Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Rugby World Cup 2003”

This research study investigated intangible assets generated by sport event hosting, specifically in relation to those industries that could influence the planning and leveraging of this alternate value source at Rugby World Cup (RWC) 2015 host destinations. The industries under scrutiny were sport, public sector and tourism, and the sampled host destinations were Cardiff, Exeter, Brighton and Gloucester. The objectives of this thesis were threefold: (1) to respond to the lack of knowledge around the collaborative roles of sport, public sector and tourism organisations in sport event planning, (2) to pioneer representational capital, a concept that looks to examine the input of those pinpointed planners in the identification and valuation of intangible opportunities generated by hosting RWC 2015 fixtures, (3) to probe planning discourse for examples of leveraging representational capital. Expert opinions were captured from executive-level RWC 2015 planners, and supported by secondary data analysis. The findings showed that public sector and sport organisation planning representatives were key RWC 2015 planners and that tourism planners, at a destination level, were not key collaborators in central planning forums, but collaborated extensively with national and international tourism organisations on RWC 2015 planning matters. Additionally, the analysis uncovered that representational capital was predominantly made-up of three key intangible asset areas: destination image, exposure and reputation. Indeed, these intangible areas were recognised and valued by all three industries, but the data analysis indicated that the levels of collaboration between the sampled planning industries did not translate into collectively leveraging representational capital. Moreover, one of the main breakthroughs from this investigation was identifying the interconnected nature of a range of intangible assets in generating greater value, i.e. increasing representational capital available to planners. Representational capital was found to have a strong connection throughout the leveraging process, in terms of the maximisation strategy and planned outputs in RWC 2015 planning, further supporting the study project objective of investigating the intangible in relation to sport events.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There can be little doubt about the ability of major international sporting events to capture the aspirations and hopes of nations. These events have an uncanny ability of seemingly effortlessly doing what a hundred speeches and mass rallies by politicians could only hope to achieve. Therefore, it is no surprise that they are commonly understood to be able to bring nations and people together and provide a focus for national identity and unity. The 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa is an obvious proponent of such a claim, whereby South Africa was emerging from a long and arduous political transition and needed something more than going to the polling booths to unite the nation. Major international sporting events are also said to be able to provide a catalyst or incentive for democratization and human rights enhancement in authoritarian or semi-authoritarian regimes. The 1988 Olympics in South Korea is a landmark of such claims whereby the South Korean government was said to bow to the democratizing pressures exerted on it due to its hosting of the event. Many have argued that China’s hosting of the Olympics in 2008 will have a similar effect. However, equally potent, major international sporting events can have various unintended consequences in terms of identity formation, democratization prospects and human rights for the host nations. An analysis of South Africa and Zimbabwe’s co-hosting of the 2003 Cricket World Cup demonstrates this point. The outcomes of the study suggest that whilst it is normally the intention for the host nations to use the games to bring nations and people together, the Cricket World Cup opened up a rift between races, both within the race contours of the cricket playing Commonwealth world and within South Africa's domestic politics. It was also established that much like the 1995 Rugby World Cup had sought to reconcile blacks and whites domestically under the “Rainbow Nation” during Mandela's presidency, the 2003 Cricket World Cup, with its more regional focus and under Mbeki’s presidency, presented an excellent opportunity for transnational reconciliation between Africa and the Anglo-Saxon world. However, the 2003 Cricket World Cup, as a project in racial reconciliation, was essentially a failure. This was predominantly due to the choice by South Africa of Zimbabwe as co-host and due to the shift of South Africa's national identity from that of the “Rainbow Nation” under Mandela, to that of “Africanism” under Mbeki. President Mbeki’s drive towards “Africanism” proved divisive both transnationally and domestically. Symbolically, the Cricket World Cup, when compared with the 1995 Rugby World Cup, had served to highlight the decline of the “Rainbow Nation”. Zimbabwe's co-hosting of the event had served to further entrench the authoritarian regime. Instead of the regime opening up due to its co-hosting of the event, a broad clampdown on civil and political liberties was experienced. The Zimbabwean government felt the need to tighten its grip during the lead up to the event and throughout the tournament itself. The aim was to project a sanitized view of