Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Rubidium”
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Thompson, Sarah Theresa. "Rubidium-85 Feshbach molecules". Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3219200.
Pełny tekst źródłaTrachy, Marc Lawrence. "Photoassociative ionization in cold rubidium". Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/695.
Pełny tekst źródłaSchultz, Eric M. "Quantum interference spectroscopy with rubidium". Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/4614.
Pełny tekst źródłaDepartment of Physics
Brett D. DePaola
A recent powerful spectroscopic technique that has been implemented using femtosecond lasers excites atoms or molecules through quantum interference effects. The results are oscillations in excited state populations that represent the optical frequencies used in the excitation pathway, these frequencies can be found by Fourier analysis. The technique uses a Mach-Zender interferometer wherein one femtosecond pulse is split into two pulses that are phase coherent. These pulses are the pump and probe pulses which are delayed with respect to one another by a variable time. During the delay between pulses the state excited by the first (pump) pulse evolves in time before the probe pulse is used to excite the atom into its final state. The observed final state population exhibits interference between the several possible pathways to the final state. The information gained from this method will allow for advances in other processes such as the dynamics of photo-association.
Dewey, Wayne. "A GPS Disciplined Rubidium Clock". International Foundation for Telemetering, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614469.
Pełny tekst źródłaSub-Microsecond timing accuracy for event tagging and multisite synchronization is possible using the Global Positioning System. In order to maintain a high degree of accuracy during periods when no satellites are visible, a highly stable local time base is required. For those cases which require Cesium Oscillator stability, initial cost and continuing maintenance of the Cesium Oscillator must be considered. A viable alternative is attained by using the Global Positioning System and an oscillator disciplining process. With this system, near Cesium performance can be achieved using a more rugged lower cost Rubidium oscillator. Additionally, when 24 hour satellite coverage becomes available, system performance may surpass that of a Cesium in long term stability as well as long term drift. This presentation describes the system components, including Global Positioning System receiver, Miniaturized Controllable Rubidium Oscillator and Global Positioning System Clock. Clock timing accuracy and short and long term frequency stability results are discussed along with the control algorithms used in the disciplining process. A brief discussion of the computer modeling tools used is also presented.
Himsworth, Matthew. "Coherent manipulation of ultracold Rubidium". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/72369/.
Pełny tekst źródłaSinclair, Gary F. "Cross-phase modulation in rubidium-87". Thesis, St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/735.
Pełny tekst źródłaSaers, Robert. "Ultracold rubidium atoms in periodic potentials". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Fysik, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1821.
Pełny tekst źródłaScotto, Stefano. "Rubidium vapors in high magnetic fields". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30318/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaOptical spectroscopy of simple atoms allows a very precise measurement of the atomic properties and of the external perturbations, as applied magnetic or electric fields. The Zeeman spectrum represents a magnetic field fingerprint. In this work we present our investigations about rubidium response to high magnetic fields in order to use it as magnetic field probe in the range 0.1 T - 60 T. This work was carried out in the framework of the RUHMA (RUbidium Atoms in High MAgnetic fields) project. Our investigation opens the path to magnetic field optical metrology, converting a magnetic field measurement into an optical frequency determination. The principle of the experiment is to compare experimental atomic spectra with computed theoretical spectra, in order to extract the value of the magnetic field strength. We performed our preliminary tests in static magnetic fields, ranging from 0.06 T to 0.2 T. In this framework we investigated in details some complex spectroscopic structures due to the multi-level nature of the atomic system. After this preliminary phase, the 1T-60T range have been investigated using the pulsed magnets of the Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses in Toulouse. We carried out an effort of miniaturization of the experimental setup in order to satisfy the constraints imposed by high magnetic field experiments. We performed metrology of pulsed magnetic field up to 58 T, which is the highest field an atomic gas has never been exposed. The accuracy of our method attained the level of 10-4
Majeed, Hawri Omer. "Rubidium Rydberg Spectroscopy for the Micromaser". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.515550.
Pełny tekst źródłaMartay, Hugo E. L. "Coherent control of cold rubidium dimers". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533833.
