing country like India, allocation of scarce fiscal resources has to be based on a clear understanding of how investments in the heath sector are going to affect demand. Three aspects like overall healthcare demand, consumer decisions to use public and/or private care and role of price/quality influencing poor/rich consumer’s decisions are critical to assessing the equity implications of alternative policies. Our paper addresses these aspects through examining the pattern of healthcare demand in India. Data from the National Family Health Survey are used to model the healthcare choices that individuals make. We consider what these behavioral characteristics imply for public policy. This analysis aims to study disparities between rural and urban areas from all throughout India to five Indian states representing three levels of per capita incomes (all-India average, rich and poor). Results evidence that healthcare demand both in rural and urban areas is a commodity emerging as an essential need. Choices between public or private provider are guided by income and quality variables mainly with regard to public healthcare denoting thus a situation of very limited alternatives in terms of availing private providers. These results emphasize that existing public healthcare facilities do not serve the objective of providing care to the poor in a satisfactory manner in rural areas. Thus, any financing strategy to improve health system and reduce disparities across rich-poor states and rural-urban areas should also take into account not only overcoming inadequacy but also inefficiency in allocation and utilization of healthcare inputs.

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V, Chitra, i Swaranalatha R. "Rural entrepreneurship- challenges and opportunities in india". Journal of Management and Science 11, nr 4 (31.12.2021): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/jms.11.50.

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Rural entrepreneurship has an important role to play in the development of Indian economy. Nearly 70 percent of the Indian population lives in rural India. Adequate funding and support can provide a thriving entrepreneur atmosphere in these communities. So far as it is known that rural India as compared to the mainstream population is economically poor, younger, more isolated geographically,isolated from the main markets, culturally imbedded in tradition, less dynamic economically and experiencing depopulation. In this paper an attempt have been made to discuss the key issues related to entrepreneurship and its opportunities and challenges in India. The analysis is then broadened to understand the determinants of rural entrepreneurship and the environment conducive to its development consequently, the policies that are necessary to make this environment favorable have been discussed in detail. The conclusion is that to accelerate economic development in rural areas, it is necessary to promote entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurial orientation in rural areas is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and subsequent growth of indigenous companies in the country.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Rural poor – india"

Khan, Tanvir Ahmed. "The implementation of rural poor programmes in Bangladesh". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1989. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3026/.

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This study explores the initiatives of the public and private sector in the context of the alleviation of poverty of the rural poor in Bangladesh. The central thesis is that the public sector has made a significant departure, at least in theory, towards the conceptualisation of the rural poor programme in a way that the private sector, particularly the non-governmental organisations, have been performing for the last two decades. This study emphasises the recognition by the NGOs, particularly the "moderate ones, that the nature of both the problems and the solutions change in the process. Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), the "moderate" NGO under study, has gone through a "learn as it goes", responsive, inductive process. This study argues quite the contrary with the public sector initiative. It was only prior to the preparation of the Third Five Year Plan that debates were initiated to seriously criticise the rather sterile two-tier cooperative model for rural poor mobilisation around employment generation and acquisition of assets. Presently, BRDB opened the "flood-gate", which so long prevented the NGOs to contribute to the formulation of the training module of BRDB rural poor programme towards human development and institution building. Although it has been argued that "moderate" NGOs, like BRAC, are not institutions setting about to prove a specific model or theory of development in a dogmatic or absolutist sense, it would be difficult to say that they are not guided by an ideology, as this study argues, when the NGOs themselves have accepted the "Freire-type-conscientisation", which in itself is a loaded concept. This study presents a "mobilising" NGO, where the concept of "conscientisation" has been shown to transcend the limits of present day thinking of moderate NGOs.

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Bhatt, Meenakshi Sanjeev. "Participatory strategies in income generation programmes for poor women in India". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29247135.

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Ayyangar, Srikrishna. "Welfare populism and the rural poor comparing microcredit provision in India /". Related electronic resource:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1342745151&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3739&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Roy, Indrajit. "Capable subjects : power and politics in Eastern India". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0e1bb214-020e-4f9e-864f-9037c104660d.

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The principal aim of this thesis is to elaborate a politicized reading of Amartya Sen's Capability Approach. It explores how capabilities are augmented through the forging of contentious political subjectivities. In it, I build on the criticism that Sen's framework can be more sensitive to questions of power and politics. Against some of his critics, however, I argue that its 'politicization' must focus analytical attention on politics as the struggle to produce subjects rather than limiting its understanding to negotiations over authority, resources and allocations. I draw on quantitative and qualitative analysis of ethnographic data from rural eastern India to substantiate my argument. The first two chapters outline the contours of the debates and introduce the social, economic and political life of the study localities. Each of the four subsequent chapters elucidates the manner in which the contentious processes through which political subjectivity are forged augments capabilities. In Chapter 3 I advance the case that any discussion on capabilities needs to analyze how subjects interrogate the relations of domination and subordination which they have hitherto been compelled to inhabit. Based on an analysis of the contentions spawned by the Indian Government's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, I point to how the notion of cooperative conflict is helpful in understanding these processes. In Chapter 4, I draw attention to the analytic importance that needs to be accorded to 'voice' in order to understand how subjects contest and reconstitute these relationships: I base my analysis on the claims made on elected representatives by different groups of people in respect to 'poverty cards'. This emphasis leads in Chapter 5 to an investigation of the ways in which agonistic exchanges in public spaces augments capabilities: this I do through an examination of two specific disputes involving a variety of local actors. I develop these insights further in Chapter 6 to show how our understanding of the processes through which capabilities may be enhanced gains analytically from an analysis of the manner in which subjects construct their identities. Chapter 7 concludes.

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Lindén, Rut. "Educational policies serving the poor : A case study of student's performance in Indian hostels". Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5995.

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This study examines the effect on school achievement of a policy such as hostels, aimed at

giving children from a poor socioeconomic background an opportunity to receive education.

