Artykuły w czasopismach: „Rubidium”

1

Huang, Zheng-gen, Lian-ying An, He-yin Yi i Tao Wang. "Study on the 4-ethyl-2(α-methyl benzyl) phenol Extraction-Separation Between Rubidium and Potassium". E3S Web of Conferences 245 (2021): 03069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124503069.

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More than 92% of rubidium resources on the earth exist in salt lake brine and underground brine. Rubidium in brine coexists with a large amount of potassium with very similar physical and chemical properties, making the extraction technology of rubidium extremely difficult, and a large amount of rubidium resources in brine have not been rationally utilized. Therefore, the development of a new type of high-selectivity rubidium-potassium separation extractant is of great significance to the establishment of efficient separation and extraction technology of rubidium. By modifying the structure of 4-tert-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl)phenol, the traditional rubidium extractant, the steric hindrance effect of tert-butyl is reduced and the reaction efficiency of rubidium and extractant is improved. A new extractant 4-ethyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl)phenol was obtained. The thesis carried out the research on the extraction and separation performance of potassium rubidium 4-ethyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl)phenol. The results show that the new extraction agent 4-ethyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl)phenol and potassium rubidium brine are extracted and separated with a ratio of 10:1. The minimum separation coefficient of rubidium potassium can reach 15 or more, showing excellent separation performance ; When the organic phase is composed of 0.8mol/L extractant and D60 solvent oil, the alkalinity of the aqueous phase is 0.5mol/L sodium hydroxide, and the extraction time is 3 minutes, the single-stage extraction rate of rubidium can reach more than 76.0%, rubidium potassium The separation coefficient can reach more than 26. After repeated use, the extraction rate of rubidium can be maintained above 73% and the separation coefficient of rubidium potassium can reach 23, without a significant drop. It provides a new way and idea for the extraction and separation technology of rubidium in high potassium brine.

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2

Brusentsova, A. V., D. V. Turchaninov, I. A. Sokhoshko i V. A. Shirinskiy. "Rubidium intake in the adult population of the Omsk region". Fundamental and Clinical Medicine 7, nr 1 (30.03.2022): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.23946/2500-0764-2022-7-1-8-16.

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Aim. To assess the nutritional consumption of rubidium in the adult population of the Omsk Region.Materials and Methods. Here we performed a cross-sectional study which included 421 individuals (177 men and 244 women) aged 18 to 83 years (median age 37 (23; 57) years). Rubidium consumption was determined by analysing the frequency of food intake and chemical composition of food consumed by the population of the Omsk Region.Results. Median daily rubidium intake was 1.1 mg/day (0.81; 1.48) that sufficiently exceeds minimum recommended dose (0.1 mg/day). We defined the reference range of rubidium intake as 1.1 (0.71 – 1.71) mg/day. Rubidium consumption tended to increase along with the population age, albeit no significant differences have been found between different age groups as well as between men and women. The most abundant rubidium sources were vegetables (55.6%) and beverages (29.6%). Among vegetables, the main sources of rubidium were onion (31.7%) and fresh tomatoes (20.7%), while tea was responsible for the majority (84.6%) of rubidium consumed from beverages. The proportion of vegetable-derived rubidium increased with age, in contrast to beverage-derived rubidium which demonstrated an opposite trend.Conclusion. The reference range of rubidium intake in the Omsk Region is 1.1 (0.71 – 1.71) mg/day. Rubidium intake does not depend on age and gender. The main sources of rubidium are vegetables and beverages.

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3

Cui, Xi, Wenzheng Zhang, Rui Ji, Mingliang Yang, Shichao Wang i Tao Qu. "A Study on the Removal of Impurity Elements Silicon and Zinc from Rubidium Chloride by Vacuum Distillation". Materials 17, nr 9 (24.04.2024): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17091960.

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With the rapid development of high and new technology, rubidium and its compounds show broad application prospect and market demand with their unique characteristics. At present, the production of rubidium metal is mainly prepared by calcium thermal reduction of rubidium chloride. Rubidium metal obtained by reduction requires multi-step vacuum distillation to obtain high-purity rubidium metal. The purity of rubidium metal depends on the purity of the raw material rubidium chloride. Rubidium metal is relatively active and is easy to oxidize and explode in air. Therefore, a method combining vacuum decomposition and vacuum distillation to reduce impurity elements in rubidium chloride from raw materials is proposed in this paper. The experimental results show that under the conditions of pressure of 5–10 Pa, distillation temperature of 823 K and vacuum distillation time of 60 min, the contents of Si and Zn impurities are reduced from 1206 mg/kg and 310 mg/kg to less than 0.1 mg/kg, and the removal rates are 99.99% and 99.97%, respectively. Rubidium chloride has almost no loss, and through one-step vacuum distillation, the impurity elements silicon and zinc can be deeply removed, reducing the flammability and explosiveness, high cost, long process and other problems caused by the subsequent preparation of high-purity rubidium metal.

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4

RITTER, STEPHEN K. "RUBIDIUM". Chemical & Engineering News 81, nr 36 (8.09.2003): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v081n036.p098.

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Syme, P. D., R. M. Dixon, J. L. Allis, J. K. Aronson, D. G. Grahame-Smith i G. K. Radda. "A non-invasive method of measuring concentrations of rubidium in rat skeletal muscle in vivo by 87Rb nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: implications for the measurement of cation transport activity in vivo". Clinical Science 78, nr 3 (1.03.1990): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0780303.