Pełny tekst źródłaSchommers, W. [Verfasser]. "Molekulardynamische Rechnungen fuer Rubidium / W. Schommers". Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1186904860/34.
Pełny tekst źródłaBrown, David Ross S. B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Trapping cold rubidium in a fiber". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40908.
Pełny tekst źródłaIncludes bibliographical references (p. 79-80).
In this thesis, we demonstrate the novel technique of loading cold ⁸⁷Rb into a red-detuned optical dipole trap within a hollow core photonic fiber. This confines the atoms to 6 microns in two dimensions. We initially cooled the Rubidium in a magneto-optical trap. The great confinement of the Rubidium allows for increased optical depths per atom and therefore increased interaction rates with probing light.
by David Ross Brown.
S.B.
Hill, Cameron Louis. "Rubidium Packaging for On-Chip Spectroscopy". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5697.
Pełny tekst źródłaGOZZELINO, MICHELE. "Pulsed rubidium clock towards space applications". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2836782.
Pełny tekst źródłaBrandt, Lukas. "Trapping of rubidium atoms using optical tweezers". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558210.
Pełny tekst źródłaChamberlain, Debra K. "Materials behaviour in liquid potassium and rubidium". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280314.
Pełny tekst źródłaChen, Hongxin. "Electromagnetically induced transparency in laser-cooled rubidium". Thesis, Open University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265348.
Pełny tekst źródłaCampbell, Gretchen K. (Gretchen Kathleen). "⁸⁷Rubidium Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39295.
Pełny tekst źródłaIncludes bibliographical references (p. 130-142).
Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices have proven to be a powerful tool for studying a wide variety of physics. In this thesis a series of experiments using optical lattices to manipulate 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensates are described. A systematic shift of the photon recoil momentum due to the index of refraction of a dilute gas of atoms has been observed. The recoil frequency was measured interferometrically using a two-pulse Ramsey interferometer. The two pulses were created using a one dimensional optical lattice. By measuring the resulting frequency as a function of the lattice detuning from the atomic resonance, we found a distinctive dispersive shape for the recoil frequency that fit the recoil momentum as n,.hk. A one-dimensional optical lattice was used to modify the dispersion relation of the condensate in order to demonstrate the matter-wave analogue of Optical Parametric Generation (OPG) and Amplification (OPA) of photons. A condensate was loaded into a moving optical lattice with adjustable quasimomentum k0. As the value for k0o was varied, we observed elastic scattering into two distinct final momentum states k1 and k2.
(cont.) When a small fraction of atoms was first transferred to k1 before ramping on the lattice, we observed the amplification of scattered atoms into k1 and k2. The superfluid-Mott Insulator transition was studied using microwave spectroscopy in a deep three-dimensional optical lattice. Using the density dependent clock shift we were able to spectroscopically distinguish sites with different occupation numbers, and to directly image sites with occupation number from 1 to 5, revealing the shell structure of the Mott Insulator phase.
by Gretchen K. Campbell.
Ph.D.
Breuer, John. "Cold elastic collisions of sodium and rubidium". Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29690.
Pełny tekst źródłaCommittee Chair: Kennedy, Brian; Committee Member: Chapman, Michael; Committee Member: Zangwill, Andrew. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
Craig, Samantha L. "Rubidium Oscillator Error Model for Specific Force and Magnetic Field Susceptibility". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1398126124.
Pełny tekst źródłaKöhl, Michael. "Kohärente Atomoptik mit dem Atomlaser". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=963248472.
Pełny tekst źródłaBurger, Sven. "Erzeugung und Untersuchung dunkler Solitonen in Bose-Einstein-Kondensaten". [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=959954112.
Pełny tekst źródłaBuchkremer, Felix B. J. "Kohärenz in miniaturisierten Speicher- und Leiterstrukturen für neutrale Atome". [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96364548X.
Pełny tekst źródłaSchneider, Stephan. "Bose-Einstein-Kondensation in einer magnetischen Z-Falle". [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=968888291.
Pełny tekst źródłaLundegaard, Lars Fahl. "High-pressure diffraction studies of rubidium phase IV". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2757.