Data is collected from two different schools in a district in Andhra Pradesh, India, in which

both hostel students and day-scholar students, having a similar background, are studying.

Exam scores for three different subjects are used as dependent variables in the analysis. The

results indicate that private hostels do have a positive effect on achievement in all subjects,

thereby contributing to reducing the large gap in school achievement between different

socioeconomic groups

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KATO, Mariko. "The Role of Migration and Remittances for the Poor in Growing India : Perspectives on Social Classes in Rural Bihar". 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/17303.

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Karmali, Talib Bahadurali. "Reaching the poor? : the identification and assessment of rural poverty by a non-governmental organisation (NGO) in Gujarat, India". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7543.

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Cranney, Brenda. "The women of Himachal Pradesh, the impact of development on the everyday lives of poor, rural women in India". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0018/NQ27287.pdf.

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Jose, Saju Valliara. "Evaluation of Micro Finance Intervention Programmes and Strategies Deployed on the Rural Poor by New Age Banks: Cases of States of Kerala and Tamiluadu in India". Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366914.

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This study investigated the extent to which consumers of microfinance services perceive that there is a relationship between the type of financial services they receive and the principles that govern socially responsible practices. Specifically, the study investigated the extent to which managers and consumers of selected microfinance institution and new age banks in India perceived the financial services provided in the context of well known corporate social responsibility (CSR) principles. To achieve this, the study utilised a mixed method approach and design involving quantitative and qualitative techniques. In so doing, the study conjointly drew on selected CSR theoretical frames including Legitimacy theory, Stakeholder Theory and Attribution Theory to gauge managers’ and consumers’ evaluations. Specifically, it was expected that by pursuing a series of nominated objectives, this frame would help assess managers’ and consumers’ reactions to and perceptions of financial services as socially responsible entities as well as selected financial services, in the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR) principles. Managers and consumers views on CSR were collected using interviews and surveys involving the validated Lundstrom and Lammont (1976) instrument. The data was then subjected to appropriate quantitative and qualitative techniques to ascertain levels of (non) significance in the relationship between microfinance institutions’ CSR related initiatives and the managers’ and consumers’ CSR evaluations. The findings reveal that the consumers of microfinance under the CSR banner do not believe in the sustainability of the initiatives and they do not have much hope that these programmes will actually lift them sufficiently above the poverty line. The study also finds that managers of new age banks and microfinance institutions feel that much more could be done in making these programmes sustainable. However both the managers and consumers are generally satisfied by the CSR initiatives of MFIs, including glocalisation. Interestingly there is no real correlation between CSR initiatives and repurchase intentions among consumers. Finally, and based on the findings, the study offers, important managerial implications as to the utility of corporate social responsibility principles in the maintenance of sustainable business practices and consumer satisfaction.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Gebert, Rita Ingrid. "Exchange and environment : local officials and poverty alleviation policy in South India". Phd thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/119327.

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This thesis examines the local development officials’ implementation in Tamil Nadu of a rural poverty alleviation policy--the Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP)--using resource exchange theory. Resource exchange has not been used previously in the context of local administration. I argue, however, that it offers a good explanation of the local administrator’s allocation of policy resources because it sees this allocation in terms of his political and socio-economic environment. The official’s environment in the community development block gives rise to many, sometimes conflicting, demands for the resources under his control (thus severely his time). He exchanges policy resources with the resource rich to satisfy as many of these demands as possible, and to gain valuable resources in return, such as help in implementing other policies. By exchanging resources the administrator more easily satisfies demands for resource allocations from politicians (who have some control over administrative transfers and promotions), and from senior administrators who want program targets achieved. Importantly, he also minimises the time he needs to spend with each policy. I argue that the current, "management-style" development policy and administration literature, which also reflects the attitudes of many senior administrators in India, is both a historical and a contextual. Its authors fail to explain the local official’s implementation of rural development policy, largely because they view him as acting either "pathologically" or "irrationally," rather than as responding as best he can to the most important demands arising from his environment. In terms of IRDP, which seeks to raise people’s incomes above the "poverty line" through subsidised loans for "productive assets," the block officials have of necessity ignored most of its time consuming rules of implementation. They have met IRDP’s targets by trading a large percentage of its resources to "loan brokers" who choose the program beneficiaries and complete program minutiae for the officials in exchange for other administratively-controlled resources. These brokers, many of whom have profited handsomely from IRDP, are little concerned with the poor beneficiaries’ welfare, and the latter have seldom benefited from taking ERDP loans.

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Książki na temat "Rural poor – india"

Bhattacharya, Sib Nath. Rural poverty in India. New Delhi: Ashish Pub. House, 1989.

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Pratap, Singh Bhanu. Betrayal of rural India. Delhi: B.R. Pub. Corp., 1988.

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Mehta, B. C. Rural poverty in India. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co., 1993.

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Khandker, Shahidur R. Improving rural wages in India. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): Population and Human Resources Dept., World Bank, 1989.

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C, Parvathamma. Housing, rural poor, and their living conditions. Delhi, India: Gian Pub. House, 1987.

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Kakwani, Nanak. Rural poverty in India, 1973-86. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): Welfare and Human Resources, Population and Human Resources Dept., World Bank, 1990.

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Dev, S. Mahendra. Rural poverty in India: Incidence, issues, and policies. Bombay, India: Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, 1991.

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Malda) National Seminar on "Rural Development and Minority Group in India" (2011 Kaliachak College. Rural development and minority group in India. Kolkata: Sopan, 2013.

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National, Workshop on "Land Markets and Rural Poverty" (2004 Mussoorie India). Agrarian reforms, land markets, and rural poor. New Delhi: Published for Centre for Rural Studies, Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Mussoorie by Concept Pub. Co., 2009.

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National Workshop on Land Markets and Rural Poverty (2004 Mussoorie, India). Agrarian reforms, land markets, and rural poor. New Delhi: Published for Centre for Rural Studies, Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Mussoorie by Concept Pub. Co., 2009.

