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Lewan, Michael Victor. "Crosslink density distributions in natural rubber/nitrile rubber blends". Thesis, Loughborough University, 1995. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/32972.
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An NMR technique has recently been developed to determine the crosslink density in each phase of a polymer blend. This work uses the NMR method to study natural rubber (NR)/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blends, in order that the cure system used to vulcanize such blends can be optimized. A standard injection moulding cure system for NR/Perbunan N1807 (18% acrylonitrile content) gave much more crosslinking in the NBR phase. To reduce this imbalance a less polar analogue of the accelerator was used, resulting in a more even distribution of crosslinks but still with a bias towards the NBR.
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Choi, Jaesun. "Ultrasonically Aided Extrusion of Rubber Nanocomposites and Rubber Blends". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1362747207.
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Huynh, Anh Nhut Materials Science & Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Rubber-polymer blends: a thesis in polymer engineering". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Materials Science & Engineering, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40833.
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This study examines composite materials prepared from ground recycled tires (tire crumb) and post-consumer recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE). An initial set of composites was prepared from as-received tire crumb and HDPE recyclate containing 040% tire crumb in 10% increments, using injection moulding. The elastic modulus and tensile strength were found to decrease linearly with increasing tire crumb content. Addition of tire crumb to recycled HDPE caused produced an immediate reduction in the strain to failure with a progressively more modest decrease as the tire crumb content was increased. The impact toughness decreased more linearly with increasing tire crumb fraction. Cross sections of the composites showed that the tire crumb particles were in intimate contact with the matrix but post mortem examination of the fracture surface of the impact test specimens indicated that the level of bonding had been poor. A second set of composites was a prepared from 10% tire crumb. The tire crumb was first given an oxidative treatment in hot aqueous copper chloride at concentrations from 0-5 wt% Cu Ch at 50 or 100??C for 6 or 12 hours. The composites were injection moulded with an addition of 0.5 wt% dicumyl peroxide (DCP). These composites showed good bonding between the tire crumb and the recycled HDPE even at concentrations of 0% of the Cu 2+ oxidation catalyst. The addition of DCP was found to substantially reduce the modulus of neat HDPE and this reduction was reflected in the modulus of the composites. It was found that the DCP concentration could be reduced to 0.02% without adversely affecting the composites.
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Egodage, Shantha M. "The development of rubber-thermoplastic blends from ground tyre rubber and waste polypropylene". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/36154.
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The aim of this thesis was to develop and process viable rubber-thermoplastics blends from ground tyre rubber (GTR) and waste polypropylene (WPP). The use of WPP with waste rubber in blends is novel, although limited studies have been carried out on virgin polypropylene (PP)-waste rubber blends. The Delink pretreatment for the GTR is also a novel technique used for property enhancement. To achieve the aim, a number of GTR/WPP blends were prepared, in different blend compositions (from 0 to 100 wt% of each polymer), at different processing parameters, and with two compatibilizing systems. One system called dimaleimide contained N-N' meta-phenylene dimaleimide (HVA-2) as the compatibilizer and either di(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl) benzene (DTBPIB) or 2-2'-dithiobenzothiazole (MBTS) as an activator. The other system contained phenolic resin compatibilizer (SP 1045H resin) and stannous chloride (SnCl2) activator in two forms: anhydrous and dihydrated. The compatibilizer level varied from 0 to 5 pphp, while the activator level varied from 0 to 1 pphp.
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Euchler, Eric, Radek Stocek, Michael Gehde, Jörg-Michael Bunzel, Wolfgang Saal i Reinhold Kipscholl. "Fracture behavior of rubber powder modified rubber blends applied for conveying belt top covers". Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-198136.
