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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Rubella epidemics"
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Al Qurashi, Maysaa Mohamed. "Role of fractal-fractional operators in modeling of rubella epidemic with optimized orders". Open Physics 18, nr 1 (30.12.2020): 1111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phys-2020-0217.
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Abstract Fractal-fractional (FF) differential and integral operators having the capability to subsume features of retaining memory and self-similarities are used in the present research analysis to design a mathematical model for the rubella epidemic while taking care of dimensional consistency among the model equations. Infectious diseases have history in their transmission dynamics and thus non-local operators such as FF play a vital role in modeling dynamics of such epidemics. Monthly actual rubella incidence cases in Pakistan for the years 2017 and 2018 have been used to validate the FF rubella model and such a data set also helps for parameter estimation. Using nonlinear least-squares estimation with MATLAB function lsqcurvefit, some parameters for the classical and the FF model are obtained. Upon comparison of error norms for both models (classical and FF), it is found that the FF produces the smaller error. Locally asymptotically stable points (rubella-free and rubella-present) of the model are computed when the basic reproduction number { {\mathcal R} }_{0} is less and greater than unity and the sensitivity is investigated. Moreover, solution of the FF rubella system is shown to exist. A new iterative method is proposed to carry out numerical simulations which resulted in getting insights for the transmission dynamics of the rubella epidemic.
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ROBERTS, M. G., i M. I. TOBIAS. "Predicting and preventing measles epidemics in New Zealand: application of a mathematical model". Epidemiology and Infection 124, nr 2 (kwiecień 2000): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899003556.
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A mathematical model of the dynamics of measles in New Zealand was developed in 1996. The model successfully predicted an epidemic in 1997 and was instrumental in the decision to carry out an intensive MMR (measles–mumps–rubella) immunization campaign in that year. While the epidemic began some months earlier than anticipated, it was rapidly brought under control, and its impact on the population was much reduced. In order to prevent the occurrence of further epidemics in New Zealand, an extended version of the model has since been developed and applied to the critical question of the optimal timing of MMR immunization.
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Davidkin, I., H. Peltola i P. Leinikki. "Epidemiology of rubella in Finland". Eurosurveillance 9, nr 4 (1.04.2004): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.09.04.00459-en.
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Before rubella vaccination programmes began, rubella infection was prevalent in Finnish children. The disease occurred as epidemics at intervals of a few years. Rubella infection was most often contracted between the ages of 2 and 12 years. Vaccinations specifically aimed at eradicating rubella were begun with monocomponent vaccine in the mid-1970s, and the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination programme with two injections got underway in 1982. A clear reduction in rubella cases was evident a few years after the launch of the MMR programme. Owing to a sufficiently high vaccination coverage (>95% since 1987), circulation of the indigenous rubella virus in the Finnish population ceased in the late 1990s. Some rubella cases have been imported to Finland since elimination, but they have not caused any secondary cases. This shows unambiguously that protection against rubella continues to be effective, although our cohort studies imply that the vaccine induced antibody levels do decrease with time. The MMR programme has also eliminated congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) from the country. The last CRS case was recorded in 1986. As a result of the high coverage two dose MMR vaccination programme, rubella was successfully eliminated from Finland. How long the acquired protection will last remains to be seen.
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Doroudchi, M., A. Dehaghani Samsami, K. Emad i A. A. Ghaderi. "Seroepidemiological survey of rubella immunity among three populations in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran". Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 7, nr 1-2 (15.03.2001): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2001.7.1-2.128.
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We used indirect ELISA assay to test 1193 sera for rubella IgG and IgM antibodies in a seroepidemiological survey of three age- and gender-differentiated sample populations in Shiraz: 203 children aged 2-7 years, 255 paired mothers and neonates [cord blood] and 480 women aged 14-70 years. Seropositivity among women aged 14-70 years was 96.2%. No IgM positive case was found among the 255 tested cord blood samples. Seropositivity among the 203 children was 97.0% [much higher than previously reported]. This may be due to rubella epidemics, which tend to occur every 6-10 years. The impact of introducing rubella vaccination is discussed.
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Miller, C. L. "Rubella in the developing world". Epidemiology and Infection 107, nr 1 (sierpień 1991): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800048688.
