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1
Semaan, Eliane. "Operator Diversity in Forest and Rural Applications". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-53064.
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Information and communications technology is increasingly important for rural areas, not just for individual needs but also for the highly automated and demanding forest industry. The ability to communicate wireless in rural areas greatly improves the personal safety of forest workers and provides economical gain for the forest industry. In the absence of a mobile operator that can solely cover rural areas, a so called ”operator diversity model” seems to be a natural fit as it allows access to all available operators and communication networks (2G to 4G) at a specific rural location. To enable the design of the operator diversity model, it is essential to identify and study all possible communication standards and their respective properties that could be included in this model. This thesis investigates the improvement of coverage probability if the operator diversity concept is applied in rural areas. The simulation results show that a coverage probability of 100 percent can be reached in some scenarios. In addition, a case study is carried out in the forest areas around Nykvarn with the intention of demonstrating the substantial benefits of adopting the operator diversity concept. Moreover, bit rate measurements are performed in the same area, thereby providing an insight as to what bit rates to expect in Swedish rural areas. Furthermore, the user business case is considered in order to estimate the additional costs associated with the operator diversity concept.
2
El, Guennouni Yasin. "5G Off Road : Coverage for Rural Applications". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-177901.
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The attention for rural coverage was increasing in media. The need for faster mobile internet speeds was growing, not least for the forest industry. This industry was becoming more updated and sufficient wireless communication could make it more efficient. Additionally, rural coverage could be used by people living in remote areas, such as farmers, and tourist organizations as well. In order to enhance the rural coverage, firstly the existing coverage had to be determined. There were coverage maps done by the operators; however people were not satisfied with them since the stated coverage not always was available. Hence, one goal of this study was to verify how much coverage that was available for the forest industry. The other goals were to verify this coverage and suggest how to improve it. Coverage maps from operators were compared with harvesting locations for the forest industry. This would give an illustration of how the situation looked like, according to the available coverage maps. In addition a couple of methods that verified the coverage maps were done. These methods were then backed up by theoretical calculations. The results showed that the best coverage according to the operator coverage maps was given by Net1. Furthermore the best verification of coverage is given by Ascom Tems products, if several details are wanted. However, if a budget solution would be sought, less advanced applications could be enough.
3
Heggem, Christine Nichole. "Estimating the benefits of rural telemedicine: issues and applications". Thesis, Montana State University, 1998. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/1998/heggem/HeggemC1998.pdf.
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Use of telemedicine as a method of health care delivery, particularly interactive video, has seen a surge in popularity in recent years. However, no standard method has been developed to determine the net benefit to society of these applications. Any such method should recognize that the implementation of telemedicine may affect both access to health care and its quality, as well as the tradeoff between them. This thesis explores the issues surrounding evaluation of telemedicine from an economic benefit-cost analysis standpoint and discusses alternative methods of benefit estimation. Available data are employed to estimate averted cost measures for consumers and isolate determinants of telemedicine use rates for mental health consultations. In addition, data needs for alternative methods of benefit estimation are identified.
4
Li, Yang. "Models and applications of wireless networks in rural environments". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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With the unprecedented growth of the communication industry that the world is experiencing, the demand from rural inhabitants for high quality communications at an economically affordable cost is growing. However, rural areas are rather restricted from deploying communication services due to the rough natural environment, and the shortage of rudimentary communication facilities and technical personnel. Appropriate models for building rural wireless networks and a concomitant simulation environment are, therefore, expected to enable the construction of technologically-optimal and economically-efficient networks in specified rural areas.The research has set up two independent models, one for the economic need and the other for the technical need of building networks in rural areas. One model was the Impact of Telecommunications Model, which disclosed the importance of building a wireless network in specified rural areas by choosing an economic parameter to forecast the profitability of the network. The other was the Service Model, which collected primitive data from given rural areas and abstracted these data by flowing them through four technical layers to form the predicted technical wireless network. Both of the models had been applied to real-world cases to demonstrate how to use them.
A simulation environment was finally designed and implemented to realize the above two models for the sake of instantiation. This environment could simulate the specified rural network by constructing a wireless network on the invented areas and evaluating its quality and economic efficiency. It was written in Scilab simulation language, which was an open source.
5
Shin, Dong-Ho. "Applications of regional planning strategies to South Korean rural development". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30003.
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The thesis analyzes South Korean rural development programmes implemented from 1968 to 1986. It examines the respective planning goals, implementation methods, and outcomes of two Korean development programmes: the Rural Non-Farm Employment Programme and Saemaul Undong. The theoretical framework for this analysis is based on a comparison of the Functional Integration Approach (FIA) and the Territorial Development Approach (TDA).
FIA theory has been developed mainly by consultants from the United States Agency for International Development (e.g., Dennis A. Rondinelli). These theorists assume that rural underdevelopment stems from the lack of urban technology and information. Accordingly, they see that transfer of urban technology is the key to rural economic development. The theory prescribes the promotion of rural trade centres and networks bridging urban and rural areas.
TDA theory has been modelled by John Friedmann and his colleagues. It is a bottom-up, people-oriented approach. Advocates of this approach emphasize even distribution of economic power, while those of FIA focuses on economic growth. The TDA theory proposes that planners involve intended beneficiaries in decision-making processes, and help poor people directly. TDA attempts to close the urban/rural linkages selectively, since it is thought that some urban influences are harmful to rural development. TDA has been criticized as unfeasible since in most countries it requires significant reforms of the existing power structure.
The Korean Rural Non-Farm Employment reflects some aspects of FIA theories, and Saemaul Undong some aspects of TDA. The non-farm employment programme has been planned by professional planners in national planning agencies. The planners have attempted to promote manufacturing industries in selected rural
centres. However, the programme has not been successful in creating more rural employment for poor people. A major reason for this appears to be that the programme promotes employment opportunities which are inappropriate to the skills of the rural poor.
Saemaul Undong was initiated by the late president Chung-Hee Park. The programme was implemented by central politicians, local administrators, and rural people. Goals of development were not purely economic. Rather, they included social development and the programme focused on areas regardless of economic potential. It has improved the quality of rural infrastructure, technology, and people's confidence, combinations of which may be a basis for long-term development. It has also improved rural gross income, though the growth has necessitated increased expenses.