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The aim of this study is concentrated on the experimental investigation of wear resistance of rubber powder modified rubber blends. Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber (SBR) blends applied for conveying belt top covers have been modified by ground rubber (rubber powder) based on SBR. We theoretically described the rubber wear mechanism due to loading conditions occurring at conveyor belts in the field, to simulate wear behavior of top cover rubber materials. An own developed testing equipment based on gravimetric determination of mass loss of rubber test specimen was used investigating dynamic wear with respect to fracture properties of top cover materials. Furthermore we investigated fatigue crack growth (FCG) data over a broad range of tearing energy by Tear Analyzer to characterize crack propagation behavior of rubber powder modified rubber blends. Thus, we demonstrate the influence of rubber powder on resistance against occurrence of fracture as well as dynamic wear as a function of the rubber powder content in rubber blends applied for conveying belt top covers.
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Euchler, Eric, Radek Stocek, Michael Gehde, Jörg-Michael Bunzel, Wolfgang Saal i Reinhold Kipscholl. "Fracture behavior of rubber powder modified rubber blends applied for conveying belt top covers". Technische Universität Chemnitz, 2014. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A20409.
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The aim of this study is concentrated on the experimental investigation of wear resistance of rubber powder modified rubber blends. Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber (SBR) blends applied for conveying belt top covers have been modified by ground rubber (rubber powder) based on SBR. We theoretically described the rubber wear mechanism due to loading conditions occurring at conveyor belts in the field, to simulate wear behavior of top cover rubber materials. An own developed testing equipment based on gravimetric determination of mass loss of rubber test specimen was used investigating dynamic wear with respect to fracture properties of top cover materials. Furthermore we investigated fatigue crack growth (FCG) data over a broad range of tearing energy by Tear Analyzer to characterize crack propagation behavior of rubber powder modified rubber blends. Thus, we demonstrate the influence of rubber powder on resistance against occurrence of fracture as well as dynamic wear as a function of the rubber powder content in rubber blends applied for conveying belt top covers.
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Goktas, Ahmet. "Electrospinning Of Polystyrene/butly Rubber Blends: A Parametric Study". Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609361/index.pdf.
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Nanofibers, which have high surface area to volume ratio and better mechanical properties, are nanomaterials that both industry and scientists have started to show great attention in the last two decades. They are used in many areas such as life and filtration sciences, sensors, and composite reinforcement etc.
Among five main production types, electrospinning is the best candidate for further development with a wide range of opportunities to be applied to all types of polymers and ceramics. This method uses electrically charged jet of polymers or liquid states of polymers to produce fibers from micro dimensions down to nano dimensions. Electrospinning setup has mainly three parts(i) an AC/DC high voltage equipment which creates high electrical potential, (ii) a syringe, and (iii) a collecting screen. The purpose of this study is to electrospin polystyrene/butyl rubber blends and to investigate the effects of electrospinning parameters on the fibers produced. In this study, polystyrene/butyl rubber blends were electrospun by changing the applied voltage, the tip-to-collector distance, the flowrate, and the butyl rubber content in the fiber. Finally, morphology of electrospun fibers was characterized by SEM. The average fiber diameters varied from 760 nm to nearly 10 µ
m. Increasing butyl rubber content in the fiber resulted in a decrease in the final fiber diameter. Increasing applied voltage also caused a decrease in the final fiber diameter. The tip-to-collector distance did not affect the average fiber diameter. Increasing flowrate yielded fibers with larger diameters. Finally, the addition of non-ionic surfactant decreased the average fiber diameter.
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Sagoo, P. S. "Vapour transport in natural rubber blends and graft copolymers". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37842.
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Bussi, Philippe Jacques. "Dynamic mechanical properties of epoxy resin/epoxidized rubber blends". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1060697951.
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Taksapattanakul, Korn. "Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Based on Hydrogenated Natural Rubber/Polypropylene Blends". Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA1028/document.