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Części książek na temat "Rural poor – india"

Dutta, Mohan Jyoti. "The Poor, the Rural and the Margins". W Imagining India in Discourse, 157–76. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3051-2_7.

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Keirns, Pamela. "Water and Sanitation in India". W Water Supply and Sanitation Services for the Rural Poor, 11–26. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440422.002.

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Thomas, Liya, Raksha Balakrishna, Rahul Chaturvedi, Pranab Mukhopadhyay i Rucha Ghate. "What Influences Rural Poor in India to Refill Their LPG?" W Climate Change and Community Resilience, 191–204. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0680-9_13.

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Sreekumar, T. T. "ICTs for the Rural Poor: Civil Society and Cyber-Libertarian Developmentalism in India". W Political Economy and Information Capitalism in India, 61–87. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230595613_4.

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Vidyarthi, Varun. "10. Self-Reliance among the Rural Poor: Learning Processes in North India". W Grassroot Horizons, 207–28. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780445052.010.

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Alauddin, Mohammad, i Clement Allan Tisdell. "Impact on the Rural Poor of Changing Rural Environments and Technologies: Evidence from India and Bangladesh". W The Environment and Economic Development in South Asia, 113–25. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26392-9_7.

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Narayanan, Sudha, M. Vijayabaskar i Sharada Srinivasan. "The Youth Dividend and Agricultural Revival in India". W Becoming A Young Farmer, 221–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15233-7_8.

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AbstractFifty-four per cent of India’s population is under 25 years of age and, as per the 2011 Population Census, close to 34 per cent of India’s rural population belonged to the age group 15–34. While the presence of a sizeable young population is believed to offer a demographic dividend, policy efforts to realize the dividend have not met with success. Poor prospects for livelihoods within agriculture, its declining importance as a sector in the national economy, and aspirations of rural youth and their parents to find futures in nonfarm sectors suggest that, like elsewhere, agriculture today is an unlikely option for the young in India. The chapter brings the question of youth in agriculture into focus. Despite a large share of rural youth involved in farming, there is limited research or policy attention on the issues and challenges that they face around farming, non-farm opportunities, succession, and intergenerational transfer of resources and knowledge. It makes the case for improving the livelihood prospects within agriculture in a context of changing youth aspirations. We argue that a clearer understanding of the issues is essential to frame a nuanced approach to support the role of youth in agriculture and the role of agriculture in youth livelihood strategies.

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Nanda Kumar, T., Sandip Das i Ashok Gulati. "Dairy Value Chain". W India Studies in Business and Economics, 195–226. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4268-2_6.

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AbstractLivestock sector is the backbone of Indian agriculture and plays a crucial role in the development of the rural economy. More than one-fifth (23%) of agricultural households with area less than 0.01 hectare reported livestock as their principal source of income (GoI Government of India (2014) Key indicators of situation of agricultural). Livestock is one of the fastest-growing sectors of Indian agriculture. While the share of overall agriculture and allied sectors in Gross Value Added (GVA) declined from 18.2% in 2014–15 to 17.8% in 2019–20, the share of livestock sector in GVA increased from 4.4% to 5.1% in the same period (GoI Government of India (2021) The economic survey (2020–21). Ministry of Finance. Government of India). Livestock sector accounts for 31% of the gross value of output in agriculture and allied sector (GVOA). Within livestock, milk is the biggest component with 20% share in GVOA. In fact, milk is the largest agriculture commodity in terms of value of output worth INR 772,705 crores in 2018–19 which was more than the value of cereals, pulses, oilseeds and sugarcane combined worth INR 623,462 crores (MoSPI. (2021). National Accounts Statistics 2020. Central Statistical Organization. Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation.). Around 70 million of rural households are engaged in milk production, most of them are landless, marginal, and small farmers (NCAER. (2020). Analyzing Socio-Economic Impact of National Dairy Plan—I. National Council for Applied Economic Research. February 2020.). As a source of livelihood for million of poor households, dairying also supplements their dietary sources of protein and nutrition thus playing a critical role in the country’s food security needs.

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Subuddhi, Karunamay. "Development of IT-Infrastructure for Rural Connectivity: A Pro-poor Approach to E-Governance for Rural Development in India". W Comparative Information Technology, 121–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9426-2_9.

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Dubey, Amaresh, i Shivakar Tiwari. "Is Occupational Transformation in India Pro-Poor? Analysis of Rural Labour Market in the Reform Period". W Changing Contours of Indian Agriculture, 163–80. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6014-4_10.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Rural poor – india"

Tiwari, Priyamvada, i Keyur Sorathia. "Visualising and systematizing a per-poor ICT intervention for Rural and Semi-urban Mothers in India". W the 7th International Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2636240.2636856.

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Tamhankar, Anurag, i Vidushi Gupta. "Impediments to Sustenance and Revival of Vernacular Architecture in Rural Madhya Pradesh, India". W HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15695.

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Over the past couple of decades, building typology in rural India has seen an unprecedented shift away from vernacular material and construction techniques. The substitute - replicable, mass-produced, concrete structures fail to respond to the climatic and cultural context. In addition to being carbon intensive, inadequate knowledge about form and function of new construction methods and materials have led to poor quality construction that has a shorter life span. Compared to the existing vernacular buildings, such concrete structures are found to be uninhabitable by many end users.Studies done in the past on vernacular architecture of India focus on climate responsive design and execution, and traditional materials. However, there is insufficient research investigating the factors affecting the decline of vernacular practices.This paper assesses the reasons behind change in rural fabric of Madhya Pradesh, India, through primary focussed group discussions, key informant interviews & field observations. The study identifies diverse factors, ranging from individual preferences to policies and laws governing access to resources. It also uncovers unexpected factors such as changing food habits leading to lack of traditional construction materials. These wide-ranging factors are classified under social, technical, financial, and legal categories. The study develops a framework to analyse patterns emerging across different agro-climatic and geographic regions. Based on the findings, the paper also recommends potential interventions for reviving sustainable vernacular architecture in the region.