From the analysis of the two Korean rural planning programmes, the thesis concludes that TDA, as exemplified by Saemaul Undong, is a promising regional planning strategy. Specifically the thesis concludes that planning for rural development in countries like Korea should include the following TDA approaches: 1) involve beneficiaries in the decision-making process, 2) employ appropriate local inputs and knowledge, 3) facilitate linkages among rural institutions, as well as between rural people and government agencies, and 4) assist innovation from within rural areas.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
6
Chetty, Marshini. "Developing locally relevant applications for rural South Africa : a telemedicine example". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6385.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 172-182).Within developing countries, there is a digital divide between rural and urban areas. In order to overcome this division, we need to provide locally relevant Information and Communication Technology (ICT) services to these areas. Traditional software development methodologies are not suitable for developing software for rural and underserviced areas because they cannot take into account the unique requirements and complexities of such areas. We set out to find the most appropriate way to engineer suitable software applications for rural communities. We developed a methodological framework for creating software applications for a rural community. We critically examined the restrictions that current South African telecommunications legislation places on software development for underserviced areas. Our socially aware computing framework for creating software applications uses principles from Action Research and Participatory Design as well as best practice guidelines; it helps us address all issues affecting the project success. The validity of our framework was demonstrated by using it to create Multi-modal Telemedicine Intercommunicator (MuTI). MuTI is a prototype system for remote health consultation for a rural community. It allowed for synchronous and asynchronous communications between a clinic in one village and a hospital in the neighbouring village, nearly 20 kilometers away, in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. It used Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) combined with a store and forward approach for communication. MuTI was tested over a Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) network for several months.
7
Pungetti, Gloria. "Landscape research for ecologically sound planning of Mediterranean rural areas : applications in Sardinia". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627619.
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Fritz, Wilfred Leslie Owen. "Development of a solid state distributed lighting system for rural energy efficient applications". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1157.
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Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006The electrical supply utility, ESKOM, cannot cope with the growing demand in South Africa. This results in load shedding and power outages. This capacity can be augmented, by conducting energy audits, retrofitting government buildings, designing and installing cost-effective lighting systems, and using renewable energy sources in rural areas. Households in rural areas depend on candles and paraffin lamps to supply light at night. Solar panels as renewable energy sources are very expensive in conventional lighting systems. The problem is that a cost-effective, affordable lighting system has not yet been designed. The following four projects have been completed by the author: - Software development for a lighting design in general - Efficient high bright light emitting diode (HB-LED) lighting system - Energy audit and retrofit of the Nuwe Hoop School in Worcester - Optimization of hybrid solar-diesel system Firstly, the author wrote a program that is used in lighting designs. This illumination software is utilized for educational purposes. A manual step-by-step lighting design procedure was compiled. The JAVA object-oriented programming language was used to write the code of the design software. Real life design parameters are fed to the program, to confirm proper implementation. The software package will perform illuminance calculations to display relevant Isolux diagrams for educational purposes.
9
Rourke, Antony. "Applications of image processing techniques to data collection and monitoring in transport". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262454.
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Orosz, Matthew S. (Matthew Sándor) 1977. "ThermoSolar and photovoltaic hybridization for small scale distributed generation : applications for powering rural health". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74428.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 213-223).
The problem of provisioning a remote health clinic or school with electricity, heating and cooling (trigeneration) is considered from an engineering design and optimization standpoint. A baseline technical-economic review of existing options is performed, and a novel alternative is proposed: micro-Concentrating Solar Power (CSP), featuring an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) using repurposed HVAC scroll compressors as expanders. The design of the [mu]-CSP technology is informed by a semi-empirical steady state multi-physics sizing and performance model (SORCE) which predicts system output, efficiency, and specific costs as a function of geoposition. Empirical validation of key mechanical and electrical components is performed to parameterize the model. On a levelized cost basis, ,-CSP is shown to outperform standard equipment for trigeneration applications at remote sites. Scroll expander development is identified as an opportunity for enhanced performance, and a computationally efficient method for selecting optimal thermo-mechanical geometries for a scroll expander is described. Tradeoffs between concentration ratio, power block size and thermal storage are examined, and the key role of thermal capacity in the system is highlighted. A semi-dynamic version of SORCE is developed to support optimization amongst system components in a simulated operating environment including insolation and thermal transients; this offers preliminary insights into control decisions that influence cost and performance, such as timing and power management of ORC operation. Finally, the concept of synergies between concentrating solar photovoltaic (CPV) and CSP architecture is explored. A semi-empirical diode model is developed using experimental data from commercially available a-SI and c-Si solar cells and incorporated into PV-SORCE (where the [mu]-CSP thermal absorber is replaced with a PV heat collection element). Optimization of design parameters influencing figures of merit (system efficiency and specific costs) indicates that an optimal configuration is highly sensitive to the PV properties; as such, further optimization of the hybrid system parameters is recommended. This research also involved lab and field (Lesotho, southern Africa) prototyping of small solar ORC units. Relevant design parameters and further development of the [mu]-CSP concept is discussed in the context of field experiences.
by Matthew S. Orosz.
Ph.D.
11
Birkin, M. H. "Applications of dynamical systems theory to urban modelling : New subsystems and extended comprehensive models". Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375343.
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Petersen, Eric Randall. "The effectiveness of low-cost traffic calming applications appropriate for main streets through rural communities". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2006.
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13
Arco, Sola Javier, i Oscar Nelson. "Applications of biomass Stirling engines for electrification -A case study of rural areas in Bolivia". Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-148061.
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This report provides a study and a simulation of a feasible system configuration for the implementation of a Stirling engine for electrification of rural areas in Bolivia. The aim of the review is to determine if a hybrid system combining a biomass-fired Stirling engine and photovoltaic technology may respond to a basic electricity need. An introductory literature study about the Stirling engine technology and the energy resources and characteristics of Bolivia leads to a further proposal of the selected system for rural electrification. The chosen Stirling engine for this study is a 3 kW electric output engine combined with a PV array of 0.9 kW and a battery bank with a capacity of 1200 Ah. The power demand that must be satisfied is based on a rural village in the department of Beni with an amount of 24 households. The simulation is performed in the software Homer Energy where an energy balance between the generated power and the demand can be analysed in order to optimise the power generation strategy. Two scenarios are simulated with monthly demands of 45 and 60 kWh per household. Results from the study indicate that the decision on the size of the Stirling engine must be attached to the demand that is going to satisfy in order to avoid insufficient or excessive power production. In addition, although the PV technology allows an increase on the power demand that the system can handle and makes it more flexible, its contribution is not of the same order of the Stirling engine. The described system configuration is able to attend a demand up to 55 kWh/day and a peak power of 3.8 kW. In conclusion, Stirling engines have the potential to become a good solution for rural electrification, especially when making use of CHP strategies to increase the overall efficiency of the energy generation and fulfil both the electric and thermal demands of rural populations.
14
Ruxwana, NL, ME Herselman i DP Conradie. "ICT applications as e-health solutions in rural healthcare in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa". Health Information Management Journal, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001187.