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1. We have used n.m.r. spectroscopy to measure rubidium concentrations in the skeletal muscle of live intact rats. Using a 1.9 T superconducting magnet and an ear-phone coil tuned to both protons (1H) and rubidium (87Rb), it was possible to make measurements of both tissue rubidium content and water content, and from these measurements to obtain the rubidium concentration. 2. The n.m.r. estimate of rubidium concentration in muscle in vivo was found to be a constant 31% (sem 4%) of that estimated by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy in an extract of excised muscle. This is close to the predicted theoretical n.m.r. visibility of 33%. The visibility was constant for muscle rubidium concentrations ranging between 10 and 34 mmol/l. 3. Rubidium concentration measurement by this method is unaffected by variations in sample geometry, sample volume, tissue conductivity, coil tuning and amplifier gain. 4. By using this method to measure changes in tissue rubidium concentration with time in the same animal, it should now be possible to assess the activity of ion transport systems, such as sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase in vivo, by measuring the rates of change of tissue rubidium concentrations during the administration of rubidium salts. 5. This method could also be used to measure the absolute concentration of any n.m.r.-visible nucleus and could be applied to man.

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6

Petrov, Igor A., Anastasiya D. Shlyaptseva, Alexandr P. Ryakhovsky, Elena V. Medvedeva i Victor V. Tcherdyntsev. "Effect of Rubidium on Solidification Parameters, Structure and Operational Characteristics of Eutectic Al-Si Alloy". Metals 13, nr 8 (4.08.2023): 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13081398.

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Modification of the eutectic silicon in Al–Si alloys causes a structural transformation of the silicon phase from a needle-like to a fine fibrous morphology and is carried out extensively in the industry to improve mechanical properties of the alloys. The theories and mechanisms explaining the eutectic modification in Al–Si alloys are considered. We discuss the mechanism of eutectic rubidium modification in the light of experimental data obtained via quantitative X-ray spectral microanalysis and thermal analysis. X-ray mapping revealed that rubidium, which theoretically satisfies the adsorption mechanisms of silicon modification, had an effect on the silicon growth during solidification. Rubidium was distributed relatively homogeneously in the silicon phase. Microstructural studies have shown that rubidium effectively refines eutectic silicon, changing its morphology. Modification with rubidium extends the solidification range due to a decrease in the solidus temperature. The highest level of mechanical properties of the alloy under study was obtained with rubidium content in the range of 0.007–0.01%. We concluded that rubidium may be used as a modifier in Al-Si eutectic and pre-eutectic alloys. The duration of the modifying effect of rubidium in the Al-12wt%Si alloy melt and porosity in the alloy modified with rubidium were evaluated.

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7

Guo, Yonggang, Lili Zhu, Shiwei Wang, Jun Zhang, Fucheng Shi, Jinhai Zhang, Jianxiang Wang, Wenxin Li i Zhidong Liu. "Improving the start-up characteristics of the rubidium atomic clock". AIP Advances 12, nr 4 (1.04.2022): 045216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086523.

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Considering the importance of start-up characteristics of the rubidium atomic clock in engineering applications, the objective of this paper is to optimize the start-up characteristics of the rubidium atomic clock by studying the theory of the rubidium atomic frequency standards, especially the light pumping process, and the effect of light intensity on frequency accuracy. Our analysis demonstrated that frequency accuracy is proportional to the light intensity, and hence, we propose a method for actively optimizing the start-up characteristics of the rubidium atomic clock by utilizing the fluctuations in light intensity. Additionally, some related experiments using the proposed method indicate that the light intensity–frequency coefficient of the rubidium atomic clock is improved from 1.84 × 10−9 to 4.21 × 10−10 V−1 within 30 min after the rubidium atomic clock is locked, and also, the lockout time is less than 5 min with a wide working temperature range (0–50 °C), indicating a significant improvement in the start-up characteristics of the rubidium atomic clock.

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8

Lian, Jiqing, Jinhai Zhang, Fucheng Shi, Jun Zhang, Lixun Wei i Kuan Wang. "Analysis and optimization of rubidium spectrum lamp to eliminate frequency fluctuations of rubidium atomic frequency standard". MATEC Web of Conferences 316 (2020): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031602003.

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Rubidium atomic frequency standard (RAFS) is the most widely used frequency standard in space. The light used to pump the atoms and detect the resonance signal is emitted by rubidium spectrum lamp, so the light intensity of rubidium spectrum lamp directly determines the performance of RAFS. This paper discussed on-board RAFS’ output frequency fluctuations caused by rubidium spectrum lamp. The reason of frequency fluctuations from rubidium lamps was described. To obtain stable lamp light intensity, analysis and optimization of the lamp was developed. Relevant experiments were carried out to verify the optimization. The study content of this paper is beneficial to improve the performance of a single temperature controlled space RAFS physics package.

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9

Wood, A. J., A. Viswalingam, P. Glue, J. K. Aronson i D. G. Grahame-Smith. "Measurement of cation transport in vivo in healthy volunteers after the oral administration of lithium carbonate". Clinical Science 76, nr 4 (1.04.1989): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0760397.

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1. We have measured cation transport in vivo in seven healthy volunteers under control conditions and after they had taken lithium carbonate for 21 days in doses which maintained the serum lithium concentration in the range 0.6–0.8 mmol/l. 2. We have measured cation transport in vivo after the administration of an oral load of rubidium chloride, and have found that, although intra-erythrocytic concentrations of rubidium were significantly lower 1 h after the administration of rubidium when the subjects were taking lithium, there was a significant increase in the rate of uptake of rubidium into the erythrocytes over the subsequent period of the test, suggesting a direct stimulation of sodium, potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase by lithium. 3. Lithium administration did not affect the plasma concentration versus time profile of rubidium after the rubidium load, implying that the lithium-stimulated uptake of rubidium which occurs in erythrocytes does not necessarily occur in other cell types. 4. These results suggest that previous studies of cation transport using peripheral cells and assay systems in vitro do not necessarily reflect changes in cation transport in vivo in excitable tissues.

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10

Huang, Dongfang, Guixiang Ma, Peng Lv i Quanbao Zhou. "Extraction of rubidium ion from brine solutions by dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 / ionic liquid system". Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 25, nr 1 (1.03.2023): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2023-0009.