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Mittal, Sujata. "Cervical cancer management in Rural India: Are we really living in 21st century or need to focus on health education of our doctors". W 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685408.

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Objectives: To study cases of cervical cancer managed/unmanaged in rural India and to analyze the reasons for poor outcome. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 218 cases of cervical cancers between 2008-2013 with resultant outcome in terms of treatment or absence of treatment in spite of diagnosis. Reasons for not taking the treatment have been analyzed. Also, analysis of 21 cases of simple hysterectomy with resultant complications like VVF, RVF has been done. Indications of surgery, operating surgeon, availability of preoperative/postoperative HPR, slides/blocks, discharge summary and disease status at the time of referral was done. Results: 44% refused to take treatment in spite of stage III diagnosis citing financial constraints, distance to be traveled daily for RT and apathetic attitude of family towards females. 20.65% opted for other hospitals. 29.8% took complete treatment. 80% of females were illiterate and dependent. 9.7% had simple hysterectomy for invasive disease. 95% of simple hysterectomies were performed by general surgeons in private setups resulting in 19% of complications like VVF, RVF. 100% cases of simple Hysterectomy did not have pre-operative biopsy. Only 50% cases had post-operative biopsy report and in none of the cases were slide/blocks available for review as trained pathologists were not available. General surgeons who had performed surgery were neither trained in doing P/V examinations nor aware of staging of cervical cancer. Conclusion: Illiteracy, poverty and absence of implementation of cancer control programs are the major hurdles in control of cervical cancer. The study highlights the absence of Government’s will to control cervical cancer in rural India. It emphasizes on the need of intensive training and health education of gynaecologists and surgeons at district/rural level, lack of which is a primary factor for violation of medical ethics by the doctors.

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Sandhu, Jaspal S., Aman Bhandari, Mahad Ibrahim i P. Balakrishnan. "Appropriate Design of Medical Technologies for Emerging Regions: The Case of Aurolab". W ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81291.

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Healthcare delivery in emerging regions presents a unique set of challenges and is characterized largely by poor infrastructure. Though there is significant variation from country to country - and even within countries - in emerging regions, common themes emerge, such as overreliance on direct payment schemes, unreliable supply chains, and intermittent power in rural settings. These themes in turn impose particular design requirements on manufacturers of medical devices and pharmaceuticals; this paper focuses on these design requirements. We illustrate the importance of designing specifically for the developing context, using the example of Aurolab, a non-profit medical manufacturer located in Tamil Nadu, India. Started in 1992, Aurolab began operations with the manufacture of intraocular lenses (IOL), implantable polymer lenses for cataract surgery, becoming the first to produce this technology in India. Today Aurolab produces a variety of medical devices and ophthalmic pharmaceuticals, and deliver their products to 120 countries worldwide. Aurolab’s products illustrate many of the key design requirements for healthcare delivery in India and in other emerging contexts.

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Saxena, Rakhi, Promila Sharma, Pratibha Joshi i Kavita Narwal. "Environmental Problems Among Rural Women and Management of Occupational Health and Safety". W Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100341.

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Women have long occupied a central place in agriculture production in developing countries, ensuring food security for their household and communities, but this role is not performed without adverse consequences for health. The major consequences include health risks owing due to women’s use and exposure to hazardous agro-chemicals/pesticides, farm-related accidents or physical injuries and exposure to hazardous solid fuel in the interior house. Developing countries like India have many polluting sources that produce high level of human exposure. Indoor air pollution in developing countries from biomass smoke is considered to be a significant source of public health hazard, particularly to the poor and vulnerable women and children. Women and children face the greatest exposure to the harmful health effects of pollution. Women traditionally carry out most household chores and spend a considerable part of their time indoors. The pollution also affects young children under their mothers’ care. Another source of high risk of ill health in rural India is exposure to spray of pesticides in the fields. In India, 70% of the population is farmers and they are the target group to be affected by the hazards of pesticide applications. In India, 70% of the population is farmers and they are the target group to be affected by the hazards of pesticide applications. Moreover, in developing countries the users are rather careless in handling pesticides. The high risk groups exposed to pesticides include the production workers, formulators, sprayers, mixers, loaders and agricultural farm workers. During manufacture and formulation, the possibility of hazards may be more because the processes involved are not risk free. In India, 70% of the population is farmers and they are the target group to be affected by the hazards of pesticide applications. Moreover, in developing countries the users are rather careless in handling pesticides. All pesticides in a given chemical group generally affect the human body in the same way; however, severity of the effects varies depending on the formulation, concentration, toxicity and route of exposure of the pesticide. Descriptive cum experimental research design was chosen for the study. The study was carried out in two districts Udham Singh Nagar and Nainital. Purposive cum Random sampling design was used to select the study area. Total sample size was comprised of 240 women from rural areas of Uttarakhand state in India. Experimental data was recorded through various scientific instruments and descriptive data was collected through interview schedule, awareness scales, and observation sheet. On the basis of anthropometric measurements the 5th, 50th and 95th percentile was calculated for the designing of personal protective equipments (gloves and coverall) through CAD for reducing the hazards of pesticide spraying and designing of chimney for minimizing the hazards of smoke originated by traditional cooking source. It was found from investigation that indoor air pollution and pesticide hazards were almost same for the families of hill region but sufferings related to indoor air pollution and pesticide hazards were more in the plain region as compare to hill region. The healthy and natural environmental conditions in the hill region and less dense housing of this region were the cause of less suffering from cooking smoke and pesticide spraying conditions. Taking the above fact into account the chances of diseases, risks and hazards were less for families of hill region.

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Bhatt, Pallav, i Digvijay Singh Sandhu. "EFFECT OF THE NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION ON INSTITUTIONAL DELIVERIES AND RELATED OUT-OF-POCKET SPENDING BY THE POOR". W EPHP 2016, Bangalore, 8–9 July 2016, Third national conference on bringing Evidence into Public Health Policy Equitable India: All for Health and Wellbeing. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2016-ephpabstracts.6.