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Abstract
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) solutions (e.g. e-health, telemedicine, e-education)
are often viewed as vehicles to bridge the digital divide between rural and urban healthcare centres and
to resolve shortcomings in the rural health sector. This study focused on factors perceived to infl uence
the uptake and use of ICTs as e-health solutions in selected rural Eastern Cape healthcare centres,
and on structural variables relating to these facilities and processes. Attention was also given to two
psychological variables that may underlie an individual’s acceptance and use of ICTs: usefulness and ease
of use. Recommendations are made with regard to how ICTs can be used more effectively to improve
health systems at fi ve rural healthcare centres where questionnaire and interview data were collected:
St. Lucy’s Hospital, Nessie Knight Hospital, the Tsilitwa Clinic, the Madzikane Ka-Zulu Memorial Hospital
and the Nelson Mandela General Hospital.
15
Choque, Campero Luis Antonio. "The Stirling engine as a part of a hybrid power system : a study of applications in rural areas of Bolivia". Licentiate thesis, KTH, Tillämpad termodynamik och kylteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293905.
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Rural electrification in developing countries has become one of the greatest challenges for achieving global access to electricity—one of the United Nation’s sustainable development goals. Governments, international entities and private companies are tasked with improving the quality of life for people and reducing environmentally harmful emissions. Bolivia’s political agenda has been working in coordination with international cooperation organizations, and it has achieved great improvements in access to electricity in recent years. Different strategies and technologies have been used in the various climate scenarios that span Bolivia’s territory. Although more Bolivians have access to electricity than 10 years ago, insufficient knowledge, training, and follow-up from local and national actors (such as power producers, power distributors, and electricity service providers) prevent these solutions from operating as expected. This study explores the integration of a Stirling engine into a small power production system for use in remote rural areas. The Stirling engine is a well-known technology that can use local fuels to generate power and heat. Here two different hybrid power systems in three case studies are compared: the first system is using photovoltaic (PV) panels, batteries, and diesel engines and the second is using PV panels, batteries, and Stirling engines. In a sustainability analysis the environmental effects, economy, and performances—efficiency and reliability—of the two systems are compared. In addition, the study discusses the maintenance of the Stirling engine in Bolivia rural conditions. The study began by gathering data from 17 households in different communities, which had just obtained access to electricity. These communities are characterized by different environmental and climate conditions, which allows us to better understand how the systems operate under Bolivia’s varying climate and to consider the state of its economy and technical capacity. With the help of GIS (Geographical Information System) maps, three Bolivian communities were selected: Tirina, Tablani, and El Carmen. Six hybrid power system were simulated for these communities, two dynamic models per community. The comparison between the two systems shows that Stirling engine hybrid power system produces at least 7 Tons per year less CO2 emissions than the Diesel hybrid power system per community. The financial analysis used the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) to show the two systems’ cost per kilowatt-hour (in USD). The LCOE of the Stirling system is higher than the diesel engine in the three communities. The net present value was calculated to reflect the costs of the initial investment, as well as maintenance, spare parts, and so on, over the duration of the study. Finally, performance of the two systems was analyzed through a simulated one-day dynamic test of both systems in the three communities. The two systems responded without problem to the communities’ power demands. These power demands have peaks between about 5 kW and 7 kW.Landsbygdselektrifiering i utvecklingsländer har blivit en av de största utmaningarna för global tillgång till el - ett av FN: s mål för hållbar utveckling. Regeringar, internationella enheter och privata företag står inför utmaningen att förbättra livskvaliteten för människor och minska miljöfarliga utsläpp. Bolivias politiska agenda har handlat om att arbeta samordnat med internationella samarbetsorganisationer och har uppnått stora förbättringar avseende tillgången till el de senaste åren. Olika strategier och tekniker har använts i de olika klimatscenarierna som spänner över Bolivias territorium. Även om fler bolivianer har tillgång till el än för tio år sedan, förhindrar otillräcklig kunskap, utbildning och uppföljning från lokala och nationella aktörer (som kraftproducenter, kraftdistributörer och elsleverantörer) att dessa lösningar fungerar som förväntat. Denna studie undersöker integrationen av en Stirling-motor i ett litet kraftproduktionssystem för användning i avlägsna landsbygdsområden. Stirling-motorn är en välkänd teknik som kan använda lokala bränslen för att generera energitjänster. Här jämförs två olika hybridsystem i tre fallstudier: det första systemet har solcellspaneler (PV), batterier och dieselmotorer [1] och det andra har solcellspaneler, batterier och Stirling-motorer. I en hållbarhetsanalys jämförs de två systemens miljöeffekter, kostnader och prestanda - effektivitet och tillförlitlighet. Dessutom diskuterar studien underhållet av Stirling-motorn i landsbygden i Bolivia. Studien började med insamling av data från 17 hushåll i olika samhällen, som just hade fått tillgång till el,. Dessa samhällen kännetecknas av olika miljö- och klimatförhållanden, vilket gör det möjligt för oss att bättre förstå hur systemen fungerar under Bolivias varierande klimat och att ta hänsyn till läget för dess ekonomi och tekniska kapacitet. Med hjälp av GIS-kartor (Geographical Information System) valdes tre bolivianska samhällen ut: Tirina, Tablani och El Carmen. Sex hybridsystem simulerades för dessa samhällen, två dynamiska modeller per samhälle. Jämförelsen mellan de två systemen visar att Stirling-motorns hybridkraftsystem producerar minst 7 ton per år mindre koldioxidutsläpp än Diesel-hybridkraftsystemet för respektive samhälle. I den finansiella analysen användes ”levelized cost” för el (LCOE) för att visa de två systemens kostnad per kilowattimme (i USD). LCOE för Stirling-systemet är högre än dieselmotorn i de tre samhällena. Nettonuvärdet beräknades för att återspegla kostnaderna för den initiala investeringen, såväl som underhåll, reservdelar med mera under studiens varaktighet. Slutligen analyserades de två systemens prestanda genom ett simulerat dynamiskt test omfattande en dag för respektive system i de tre samhällena. De två systemen uppfyllde då utan problem samhällenas effektbehov. Dessa effektbehov har toppar mellan 5 kW och 7 kW.
16
McDonald, Christopher. "An experimental research investigation into disused flat rail wagons as bridges with applications for low volume rural roads in Australia". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/45684/1/Christopher_McDonald_Thesis.pdf.
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An experimental laboratory investigation was carried out to assess the structural adequacy of a disused PHO Class Flat Bottom Rail Wagon (FRW) for a single lane low volume road bridge application as per the design provisions of the Australian Bridge Design Standard AS 5100(2004). The investigation also encompassed a review into the risk associated with the pre-existing damage in wagons incurred during their service life on rail.
The main objective of the laboratory testing of the FRW was to physically measure its performance under the same applied traffic loading it would be required to resist as a road bridge deck. In order to achieve this a full width (5.2m) single lane, single span (approximately 10m), simply supported bridge would be required to be constructed and tested in a structural laboratory. However, the available clear spacing between the columns of the loading portal frame encountered within the laboratory was insufficient to accommodate the 5.2m wide bridge deck excluding clearance normally considered necessary in structural testing. Therefore, only half of the full scale bridge deck (single FRW of width 2.6m) was able to be accommodated and tested; with the continuity of the bridge deck in the lateral direction applied as boundary constraints along the full length of the FRW at six selected locations. This represents a novel approach not yet reported in the literature for bridge deck testing to the best of the knowledge of the author.