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Before Gregg's historic observation [1] rubella was not considered to have clinical or epidemiological importance in any country. In the western world epidemics occurred at varying intervals but with little morbidity and apparently only minor complications. Despite confirmation of Gregg's findings from many quarters, it was not until the worldwide outbreaks in the 1960s that the aftermath of rubella infection in pregnancy was fully realized. As a result of the 1964 outbreak in New York City, more than 1000 children were born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) and over 300 pregnancies either aborted spontaneously or were terminated for rubella infection [2]. The number of children affected represented 1% of births in the city; if extrapolated to the whole country this gave an estimated total of 30000 cases of CRS. No such disasters have so far been reported from the developing world.
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Wang, Changyin, Zhen Zhu, Qing Xu, Aiqiang Xu, Xueqiang Fang, Lizhi Song, Weixiu Li, Ping Xiong i Wenbo Xu. "Rubella Epidemics and Genotypic Distribution of the Rubella Virus in Shandong Province, China, in 1999–2010". PLoS ONE 7, nr 7 (24.07.2012): e42013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042013.
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PEBODY, R. G., W. J. EDMUNDS, M. CONYN-van SPAENDONCK, P. OLIN, G. BERBERS, I. REBIERE, H. LECOEUR i in. "The seroepidemiology of rubella in western Europe". Epidemiology and Infection 125, nr 2 (październik 2000): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899004574.
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Most of the countries in western Europe have now implemented mass infant rubella immunization programmes, instead of or in addition to selective vaccination in order to achieve the elimination of congenital rubella syndrome.The European countries Denmark, England and Wales, Finland, France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands undertook large, national serological surveys collecting several thousand serum specimens during 1994–8. Antibodies against rubella virus were detected by a variety of enzyme immuno-assays. Comparability of the assay results was achieved by a standardized methodology. The age- and sex-stratified serological results were related to the schedules, coverage of rubella vaccination and the incidence in these countries.The results show widely differing levels of immunity to rubella both in the general population and in the specific age groups of males and females. A low rate (< 5%) of susceptibles in childhood and adolescents of both sexes was obtained only in Finland and the Netherlands.Countries such as Italy with only moderate coverage for the infant immunization programme currently have both high susceptibility levels in the general population and in the at-risk population. The likelihood is of continued epidemics of rubella with cases of congenital rubella syndrome. The continued implementation of selective vaccination will help to offset the impact of this ongoing transmission and to protect women on reaching childbearing age.
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EDMUNDS, W. J., O. G. VAN DE HEIJDEN, M. EEROLA i N. J. GAY. "Modelling rubella in Europe". Epidemiology and Infection 125, nr 3 (grudzień 2000): 617–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800004660.
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The prevention of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), as a complication of rubella infection during pregnancy, is the main aim of rubella vaccination programmes. However, as vaccination of infants leads to an increase in the average age at which those who were not immunized become infected, certain rubella vaccination programmes can lead to an increase in the incidence of CRS. In this paper we use a mathematical model of the transmission dynamics of rubella virus to investigate the likely impact of different vaccination policies in Europe. The model was able to capture pre-and post-vaccination patterns of infection and prevalence of serological markers under a wide variety of scenarios, suggesting that the model structure and parameter estimates were appropriate. Analytical and numerical results suggest that endemic circulation of rubella is unlikely in Finland, the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, and perhaps Denmark, provided vaccine coverage is uniform across geographical and social groups. In Italy and Germany vaccine coverage in infancy has not been sufficient to interrupt rubella transmission, and continued epidemics of CRS seem probable. It seems unlikely that the immunization programmes in these countries are doing more harm than good, but this may be partly as a result of selective immunization of schoolgirls. Indeed, in both these countries, selective vaccination of schoolgirls with inadequate vaccination histories is likely to be an important mechanism by which CRS incidence is suppressed (unlike the other countries, which have had sufficiently high infant coverage rates to withdraw this option). Reducing inequalities in the uptake of rubella vaccine may bring greater health benefits than increasing the mean level of coverage.
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Sugishita, Yoshiyuki, Naotaka Shimatani, Shigetaka Katow, Takuri Takahashi i Narumi Hori. "Epidemiological Characteristics of Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome in the 2012–2013 Epidemics in Tokyo, Japan". Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 68, nr 2 (2015): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7883/yoken.jjid.2014.195.