Pełny tekst źródłaChu, Yiwen. "Loading rubidium atoms into a hollow core fiber". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40904.
Pełny tekst źródłaIncludes bibliographical references (p. 71-73).
We demonstrate a procedure for cooling, trapping, and transferring rubidium atoms into a hollow core photonic band gap fiber. The atoms are first collected in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) and then cooled using polarization gradient cooling. Magnetic traps are then used to confine and transfer the atoms toward the face of the fiber. An optical dipole trap formed using laser light propagating through the fiber guide the atoms and confine them away from the fiber walls. We hope to use this system to achieve large optical depths with possible applications to quantum computing.
by Yiwen Chu.
S.B.
Kowalczyk, Anna Urszula. "Manipulation and control of ultra-cold rubidium atoms". Thesis, Open University, 2013. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54835/.
Pełny tekst źródłaChen, Sophia Lee. "Two-Photon Direct Frequency Comb Spectroscopy of Rubidium". Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1337650567.
Pełny tekst źródłaWu, Sheldon Shao Quan. "Hydrocarbon-free resonance transition 795 nm rubidium laser". Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3356349.
Pełny tekst źródłaTitle from first page of PDF file (viewed July 9, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 110-113).
Singh, Swati. "Progress towards ultra-cold ensembles of rubidium and lithium". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/32067.
Pełny tekst źródłaScience, Faculty of
Physics and Astronomy, Department of
Graduate
Buggle, Christian. "Collective and collisional properties of the Rubidium quantum gas". [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2005. http://dare.uva.nl/document/78220.
Pełny tekst źródłaMcCabe, David J. "The formation of ultracold rubidium molecules using ultrafast photoassociation". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:65e44f72-1995-45f0-8751-898735e54b6e.
Pełny tekst źródłaSheard, Benjamin T. "Magnetic transport and Bose-Einstein condensation of rubidium atoms". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dedece2b-c33a-415b-9d6b-570263042797.
Pełny tekst źródłaHarris, Magaret L. "Realisation of a cold mixture of rubidium and caesium". Thesis, Durham University, 2008. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2300/.
Pełny tekst źródłaNortier, F. M., H. T. Bach, E. R. Birnbaum, J. W. Engle, M. E. Fassbender, J. F. Hunter, K. D. John i in. "Rubidium metal target development for large scale 82Sr production". Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-164250.
Pełny tekst źródłaPursehouse, James. "Electron and photon interactions in magnesium, calcium and rubidium". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/electron-and-photon-interactions-in-magnesium-calcium-and-rubidium(cf98e2a6-ae7d-45b9-91c4-33f148a5678e).html.
Pełny tekst źródłaElnour, Huzifa Mohammed Ahamed Mohammed. "Development of a magneto optical trap for Rubidium 87". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85586.
Pełny tekst źródłaENGLISH ABSTRACT: A Magneto Optical Trap (MOT) is a configuration formed by three orthogonal pairs of counterpropagating circularly polarized laser beams and a magnetic field gradient. A MOT is used to cool, capture and trap large numbers of atoms in vacuum at very low temperature in K range. In this thesis the development of an experimental setup for realising a MOT of 87Rb atoms is presented. The atomic structure of Rb and the theoretical background of laser cooling and magneto optical trapping was reviewed. The influence of rubidium background pressure in the vacuum system, the laser beam size and the power and frequency on the number of the trapped atoms were studied in literature. The trapping and repumping lasers were characterised experimentally. Six circularly polarised trapping beams with equal power were formed and properly aligned to intersect at the center of the trapping cell. Two optical setups were designed and exploited to investigate and optimise the trapping beam polarisation. The repumping laser beam was successfully aligned and colinearly combined into all the trapping beams. Three different experimental setups for saturated absorption spectroscopy were developed. Saturated absorption spectra showing the hyperfine structure