The test was carried out under two loadings provided in AS 5100 (2004) – one stationary W80 wheel load and the second a moving axle load M1600. As the bridge investigated in the study is a single lane single span low volume road bridge, the risk of pre-existing damage and the expected high cycle fatigue failure potential was assessed as being minimal and hence the bridge deck was not tested structurally for fatigue/ fracture. The high axle load requirements have instead been focussed upon the investigation into the serviceability and ultimate limit state requirements. The testing regime adopted however involved extensive recording of strains and deflections at several critical locations of the FRW. Three locations of W80 point load and two locations of the M1600 Axle load were considered for the serviceability testing; the FRW was also tested under the ultimate load dictated by the M1600.
The outcomes of the experimental investigation have demonstrated that the FRW is structurally adequate to resist the prescribed traffic loadings outlaid in AS 5100 (2004). As the loading was directly applied on to the FRW, the laboratory testing is assessed as being significantly conservative. The FRW bridge deck in the field would only resist the load transferred by the running platform, where, depending on the design, composite action might exist – thereby the share of the loading which needs to be resisted by the FRW would be smaller than the system tested in the lab. On this basis, a demonstration bridge is under construction at the time of writing this thesis and future research will involve field testing in order to assess its performance.
17
Mamdy, Jean-François. "Les conditions du développement local en zone rurale fragile : applications au Massif central". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CLF20056.
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La recherche entreprise s'appuie sur l'observation des pratiques révélées par quelques expériences de développement localisées et délimitées dans le temps. Elle s'efforce de comprendre les processus en cours, d'en éclairer les dysfonctionnements, de faire apparaitre les conditions favorables a l'éclosion ou à la diffusion du développement local. La première partie pose le cadre d'ensemble et les grandes questions mythologiques : le territoire pertinent, la stratégie adaptée, l'évaluation du processus. La deuxième partie consiste en un diagnostic de développement à l'échelle locale. Le canton corrézien de Neuvic d’Ussel apporte ici la matière d'une riche expérience : quinze ans d'une démarche collective de réflexion, d'actions, de programmations dans un "pays" bien centre sur son bourg, mais changeant dans ses contours; une dynamique d'acteurs incontestable, mais contrariée en permanence par la chape de plomb politico-technicienne; des effets spectaculaires, innovants, mais passionnant, non pour faire l'apologie du développement local, mais pour en éprouver les limites. Sous le titre "succès et échecs locaux", la dernière partie observe et analyse une dizaine d'expériences territoriales choisies dans le massif-central. La réflexion se structure au fil des exemples selon une progression thématique : l'initiative privée, l'intégration des nouveaux acteurs, la mobilisation locale et les mobiles de la dynamique sociale, l'organisation territoriale. L’aboutissement du travail de recherche est une proposition en cinq axes stratégiques, pour créer les conditions propices au développement local en zone rurale fragileThis research is based on the observation of practical, time limited experiences in local development. We have tried to understand the process in progress, to throw light on the failures and to show how under good circumstances local development could appear and even grow. In the first part of this study we introduce the framework and the main methological questions i. E. : a relevant area, an adapted strategy and evaluation means. In the second part we focus on a case of local development : the Neuvic d’Ussel district located in the department of Correze. It is quite valuable as an experience because it represents a fifteen years'collective action, thinking and programming in an area organised pound its town but with changing limits. We have met a very dynamic population most of the time thwarted by a politicotechnician power. We have witnessed spectacular and innovating results but difficult to evaluate as parts of a community organisation. So it represents a thrilling example of local development that we do not want to praise undicerningly but whose limits we have to analyse. In the last part, under the little "local success and failure" we introduce and analyse ten different experiences of local development in the massif central. The examples are gathered in thematic order : private intitiative, new actors, community responsibility and territorial organisation. As a conclusion we suggest five strategic broad directions to help local development in less favoured rural areas
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Loehmer, Emily Ann. "UNDERSTANDING SUPPLEMENTAL NUTRITION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM-EDUCATION PARTICIPATION AT RURAL FARMERS MARKETS: USING THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL MEDIA APPLICATIONS". OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1729.
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Low consumption of fruits and vegetables due to various barriers among food insecure populations presents a significant health risk across all ages. Nutrition education is available to low-income populations, but due to the complexity and variety of influences that determine dietary behavior, increasing nutrition knowledge as a singular approach does not successfully result in behavior change. This may be supported by low Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) redemption rates at farmers markets. There is a lack of data using the Theory of Planned Behavior to assess intentions to purchase fruits and vegetables by SNAP-Ed participants at farmers markets in Southern Illinois. There is also a lack of research on the interest in using social media for nutrition education on fruit and vegetable consumption in low-income populations throughout Southern Illinois. A cross-sectional survey was used to understand SNAP-Ed participants’ intentions to purchase fruits and vegetables at farmers markets, as well as their interest in receiving and using online nutrition education through various social media applications. A survey instrument was distributed to low-income participants of various SNAP-Ed nutrition classes hosted by the University of Illinois-Extension throughout the 16 southernmost counties of Illinois. The survey analyzed constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior and relationships with intentions using regression analysis. Additionally, questions regarding social media usage were used to determine what technologies and social media applications are most commonly used among the sample, and any interest in receiving nutrition education through such applications. A total sample of n=189 SNAP-Ed participants completed the survey. The study found that attitude regarding fresh fruits and vegetables at farmers markets was the strongest predictor of intent to purchase fruits and vegetables for SNAP-Ed participants who receive SNAP benefits. Second, online nutrition education focused on fruit and vegetable purchases at farmers markets may be more generalizable regarding certain socio-demographic factors for SNAP-Ed participants who receive SNAP benefits. Third, results from the study demonstrate that 76.9% of respondents had Internet access, which is higher than current national rates for Internet accessibility in rural areas. Therefore, it is important to consider an increased Internet accessibility beyond at-home broadband coverage, which may include public libraries, work, school, or on a Smartphone. The most important socio-demographic characteristic to consider regarding social media use was age in the context of generations (Millennials, Working Adults, Seniors). Overall, SNAP-Ed participants were most likely to exhibit interest in nutrition education from text messages, email, or on Facebook. SNAP-Ed participants would like to receive online nutrition education via email (30.1%), Facebook (24.7%), and text messaging (21.0%). Online nutrition education in the form of email, Facebook, and text messaging would be the most successful in terms of recruitment and interaction for SNAP-Ed participants. Therefore, using social media to deliver nutrition education may be an effective supplement to reinforce the current classroom curriculum used in SNAP-Ed programming. Findings from this study support the use of online nutrition education through social media applications as an avenue to increase fruit and vegetable purchases at farmers markets in the Southern Illinois Mississippi Delta Region.