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Wesolowski, Amy, Keitly Mensah, Cara E. Brook, Miora Andrianjafimasy, Amy Winter, Caroline O. Buckee, Richter Razafindratsimandresy, Andrew J. Tatem, Jean-Michel Heraud i C. Jessica E. Metcalf. "Introduction of rubella-containing-vaccine to Madagascar: implications for roll-out and local elimination". Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, nr 117 (kwiecień 2016): 20151101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.1101.
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Few countries in Africa currently include rubella-containing vaccination (RCV) in their immunization schedule. The Global Alliance for Vaccines Initiative (GAVI) recently opened a funding window that has motivated more widespread roll-out of RCV. As countries plan RCV introductions, an understanding of the existing burden, spatial patterns of vaccine coverage, and the impact of patterns of local extinction and reintroduction for rubella will be critical to developing effective programmes. As one of the first countries proposing RCV introduction in part with GAVI funding, Madagascar provides a powerful and timely case study. We analyse serological data from measles surveillance systems to characterize the epidemiology of rubella in Madagascar. Combining these results with data on measles vaccination delivery, we develop an age-structured model to simulate rubella vaccination scenarios and evaluate the dynamics of rubella and the burden of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) across Madagascar. We additionally evaluate the drivers of spatial heterogeneity in age of infection to identify focal locations where vaccine surveillance should be strengthened and where challenges to successful vaccination introduction are expected. Our analyses indicate that characteristics of rubella in Madagascar are in line with global observations, with an average age of infection near 7 years, and an impact of frequent local extinction with reintroductions causing localized epidemics. Modelling results indicate that introduction of RCV into the routine programme alone may initially decrease rubella incidence but then result in cumulative increases in the burden of CRS in some regions (and transient increases in this burden in many regions). Deployment of RCV with regular supplementary campaigns will mitigate these outcomes. Results suggest that introduction of RCV offers a potential for elimination of rubella in Madagascar, but also emphasize both that targeted vaccination is likely to be a lynchpin of this success, and the public health vigilance that this introduction will require.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Rubella epidemics"
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Amaku, Marcos. "Estudo de parâmetros epidemiológicos através de modelamento matemático: aspectos estacionários, espaciais e temporais". Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-19092001-165535/.
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Estudamos, através de modelagem matemática, aspectos estacionários, espaciais e temporais relacionados à propagação e controle de doenças infecciosas de transmissão direta por contato pessoa-a-pessoa. Elaboramos modelos matemáticos determinísticos fundamentados no princípio de ação de massas em Epidemiologia, levando em consideração a simetria no número de contatos entre suscetíveis e infectados, o que nos permitiu estimar a taxa per capita de contatos potencialmente infectantes e, por conseguinte, a força de infecção e os possíveis efeitos de diferentes programas de vacinação. O desenvolvimento do modelo de estado estacionário foi feito com base em dados sorológicos de rubéola (Azevedo Neto 1992) para uma população que ainda não havia sido imunizada por meio de vacinação. Analisamos, então, o efeito de três diferentes esquemas de vacinação para a rubéola, nos seguintes intervalos de idade: de 1 a 2 anos, de 7 a 8 anos e de 14 a 15 anos. A incerteza estatística na idade média de infecção foi estimada com o auxílio do método de Monte Carlo e tal metodologia foi aplicada a dados de varicela e hepatite A. Estudamos também o aspecto espacial, com a inclusão da variável distância na formulação de um modelo SIR e análise da influência do alcance de interação entre indivíduos. E, através do estudo da força de infecção em função da idade e do tempo, pudemos analisar, de modo qualitativo, diferentes cenários na evolução temporal de uma doença infecciosa.We have studied, based on mathematical modelling, stationary, spatial and temporal features related to the propagation and control of directly transmitted infectious diseases through person-to-person contact. We have developed deterministic mathematical models founded on the mass-action principle of Epidemiology, taking into account the symmetry of contacts among susceptible and infectious individuals. Such symmetry enabled us to estimate the potentially infective per capita contact rate and, therefore, the force of infection and the possible effects of different vaccination programmes. The steady state modelling has been based on rubella serological data of a non-immunized population (Azevedo Neto 1992) and we have analysed three different vaccination schemes against rubella in the following age intervals: from 1 to 2 years of age, from 7 to 8 years of age, and from 14 to 15 years of age. The serological data variability has been considered in the estimation of the statistical uncertainty of the average age at infection by means of the Monte Carlo method and we have applied this methodology to varicella and hepatitis A data. The spatial feature in a SIR model has been studied with the analysis of the influence of the interaction range among individuals. We have also studied the force of infection as a function of age and time and we have analysed, in a qualitative way, different situations in the time evolution of an infectious disease.