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Abstract Separation among rubidium and potassium ions from salt lake brines remains challenging. In this work, a typical room temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-metyhlimidazaolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C2mim+][NTf2 –]) was used as diluent and synergistic extractant, dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DCH18C6) was used as extractant to extract rubidium ions from brine solutions which contain high concentrations of potassium ions was investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the single extraction efficiency of rubidium ions was up 93.63%. The thermodynamic parameters of the rubidium ion extraction were obtained. Based on the slope analysis method, the extracted species in the organic phase were ascertained as 1:1 complex. UV-visible has been performed to investigate the ion concentration of ionic liquid before and after the interaction of metal ions and ligands. Rubidium ions in [Rb · DCH18C6]+ complex were stripped by 2.5 mol · L–1 NH4NO3. The extraction system offers high efficiency, simplicity and environmentally friendly application prospect to separate rubidium from brine solutions.

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11

&NA;. "Rubidium iodide". Reactions Weekly &NA;, nr 344 (marzec 1991): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199103440-00046.

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12

Kumari, Asmita, i K. Vidyasagar. "Rubidium thiogallate". Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 61, nr 9 (12.08.2005): i193—i195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536805024815.

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13

Baranov, Alexey, Sergey Ermak, Roman Lozov i Vladimir Semenov. "Comparison of Gravitational and Light Frequency Shifts in Rubidium Atomic Clock". Universe 7, nr 1 (24.12.2020): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7010003.

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The article presents the results of an experimental study of the external magnetic field orientation and magnitude influence on the rubidium atomic clock, simulating the influence of the geomagnetic field on the onboard rubidium atomic clock of navigation satellites. The tensor component value of the atomic clock frequency light shift on the rubidium cell was obtained, and this value was ~2 Hz. The comparability of the relative light shift (~10−9) and the regular gravitational correction (4×10−10) to the frequency of the rubidium atomic clock was shown. The experimental results to determine the orientational shift influence on the rubidium atomic clock frequency were presented. A significant effect on the relative frequency instability of a rubidium atomic clock at a level of 10−12(10−13) for rotating external magnetic field amplitudes of 1.5 A/m and 3 A/m was demonstrated. This magnitude corresponds to the geomagnetic field in the orbit of navigation satellites. The necessity of taking into account various factors (satellite orbit parameters and atomic clock characteristics) is substantiated for correct comparison of corrections to the rubidium onboard atomic clock frequency associated with the Earth’s gravitational field action and the satellite orientation in the geomagnetic field.

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Milanick, Mark A., i Krista L. Arnett. "Extracellular Protons Regulate the Extracellular Cation Selectivity of the Sodium Pump". Journal of General Physiology 120, nr 4 (30.09.2002): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.20028573.

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The effects of 0.3–10 nM extracellular protons (pH 9.5–8.0) on ouabain-sensitive rubidium influx were determined in 4,4′-diisocyanostilbene-2, 2′-disulfonate (DIDS)-treated human and rat erythrocytes. This treatment clamps the intracellular H. We found that rubidium binds much better to the protonated pump than the unprotonated pump; 13-fold better in rat and 34-fold better in human erythrocytes. This clearly shows that protons are not competing with rubidium in this proton concentration range. Bretylium and tetrapropylammonium also bind much better to the protonated pump than the unprotonated pump in human erythrocytes and in this sense they are potassium-like ions. In contrast, guanidinium and sodium bind about equally well to protonated and unprotonated pump in human red cells. In rat red cells, protons actually make sodium bind less well (about sevenfold). Thus, protons have substantially different effects on the binding of rubidium and sodium. The effect of protons on ouabain binding in rat red cells was intermediate between the effects of protons on rubidium binding and on sodium binding. Remarkably, all four cationic inhibitors (bretylium, guanidinium, sodium, and tetrapropylammonium) had similar apparent inhibitory constants for the unprotonated pump (∼5–10 mM). The Kd for proton binding to the human pump, with the empty transport site facing extracellularly is 13 nM, whereas the extracellular transport site loaded with sodium is 9.5 nM, and with rubidium is 0.38 nM. In rat red cells there is also a substantial difference in the Kd for proton binding to the sodium-loaded pump (14.5 nM) and the rubidium-loaded pump (0.158 nM). These data suggest that important rearrangements occur at the extracellular pump surface as the pump moves between conformations in which the outward facing transport site has sodium bound, is empty, or has rubidium bound and that guanidinium is sodium-like and bretylium and tetrapropylammonium are rubidium-like.

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15

Liu, Kun, Xiaolong Guan, Xiaoqian Ren i Jianfeng Wu. "Disciplining a Rubidium Atomic Clock Based on Adaptive Kalman Filter". Sensors 24, nr 14 (11.07.2024): 4495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24144495.

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Rubidium atomic clocks have been used extensively in various fields, with applications such as a core component of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). However, they exhibit inherently poor long-term stability. This paper presents the development of a control system for rubidium atomic clocks. It introduces an adaptive Kalman filtering algorithm for the disciplining of a rubidium atomic clock, utilizing autocovariance least squares (ALS) to estimate the clock’s noise parameters. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves a high estimation accuracy. The standard deviation of the clock error between the steered rubidium atomic clock 1 Pulse Per Second (1PPS) and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) provided by the National Time Service Center (NTSC) is better than 2.568 nanoseconds(ns), with peak-to-peak values improving to within 11.358 ns. Notably, its frequency stability is reduced to 3.06 × 10−13 @100,000 s. The results for the rubidium atomic clock demonstrate that the adaptive Kalman filtering algorithm proposed herein constitutes an accurate and effective control strategy for the rubidium atomic clock discipline.

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Davenport, J. R. "FOLIAR NUTRIENT UPTAKE IN CRANBERRY". HortScience 25, nr 9 (wrzesień 1990): 1148a—1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1148a.