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Wadi, Abid Ali. "Les applications de l'énergie solaire a l'habitat rural irakien : adaptation en fonction des variations climatiques journalières et saisonnières dans les régions marécageuses". Paris 7, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA077232.
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Le travail que nous avons réalisé a pour objectif le développement d'un habitat climatique moderne dans les régions marécageuses irakiennes. L'étude comporte dans le premier chapitre une description détaillée du milieu physique et des constructions traditionnelles en roseau et en argile, et constitue une contribution majeure à la connaissance d'un mode de vie et d'un habitat hérité de la civilisation sumérienne. L'analyse des conditions climatiques sur tout le territoire irakien présentée dans le deuxième chapitre définit clairement 3 grandes zones climatiques. Dans chacune de ces zones, les calcus du rayonnement solaire, réalisés en utilisant les méthodes préconisées par Monsieur Perrin de Brichambaut, donnent des résultats très satisfaisants.
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Gbakou, Monnet Benoît Patrick. "Offre de travail et migration dans les pays en développement : applications économétriques sur les données de ménages ivoiriens". Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSF0027.
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Un grand nombre de travaux empiriques portant sur les marchés du travail des pays en développement s'intéressent surtout aux changements macroéconomiques sur ces marchés. Or, ces changements macroéconomiques ne reflètent pas toujours correctement les changements microéconomiques au niveau des agents. Cette thèse se propose d'analyser ces changements microéconomiques à travers l'analyse de trois comportements majeurs des travailleurs africains. Elle privilégie les comportements de migration et les comportements d'offre de travail des individus. Le premier comportement étudié se rapporte à la migration de la main-d'oeuvre rurale vers les villes. Nos résultats montrent que l'écart de salaire entre la zone urbaine et la zone rurale n'incite pas à la migration des actifs masculins. Cependant le salaire urbain reste incitatif pour la migration des femmes actives rurales. Néanmoins, l'analyse de la migration en termes de choix binaire peut être dépassée lorsqu'on dispose du nombre de migrations effectuées par chaque individu. Le nombre de migrations effectuées par un travailleur est supposé rendre compte de la rotation de celui-ci sur le marché du travail. Nos résultats indiquent que les salaires offerts plus élevés dans certaines régions ont incité les actifs masculins et féminins à faire un grand nombre de migrations, et partant à changer plusieurs fois d'emplois ou d'employeurs. Si ces analyses des comportements de migration montrent en partie les changements sur les marchés du travail des pays africains, l'analyse de l'allocation du temps disponible entre le travail rémunéré et le loisir n'est pas moins importante. Il apparaît que la présence plus importante des femmes sur le marché du travail ivoirien s'est traduite par une amélioration de la consommation de biens (le bien-être) ou du pouvoir de négociation de ces dernières au sein des ménages. De plus, il est clairement montré que les membres d'un même ménage ne mettent pas en commun leurs revenusA great number of empirical studies focusing on the labour markets in developing countries are especially interested in the macroeconomic changes on these markets. Now, these macroeconomic changes do not still reflect correctly the microeconomic changes at the level of the agents. This thesis poposes to analyze these microeconomic changes trough the analysis of three major behaviours of the african workers. It privileges the behaviour of migration and the behaviour of labour supply. The first studied behaviour relates to the migration of the rural labour force towards cities. Our findings show that the urban to rural wage gap does not incite the male workers to migrate. However, the urban wage is still incentive to the migration of female rural workers. Nevertheless, the analysis of the migration in terms of binary choice can be overlooked when we have the number of completed migrations of every individual. The number of completed migrations of a worker is assumed to report the turnover of this one on the labour market. Our results indicate that more raised wage offers in certain areas incited the male and female workers to make a large number of migrations, and hence to change jobs and employers several times. In these analyses of the migration behaviour show partially the changes on the labour markets of the african countries, the analysis of the time allocation between market work and leisure is not less important. It seems that the more important presence of the women on the ivoirian labour market was expressed by an improvement of the goods consumption (the well-being) or the household negatiation position of these last ones within the households. Furthermore, it is clearly shown that the household members do not pool their incomes
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Verster, Cornel. "Smart transformer communication and application in rural microgrid settings". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97016.
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Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Smart Grid is an initiative to make the existing utility grid more effective and efficient by making utility infrastructure smarter. The initiative affects all areas of the utility grid and all utility hardware. Communication to utility hardware for monitoring and remote configuration is central to the smart grid vision. The focus of this project is the Smart Transformer, a distribution transformer with built-in intelligence and communication capabilities. Data acquisition and remote configuration hardware and software was developed and installed on a distribution transformer for application in deep rural areas. The solution included communication capabilities and adheres to industry standards. The solution was tested and data acquisition and management were done using the OSIsoft PI System software. Field tests were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the solution in a deep rural setting. It was found that the smart transformer can be effectively monitored, configured and controlled in a deep rural setting. The smart transformer concept was investigated in a microgrid context. The potential of a smart transformer within a microgrid was explored and the smart transformer as a microgrid market-enabler was focussed on. A simulation was performed to evaluate the role of a smart transformer as a microgrid market-enabling device. It was found that the smart transformer has the potential to serve as a market-enabling device.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die slim kragnetwerk is 'n initiatief om die bestaande kragnetwerk meer effektief en doeltreffend te maak deur kragnetwerk infrastruktuur se intelligensie te vermeerder. Die initiatief beïnvloed alle aspekte van die kragnetwerk en kragnetwerk hardeware. Kommunikasie met kragnetwerk hardeware vir moniteering en instelling oor 'n afstand is sentraal aan die slim kragnetwerk visie. Die fokus van hierdie projek is die slim transformator, 'n distribusie transformator met ingeboude intelligensie en kommunikasie vermoëns. Data verkryging en afstandelike instelling hardeware en sagteware was ontwikkel en installeer op 'n distribusie transformator vir toepasing in diep-landelike gebiede. Die oplossing sluit kommunikasie vermoëns in en voldoen aan industrie standaarde. Die oplossing was getoets en data verkryging en bestuur was geïmplementeer met gebruik van OSIsoft se PI Stelsel sagteware. Veldtoetse was gedoen om die effektiwiteit van die oplossing in diep-landelike gebiede te evalueer. Dit was gevind dat die slim transformator effektief gemoniteer, ingestel en beheer kan word in 'n diep-landelike omgewing. Die slim transformator konsep was ondersoek in 'n mikro-kragnetwerk konteks. Die potensiaal van 'n slim transformator binne 'n mikro-kragnetwerk was verken en die vermoë van 'n slim transformator om 'n mark binne 'n mikro-kragnetwerk in staat te stel was op gefokus.‘n Simulasie was uitgevoer om die vermoë wat 'n slim transformator het om 'n mark binne 'n mikro-kragnetwerk in staat te stel te evalueer. Dit was gevind dat 'n slim transformator die vermoë het om 'n mark binne 'n mirko-kragnetwerk in staat the stel.