Zimbabwe to the rest of the world. Thus, the event presented an opportunity for the government to shore up its credibility and produce political propaganda. South Africa’s stance of “quiet diplomacy” also indirectly helped to further entrench the regime through the World Cup. Zimbabwe's co-hosting also impacted negatively on the opposition, the MDC. In addition to this, the various pressures which major events are said to exert on a host nation to reform politically and which result from boycott campaigns, pressure from the media, stimulation of civil society and protests, were not very effective in enhancing democratization prospects and human rights in Zimbabwe. This study reaches the overall conclusion that the claims that major events bring nations and people together and provide a catalyst or incentive for democratization and human rights enhancement in authoritarian regimes, need further revision. South Africa and Zimbabwe's co-hosting of the event did indeed have unintended consequences. Policy implications are also assessed. Future areas for research are also identified.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar bestaan min twyfel dat groot internasionele sportgebeurtenisse die strewes en verwagtinge van nasies aanwakker. Hierdie gebeutenisse het die vermoë om op ‘n oënskylike moeitelose wyse meer te bereik as wat ‘n honderd toesprake en massavergaderings deur politici kan hoop om te bereik. Daarom is dit geen verrassing nie dat daar vry algemeen aanvaar word dat hierdie gebeurtenisse oor die vermoë beskik om nasies en mense by mekaar te bring en ‘n fokus vir nasionale identiteit en eenheid kan verskaf. Die 1995 Rugby Wêreldbeker in Suid-Afrika, is ‘n ooglopende voorbeeld: Suid Afrika het uit ‘n lang en moeilike politieke oorgang gekom en het meer as ‘n blote verkiesing nodig gehad ten einde die nasie te verenig. Voorts is dit ook so dat groot internasionale sportgebeurtenisse ‘n katalisator of aansporing is vir demokratisering en die bevordering van mensregte in outoritêre en semi-outoritêre regerings. Die 1988 Olimpiese Spele in Suid-Korea ondersteun hierdie aanspraak. As gasheerland van hierdie spele, het die Suid-Koreaanse regering onder toenemende druk gekom om aan die vereistes van demokrasie te voldoen. Daar word verwag dat die Olimpiese Spele van 2008 dieselfde impak op China, die gasheerland, sal hê. Terselfdertyd is dit egter ook so dat groot internasionale sportgebeurtenisse vir die gasheerlande onverwagte negatiewe gevolge ten opsigte van identiteitsvorming, demokratiseringsvooruitsigte en bevordering van menseregte kan hê. n’ Ontleiding van Sui-Afrika en Zimbabwe se mede-aanbieding van die 2003 Krieket Wêreldbeker staaf hierdie stelling. Die resultate van die studie toon aan dat alhoewel gasheerlande normaalweg groot sportgebeurtenisse gebruik om nasies en mense byeen te bring, het die 2003 Krieket Wêreldbeker ‘n kloof tussen rasse veroorsaak – binne die krieketspelende Statebondswêreld sowel as die Suid- Afrikaanse huishoudelike politiek. Daar is ook vasgestel dat net soos die 1995 Rugby Wêreldbeker aan Suid-Afrika tydens die presidentskap van Mandela en onder die vaandel van die “Reënboognasie” ‘n plaaslike versoeningsgeleentheid tussen swart en wit gebied het, net so het die 2003 Krieket Wêreldbeker, met sy regionale fokus en onder presidentskap van Mbeki, ook ‘n uitstekende geleentheid vir trans-nasionale versoening tussen Afrika en die Anglo-Saksiese wêreld gebied. As versoeningsprojek was die 2003 Krieket Wêreldbeker egter in wese ‘n mislukking, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van Suid-Afrika se besluit dat Zimbabwe ‘n mede-gasheer moes wees en weens die feit dat Suid-Afrika se nasionale identiteit ‘n klemverskuiwing van “Reënboognasie” onder Mandela tot “Afrikanisme” onder Mbeki, ondergaan het. President Mbeki se beklemtoning van “Afrikanisme” was ook huishoudelik en trans-nasionaal verdelend. Simbolies gesproke, het die Krieket Wêreldbeker – in teenstelling met die Rugby Wêreldbeker – die “Reënboognasie” se verkwyning beklemtoon. Daar is ook vasgestel dat Zimbabwe se mede-aanbieding van die Krieket Wêreldbeker inderdaad hierdie outoritêre regering versterk het. In plaas daarvan die Zimbabwiese regering sy outoritêre greep as gevolg van sy mede-aanbieding verslap het, was daar inderdaad ‘n verdere breë onderdrukking van burgerlike en politieke regte. Die Zimbabwiese regering het in die aanloop tot en in die loop van die toernooi sy outoritêre greep verstewig ten einde ‘n gesaniteerde beeld van Zimbabwe aan die res van die wêreld te kon voorhou. Die Zimbabwiese regering het die geleentheid misbruik om geloofwaardigheid te probeer wen en politieke propaganda uit te stuur. Suid-Afrika se standpunt van “stille diplomasie” het ook die hand van Zimbabwiese regering versterk; en Zimbabwe se mede-aanbieding van die toernooi het ‘n negatiewe impak op die opposisie, die MDC, gehad. Die dwang wat op gasheerlande deur middel van boikotte, die media en proteste uitgeoefen kan word om polities te hervorm, was in die geval van Zimbabwe nie effektief nie. In hierdie studie word tot die slotsom gekom dat die aansprake dat groot sportgebeurtenisse nasies en mense saambring en ‘n aansporing vir demokratisering van outoritêre regerings is, verdere hersiening verg. Suid-Afrika en Zimbabwe se mede-aanbieding van die toernooi het onbeoogde gevolge gehad – en in sommige gevalle was hierdie gevolge selfs direk die teenoorgestelde van wat verwag is. Beleidsimplikasies word ook evalueer. Voorts word toekomstige navorsingsareas ook identifiseer.