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Foliar feeding of crop plants is an increasingly popular practice. The use of foliar nutrients relies on the ability of the plant to sorb nutrients through the leaves. Cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) are known to have a waxy cuticle on the leaf surface which may impede nutrient uptake, leaving only the lower leaf surface for effective uptake. This study was undertaken to determine the extent of foliar nutrient uptake by cranberries using rubidium as a tracer. Rubidium was chosen for its similarity to potassium in plant uptake. In replicated plots, cranberries were sprayed with rubidium at the rate recommended for foliar potassium at three different growth stages and three different times of day. Washed and unwashed leaves were analyzed one day, one week, and one month after rubidium applications. Stem, soil, and root material was analyzed for rubidium at the one week and one month sample times. Results will be discussed with reference to uptake and movement of foliar applied nutrients in cranberries.

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17

Guo, Yonggang, Shiwei Wang, Lili Zhu, Zhiwei Cai, Fang Lu, Wenxin Li i Zhidong Liu. "Mitigation of lamp oven and cavity oven temperature-induced frequency variation in rubidium atomic clock". Review of Scientific Instruments 94, nr 1 (1.01.2023): 014706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0130524.

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The long-term frequency stability of the rubidium atomic clock is primarily affected by temperature variations in the lamp oven and the cavity oven, which cause changes in light intensity, which are then converted into frequency variations. Therefore, we propose using light intensity variations to actively improve the cavity oven and lamp oven temperature sensitivity of the rubidium atomic clock. This is accomplished through research into the theory of the rubidium atomic frequency standard, specifically the effect of light intensity, lamp oven temperature, and cavity oven temperature on the frequency deviation. In previous work, we discovered the relationship between the light intensity and frequency deviation by combining this with our engineering expertise. Furthermore, some related experiments show that the method is feasible with the lamp oven and cavity oven temperature sensitivity of the rubidium atomic clock greatly improved, providing an effective way to improve the rubidium atomic clock’s long-term frequency stability.

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Terakawa, A., K. Ishii, S. Matsuyama, T. Matsuyama, T. Sato, K. Inano, K. Shigihara, Y. Saneshige i K. Sera. "Concentrations of alkali elements in green tea leaves evaluated using PIXE analysis". International Journal of PIXE 24, nr 01n02 (styczeń 2014): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083514500041.

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The concentrations of alkali elements in Japanese green tea leaves were evaluated using particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis combined with an internal standard method to investigate the elution of radioactive cesium into green tea using potassium and rubidium. The concentrations of potassium and rubidium of used tea leaf samples were lower than those of unused samples, whereas no significant differences in the concentrations of the other elements were observed between them. In addition, we found a similarity in the relative concentrations between potassium and rubidium although the other elements showed different aspects. These results suggest that it is possible to investigate the elution of radioactive cesium into green tea using potassium and rubidium as substitutes of cesium.

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Xu, Kun, Xiuyan Ren, Yujie Xiang, Mingxu Zhang, Xiang Zhao, Kexin Ma, Yaqi Tian, Dan Wu, Ziqiang Zeng i Guobao Wang. "Multi-Parameter Optimization of Rubidium Laser Optically Pumped Magnetometers with Geomagnetic Field Intensity". Sensors 23, nr 21 (2.11.2023): 8919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23218919.

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Rubidium laser optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) are widely used magnetic sensors based on the Zeeman effect, laser pumping, and magnetic resonance principles. They measure the magnetic field by measuring the magnetic resonance signal passing through a rubidium atomic gas cell. The quality of the magnetic resonance signal is a necessary condition for a magnetometer to achieve high sensitivity. In this research, to obtain the best magnetic resonance signal of rubidium laser OPMs in the Earth’s magnetic field intensity, the experiment system of rubidium laser OPMs is built with a rubidium atomic gas cell as the core component. The linewidth and amplitude ratio (LAR) of magnetic resonance signals is utilized as the optimization objective function. The magnetic resonance signals of the magnetometer experiment system are experimentally measured for different laser frequencies, radio frequency (RF) intensities, laser powers, and atomic gas cell temperatures in a background magnetic field of 50,765 nT. The experimental results indicate that optimizing these parameters can reduce the LAR by one order of magnitude. This shows that the optimal parameter combination can effectively improve the sensitivity of the magnetometer. The sensitivity defined using the noise spectral density measured under optimal experimental parameters is 1.5 pT/Hz1/2@1 Hz. This work will provide key technical support for rubidium laser OPMs’ product development.

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Knize, R. J. "Spin destruction in rubidium-rubidium and potassium-potassium collisions". Physical Review A 40, nr 11 (1.12.1989): 6219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.40.6219.

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Bobrov, Andrei, Vladimir Sautenkov, Sergey Saakyan i Boris Zelener. "Selective reflection study of excitation-dependent dipole-dipole interaction in dense rubidium vapour". E3S Web of Conferences 549 (2024): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202454903009.

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We conducted a comprehensive study of excitation dependent dipole-dipole interaction in dense rubidium gas using the resonant selective reflection of weak probe radiation from the dielectric-rubidium vapor interface. The excitation was created by the pump laser beam. The study involved exploring a diverse range of pumping radiation intensity and detuning for the number density of the rubidium vapour 2.8 × 1016 cm-3. We have measured experimental selective reflection spectra in both linear and nonlinear pumping modes.

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Wood, A. J., M. Elphick, J. K. Aronson i D. G. Grahame-Smith. "The Effect of Lithium on Cation Transport Measuredin vivoin Patients Suffering from Bipolar Affective Illness". British Journal of Psychiatry 155, nr 4 (październik 1989): 504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.4.504.

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We have investigated cation transportin vivoin patients being treated with lithium for bipolar affective illness by studying the disposition of rubidium after an oral load of rubidium chloride. The rate of erythrocyte cation transport was increased in the patients when compared with matched healthy volunteers. However, the rate ofin-vivoerythrocyte rubidium accumulation in the euthymic treated patients was significantly lower than in a matched group of unmedicated manic patients. The regulation of specific pathways for cation transport may be altered in individuals predisposed to affective illness.

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Amin Bao and Qian zhiqiang, Amin Bao and Qian zhiqiang. "Study on Solvent Extraction Behavior of Rubidium by t-BAMBP-Sulphonated Kerosene System from Salt Lake Brine". Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 41, nr 6 (2019): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000808/jcsp/41.06.2019.