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Braga, De Lima Juvêncio. "Application de l'analyse situationnelle aux problèmes de développement des zones rurales montagnardes en France". Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37596397j.
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Cubelic, Cathleen J. "iPad 2 Applications and Emergent Literacy: Do They Have an Impact on the Acquisition of Early Literacy Skills?" Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1370348007.
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Bui, Doan-Nhu. "Les modes organisationnels des services publics en milieu rural dispersé dans les pays en développement : application à l'électrification rurale décentralisée". Paris, EHESS, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EHES0024.
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Historiquement, l'intensité en capital du réseau électrique et les objectifs de service public de la distribution ont conduit à reconnaître au secteur électrique des caractéristiques du monopole naturel, et à la création de compagnies d'électricité dotées de concessions territoriales exclusives. Ces dernières années ont toutefois vu la mise en échec de l'approche d'électrification par le réseau des populations rurales des pays en développement, notamment dans les zones éloignées et dispersées. Les récentes innovations technologiques changent la donne en apportant des nouvelles solutions avec l'introduction de l'électrification rurale décentralisée (ERD) qui remplace les infrastructures collectives par des systèmes individuels. Cependant, les technologies décentralisées se retrouvent face à des blocages à différents niveaux : institutionnel, mais aussi organisationnel, financier, juridique, social,. . . Pour lever ces contraintes, de nouveaux modes de gestion tenant compte de ces spécificités doivent être créés. L'étude de deux cas empiriques, l'Inde et le Maroc, fait ainsi apparaître différentes stratégies pour accélérer la diffusion de l'ERD et répondre aux objectifs d'électrification rurale. Parmi celles-ci, deux politiques ont été identifiées et étudiées lors de nos travaux : la délégation de service et l'approche d'équipement par le marché public. Ces modèles sont certes trop récents pour en tirer des conclusions claires sur la viabilité et la pérennité des schémas. Ils donnent toutefois déjà des premiers éléments de réponse aux acteurs publics et privés, pour généraliser les services électriques à l'ensemble des populations rurales des PED et participer à leur développementThe lectrical sector has traditionally been organized as a natural monopoly. The intensity in capital of the grid and the public service obligation of electrical distribution led to the creation of electrical companies with exclusive territorial concessions. This approach has recently been challenged because of its failure to electrify remote rural villages in developing countries. A new set of solutions apeared under the umbrella of Decentralized Rural Electrification 5DRE) thanks to technological innovations that replace collective infrastructures with individual systems. However, the widespread deployment of decentralized technologies remains impaired by numerous obstacles at various levels : institutional, legal, organizational, social, finacial,. . . New models that take into account the specificities of DRE must now be imagined. The study of two case studies in Moroco and India provide insightful examples of possible strategies to accelerate the deployment of DRE and therefore attain the objectives of rural electrification. Two major policies stand out : public service delegation and the approach of delivering equipment by the public market. Even though these models are too recent to conclude on their viability and permanence, they provide guidelines for the public and private players of the sector to generalize the access to electrical services to rural populations in developing countries, and contribute to their development
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Nyanue, William Grear. "A manual-pneumatic pump for rural water supply". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1985_128_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Romli, Muhammad Izuan Fahmi. "Solar energy management system with supercapacitors for rural application". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/49121/.
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Growing energy demands are expected to exceed the supply from current energy resources. Therefore, renewable energy and energy management systems will become more crucial for increasing supply and efficiency of energy usage. The novelty of this research is an energy management system (EMS) based on fuzzy logic for a solar house to ensure the maximum utilisation of renewable sources, protect components from being damaged due to overloading, and manage energy storage devices to increase stability in the power system. There is no published analysis of hybrid energy storage between battery and supercapacitor using fuzzy logic as EMS. The energy management system is implemented in a solar cabin system developed by IBC Solar to mimic a typical rural house. The solar cabin is equipped with solar photovoltaic panels, solar charger, battery and inverter. Supercapacitors and a custom made DC to DC converter were added to the system to support the batteries during high current load demand and manage energy flow. Three sets of experiments were conducted in the solar cabin system with the new energy management system. Power consumption usage of a typical rural household was studied to create two load profiles that were used as load for the experiments. The results show an efficiency of 95.9% by using the new energy management system and supercapacitors to the solar cabin, which is higher than recent research (95.2% and 84.4%). The result is on par with the Malaysian and International Standard in energy efficiency of around 95%. The energy management system controlled the charging and discharging of the battery and supercapacitor using fuzzy logic. The novelty of this thesis is use of supercapacitors to reduce stress on the battery and an energy management system to control and manage the system for efficient energy usage.
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Veregin, Gregory R. W. "Integrating planning support system technologies in a rural land planning application". Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1400956471&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Prior, Maria E. "Added-value roles and remote communities an exploration of the contribution of health services to remote communities and of a method for measuring the contribution of institutions and individuals to community stocks of capital /". Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=33408.
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Pan, Jingwen. "A Study on Agriculture Landscape Application and Development Pattern in Rural Cluj Region". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1522340951754843.
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Ordonez, Fernando. "Application of digital multiplexers for rural telephony in Latin America". Master's thesis, Virginia Tech, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41168.
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Ordoñez, Fernando. "Application of digital multiplexers for rural telephony in Latin America /". This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02162010-020228/.
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Mamun, Forhad. "Application of Routine Activities Approach in Rural Homicide of Bangladesh". Thesis, Griffith University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367714.
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Since its introduction, Routine Activity Theory (Cohen and Felson, 1979) has attracted much scholarly interest for explaining and preventing crime. However two notable gaps exist. Many researchers have tested the Routine Activities Approach and found support for it in urban and national contexts; however, the rural context has been relatively neglected and an empirical question remains as to whether the findings from urban environments are generalisable to rural settings. Moreover, as most studies focus on the developed world, it remains unclear whether Routine Activity Theory is applicable to developing nations. To address these gaps in knowledge, this study uses data from Bangladesh, a developing country, to test the theory’s ability to explain rural homicide victimization. This present study replicates the hypotheses of Messner and Tardiff (1985), but while the findings are broadly consistent with those of Messner and Tardiff, some differences were observed in relation to socio-demographic and temporal variables. This has implications for future research and policy. This thesis extends our understanding of the nature and patterns of rural homicide victimization.Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Criminology and Criminal Justice
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text
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de, Toledo Sobrinho Homero. "Simplified Sewerage Systems and Potential Application to Rural Louisiana Communities". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2018. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/honors_theses/100.