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Jakkappanavar, Anita C. "Placemaking as multi-faceted tool in urban design and planning. A strategic approach in case of Hubballi city, Karnataka, India". W Post-Oil City Planning for Urban Green Deals Virtual Congress. ISOCARP, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/jeih5897.

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Cities are the main engines of economy attracting influx of population from rural to urban areas. They are the major contributors of global GDP and hold high potential for development opportuniites but yet they face many inequalities. These negative effects suppress positive ones if not managed properly. In context to Hubballi (a developing city of North Karnataka), in the past the cultural matrix shared a symbiotic relationship with the green & blue networks that traversed the city in a manner that could be characterized as the urban commons. However, over a few decades, industrialization & changing economic drivers have led to over exploitation of natural resources. Specifically, in the case of Unkal Nullah, a canal which originates from Unkal Lake in the northern end of Hubballi city. The mismanagement of urban development led to self-build practices, poor drainage system and encroachment of low-income houses along the water edges. Lack of maintenance led to waste dumping practices into the canal which was a source of sustenance in the past, to become the backyard or sewer of the city in the present day. This inturn led ecological imbalances which were compromised and neglected to the background. To ameliorate the situation there have been multiple efforts in terms of policies and missions, the most recent one being the ‘smart cities mission’ which also stresses the sustainable development of Indian cities. This paper is an attempt to fulfill the motive of “smart cities makes better cities with healthier people” by assessing Place making as a major tool to configure waterfront dynamics to create public realm, to make people centric approach which contribute to people’s health, happiness and wellbeing. It is necessary to rethink on the matrix of land & water through urban design & planning efforts in making cities more connected with its water-land-people.

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N K, Sudeepkumar, Selvaraju M, Neeta Singh, Thamizoli P i Venkataraman Balaji. "Technology Enabled Continuing Veterinary Education through agMOOCs". W Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.2152.

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Designing continuing veterinary education programme for practicing veterinarians has been challenging due to several reasons like higher demand from farmers in addressing specific animal health/production issues, scattered location of veterinarians working in remote rural background, lack of time and resources to visit advanced institutions for capacity building, and tracking their knowledge to serve the farming community. In this study agMOOCs platform was used to provide Continuing Veterinary Education (CVE) for veterinarians which was a pioneering effort in India to address the knowledge and skill gap of veterinarians and to address their professional needs. The study concludes that such online programmes are much needed to address, veterinary professionals since it provides greater opportunity to the learner in a convenient time and place with a scope of peer and teacher(s) interaction. The audio-visual also provide opportunity to understand the application of various test, procedure and skills required to apply and improve learners’ knowledge and skill level besides building confidence and achieving the primary objective of capacity building, bridging the knowledge gap and skill to sustain the livelihood of the poor cattle farmer by increasing the production potential of their cattle. The paper discusses on the theoretical frame work, methodology and results in terms of course design, profile of learners, interaction, course support, assessment besides discussing the advantages and limitations, and feedback on the course. Overall, the course was rated good and useful with 841 (29.97 %) of active learners being certified.

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Mota, Zilândia Maria, i Alisson Rocha da Silva. "MONITORAMENTO AMBIENTAL DE ÁREA PROTEGIDA EM PROPRIEDADE RURAL ATRAVÉS DE ÍNDICES DE VEGETAÇÃO". W I Congresso Brasileiro On-line de Estudos Ecológicos. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/rema/3378.

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Introdução: Dentro do universo da propriedade rural, pelo advento da aplicação do Novo Código Florestal criou-se a necessidade de manter-se algum tipo de área protegida. Mas o gerenciamento dessas áreas muitas vezes passa por problemas alheios a vontade do produtor. A dificuldade de acompanhamento dessas áreas pode ser atenuada com a tecnologia do Sensoriamento Remoto. Para tanto é necessário que se entenda princípios práticos da aplicação de Índices de Vegetação, que é o mecanismo dessa tecnologia que terá maior aplicabilidade no monitoramento de reservas florestais. Objetivo: realizar o acompanhamento de uma área protegida de Mata Atlântica em tempo real, por meio da aplicação do índice de vegetação NDVI, a fim de diagnosticar eventuais queimadas, desmatamentos, entre outros eventos problemáticos. Material e métodos: A área estudada possui 3 ha e faz parte de uma reserva de Mata Atlântica pertencente ao Instituto Federal de Pernambuco, no município de Vitória de Santo Antão, Estado de Pernambuco. Utilizou-se a ferramenta de Sensoriamento Remoto EOS Crop Monitoring para obtenção direta do Índice de Vegetação NDVI (Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada), e da Precipitação Diária e Acumulada. Os dados compreendem o período de 11 a 26 de junho de 2021. Resultados: Constatou-se que no período observado a precipitação acumulada foi de apenas 2,4 mm, que está bem abaixo da média histórica dos últimos 5 anos, que é de 34,1 mm. Ao aplicarmos o NDVI, não identificamos grandes alterações, pois o mesmo se manteve entre 0,80 e 0,85, o que indica uma vegetação densa. O índice também não exibiu alterações concentradas, como clareiras, que poderiam indicar supressão da área vegetal através da retirada de árvores, queimadas ou processo erosivo. Conclusão: A despeito de não observarmos grandes alterações quando aplicamos o NDVI, a utilização isolada do referido parâmetro muitas vezes se mostra ineficaz, sendo necessária a aplicação de análogos como o Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada no Vermelho Limítrofe (NDRE), que costuma dar uma visão adicional importante, pois ao contrário daquele, este não satura pela reflectância do solo e permite observar a atividade fotossintética tanto no dossel alto como em camadas mais baixas da vegetação.