of both 85Rb and 87Rb isotopes were measured and are discussed. Using two saturated absorption spectroscopy setups, the frequencies of both lasers were successfully locked to the trapping and repumping transitions of 87Rb respectively. A rectangular trapping cell was designed and attached to the vacuum system. A pressure of about 10¯7 mbar was achieved. The magnetic field coils were characterised and affixed on both sides of the cell in an anti-Helmholtz configuration. Setups for imaging and quantification of the 87Rb atoms in the MOT were designed. Finally, the procedures for demonstrating a MOT are presented. In conclusion, the current status of the project is reported, with recommendations for the future work.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ’n Magneto optiese val (Magneto Optical Trap, MOT) is ’n konfigurasie wat gevorm word deur drie ortogonale laserbundelpare, wat elk uit twee sirkelvormig gepolariseerde bundels met teenoorgestelde voortplantingsrigtings bestaan, en ’n magneetveld gradient. ’n MOT word gebruik om ’n groot aantal atome af te koel, te vang en vas te hou in vakuum by ’n baie lae temperatuur in die K bereik. In hierdie tesis word die ontwikkeling van ’n eksperimentele optelling vir die realisering van ’n MOT van 87Rb atome voorgelê. Die atoomstruktuur van Rb en die teoretiese agtergrond van laser afkoeling en ’n magneto optiese val is hersien. Die invloed van die rubidium agtergronddruk in die vakuumstelsel, die grootte van die laserbundels en die laser drywing en frekwensie op die aantal gevangde atome is bestudeer uit die literatuur. Die MOT-laser en die optiese pomplaser is eksperimenteel gekarakteriseer. Ses sirkelvormig gepolariseerde MOT-laserbundels met gelyke drywings is gevorm en behoorlik belyn om in die middel van die MOT-sel te kruis. Twee optiese opstellings is ontwerp en gebruik om die polarisasie van die MOT-laserbundels te ondersoek en te optimeer. Die optiese pomplaserbundel is suksesvol belyn en ko-liniêr ekombineer met al die MOT-laserbundels. Drie verskillende eksperimentele opstellings vir versadigde absorpsie spektroskopie is ontwikkel. Versadigde absorpsie spektra wat die hiperfyn struktuur van beide die 85Rb en 87Rb isotope toon is gemeet en bespreek. Deur twee versadigde absorpsie spektroskopie opstellings te gebruik is die frekwensies van beide lasers suksesvol gestabiliseer op die MOT- en optiese pomp-oorgange van 87Rb onderskeidelik. ’n Reghoekige MOT-sel is ontwerp en aangesluit by die vakuumstelsel. ’n Druk van ongeveer 10¯7 mbar is bereik. Die magneetveld spoele is gekarakteriseer en weerskante van die sel gemonteer in ’n anti-Helmholtz konfigurasie. Ten einde word die prosedures vir die demonstrasie van ’n MOT voorgelê. In die gevolgtrekking word daar verslag gedoen oor die status van die projek, met aanbevelings vir toekomstige werk.
Johnson, Luke Anthony Mavilio. "Precision laser spectroscopy of rubidium with a frequency comb". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4375/.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuinea, William Edward. "Polarisation and Alignment Studies in Electron Scattering From Rubidium". Thesis, Griffith University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367197.
Pełny tekst źródłaThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Biomolecular and Physical sciences
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
Carradus, Maria. "Structural studies of Na'+K'+-ATPase". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342323.
Pełny tekst źródłaHopkins, Stephen Antony. "Laser cooling of rubidium atoms in a magneto-optical trap". n.p, 1995. http://oro.open.ac.uk/19431/.
Pełny tekst źródłaZhang, Zhaonian. "Impact of rubidium clock aiding on GPS augmented vehicular navigation". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0023/MQ31407.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaSaha, Satyajit. "Parity nonconserving neutron spin rotation in bromine, cesium and rubidium /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9663.
Pełny tekst źródłaHopkins, Stephen. "Laser cooling of rubidium atoms in a magneto-optical trap". Thesis, Open University, 1996. http://oro.open.ac.uk/19431/.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreed, Erik William. "⁸⁷Rubidium Bose-Einstein condensates : machine construction and quantum Zeno experiments". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34400.