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Crickmore, Barbara Lee. "An Historical Perpsective On the Academic Education Of Deaf Children In New South Wales 1860s-1990s". Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/24905.
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This is an historical investigation into the provision of education services for deaf children in the State of New South Wales in Australia since 1860. The main focus is those deaf children without additional disabilities who have been placed in mainstream classes, special classes for the deaf and special schools for the deaf. The study places this group at centre stage in order to better understand their educational situation in the late 1990s. The thesis has taken a chronological and thematic approach. The chapters are defined by significant events that impacted on the education of the deaf, such as the establishment of special schools in New South Wales, the rise of the oral movement, and aftermath of the rubella epidemic in Australia during the 1940s. Within each chapter, there is a core of key elements around which the analysis is based. These key elements tend to be based on institutions, players, and specific educational features, such as the mode of instruction or the curriculum. The study found general agreement that language acquisition was a fundamental prerequisite to academic achievement. Yet the available evidence suggests that educational programs for most deaf children in New South Wales have seldom focused on ensuring adequate language acquisition in conjunction with the introduction of academic subjects. As a result, language and literacy competencies of deaf students in general have frequently been acknowledged as being below those of five their hearing counterparts, to the point of presenting a barrier to successful post-secondary study. It is proposed that the reasons for the academic failings of the deaf are inherent in five themes.PhD Doctorate
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Crickmore, Barbara Lee. "An Historical Perpsective On the Academic Education Of Deaf Children In New South Wales 1860s-1990s". 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/24905.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
This is an historical investigation into the provision of education services for deaf children in the State of New South Wales in Australia since 1860. The main focus is those deaf children without additional disabilities who have been placed in mainstream classes, special classes for the deaf and special schools for the deaf. The study places this group at centre stage in order to better understand their educational situation in the late 1990s. The thesis has taken a chronological and thematic approach. The chapters are defined by significant events that impacted on the education of the deaf, such as the establishment of special schools in New South Wales, the rise of the oral movement, and aftermath of the rubella epidemic in Australia during the 1940s. Within each chapter, there is a core of key elements around which the analysis is based. These key elements tend to be based on institutions, players, and specific educational features, such as the mode of instruction or the curriculum. The study found general agreement that language acquisition was a fundamental prerequisite to academic achievement. Yet the available evidence suggests that educational programs for most deaf children in New South Wales have seldom focused on ensuring adequate language acquisition in conjunction with the introduction of academic subjects. As a result, language and literacy competencies of deaf students in general have frequently been acknowledged as being below those of five their hearing counterparts, to the point of presenting a barrier to successful post-secondary study. It is proposed that the reasons for the academic failings of the deaf are inherent in five themes.PhD Doctorate
Książki na temat "Rubella epidemics"
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Rosaler, Maxine. Measles (Epidemics). Rosen Publishing Group, 2004.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Rubella epidemics"
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Czajka, Hanna, Szymon Czajka, Katarzyna Anna Dyląg, Elżbieta Borek i Ernest Kuchar. "Vaccination Against Measles, Mumps, and Rubella in the Light of Current Epidemic Threats: Unjustified Postponement". W Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 101–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/5584_2019_344.
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Mutsaerts, Eleonora A. M. L., i Shabir A. Madhi. "Immunization and vaccination". W Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health, redaktorzy Roger Detels, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Fran Baum, Liming Li i Alastair H. Leyland, 583–96. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0096.
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This chapter describes the history of vaccination, challenges to immunization programmes, the public health benefits of vaccination programmes, and the notable successes in terms of elimination. The broader social and economic effects of vaccination are discussed. For example, healthcare workers have increased risk for acquisition of vaccine-preventable diseases. It is important that healthcare workers can maintain delivery of healthcare services during epidemics. They should also avoid spreading disease to vulnerable patient groups. Appropriate vaccination for BCG, hepatitis B, polio, diphtheria, measles, rubella, meningococcal, influenza, varicella, and pertussis is recommended, especially if at increased risk of exposure. The Expanded Programme on Immunization recommended vaccines is fully covered. Vaccination of special populations and the future of vaccines is also discussed.