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SANCINETTI, Gustavo Sérgio, Alexandre de AZEVEDO, Luiz Henrique Sousa SALGADO i Felipe Schwahofer LANDUCI. "Diagnóstico da cadeia produtiva da carcinicultura na Região Norte Fluminense". W I Simpósio de bolsistas da FIPERJ. Fundação Instituto de Pesca do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - FIPERJ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57068/simposio.fiperj.341.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal fazer o diagnóstico socioambiental da carcinicultura continental, buscando identificar potencialidades e entraves da atividade na região Norte fluminense. Foi utilizado o método de Bola de Neve (Snowball) para identificar os atores sociais envolvidos na carcinicultura e elaborados questionários semiestruturados específicos para diferentes setores/atores da cadeia produtiva. Os principais atores identificados foram produtores, órgão de licenciamento ambiental, instituição de apoio técnico rural e secretarias municipais. Foram identificados três carcinicultores, um produzindo e dois em implantação dos sistemas produtivos. A produção é extensiva, semi-intensiva ou intensiva. Existe busca pelo cumprimento dos aspectos legais ambientais, porém com dificuldades de atender a legislação, mostrandose insatisfeitos quanto à burocracia e ao tempo para a emissão das licenças. As garantias e o juros altos foram outros aspectos apontados como negativos quanto ao financiamento à atividade. Devido à recente implantação da carcinicultura na região, o órgão de apoio técnico (FIPERJ) tem como meta impulsionar a atividade, reconhecendo o potencial da região. Dificuldade para o licenciamento ambiental, falta de plano sanitário estadual e financiamento são os entreves apontados pela FIPERJ. A Secretaria Municipal de Agricultura e Pesca de Quissamã indica a intenção do governo local em incentivar a carcinicultura. Ainda, indica a atividade como especulada por investidores, reconhecendo que o conflito para o uso múltiplo da água dos canais e lagoas, exigências ambientais e falta de corpo técnico municipal são os aspectos negativos para a atividade. Os principais pontos positivos indicados pelos entrevistados foram o acesso fácil à água e ampla área de cultivo. No entanto, apesar de improdutiva para a agricultura e pecuária existe um conflito com o Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba. Não foi possível contato com o órgão ambiental (INEA), responsável pelo licenciamento da carcinicultura. Os resultados sugerem que os principais entraves na carcinicultura são o cumprimento da legislação ambiental, condições de financiamento e conflito pelo uso o da água na região. Faz-se necessário a implantação de políticas públicas que esclareçam, inovem e facilitem a legalização ambiental, tornando o licenciamento menos burocrático e moroso. Planos locais e regionais cooperativos entre os diferentes atores, como a capacitação de novos produtores e discussão sobre a situação da carcinicultura visando um consenso entre os diferentes atores podem facilitar o desenvolvimento da atividade. Tais medidas potencializariam a região norte fluminense como um importante polo de produção e comercialização de camarões e pós-larvas.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Rural poor – india"

You, Siming, Ondřej Mašek, Bauyrzhan Biakhmetov, Simon Ascher, Sudeshna Lahiri, PreetiChaturvedi Bhargava, Thallada Bhaskar, Supravat Sarangi i Sunita Varjani. Feasibility and impacts of Bioenergy Trigeneration systems (BioTrig) in disadvantaged rural areas in India. University of Glasgow, sierpień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36399/gla.pubs.305660.

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This project aims to evaluate the techno-economic and social feasibility, and socio-environmental impacts of bioenergy trigeneration (electricity, clean cooking fuel, and green soil conditioner) systems that tackle the triple crisis of poor electrification, household air pollution, and farmland contamination in rural India. This system is called BioTrig. A project workshop has been held in November in India to discuss and finalise action plans. A questionnaire has been developed to understand the energy, resource, and new technology acceptance of rural households in India. Chemical process modelling, life cycle assessment and cost-benefit analysis has been conducted to evaluate the environmental impact and economic feasibility of BioTrig.

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Pickard, Justin, Shilpi Srivastava, Mihir R. Bhatt i Lyla Mehta. SSHAP In-Focus: COVID-19, Uncertainty, Vulnerability and Recovery in India. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), listopad 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.011.

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This paper addresses COVID-19 in India, looking at how the interplay of inequality, vulnerability, and the pandemic has compounded uncertainties for poor and marginalised groups, leading to insecurity, stigma and a severe loss of livelihoods. A strict government lockdown destroyed the incomes of farmers and urban informal workers and triggered an exodus of migrant workers from Indian cities, a mass movement which placed additional pressures on the country's rural communities. Elsewhere in the country, lockdown restrictions and pandemic response have coincided with heatwaves, floods and cyclones, impeding disaster response and relief. At the same time, the pandemic has been politicised to target minority groups (such as Muslims, Dalits), suppress dissent, and undermine constitutional values. The paper focuses on how COVID-19 has intersected with and multiplied existing uncertainties faced by different vulnerable groups and communities in India who have remained largely invisible in India's development story. With the biggest challenge for government now being to mitigate the further fall of millions of people into extreme poverty, the brief also reflects on pathways for recovery and transformation, including opportunities for rural revival, inclusive welfare, and community response. This brief is based on a review of existing published and grey literature, and 23 interviews with experts and practitioners from 12 states in India, including representation from domestic and international NGOs, and local civil society organisations. It was developed for the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) by Justin Pickard, Shilpi Srivastava, Lyla Mehta (IDS), and Mihir R. Bhatt. Some of the cases draw on ongoing research of the TAPESTRY project, which explores bottom-up transformations in marginal environments across India and Bangladesh.

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Panwar, Nalin Singh. Decentralized Political Institution in Madhya Pradesh (India). Fribourg (Switzerland): IFF, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51363/unifr.diff.2017.23.