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The system of 4-tert-butyl-2-(α-methyl benzyl) phenol (t-BAMBP) and sulphonated kerosene (SK) solution was used to extract rubidium from Salt Lake Brine which has been removed the Mg2+ by precipitatation method. Several experimental parameters such as the concentration of t-BAMBP, hydroxide ion and stripping acid, the volume ratio of organic phase to aqueous extraction phase (O/A) and extraction stage were investigated. The obtained results showed that extraction efficiency of Rb+can reach 96% after five -stage, and the stripping efficiency of Rb+ can reach 99% after two-stage. And the extraction equilibrium constant K is calculated to be 25.85, enthalpy change is -20.79 kJ mol-1 and the separation factor of five-stage extraction is 71.77. The system of t-BAMBP and SK could be fully regenerated by water and showed no significant decrease after ten extraction-stripping cycles, indicating that the extractant was stable and reusable. The presence of co-existing ions do not interfere with rubidium extraction, indicating the high selectivity of t-BAMBP and SK for rubidium ion. The method provides an idea for exploitation and utilization rubidium and has the important economically significant for industrialization extraction rubidium.

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Samboy, Nolan, i Robin Côté. "Rubidium Rydberg macrodimers". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 44, nr 18 (14.09.2011): 184006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/44/18/184006.

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Schmid, Sabine, i Wolfgang Schnick. "Rubidium metaborate, Rb3B3O6". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 60, nr 7 (30.06.2004): i69—i70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270104010066.

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Swanson, T. B., N. J. Silva, S. K. Mayer, J. J. Maki i D. H. McIntyre. "Rubidium atomic funnel". Journal of the Optical Society of America B 13, nr 9 (1.09.1996): 1833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.13.001833.

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Smolentsev, Anton I., Alexander I. Gubanov, Dmitry Yu Naumov i Andrey M. Danilenko. "Rubidium hexafluoridoiridate(IV)". Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 63, nr 12 (23.11.2007): i200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536807059995.

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Khlissa, Faycel, i Mokhtar Férid. "Rubidium terbium polyphosphate". Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 62, nr 12 (30.11.2006): i272—i273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536806041389.

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Nie, Wenlin, Shuming Wen, Yongjun Xian, Yirong Li, Guang Han i Yaxiong Jiang. "Leaching rubidium from a low-grade rubidium-bearing aluminosilicate ore". Journal of Materials Research and Technology 13 (lipiec 2021): 1546–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.05.052.

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Brearley, Christopher J., Jeffrey K. Aronson, Nicholas A. Boon i Anthony E. G. Raine. "Effects of Haemodialysis and Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis on Abnormalities of Ion Transport in vivo in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure". Clinical Science 85, nr 6 (1.12.1993): 725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0850725.

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1. We have studied Na+/K+ pump activity in vivo in three groups of subjects: patients with chronic renal failure not receiving maintenance dialysis, patients being treated by either haemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and matched control subjects. 2. To do this we have measured the changes in plasma and intraerythrocytic rubidium concentrations after an oral load of rubidium chloride, having previously shown that changes in the disposition of rubidium measured in this way reflect changes in the activity of the Na+/K+ pump in vivo. 3. Erythrocyte rubidium uptake was significantly reduced both in ten patients with chronic renal failure not receiving maintenance dialysis and in 12 patients being treated by haemodialysis, when compared with 31 healthy control subjects. In contrast, erythrocyte rubidium uptake was not altered in 13 patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. There was also a significantly reduced rate constant for erythrocyte rubidium uptake in patients with undialysed chronic renal failure (0.66 h−1) and in those treated by haemodialysis (0.78 h−1), whereas in patients treated by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis the rate constant for erythrocyte rubidium uptake was not significantly different from control values (1.36h−1 and 1.41 h−1, respectively). 4. These findings are consistent with a reversal of the inhibition of erythrocyte Na+/K+ pump activity in vivo found in chronic renal failure by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, but not by haemodialysis. This difference may be due to the failure of haemodialysis to clear a circulating inhibitor of Na+, K+-ATPase or to the rapid re-accumulation of such an inhibitor after haemodialysis. Alternatively, it could be due to a dialysable inhibitor of potassium efflux, with a secondary reduction in the activity of the Na+/K+ pump. 5. Neither continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis nor haemodialysis reversed the abnormal disposition of rubidium in the plasma found in undialysed patients. This suggests that the putative inhibitor which accumulates in chronic renal failure does not affect cation transport in all tissues of the body, and that abnormalities of cation transport in chronic renal failure may be due to more than one mechanism.

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Leszczyńska-Sejda, Katarzyna, Grzegorz Benke, Mateusz Ciszewski i Michał Drzazga. "Technology to Produce High-Purity Anhydrous Rubidium Perrhenate on an Industrial Scale". Materials 12, nr 7 (6.04.2019): 1130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071130.

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Technology used to produce high purity anhydrous rubidium perrhenate on an industrial scale from high purity perrhenic acid and rubidium nitrate by the ion-exchange method is described in this paper. This material is dedicated to catalyst preparation, therefore, strict purity requirements have to be fulfilled. These are satisfied by combining rubidium ion sorption on an ion exchange column and the subsequent elution of the high purity perrhenic acid solution, followed by crystallization, evaporation, purification, and drying. In the current study, rubidium and rhenium contents were found to be 22.5 wt.% and 55.4 wt.%, respectively, while contaminations were as follows: <2 ppm As, <2 ppm Bi, <5 ppm Ca, <5 ppm Cu, <3 ppm Fe, <10 ppm K, <3 ppm Mg, <5 ppm Mo, <2 ppm Na, <5 ppm Pb, and <3 ppm Zn.

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32

Jacobs, Patrick WM, i Marcia L. Vernon. "Article". Canadian Journal of Chemistry 76, nr 11 (1.11.1998): 1540–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-123.