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Rima, B. K. "Mumps: Epidemic parotitis". W Oxford Textbook of Medicine, redaktor Christopher P. Conlon, 769–72. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198746690.003.0080.
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Mumps is an acute, systemic, highly infectious, communicable infection of children and young adults, caused by a paramyxovirus (with an RNA genome). Transmission is by airborne droplet spread. After an incubation period of 14–18 days, typical presentation is with fever, pain near the angle of the jaw, and swelling of the parotid glands. Complications include orchitis, meningitis, and encephalitis. Diagnosis is obvious clinically in cases with a contact history and parotitis, but serological (mumps-specific IgM and IgA) and RNA-based (RT-PCR) tests are used when this is not the case (e.g. the patient presenting with meningitis). Treatment is symptomatic. Prevention is by vaccination, often given as one component of a trivalent mumps/measles/rubella vaccine at 14–16 months of age. A follow-up vaccination is now recommended at 4–5 years of age.
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Diekmann, Odo, Hans Heesterbeek i Tom Britton. "Age structure". W Mathematical Tools for Understanding Infectious Disease Dynamics. Princeton University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691155395.003.0009.
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This chapter elaborates on the special case of age structure. Especially in the context of infectious diseases among humans, “age” is often used to characterize individuals. Partly this reflects our system of public health administration (and, perhaps, our preoccupation with age). There is, however, a more “mechanistic” reason to incorporate age structure: patterns of human social behavior and sexual activity correlate with age. In addition, the effect that the infective agent has on the host sometimes depends heavily on the age of the host (e.g., in polio) or it may depend on another aspect of the host, such as pregnancy, which correlates with age (e.g., in rubella). The chapter also discusses vaccination strategies as one of the major applied issues of age-structured epidemic models.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Rubella epidemics"
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Basyakova, O. S., i N. E. Porada. "ANALYSIS OF THE LONG-TERM DYNAMICS OF THE EPIDEMIC PROCESS OF AEROSOL INFECTIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS". W SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-1-232-235.
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Infectious diseases have ceased to determine the epidemiological situation in the republic, but they still remain an important problem. Aerosol infections account for about 95% of the infectious diseases registered annually in the republic. Among them there are such nosological forms as pertussis, meningococcosis, morbilli, rubella [2] which are more common in the childhood and even with a low incidence rate represent an important medical and social problem. The wide spread of aerosol infections and the ease of their acquisition require constant epidemiological surveillance and control, and, therefore, respiratory tract infections remain a major public health problem and do not lose their relevance. In the paper there have been analyzed the long-term dynamics of the morbidity of the population of the Republic of Belarus with aerosol infections, controlled, partially controlled and uncontrolled by means of immunoprophylaxis, in the period from 1995 to 2019 yrs. There have been determined the territorial features of the infectious epidemic process appearance with the use of GIS technologies.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Rubella epidemics"
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Rong, Hong-guo, Xiao-wen Zhang, Xin Sun, Chen Shen, Wei-jie Yu, Xiao-zhen Lai, Mei Han, Hai Fang, Yu-tong Fei i Jian-ping Liu. Empirical evidence from Chinese Medicine used for preventing monkeypox and similar contagious diseases: a scoping review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, lipiec 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0013.
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Review question / Objective: Whether traditional Chinese medicine could be used for preventing contagious respiratory virus diseases, including monkey pox, smallpox, measles, chickenpox and rubella? Meanwhile, this review aimed at providing the evidence for the global epidemic prevention and control. Background: Monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic infection caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which in the past has been primarily detected in West and Central Africa. Since May 2022, 47 countries have reported 3040 monkeypox cases to WHO. Transmission has occurred in many countries that have not previously reported monkeypox cases, and countries in the WHO European region currently report the largest number of cases. As recently recommended by the WHO, monkeypox should be actively monitored and extensively studied worldwide. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has two thousand years of experience for treating infectious pox diseases. WHO also affirmed the contribution of traditional Chinese medicine to the fight against COVID-19. Therefore, we planned to summarized the classical evidence as well as the clinical evidence of TCM for smallpox, measles, chickenpox and rubella, so as to provide evidence for the treatment of monkey pox.