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The change through grassroots democratic processes in the Indian political system is the result of a growing conviction that the big government cannot achieve growth and development in a society without people's direct participation and initiative. The decentralized political institutions have been more participatory and inclusive ensuring equality of political opportunity. Social exclusion in India is not a new phenomenon. History bears witness to exclusion of social groups on the bases of caste, class, gender and religion. Most notable is the category of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Women who were denied the access and control over economic and social opportunities as a result they were relegated to the categories of excluded groups. It is true that the problems of the excluded classes were addressed by the state through the enactment of anti-discriminatory laws and policies to foster their social inclusion and empowerment. Despite these provisions, exclusion and discrimination of these excluded groups continued. Therefore, there was a need to address issues of ‘inclusion’ in a more direct manner. Madhya Pradesh has made a big headway in the working for the inclusion of these excluded groups. The leadership role played by the under privileged, poor and the marginalized people of the society at the grassroots level is indeed remarkable because two decade earlier these people were excluded from public life and political participation for them was a distant dream. Against this backdrop, the paper attempts to unfold the changes that have taken place in the rural power structure after 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act. To what extent the decentralized political institutions have been successful in the inclusion of the marginalized section of the society in the state of Madhya Pradesh [India].

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Gurung, M. B., Uma Pratap, N. C. T. D. Shrestha, H. K. Sharma, N. Islam i N. B. Tamang. Beekeeping Training for Farmers in Afghanistan: Resource Manual for Trainers [in Urdu]. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.564.

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Beekeeping contributes to rural development by supporting agricultural production through pollination and by providing honey, wax, and other products for home use and sale. It offers a good way for resource-poor farmers in the Hindu Kush Himalayas to obtain income, as it requires only a small start-up investment, can be carried out in a small space close to the home, and generally yields profits within a year of operation. A modern approach to bee management, using frame hives and focusing on high quality, will help farmers benefit most fully from beekeeping. This manual is designed to help provide beekeepers with the up-to-date training they need. It presents an inclusive curriculum developed through ICIMOD’s work with partner organizations in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal, supported by the Austrian Development Agency. A wide range of stakeholders – trainers, trainees, government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), associations and federations, and private entrepreneurs – were engaged in the identification of curriculum needs and in development and testing of the curriculum. The manual covers the full range of beekeeping-related topics, including the use of bees for crop pollination; production of honey, wax and other hive products; honey quality standards; and using value chain and market management to increase beekeepers’ benefits. It also includes emerging issues and innovations regarding such subjects as indigenous honeybees, gender and equity, integrated pest management, and bee-related policy. The focus is on participatory hands-on training, with clear explanations in simple language and many illustrations. The manual provides a basic resource for trainers and field extension workers in government and NGOs, universities, vocational training institutes, and private sector organizations, and for local trainers in beekeeping groups, beekeeping resource centres, cooperatives, and associations, for use in training Himalayan farmers. Individual ICIMOD regional member countries are planning local language editions adapted for their countries’ specific conditions.

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Chauhan, Priyanshi, i Ria Sinha. Bridging Perspectives: Innovative Finance Insights from India. Indian School Of Development Management, wrzesień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58178/2309.1026.

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This case study engages with the journey of Dhwani Rural Information Systems, a social enterprise that traces its earliest origins back to 2012. Founded by the duo of Sunandan Madan and Swapnil Aggarwal – engineers by training who met while studying for a postgraduate course at the Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA) – Dhwani since its inception has been trying to help a range of social sector organizations effectively integrate technology without disrupting the core ways in which these organizations work. Notably, it has been amongst one of the early enterprises in the sector which has taken efforts to understand in-depth the technology-related “pain points” common across organizations, and to bring a degree of standardisation to their solutions. The case builds an appreciation towards the fact that at the core of a successful technology-centric social enterprise, which can offer relevant and affordable digital products and services to the sector, lies building a composite culture that can straddle both the developmental and technological landscapes. Such a culture seeks to combine engineering and consulting skills in equal measure, and seeks to solve problems mindful of the particularities of the developmental sector, while also retaining a service orientation. In particular, the case looks to draw attention to the ideas of hybridity and elasticity that are integral to such a culture and how these have to be sustained against continuous pressures of talent sourcing, compensation, retention, and learning and development. In a short period of time, Dhwani has become a mature set-up with a clear sector-agnostic product and service value proposition to the sector, with a team strength of over 120 people and over 50 projects, and a variety of organizations, including nonprofits, philanthropies, CSR divisions and governments as clients. Therefore, the experiences of the founders and members of the team offer valuable lessons for other like-minded practitioners. At the same time, to researchers in the field of social enterprise the case may provide a more granular view of important aspects of culture-building in emerging social enterprises. The fact that such enterprises have to draw from a talent pool in constant competition with their private sector counterparts imparts added force to the above considerations.

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Isgut, Alberto E. Ingreso no agrícola y empleo rural en Honduras. Inter-American Development Bank, lipiec 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012066.

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En este documento se estudian las características y determinantes del ingreso no agrícola y el empleo rural en Honduras, con base en la Encuesta de Hogares de setiembre de 1998. Se encuentra que las actividades no agrícolas son importantes para los habitantes de las áreas rurales de Honduras, significando un 31.3% de su ingreso. Mientras que los salarios no agrícolas están asociados en forma positiva con el número de años de escolaridad y la tasa de urbanización por departamento, las ganancias por trabajo no agrícola independiente dependen fuertemente del acceso a los servicios de electricidad y demás infraestructura. Asimismo, algunas actividades no agrícolas son consideradas como el ¿último recurso¿ de trabajo, porque ofrecen ganancias muy bajas, pero, al menos, ayudan a aliviar la pobreza en los hogares de más bajos ingresos. El análisis de regresión indica que la selección ocupacional en forma individual está asociada a la selección hecha por otros miembros del hogar y del entorno rural, lo que sugiere la presencia tanto de factores locales no observables como la importancia de redes de contactos o puntos de referencia. Por último, las ganancias de trabajo están asociadas en forma positiva con el promedio de años de escolaridad de los adultos en el hogar, indicando así la importancia de los contactos familiares y las habilidades en la búsqueda de trabajo.