It was the purpose of this study to determine the economic benefits of the 2003 Cricket World Cup for the host community, through analysing the spending patterns of local residents, non-residents and local businesses. In the context of sport event tourism, economic impact is defined as the net economic change in a host community that results from spending attributed to a sport event or facility. The purpose of an economic analysis is to measure the economic benefits that accrue to a community, region or country (Fayos-Sola, 1997:242). In order for a country or community to benefit from a sport event such as the Cricket World Cup, leakages need to be determined and minimised. Saayman ed. (2001:107) has divided leakages into three categories, namely: o Imports; o Savings ratio, and o Taxes and subsidies. Questionnaires were distributed during the three matches played in Potchefstroom. A systematic random sampling method was used to determine the size of the sample. The questionnaires were distributed during the following three matches: 12 February 2003South Africa vs Kenya (A); 20 February 2003 - Australia vs Holland (B); and 27 February 2003 - Australia vs Namibia (C). The methodology consisted of two different types of questionnaires, namely a visitor questionnaire and a business questionnaire. 965 questionnaires were distributed among the tourists and 40 among businesses. The questionnaire covered aspects such as the average spending of different age groups and the amount of leakages that occurred during the event. The total spending during the event was calculated at R5.3 million. The spending in Potchefstroom after the first round of leakages (sales of imported goods) was R2.8 million. The study showed that more involvement from both businesses and the community could minimise the leakages and thus enhance the economic impact of the event in Potchefstroom. Events must be held to attract more international tourists, who will generate more money for the North West and particularly, for Potchefstroom's economy.<br>Thesis (MA (Tourism Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

The aim of this thesis is to provide a theoretically informed account of the decision-making process in mega sports events policy in Marseille. This is intended to allow an evaluation of the major theoretical frameworks developed in the Anglo-Saxon literature on urban governance and their applicability to the French local government context, and more specifically to the context of sports policy in Marseille. Following an analysis of the development of the local political culture of Marseille, the thesis undertakes a review of theoretical frameworks developed in the urban policy literature identifying three major approaches / concepts which have dominated Anglo-Saxon literature, namely the growth coalition (Logan and Molotch 1987), policy network (Rhodes 1981; 1988), and urban regime (Stone 1989) approaches. These theoretical frameworks have been little used in French urban policy literature (Le Gales 1995; 2003) and feature rarely, if at all, in French sports policy literature. In reviewing this literature the thesis identifies a set of indicators, which may be used in empirical contexts to differentiate growth coalitions from policy networks and urban regimes. A major question for the research is thus to what extent Anglo-Saxon theoretical frameworks / concepts can be usefully employed to understand French decision-making and that of Marseille in particular. Subscribing to critical realism, the thesis aims to give an account of the mega sport event phenomena in Marseille, and of the actors' understanding and interpretation (in effect their social construction) of the phenomena. The data collected were documents for the period 1991 - 2003 from official sources (minutes and proceedings of local government and event-related bodies, reports, political speeches, and local government publications), local press coverage, and interviewees conducted with the major decision-makers. An ethnographic content analysis was made, partly employing a deductive approach based on the set of common indicators developed from the review of urban policy, and partly inductively from themes, which emerged in the analysis (Altheide 1996). The thesis concludes that while there is some evidence of the development of policy networks the specificity of the French context, and that of Marseille, with its heavily state-led approach to policy, means that the use of urban regime, and still less of growth coalition approaches, is not warranted by the evidence.