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La préparation du caoutchouc naturel hydrogéné (HNR) par réaction avec l'hydrazine et le peroxyde d'hydrogène et le latex de caoutchouc naturel a été intéressée. L’influence de conditions de réaction, types et volume de solvants, volume du réactionnel, la quantité d’hydrazine et de peroxyde d’hydrogène sur le degré d’hydrogénation du caoutchouc naturel a été étudiée. Le structure et détermination du degré d’hydrogénation des caoutchoucs naturel hydrogénés a été analysée par résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN), transformée de fourier infrarouge (FTIR) et spectroscopie Raman. Un degré d'hydrogénation de 18 % a été obtenu à 1.0 - 2.0 du la molaire de d’hydrazine et de peroxyde d’hydrogène, température optimale de 50°C et le temps de réaction de 24h. Afin d'améliorer le degré d'hydrogénation, des solvants tels que le toluène et le hexane et l'effet de le volume du réactionnel ont été étudiée, ce qui a permis d'obtenir des degrés d’hydrogénation élevés (proches de 65% avec le toluène). D’autre part, des mesures de tailles de particules de latex ont montré que l’hydrogénation du caoutchouc naturel n’avait pas d’effet sur latex de caoutchouc naturel. Un résultat également intéressant concerne le détermination du taux de gel. Ce gel augmente avec le degré d’hydrogénation, prouvant que des réactions de réticulation ont eu lieu. Néanmoins aucun effet de degré d’hydrogénation sur le température de transition vitreuse n’est détecté. La dureté et viscosités Mooney augmentent, en lien avec l’augmentation du taux de gel. Par ailleurs, la résistance thermique du caoutchouc naturel hydrogéné est considérablement améliorée lorsque le degré d’hydrogénation augmente. Le partie suivante est consacrée à la vulcanisation du caoutchouc. Deux types de réticulation ont été utilisés : au soufre et au peroxyde. Les élastomères HNR réticulés montrent une meilleure résistance à l’ozone et l’UV que le NR réticulé. De plus, cette résistance à l’ozone et l’UV est plus élevée pour le réticulation au soufre, comparée à le réticulation au peroxyde. Une bonne corrélation entre les images de microscopie optique et les résultats des analyses Raman est obtenue. La préparation et l’étude de mélanges HNR/PP obtenus par vulcanisation dynamique en utilisant du peroxyde et du soufre comme agents de réticulation. Un degré d’hydrogénation de 65% a été choisi, et différentes ratio HNR/PP ont été étudiés, et comparés avec des mélanges NR/PP. La morphologie des mélanges a été caractérisée par spectroscopie Raman, ce qui a permis d’obtenir des images cartographie Raman indiquant de façon précise le localisation et la distribution des phases de caoutchouc et de PP. Une bonne corrélation entre le cartographie Raman et les images de microscopie électronique à balayage (SEM) est obtenue. Ainsi il apparaît que les particules de caoutchouc sont dispersées dans une phase continue de PP, ceci à la fois pour le HNR et le NR. L’étude des propriétés mécaniques a montré que celles-ci étaient gouvernées principalement par le phase continue de PPThe non-catalytic hydrogenation of natural rubber latex (NRL) was carried out by using diimide generated in situ from the reaction between hydrazine (N2H4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The effects of mole ratios of [C=C]:[N2H4]:[H2O2], reaction conditions, solvent types, solvent volumes and reaction scale-up on the hydrogenation levels were investigated. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopic techniques were employed to investigate the chemical structure of the hydrogenated natural rubber (HNRs) and to quantify the hydrogenationlevels. It was found that variations in moles of N2H4 and H2O2 in the range of 1.0-2.0 moles resulted in degrees of hydrogenation in the range of 10-18%. Little improvement in hydrogenation levels of HNRs was obtained when NRL particles were swollen in solvents by which toluene yielded better results than hexane. The increase in toluenevolume resulted in the increase in hydrogenation levels up to 42 %. TEM micrographs revealed that swelling mainly occurred at the surface of NRL particles, implying that hydrogenation reaction confined largely at the surface of NRL particles. After removal of toluene, particle size and particle size distribution of partially hydrogenated NRL remained unchanged. To further improve degrees of hydrogenation, the reaction volume was extended and 65% hydrogenation levels were obtained. Therefore, 14%HNR, 33%HNR, and 65%HNR were successfully prepared under suitable reaction conditions. However, crosslinking and cis-trans isomerization were side-reactions occurring during hydrogenation. Gel and trans contents increased with increasing hydrogenation levels, leading to the increase in hardness of HNRs. Mooney viscosities of HNRs increased with increasing degrees of hydrogenation due to the increased gel contents. Mooney torquerelaxation of NR and HNRs were similar. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that vi HNRs had greater thermal stability than NR and thermal stability increased with increasing degrees of hydrogenation. HNR vulcanizates were much better resistant to ozone and UV than cured NR. Sulfur-vulcanized rubbers had greater ozone resistance than peroxide-cure rubbers due to less amounts of carbon-carbon double bonds present in rubbers. In addition, modulus at low strain and tensile strength of sulfur-cured rubbers were higher than those of peroxide-cured rubbers, but lower elongation due to higher crosslink densities. Also, modulus at low strain and tensile strength increased with increasing hydrogenation levels of HNRs, in contrast to strain at break. Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) from blends of HNR and Polypropylene (PP) were prepared via dynamic vulcanization using peroxide and sulfur as curing agents. The effects of blend ratios on mechanical properties of TPVs were investigated. Tensile strength increased with increasing PP portions, but breaking strain decreased. Morphology of TPVs was characterized with Raman mapping and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The phase sizes of crosslinked rubber obtained from both techniques were correlated well
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Whiteman, David James. "The physical chemistry of stabilising additives in rubber toughened polyolefins". Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285136.
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Guo, Yuelei. "INVESTIGATION OF SILICONE RUBBER BLENDS AND THEIR SHAPE MEMORY PROPERTIES". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1525982588046477.
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Linares, Elisangela Moura. "Caracterização microestrutural de filmes de blendas de latex". [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250299.
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Orientador: Fernando GalembeckDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T14:09:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Linares_ElisangelaMoura_M.pdf: 5164980 bytes, checksum: d9e4505544f0a48a985e78fccc9e1832 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: Este trabalho mostra o efeito da distribuição de espécies iônicas na morfologia e nas propriedades mecânicas de filmes de blendas de látices, e também demonstra o uso da técnica de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão por energia filtrada (EFTEM) para caracterização morfológica das blendas e de seus nanocompósitos com argila, explorando a região de baixa perda de energia de elétrons. Blendas de látex de borracha natural (NR)/poli(estireno-acrilato de butila) [P(S-BA] e NR/poli(cloreto de vinila) [PVC] foram investigadas, utilizando-se microscopia de varredura de potencial elétrico (SEPM). Através dos mapas de potencial elétrico, foi verificada a ocorrência de migração de espécies iônicas da blenda de uma fase polimérica para a outra, durante a preparação da blenda. Esta migração é espontânea, porque permite a redução da energia do sistema através da diminuição da repulsão eletrostática entre íons, distribuindo-os entre as fases, e é direcionada para o polímero que inicialmente tem menor concentração de cargas e apresenta maior constante dielétrica. Os domínios formados pelos dois componentes da blenda apresentam sinais de carga opostos, o que contribui para o aumento na compatibilidade, através da adesão eletrostática. Os espectros de baixa perda de energia mostram diferenças nas estruturas moleculares dos polímeros das blendas. Essas diferenças se expressam através de mudanças de contraste em imagens de perda de energia (mapas moleculares) adquiridas entre 20 e 90 eV. Blendas de NR/P(S-BA), P(S-BA)/PVC, P(S-BA)/poli(estirenometacrilato de 2-hidroxietila) e seus respectivos nanocompósitos foram analisados por EFTEM que revelou domínios em escala nanométrica, mesmo tendo pequenas diferenças na composição química, sem a necessidade de corar a amostra. Nos nanocompósitos, a disposição das lamelas de argila foi revelada graças ao cancelamento do contraste entre os polímeros.