Pełny tekst źródłaIncludes bibliographical references (p. 121-130).
This thesis details construction of a new apparatus for the production of 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensates and a subsequent quantum Zeno effect experiment. An experimental apparatus for producing large Bose-Einstein condensates of 87Rb is described in detail. A high flux thermal atomic beam is decelerated by a Zeeman slower and is then captured and cooled in a magneto-optical trap. The atoms are then transfered into a cloverleaf style Ioffe-Pritchard magnetic trap and cooled to quantum degeneracy with radio frequency induced forced evaporation. Condensates containing up to 20 million atoms can be produced every few minutes. The quantum Zeno effect is the suppression of transitions between quantum states by frequent measurement. Oscillation between two ground hyperfine states of a magnetically trapped 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensate, externally driven at a transition rate WR, was substantially suppressed by destructively measuring one of the levels with resonant optical scattering. While an ideal continuous measurement will stop the transition, any real measurement method will occur at a finite rate. The suppression of the transition rate in the two level system was quantified for pulsed measurements with a time between pulses t and weak continuous measurements with a scattering rate y. We observe that the weak continuous measurements exhibit the same suppression in the transition rate as the pulsed measurements when ySt = 3.60(0.43). This is in agreement with the previously predicted value of 4. Increasing the measurement frequency suppressed the transition rate to 0.005WR.
by Erik William Streed.
Ph.D.
Federicci, Rémi. "Étude des propriétés diélectriques dans le dititanate de rubidium : Rb2Ti2O5". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066589/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe work described in this thesis report deals with the dielectric investigation of the rubidium peroxititanate with stoechiometry Rb$_{2}$Ti$_{2}$O$_{5}$. This material has been synthetized in the LPEM (ESPCI Paris) with the collaboration of Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (Nantes, France). The synthesis process is based on chemical solid state reactions and is detailed in this report. An X-Ray diffraction caracterization as function of the temperature was realized on powders and single cristals and showed that the material structure is C2/m. Structural relaxation computations using Density Functional Theory (DFT) confirmed these results. A deep investigation of the phonon modes by means of Raman and Infrared spectroscopy as function of temperature was also performed and results are presented and discussed in the thesis. DFT computations of the phonon modes of the Rb$_{2}$Ti$_{2}$O$_{5}$ are also displayed to finalize the structural study. Transverse Electron Miscroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy also brought useful information concerning the crystal structure and the topography of the materials. The main part of the work presented in this thesis is related to electrical transport measurements performed on Rb$_{2}$Ti$_{2}$O$_{5}$ crystals. This study consists of a temperature dependence investigation of I-V and Q-V cycles as well as permittivity measurements as function of frequency. We report a colossal relative permittivity (10$^8$) with a variation of almost six order of magnitude between low and high frequencies, and signatures in the displacement currents attesting of a huge variation of polarization due to ferroelectic-like behavior. We showed that the samples of Rb$_{2}$Ti$_{2}$O$_{5}$ are very weak electronic conductors (10$^{-9}$\,S.cm$^{-1}$) but very good ionic conductors (10$^{-3}$\,S.cm$^{-1}$). We have evidenced ionic charge accumulation properties giving rise to macro-dipoles explaining this colossal dielectric constant value. These properties were found to be activated within a temperature range of 200\,K -330\,K. In addition it was demonstrated that this material genuinely behaves as a memristive system
Wennberg, Ulrika. "On Demand Generation of Single Photons Locked to Rubidium Transitions". Thesis, KTH, Tillämpad fysik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279444.
Pełny tekst źródłaZhang, Yuhong. "OBSERVATION OF EIT IN RUBIDIUM VAPOR USING THE HANLE EFFECT". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1186165356.
Pełny tekst źródłaNirrengarten, Thomas. "Piégeage magnétique d'atomes de Rubidium au voisinage d'une surface supraconductrice". Paris 6, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00410067.
Pełny tekst źródłaRomanov, Gleb Vladimirovich. "Optical Control of Multi-Photon Coherent Interactions in Rubidium Atoms". W&M ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1516639561.
Pełny tekst źródła