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Tapiero, Anibal L., Yudy Alejandra Guevara i Marcela Hernandez. Índices de crecimiento, desarrollo y comportamiento fitosanitario de 7 materiales evaluados en campos clonales en Colombia. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.poster.2016.44.

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En el ámbito mundial se dispone de un gran número de clones de caucho (Hevea brasiliensis), desarrollados con diferente especificidad regional. En ausencia de riesgo al Mal Suramericano de las Hojas (SALB) en Asia, el Rubber Research Institute of Malasia (RRIM), el Rubber Research Institute of India (RRII), el Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka (RRSL), han desarrollado clones con alta producción de látex, aunque susceptibles a Pseudocercospora ulei (previamente Microcyclus ulei). En América, el Instituto Agronómico do Norte (IAN) y la Ford Motor Company (FX) han desarrollado clones con resistencia a algunas razas de P. ulei (GONÇALVES et al., 1997); en tanto que la Comissão Executiva de Planejamento da Lavoura Cacaueira - CEPLAC se ha orientado al desarrollo de clones con estructuras de copa apropiadas para sistemas agroforestales cacao o café (BONADIE et al., 2012). También, en convenio con el Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - CIRAD de Francia, la empresa Michelin ®, se ha enfocado a la evaluación de clones con resistencia durable al SALB, como los de las series CDC y FDR procedentes de la Firestone en Guatemala y Liberia (GARCÍA et al., 2004). De otra parte, el Instituto Agronómico de Campinas – IAC ha generado clones de interés para Colombia, como IAC 35, IAC 40, IAC 301, IAC 302 que junto con los clones de las series 400 y 500 han mostrado tolerancia a Colletotrichum spp. y P. ulei y buen desarrollo fenotípico en el estado de Sao Paulo. La selección por adaptación de clones en Colombia es aún incipiente, con información fragmentaria relativa al desempeño de las series IAN, FX, RRIM, AVROS, GT y PB en algunos ambientes regionales. Con la reciente ampliación del área de siembra restringida a la utilización de muy pocos clones (MINISTERIO de AGRICULTURA y DESARROLLO RURAL, 2016) hicieron necesario ampliar la evaluación de nuevos clones, cuya productividad se destaque sobre la de los utilizados actualmente y que presenten resistencia a la incidencia de las enfermedades más limitantes.

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Urquidi, Manuel, Miguel Chalup i Liliana Serrate. Brecha de género en los ingresos laborales en Ecuador: un análisis de su evolución en el periodo 1995-2021. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, listopad 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005249.

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La brecha de ingresos laborales entre hombres y mujeres en América Latina es un obstáculo para lograr la igualdad de género y el desarrollo sostenible. En Ecuador, si bien no se observa una brecha pronunciada en ingresos a nivel agregado, se aprecia que persiste una brecha no explicada. A pesar de que las mujeres, en muchos casos, tienen un mejor perfil laboral que los hombres, su nivel de ingresos no refleja ese mejor perfil laboral, lo que sugiere la existencia de sesgos de género. También se aprecia que la brecha total existe entre trabajadores del sector informal, en el área rural y en trabajadores por cuenta propia. Además, se percibe una diferencia de ingresos heterogénea, pero a favor de los hombres en la mayoría de las ocupaciones. Para analizar la brecha de ingresos laborales por género en Ecuador entre 2000 y 2021 se utilizaron las Encuestas Nacional Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo ENEMDU realizadas por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de Ecuador (INEC) y armonizadas por el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. Se presentan dos metodologías para estimarla: la descomposición Blinder-Oaxaca y la de Ñopo. El análisis en el tiempo de más de dos décadas muestra una reducción de la brecha de total ingresos laborales en el periodo analizado, y al mismo tiempo parece apuntar a la existencia de discriminación de género. Esto indica que se requieren esfuerzos adicionales para comprender esta disparidad. El análisis muestra que, si bien la brecha total se ha reducido, como en muchos otros países de la región, la reducción de la brecha total en general está asociada a la brecha explicada, y no a una reducción de la brecha no explicada que se mantiene en el tiempo.

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Lessons learned from a community-based distribution programme in rural Bihar. Population Council, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1995.1019.

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The state of Bihar in North India ranks near the bottom of the Indian states in terms of its demographic situation. The infant mortality rate as of 1991 was 69 per 1,000, and the contraceptive prevalence rate as of 1990 was 26 percent. Bihar ranks near the bottom among other states of India in almost all indicators of social and economic development. One reason for its low performance is weak management. Besides poverty, a poor communications network and lack of proper infrastructure further make the implementation of programs difficult. Workers have misconceptions about FP methods, and educational activities are poorly designed and implemented. Grassroot workers generally do not attend to their work and program outreach is limited. Given the situation, it is difficult to increase acceptance of FP, particularly among lower parity couples, unless the whole program is revamped and innovative approaches are introduced to increase program outreach and quality of services. The present study, as stated in this report, monitors and documents one such innovative approach presently being implemented by the Bihar State Cooperative Milk Producers Federation in collaboration with the Centre for Development and Population Activities, Washington, DC.

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Formal and informal abortion services in Rajasthan, India: Results of a situation analysis. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh17.1003.

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As part of a Population Council program of research on unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion in Rajasthan, the Population Council and the Centre for Operations Research and Training conducted a situation analysis of abortion services in both the formal and informal sectors in six districts. This report offers insights into the availability and organization of abortion services in the sampled areas in Rajasthan. The report also documents a vast array of informal providers who offer services for delayed menstruation or unwanted pregnancy. Informal providers appear particularly accessible to women because they are far more prevalent in rural areas than formal providers, are generally well known in the community, maintain extended working hours, and sometimes provide care at women’s homes. The findings underscore the need to improve access to affordable, high-quality, legal abortion services, particularly in rural areas. Until this is done, informal providers and uncertified facilities will remain the best option for poor and rural women despite the fact that abortion has been legal in India for over 30 years.

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