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New crystal potentials have been developed for rubidium chloride, bromide, iodide, and sulphide, and also strontium chloride, by first calculating the pair-interactions in the electron-gas approximation and then refitting the potential parameters to available crystal properties. These potentials were then further tested by calculating the phonon dispersion in these materials along principal symmetry directions, with generally good agreement with experiment (except for rubidium sulphide for which no experimental neutron scattering data are available). The potentials were then used in the HADES computer code to calculate the energies of formation and migration of point defects in these materials. Our calculations indicate that several transport mechanisms may be important in the Rb halides and this has been verified in the case of RbCl by a recent very detailed analysis of the ionic conductivity of pure and doped RbCl.Key words: rubidium halides, defect energies, ionic transport, phonon dispersion, strontium chloride, rubidium sulphide.

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33

Jebaraj, P. Gershom, i V. Sivashankar. "CRYSTAL GROWTH IN SOLUTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RUBIDIUM SULFATE SINGLE CRYSTALS DOPED WITH L-LEUCINE". Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 13, nr 06 (31.07.2022): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.55218/jasr.202213610.

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Rubidium sulfate crystal is an inorganic material and it is doped with an organic material viz. L-leucine to improve the various properties of the host crystal. L-leucine doped rubidium sulfate (LLRS) crystals have been grown by solution method. LLRS crystals have been harvested after the growth period of 30 days. The grown LLRS crystal is observed to be crystallizing in orthorhombic structure by single crystal XRD studies. Mechanical studies were carried out to find the mechanical strength and other parameters. Dielectric studies of L-leucine doped rubidium sulfate crystals were carried out to evaluate dielectric constant, dielectric loss and activation energy. UV-visible-NIR spectral studies were done in the wavelength range 200-1100 nm and linear optical properties like transmittance, absorption coefficient and extinction coefficient of samples have been evaluated. Second order Non Linear Optical (NLO) studies of the grown crystal of LLRS were carried out by Kurtz-Perry technique. The fundamental absorption was noted at 280 nm and at 278 nm for undoped and L-leucine doped rubidium sulphate crystals respectively. The optical band gap of LLRS crystal was found to be slightly more than that of undoped rubidium sulphate crystal. The SHG efficiency of LLRS crystal is observed to be 0.61 times that of the reference KDP sample.

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34

Grevtseva, A. S., R. A. Dmitriev, V. V. Davydov i V. Yu Rud. "Features of the formation of the frequency of the microwave excitation signal in the quantum frequency standard on rubidium atoms - 87". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2086, nr 1 (1.12.2021): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2086/1/012055.

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Abstract The article discusses the main disadvantages of the current design of a quantum frequency standard based on rubidium-87 atoms. The main disadvantages of the current design of the quantum frequency standard on rubidium-87 atoms are considered. It is noted that the processes associated with light shifts in the optical part contribute to the greatest instability in the long-term operation of the quantum frequency standard. A solution is proposed to improve the design of the rubidium standard. A forecast for improving its metrological characteristics is presented. The results of experimental investigations are presented.

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35

Liu, Yali, Wei Li, Yudong Li, Xiaokuan Li, Liangsen Feng i Xinliang Li. "Influence of architecture and temperature of alkali atom vapor cells on absorption spectra". Journal of Semiconductors 43, nr 12 (1.12.2022): 122901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/43/12/122901.

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Abstract Chip-sized alkali atom vapor cells with high hermeticity are successfully fabricated through deep silicon etching and two anodic bonding processes. A self-built absorption spectrum testing system is used to test the absorption spectra of the rubidium atoms in alkali atom vapor cells. The influence of silicon cavity size, filling amount of rubidium atoms and temperature on the absorption spectra of rubidium atom vapor in the atom vapor cells are studied in depth through a theoretical analysis. This study provides a reference for the design and preparation of high quality chip-sized atom vapor cells.

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36

Неронов, Ю. И., i А. Н. Пронин. "Исследование ЯМР-сигналов рубидия в водных растворах и определение магнитных моментов ядер Rb-85 и Rb-87". Журнал технической физики 92, nr 5 (2022): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2022.05.52378.321-21.

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Study of NMR signals of rubidium in aqueous solutions and determination of the magnetic moments of Rb-85 and Rb-87 nuclei Yuriy Ilyich Neronov, Anton Nikolaevich Pronin All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology named after V.I. D. I. Mendeleeva, St. Petersburg, Russia, yineronov@mail.ru, and a.n.pronin@vniim.ru Annotation. The problem of increasing the accuracy of determining the magnetic moments of rubidium-85 and rubidium-87 nuclei based on the study of NMR signals of RbNO3 and RbCl solutions in water is considered. The spectral linewidth of the NMR signals from the 85Rb and 87Rb nuclei is a hundred times greater than the similar width of the signals from the nuclei for other neighboring alkaline elements of the periodic table, and such a broadening limits the possibilities for precision registration of nuclear resonance frequencies. Simultaneous registration of nuclear magnetic resonance signals from water protons and from rubidium nuclei was used in the work, which makes it possible to minimize the spread of data for the resonance frequency ratio. The ratios of the resonance frequencies of water protons and 85Rb, 87Rb nuclei were determined for aqueous solutions of RbCl and RbNO3 with concentrations from 0.5 to 2.0 mol/kg H2O. As a result, the ratios of magnetic moments (87Rb)/(85Rb) = 2.0333981(2) were calculated with a relative uncertainty d ≈ 10-7. The data on the resonance frequency ratio f(1H)/f(87Rb) for the content of rubidium salts in water were extrapolated to zero concentrations and f(1H)/f(87Rb) = 3.0561795(2) was determined for rubidium ions surrounded by water molecules . As a result, the magnetic moments are determined (85Rb)=1.353067(37); (87Rb)=2.751324(74). The obtained results are compared with the data of previous works. Annotation. The problem of increasing the accuracy of determining the magnetic moments of rubidium-85 and rubidium-87 nuclei based on the study of NMR signals of RbNO3 and RbCl solutions in water is considered. The spectral linewidth of the NMR signals from the 85Rb and 87Rb nuclei is a hundred times greater than the similar width of the signals from the nuclei for other neighboring alkaline elements of the periodic table, and such a broadening limits the possibilities for precision registration of nuclear resonance frequencies. Simultaneous registration of nuclear magnetic resonance signals from water protons and from rubidium nuclei was used in the work, which makes it possible to minimize the spread of data for the resonance frequency ratio. The ratios of the resonance frequencies of water protons and 85Rb, 87Rb nuclei were determined for aqueous solutions of RbCl and RbNO3 with concentrations from 0.5 to 2.0 mol/kg H2O. As a result, the ratios of magnetic moments (87Rb)/(85Rb) = 2.0333981(2) were calculated with a relative uncertainty d ≈ 10-7. The data on the resonance frequency ratio f(1H)/f(87Rb) for the content of rubidium salts in water were extrapolated to zero concentrations and f(1H)/f(87Rb) = 3.0561795(2) was determined for rubidium ions surrounded by water molecules . As a result, the magnetic moments are determined (85Rb)=1.353067(37); (87Rb)=2.751324(74). The obtained results are compared with the data of previous works. Keywords: precision determination of nuclear magnetic moments, simultaneous registration of NMR signals from two types of nuclei, quantum radiophysics