Author: Camilla Andersson Title: The depiction of female and male elite soccer players in Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter –  A quantitative and discursive analysis of the World Cup 2002 and 2003 Level of education: C Subject: Media and Communication Studies Umeå University: Department of Culture and Media Studies Term: Spring 2004 Pages: 70   The purpose of this essay is that from a gender theoretical and critical discourse analysis perspective  study how the image of the Swedish football national teams and players in the 2002 World Cup (men) and 2003 (women) were constructed in the media coverage. I analyze articles published in Dagens Nyheter, Swedens biggest morningpaper and Aftonbladet, biggest eveningpaper. The method is based on a quantitative content analysis, and critical discourse analysis in which I use van Dijk's analytical approach.   Issues : 1. What constructed the World Cup in 2002 and 2003  players and teams, from a gender theoretical perspective in the mediatexts? 2. Can the constructions in question 1 (with respect to the World Cup, players and teams ) be attributed to a specific gender discourse and how can they then be explained from a discursive perspective?   Both the content analysis and critical discourse analysis points to significant differences in the attention value of the World Cup in 2002 and 2002.   • It differs in structure / presentation of the actual event where mens World Cup is constructed as a dramatic and historically important event. It has an impact on all pages in the paper: debate  culture, news sites as well on the sports pages. Articles about the female players are more concentrated on the sports pages. • The difference in the portrayal of the fotball players. The portraits of the men are elaborate and well researched. The portraits of the women are much thinner, more of haste. The male practitioner depicted additionally as potent and purposeful and may control the narrative about himself. The image of the female practitioner will be that she "corrects herself nicely " after the reporter team. Women players are also asked to comment on other events, for instance the men´s competition, than the direct cause of the text that should be a portrait of the female player. They are also compared to male players . There are also some cases of differences in language use with a tendency to reduction of the female player. Important to remember, however, is that this is only a small number of texts that have been analyzed. Remarkable, however, are the results from the content analysis that there is much greater focus on the team when it comes to the ladies, and more focus on individuals when the men are described . • The difference in the quality of production with respect to the number of articles , number of writers and in the construction of the articles. The number of articles is on average 5 times as many during the 2002 World Cup about Swedish national team (men) compared to the VM 2003 and the women's national team. Articles are also backed up in a greater extent by the factfile, tables and general articles relating to the World Cup. For the ladies it does not exist the same editorial back-up to lift the event to a few levels higher in readers' rankings. Here the focus is most of the game situation and to the team.   Attention value is higher for men, not only in terms of quantity but also in terms of where the texts are published. It is clear that in the material there is a dominance and importance discourse connected to gender in the surveillance of the World Cup.   Keywords: Mass Communication, Gender, Sport, Daily News Paper, World Cup, Attention Value

Dissertação de Mestrado em Relações Internacionais<br>“Imagina na Copa!?” A expressão, que ganhou as ruas, mesas de bares, almoços em família, programas de televisão e rodas de amigos, nada mais é do que uma sugestão, que se popularizou com sarcasmo, do que a Copa do Mundo 2014 reservaria à sociedade brasileira e aos turistas durante o megaevento. A ironia funcionava nos anos que antecederam a Copa como um prenúncio de uma catástrofe. Esta dissertação se propõe a estudar a relação entre futebol, mídia e política externa no Brasil entre 2003 e 2014, com o objetivo de analisar como a política externa do Brasil e a mídia brasileira instrumentalizaram, cada qual com seu viés, o futebol para projetar a imagem do Estado no cenário internacional durante este período. A partir da revisão da literatura, da análise de discurso de chefes de Estados e ministros, dos três principais jornais no país – Folha de S. Paulo, O Estado de S. Paulo e O Globo – e da observação in loco dos acontecimentos. Com base na perspectiva construtivista das Relações Internacionais e nos modelos paradigmáticos de Amado Cervo, o estudo foca na funcionalidade da política externa brasileira e nos discursos para compreender a realidade socialmente construída pelos diversos agentes. E, por fim, destina-se a contribuir com a reflexão acerca do tema, a ampliação da bibliografia e do senso crítico.