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Today’s rapid growth in population on sub-urban areas has caused an increase in fecal coliforms to be discharged to down-streams and lakes. The unaffordability of conventional sewerage systems makes it inaccessible to big part of the population of rural communities to receive proper sanitation. Since population growth is only projected to increase during the next few years, action is necessary to change the course of the future of rural communities, more specifically described on this report, Louisiana’s communities. One option to offer affordable sewerage systems to the Louisiana region is that we utilize of the Simplified Sewerage technology. Simplified Sewerage has been tested on several municipalities around the globe, especially in Brazil. The results of its application have proven to be conclusive and beneficial to communities.
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Fernandes, Patricia de Oliveira. "The effects of rurality and remoteness on hospital costs in Scotland". Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Online version available for University member only until Sept. 30, 2011, 2006. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=33593.
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Quach, Manh Hao. "Access to finance and poverty reduction : an application to rural Vietnam". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2005. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/111/.
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Providing access to finance to the poor has been proposed as a tool for economic development and poverty reduction. Our research aims to provide a deep analysis of how to enhance access to finance on a sustainable basis, focussing on rural Vietnam. It analyzes four main areas: (i) why access to financial markets by low-income households is severely constrained; (ii) how policy makers deal with the absence of financial markets for the poor; (iii) who are actually excluded from formal financial system; and (iv) the relationship between access to finance and poverty reduction. It is demonstrated that market imperfections (such as asymmetric information and transaction costs) can explain the lack of access for the poor. However, the development of financial technologies, such as joint-liability group lending or lending through partnership with social/information intermediaries may enhance information availability and reduce transaction costs. The poverty reduction approach that many policy makers have been following has failed to generate finance for the poor on a sustainable basis. We suggest that a mixed approach which combines the poverty reduction with financial systems approach (i.e. recognises a balance between social and financial goals) may be appropriate. This proposition is supported by empirical evidence from rural Vietnam where it is shown that the poverty reduction approach that the government has followed has not enabled financial institutions to achieve financial-self-sufficiency and this has reduced the outreach capacity. Moreover, we find that under the poverty reduction approach, the better-off households, rather than the very poor households, are more likely to gain access to formal financial sector. We also find that having access to finance has a positive impact on poverty reduction; but this impact is very small, suggesting that it may not be cost-effective.
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Holik, William A. "An Application of Bluetooth Technology to Rural Freeway Speed Data Collection". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1365777138.
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Auzanneau, Michelle. "La situation sociolinguistique en milieu rural poitevin, avec application au marché". Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05H082.
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L’objet de cette étude est la description et l'interprétation de la situation sociolinguistique observée dans une zone géographique située au sud des départements de la vienne et des Deux-Sèvres. Il s'est agi de savoir si celle-ci pouvait être caractérisée par le concept de bilinguisme dialectal utilise par P. Encrevé à la fin des années 60 pour la situation sociolinguistique d'un village vendéen. La présente étude reprenant pour hypothèse de base ce concept tente d'appliquer le principe de la méthodologie qui lui est lie. L’enquête a été effectuée par observation, entretien et questionnaire. Les résultats sont de type quantitatif. Ils révèlent l'existence de 5 "variétés de discours", dont 4 moins sont caractérisées par la coexistence des unités poitevines et françaises. Celles-ci se distribuent dans la communauté linguistique en fonction de la classe d'âges et du sexe des individus. Le répertoire verbal de ceux-ci dépend d'un ensemble de données relatives à l'évolution de la société rurale. Néanmoins, l'usage de ces variétés de discours de pend encore de la position des membres de la communauté dans la sociabilité de celle-ci. La signification de leur usage est liée aux valeurs et fonctions symboliques dont elles se chargent du fait de leurs caractéristiques particulières ou de leur position dans le répertoire verbal des individus. Mais leur usage se comprend en rapport avec l'ensemble des données de l'interaction prise en compte d'un point de vue dynamique.
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Cowburn, G. J. "Bayesian mixture modelling with application to road traffic flow". Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269160.
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Blough, Krista. "Tackling the turnover tailspin a rural application of an urban mentorship program /". Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1283963661&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Rowse, Laurel Erika. "Design of Small Scale Anaerobic Digesters for Application in Rural Developing Countries". Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3324.
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The high incidence of upper respiratory diseases, contamination of waterways due to pathogens and nutrients from human and animal wastes, unsustainable deforestation, gender disparities in burden of disease due to unequal exposure to indoor air pollutants, and carbon black emissions from the burning of solid fuels are interrelated problems in many developing countries. Small scale anaerobic digestion provides a means of alleviating these problems by treating livestock waste onsite to produce biogas (methane and carbon dioxide) in rural areas in developing countries. Fuel can then be used for cooking, lighting, and heating. Methane fuel is an alternative to traditional three-stone fires, improved cook stoves, and liquid petroleum gas. However, there is a lack of information available on design methods for these systems. The goal of this research was to develop a design tool that could be used for anaerobic digester sizing based on livestock waste availability. An Excel spreadsheet model was developed for sizing the bioreactor and the gas container based upon recommended values from a literature review. Needed monitoring parameters for operation of an anaerobic digester in the field were identified and standard methods of analysis were recommended. Sample preservation techniques were detailed. Guidelines for pathogen reduction in thermophilic anaerobic digestion were identified. Further study of pathogen reduction in low temperature reactors currently in use in developing countries was recommended. Three digester designs included in the Excel spreadsheet model were: the polyethylene tubular digester, the floating drum digester, and the fixed dome digester. The design tool may be requested from Dr. Sarina Ergas, sergas(at)usf.edu. An organic loading rate of 1.0 kg VS/(m3*d) was chosen for use in the design tool based upon a review of the literature. A semi-empirical kinetic model was developed for defining the SRT based on the temperature inputted by the user. Three case studies, based upon livestock waste availability in a rural community in the Dominican Republic, were analyzed using the sizing design tool. The case studies were conducted on three scales: one household, six households, and a village of 48 households. The specific biogas production rates were, for Case Studies one through three, respectively, 0.0076, 0.0069, and 0.010 m3 biogas/kg Volatile Solids reduced. Additional future work included: characterization of human feces and guinea pig manure, laboratory and field testing of the Excel spreadsheet design tool, and promotion of anaerobic digesters by development workers, non-governmental organizations, and governments.
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Vujanovich, Kara L. "The Application and Effects of Architecture and Development Strategies in Rural Romania". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1522418556855324.
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Jack, Joshua. "Emergency Incident Mapper : an emergency dispatching application developed for a rural community /". Click for abstract, 1998. http://library.ctstateu.edu/ccsu%5Ftheses/1494.html.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- Central Connecticut State University, 1998.Thesis advisor: Dr. John Harmon. "...in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geography." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-47).