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37

Zeng, Qiang, Leiming Huang, Dongxiao Ouyang, Yuehua Hu, Hui Zhong i Zhiguo He. "Process optimization on the extraction of rubidium from rubidium-bearing biotite". Minerals Engineering 137 (czerwiec 2019): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2019.03.020.

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38

Baltisberger, J. H., S. L. Gann, E. W. Wooten, T. H. Chang, K. T. Mueller i A. Pines. "Rubidium-87 dynamic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy of inorganic rubidium salts". Journal of the American Chemical Society 114, nr 19 (wrzesień 1992): 7489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00045a023.

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39

Smith, J. F., i K. J. Lee. "The Nb-Rb (Niobium-Rubidium) and Rb-V (Rubidium-Vanadium) systems". Bulletin of Alloy Phase Diagrams 11, nr 3 (czerwiec 1990): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03029293.

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40

Neronov Y.I. i Pronin A.N. "Study of NMR signals of rubidium in aqueous solutions and determination of the magnetic moments of Rb-85 and Rb-87 nuclei". Technical Physics 92, nr 5 (2022): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2022.05.53679.321-21.

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The problem of increasing the accuracy of determining the magnetic moments of rubidium-85 and rubidium-87 nuclei based on the study of NMR signals of RbNO3 and RbCl solutions in water is considered. The spectral linewidth of the NMR signals from the 85Rb and 87Rb nuclei is a hundred times greater than the similar width of the signals from the nuclei for other neighboring alkaline elements of the periodic table, and such a broadening limits the possibilities for precision registration of nuclear resonance frequencies. Simultaneous registration of nuclear magnetic resonance signals from water protons and from rubidium nuclei was used in the work, which makes it possible to minimize the spread of data for the resonance frequency ratio. The ratios of the resonance frequencies of water protons and 85Rb, 87Rb nuclei were determined for aqueous solutions of RbCl and RbNO3 with concentrations from 0.5 to 2.0 mol/kg H2O. As a result, the ratios of magnetic moments μ(87Rb)/μ(85Rb)=2.0333981(2) were calculated with a relative uncertainty delta~10-7. The data on the resonance frequency ratio f(^1H)/f(87Rb) for the content of rubidium salts in water were extrapolated to zero concentrations and f(^1H)/f(87Rb)=3.0561795(2) was determined for rubidium ions surrounded by water molecules. As a result, the magnetic moments are determined μ(85Rb)=1.353067(37), μ(87Rb)=2.751324(74). The obtained results are compared with the data of previous works. Keywords: precision determination of nuclear magnetic moments, simultaneous registration of NMR signals from two types of nuclei, quantum radiophysics. Keywords: precision assessment of nuclear magnetic moments, rubidium-87 in solution and spin-spin interaction, simultaneous registration of signals from two types of nuclei, quantum radiophysics.

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41

Onwuagba, B. N. "Total energies in rubidium and cesium clusters". Canadian Journal of Physics 68, nr 10 (1.10.1990): 1129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p90-159.

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The total energies in rubidium and cesium clusters are investigated as functions of the number of atoms in a cluster in the framework of the local spin density approximation to the density functional formalism. The computed results provide useful information regarding the role played by the shell structure and predict the experimental spectra in rubidium and cesium clusters.

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42

Liang, Zhen-Hua, Kai-Bin Tang, Qian-Wang Chen i Hua-Gui Zheng. "RbCa2Nb3O10from X-ray powder data". Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 65, nr 6 (23.05.2009): i44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536809018157.

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Rubidium dicalcium triniobate(V), RbCa2Nb3O10, has been synthesized by solid-state reaction and its crystal structure refined from X-ray powder diffraction data using Rietveld analysis. The compound is a three-layer perovskite Dion–Jacobson phase with the perovskite-like slabs derived by termination of the three-dimensional CaNbO3perovskite structure along theabplane. The rubidium ions (4/mmmsymmetry) are located in the interstitial space.

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Tan, Xiu Min, Li Zhen Zhang i Xiu Feng Zhang. "Research on Separating Rubidium from Deep Potassium-Rich Old Brine by Solvent Extraction". Applied Mechanics and Materials 700 (grudzień 2014): 572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.700.572.

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A deep potassium-rich old brine in Hubei Province contains a large number of rubidium resource. Separation of rubidium is very difficult due to the similar physical and chemical properties of rubidium with the other coexisting alkali metals (potassium, sodium, and lithium). The process of extracting and separating Rb from the old brine with 4-tert-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl) phenol(t-BAMBP) as the extraction agent and sulfonated kerosene as diluents was systematically studied in this paper. The concentration of extraction agent, alkalinity of the old brine, phase ratio, the extracting time and other related factors were investigated. The optimal extraction conditions were obtained as follows: the concentration of t-BAMBP was 1.0mol/L, the concentration OH- was 0.6mol/L, the phase ratio was 3, the extraction time was 3 minutes. The percentage extraction of Rb could reach 91% for single-stage extraction, the separation coefficient of Rb and K reached up to 16.15. Sulfonated kerosene as diluent is non-toxic, high flash point, non-environmental pollution. A high extraction rate and separation factor for the development of rubidium resource of deep potassium-rich brine provided a reliable basis.