<br>"Imagine in the Cup !?" The expression, which won the streets, tables of bars, family lunches, television programs and wheels of friends, is nothing more than a suggestion, which became popular with sarcasm, than the World Cup. World 2014 would reserve to Brazilian society and tourists during the mega-event. The irony worked in the years leading up to the World Cup as a harbinger of a catastrophe. This dissertation proposes to study the relationship between soccer, media and foreign policy in Brazil between 2003 and 2014, with the objective of analyzing how Brazilian foreign policy and the Brazilian media have instrumented, each with its bias, football to design the Image of the state in the international scenario during this period. From the literature review, the discourse analysis of heads of states and ministers, the three main newspapers in the country - Folha de S. Paulo, O Estado de S. Paulo and O Globo - and the on-site observation of events. Based on the constructivist perspective of International Relations and the paradigmatic models of Amado Cervo, the study focuses on the functionality of Brazilian foreign policy and on the discourses to understand the reality socially constructed by the various agents. And finally, it aims to contribute to the reflection on the subject, the expansion of the bibliography and the critical sense.<br>N/A

碩士<br>國立臺灣體育運動大學<br>競技運動學系碩士班<br>106<br>The purpose of this study is to explore, Analysis of offensive and defensive rugby sevens tournament of the key factors -To 2013World Cup seven - man rugby game Men's Cup Cup Finals for example. 7 games Take the ball length of time, Touchdowns position and Plus kick success rate, Tackle Success rate, Luck and maul frequency, Lineout and scrum frequency, The data are analyzed. Losers grasp the ball on the time display from percentage, better than most of the winning team, which factor is the loss on the winning team plus touchdowns playing time caused. Analysis touchdown position plus play ball success rate, the percentage display area on the B> A region> C region, there was no significant difference in the chi-square test. In the defense of the number of successful grappling and the number of breakthroughs in the analysis, the percentage shows the winning team on the defense was a breakthrough probability of 27%, the negative team is as high as 46% , Indicating that the winning team on the defensive a high success rate. While the winner and loser attack the total project data and the number of lost ball rights analysis shows, Winning team in the total number of offensive data, the loss of the ball the proportion of 35%, while the loser is a proportion of 38%, In percentage terms the winning team in the course of the attack,The degree of control of the ball is better than the loser.

This research is an investigation into the political economy of sports broadcasting within a South African context, using the ICC Cricket World Cup 2003 (CWC2003) as a case study. The staging of this global event, hosted by South Africa, is the focal point of many the world's largest sports media institutions and the production, packaging and distribution of the event is worth hundreds of millions of dollars. There are also many economic spin-offs generated by a media event of this magnitude in the form of ad spend and media merchandising which add to the monetary value of the Cricket World Cup as a mediated commodity. This dissertation looks at the political economy of the media in relation to the rapid globalization of the economics of sport and the role that technology has played in this development. In particular, the research will focus on the South African television broadcasting environment while at the same time acknowledging the trends and impact that global forces in sports economics have had on broadcasting. The research pays particular attention to the question of national identity and the role that sport broadcasting on television plays in building a spirit of national unity. This unifying tool has raised debates by the government regarding access to sporting events that are deemed to be of 'national interest'. In light of this, the dissertation looks at the role that public service broadcasting now plays in broadcasting sport to the greater population in South Africa. Finally, the dissertation looks at the case study of the cricket World Cup 2003 held in South Africa against which to apply the theories of political economy, globalization, and national interest. The dissertation looks at the audiences and spectators at the center of a dynamic relationship between Sports bodies, commercial agents, broadcasters and advertisers.<br>Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

Title: Influence of Rugby World Cup and Summer Olympic Games on the awarness of FTVS students about rugby Objectives: The main objective of this thesis is detection, if big sport rugby events had any influence on awareness of rugby for students of Faculty of physical education and sport. Concretely, if the knowledge about Rugby World Cup and rugby tournament at Summer Olympic Games increased. And then, if their knowledge about rugby rules, world rugby, Czech rugby and women's rugby increased. Methods: I used the methods of quantitative research in ma thesis. I created two electronic questionnaire through the web site Vyplnto.cz. One of the questionaire I distributed in 2015 (before the Rugby World Cup) and the second questionnaire I posted in 2016 after the Summer Olympic Games. Results: The results of research demonstrated the impact of the big rugby events. The awareness of students about rugby increased. Their basic knowledge about world rugby and rugby rules increased. The research also showed that researched events didn't have the impact for the knowledge about Czech rugby or women's rugby. Keywords: Rugby World Cup, Summer Olympic Games, rugby, awarness