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Salazar, Donis Sandra Liseth. "Application of dietary guidelines for Guatemala in three rural communities of Chiquimula". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2000. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5434.
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In Guatemala, nutritional problems are directly related to the difficulty to purchase food fit for human consumption due to low family incomes as well as low nutritional education. This situation motivated the realization of the present study whose main objective was to apply the dietary guidelines for Guatemala in three rural communities of Chiquimula. All three communities were previously aided by Benson Institute efforts to promote changes in eating behavior. The sample was comprised of mothers from the El Pinalito, El Guayabo, and Maraxco communities of the department of Chiquimula. There were eight mothers, four literate and four illiterate, from each community. The study was conducted in three phases. In the first, the access to, availability of, and consumption of food were determined through individual interviews with the mothers being studied. Phase two consisted of determining family diet characteristics through an initial interview with the mothers studied. These data, along with those from the first phase, served to identify foods to include in the graph of dietary guidelines (graph of the family food pot) of each community. This phase also included the development of a training plan on the Dietary Guidelines, which was aimed at the mothers being studied. In the third phase, a training plan was developed taking the data from phase two into account. Seven days after the training, a behavioral test was conducted to determine the feasibility of implementing the seven recommendations of the dietary guidelines. This was done through a final interview with the mothers in the study. The results indicate that families in these communities have a daily consumption of soft drinks and candy that negatively influences their quality of food intake and nutrition. In addition, it was found that the typical food for these families are ticucos (bean tamales), a food resource available to this population. However, the graph of the family pot from each community reflects a monotonous diet which agrees with results from other studies. From the behavioral test results obtained, it was apparent that two to three mothers from each of the three communities had problems following the second recommendation regarding the consumption of vegetables and herbs. Five mothers from both the El Guayabo and Maraxco communities also had problems following the third recommendation which was about fruit consumption. Lastly, one mother from Maraxco could not follow recommendations five or six regarding consumption of milk and consumption of meat, respectively. The inability to follow the second recommendation may be due to the fact that not all members of a family may like herbs and vegetables. Furthermore, the other recommendations that weren’t able to be followed may be due to the fact that the items are not easily accessible due to high prices, low family incomes, low local production, and poor seasonality. At the end of the study, the number of samples from the El Pinalito and El Guayabo villages decreased, affecting the comparison between the three communities. However, the community that adopted the majority of eating behaviors in relation to the dietary guidelines for Guatemala was El Pinalito, followed by El Guayabo, and lastly Maraxco. It was also found that it was more difficult for those with lower education to adopt good eating habits due to their inability to understand the importance of doing so. The same thing happened with the older mothers being studied which may be due to the fact that they have a harder time making changes. It was most difficult for the older illiterate mothers to adopt the changes in eating behavior, compared to the younger literate mothers.
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Currie, Margaret Joan Barrie. "An evaluation of supported bus and community transport services in rural Scotland". Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25796.
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Oggins, Cy R. "Identifying and protecting community values in western water a survey of community leaders' perceptions towards rural-to-urban water transfers /". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1990_662_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Lefèvre, Ludivine. "Migrations et dynamiques spatiales : une application aux espaces à dominante rurale". Lille 1, 2005. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/809d135c-ea36-48c5-820f-608984f57741.
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Cette thèse a pour objectif d'approfondir et de renouveler l'analyse de l'impact macro-économique de la migration dans un cadre de migration interne. Elle pose les questions suivantes : dans quelles mesures les migrations ont-elles des effets inducteurs sur la population et l'emploi ? Quelles sont les conséquences des effets de sélection migratoire sur les marchés locaux du travail ? L'étude des effets induits par la migration sur l'offre de travail et sur la demande de travail via les marchés des biens et services est particulièrement importante dans l'étude des espaces à dominante rurale. Un modèle d'équilibre général de générations imbriquées et de statique comparative évalue ces effets.
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Benjamin, Catherine. "Emploi et pluriactivité dans les exploitations agricoles : analyse théorique et application au cas français /". Paris : Économica, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36961372x.
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Rao, Narasimha D. (Narasimha Desirazu). "A capacity planning methodology for rural India : an application to grid-connected photovoltaics". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38766.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1996.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-113).
by Narasimha D. Rao.
M.S.
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Sebitosi, A. B. "Application of advances in automotive technologies to electrification in rural sub-Saharan Africa". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9025.
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Includes bibliographical references.Continued lack of electrification in rural sub-Saharan Africa poses a major challenge. The consequences are well documented. Major research is required to redress the situation but the meagre financial and energy resources are major hurdles. In the meantime elsewhere in the first world, investment in research and innovation continue to attract investors. For example a massive automotive energy conservation research drive was initiated in the mid 1990's by a Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV). The PNGV advanced three important public policy objectives: environmental protection, energy security, and U.S. economic competitiveness. To achieve this mammoth challenge they proceeded by re-examining automotive energy conservation right from first principles. Their centrepiece was a coordinated portfolio of hundreds of research projects by among others, 19 US Federal National Laboratories, United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR), automotive parts suppliers, university research facilities and a range of stakeholders. These were subsequently augmented by similar efforts in Europe and Japan. The thrust of this work draws parallels between an automobile and a remote village to consider the adaptation of the new automotive technologies to rural electrification. The author further augments this by additional contributions in load modelling, mini distribution network loss minimisation and energy economy by appropriate system configuration. The main issues that are shared by an automobile and a remote rural village can be revealed as finite energy resources without a supporting grid infrastructure, which must cope with, poor energy resource-to-need conversion technologies, adverse human factors, poor load factors, inefficient appliances and poor storage technologies, among others. These must all interact to meet objectives on service quality and the environment. Furthermore, the expected economies of scale in the automotive industry should subsequently make the adoption of these technologies affordable for rural applications.
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Abid, Habib. "Conception d'une carte de l'environnement en milieu rural méditerranéen : application au Tell tunisien". Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10128.
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L'objectif de cette etude est de mettre en relief l'importance des activites humaines et des facteurs ecologiques dans le faconnement des paysages mediterraneens, de definir une nouvelle methode d'etude et d'analyse des milieux ruraux et de contribuer a l'elaboration d'une carte de l'environnement. L'originalite de ce travail reside en: l'etude de la vegetation potentielle du haut tell tunisien et sa classification par etage et serie de vegetation; la representation simultanee sur une meme carte de la vegetation potentielle et de la vegetation actuelle; l'etude des risques d'incendie des forets en l'absence de tout essai de ce genre en tunisie; la conception d'une carte synthetique de l'environnement rural et sub-urbain. En conclusion, l'etude a pu montrer la contribution de la biologie vegetale et du forestier a une carte de l'environnement et par la suite d'autres equipes (agronomes, urbanistes,. . . ) peuvent faire des cheminements analogues et alors seulement pouvait venir une synthese generale de tous les aspects de l'environnement