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Chen, Wei-Sheng, Cheng-Han Lee, Yi-Fan Chung, Ko-Wei Tien, Yen-Jung Chen i Yu-An Chen. "Recovery of Rubidium and Cesium Resources from Brine of Desalination through t-BAMBP Extraction". Metals 10, nr 5 (8.05.2020): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050607.

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50 billion cubic meters of brine every year creates ecological hazards to the environment. In order to reuse brine efficiently, rubidium and cesium were recovered in this experiment. On the other hand, the main impurities which were needed to be eliminated in brine were lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. In the procedure, seawater was distilled and evaporated first to turn into simulated brine. Perchloric acid was then added into simulated brine to precipitate potassium perchlorate which could reduce the influence of potassium in the extraction procedure. After that, t-BAMBP and ammonia were separately used as extractant and stripping agent in the extraction and stripping procedures to get rubidium hydroxide solutions and cesium hydroxide solutions. Subsequently, they reacted with ammonium carbonate to get rubidium carbonate and cesium carbonate. In a nutshell, this study shows the optimal parameters of pH value to precipitate potassium perchlorate. Besides, pH value in the system, the concentration of t-BAMBP and ammonia, organic phase/aqueous phase ratio (O/A ratio), reaction time, and reaction temperature in solvent extraction step were investigated to get high purities of rubidium carbonate and cesium carbonate.

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45

Babin, A. A., M. V. Volkov, S. G. Garanin, S. A. Kovaldov, A. V. Kopalkin, F. A. Starikov, A. V. Strakhov i V. V. Feoktistov. "IR laser oscillation on caesium and rubidium atomic transitions upon pumping to high-lying energy levels". Quantum Electronics 52, nr 4 (1.04.2022): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qel18021.

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Abstract Laser oscillation is obtained in caesium and rubidium atoms with wavelengths in the range of 2 – 5.5 μm under pumping to high-lying energy levels. Longitudinal resonant pumping is implemented using the second harmonic of radiation from an optical parametric oscillator. The pump wavelength is tuned over discrete levels from 8P to 10P in caesium atoms and from 6P to 8P in rubidium atoms. The width of the pump radiation spectrum is 12 cm−1. When caesium atoms are pumped, the pump pulse energy is no more than 10 mJ; when rubidium atoms are pumped, it does not exceed 3 mJ. The pulse repetition rate is 10 Hz. The maximum output energy of IR laser radiation upon pumping the 9P3/2 level of caesium atoms is about 100 μJ at a cell temperature of ∼170°C, while the efficiency of pump conversion into radiation energy with a wavelength λ ∼ 3.1 μm turns out to be ∼1 %. For rubidium atoms, an estimate of the output energy of IR radiation gives a value of ∼80 μJ at a cell temperature of 180 °C, which corresponds to an energy efficiency of ∼2.7 %.

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Cunha, Florival M., Manuel F. Silva, Nuno M. Gomes i José H. Correia. "Al2O3 Ultra-Thin Films Deposited by PEALD for Rubidium Optically Pumped Atomic Magnetometers with On-Chip Photodiode". Coatings 13, nr 3 (17.03.2023): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030638.

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This communication shows the recipe for plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) Al2O3 ultra-thin films with thicknesses below 40 nm. Al2O3 ultra-thin films were deposited by PEALD to improve the rubidium optically pumped atomic magnetometers’ (OPMs) cell lifetime. This requirement is due to the consumption of the alkali metal (rubidium) inside the vapor cells. Moreover, as a silicon wafer was used, an on-chip photodiode was already integrated into the fabrication of the OPM. The ALD parameters were achieved with a GPC close to 1.2 Å/cycle and the ALD window threshold at 250 °C. The PEALD Al2O3 ultra-thin films showed a refractive index of 1.55 at 795 nm (tuned to the D1 transition of rubidium for spin-polarization of the atoms). The EDS chemical elemental analysis showed an atomic percentage of 58.65% for oxygen (O) and 41.35% for aluminum (Al), with a mass percentage of 45.69% for O and 54.31% for Al. A sensitive XPS surface elemental composition confirmed the formation of the PEALD Al2O3 ultra-thin film with an Al 2s peak at 119.2 eV, Al 2p peak at 74.4 eV, and was oxygen rich. The SEM analysis presented a non-uniformity of around 3%. Finally, the rubidium consumption in the coated OPM was monitored. Therefore, PEALD Al2O3 ultra-thin films were deposited while controlling their optical refractive index, crystalline properties, void fraction, surface roughness and thickness uniformity (on OPM volume 1 mm × 1 mm × 0.180 mm cavity etched by RIE), as well as the chemical composition for improving the rubidium OPM lifetime.

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Santoro. "Rubidium at Extreme Conditions". Proceedings 26, nr 1 (5.09.2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019026007.

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Wang, Kun-Peng, Wen-Tao Yu, Jian-Xiu Zhang, Ji-Yang Wang, Huai-Jin Zhang i Xu-Ping Wang. "Rubidium gadolinium bis(tungstate)". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 61, nr 6 (13.05.2005): i65—i66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270105010504.

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McEachran, R. P., M. Horbatsch i A. D. Stauffer. "Positron scattering from rubidium". Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 24, nr 5 (14.03.1991): 1107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/24/5/029.

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Peil, Steven, James Hanssen, Thomas B. Swanson, Jennifer Taylor i Christopher R. Ekstrom. "The USNO rubidium fountains". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 723 (czerwiec 2016): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/723/1/012004.

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