Abstract: This work shows the effect of ionic specie distribution on the morphology and on the mechanical properties of latex blend films, as well as it demonstrates the use of energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) technique to morphological characterization of these blends and its clay nanocomposites, by exploring the low-loss electron energy region. Natural rubber (NR)/poly(styrenebutyl acrylate) [P(S-BA)] and NR/poly(vinyl chloride) [PVC] blends were investigated by scanning electric potential microscopy (SEPM). Using the electric potential maps, it has been observed ionic specie migration from one polymer phase towards the other, during blend preparation. The migration is spontaneous because it allows the reduction of system energy thanks to the decreasing of ionion electrostatic repulsion given by ion distribution throughout the phases. The migration is directed towards the polymer that has initially the lower charge concentration and that presents the higher dielectric constant. The domains formed by the two blend component present opposite charge signals, which contribute to compatibility enhancement through electrostatic adhesion. Low-energy-loss electron spectra show differences on molecular structure of polymers that form the blends. Such differences are expressed through contrast changing in low-energyloss images (molecular maps) acquired between 20 and 90 eV. NR/P(S-BA), P(SBA)/ PVC, P(S-BA)/poly(styrene-2-hydroxyethyl metacrylate) and their respective clay nanocomposites have been analyzed by EFTEM without staining and it revealed nano-sized domains, even when chemical composition was slightly different. Clay platelet distribution within nanocomposites was revealed due to contrast canceling of polymer domains on EFTEM images.
Mestrado
Físico-Química
Mestre em Química
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BRAZZO, PAOLO. "New strategies for the controlled release of vulcanization curatives in rubber blends". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/199115.
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La vulcanizzazione è un processo che trasforma la gomma (naturale o sintetica) in un prodotto durevole dotato di proprietà meccaniche superiori. L’agente vulcanizzante per eccellenza è lo zolfo; lo stato dell’arte del processo prevede l’utilizzo di acceleratori ed attivatori per massimizzare i risultati, la qualità del prodotto ed il tempo impiegato. Nell’industria degli pneumatici spesso si lavora con miscele polimeriche per poter conferire al materiale finale tutte le proprietà desiderate. Una delle principale conseguenze della presenza di miscele è la disomogenea ripartizione degli agenti vulcanizzanti in esse. Difatti, è stato mostrato come gli agenti vulcanizzanti si ripartiscano nelle diverse prima che la vulcanizzazione abbia luogo. Si osserva quindi un gap tra le proprietà meccaniche teoricamente raggiungibili e quelle reali del manufatto.
Il nostro progetto di ricerca mira a contenere la diffusione degli acceleranti primari di vulcanizzazione. La strategia seguita è ispirata al drug delivery: gli acceleranti vengono incapsulati in un materiale in grado di limitarne la diffusione fino al momento in cui la vulcanizzazione ha luogo. Il materiale scelto per l’incapsulamento è l’etilcellulosa, in quanto possiede delle temperature di rammollimento confrontabili con quelle del processo di vulcanizzazione. Inoltre è un materiale economico, diffuso e non tossico. Sono stati studiati, per confronto, anche altri materiali come il polimetilmetacrilato ed il policarbonato. L’accelerante incapsulato è il N-tert-butil-benzotiazol-2-sulfenamide (TBBS).
È stato ottimizzato un metodo in emulsione per la produzione delle capsule, ed è un metodo semplice, efficace, facilmente scalabile ed adattabile a diversi tipi di incapsulante e incapsulato. I test in fase di vulcanizzazione, tuttavia, evidenziano che la tenuta delle capsule non è adeguata. Non si osservano, infatti, delle differenze usando l’accelerante incapsulato o meno.
Siamo riusciti a ricondurre l’inefficacia delle capsule ad un fenomeno di collasso strutturale associato alla fusione dell’accelerante. Abbiamo quindi sviluppato un semplice metodo di reticolazione: l’etilcellulosa viene prefunzionalizzata con un epossido, e la reticolazione viene conclusa con un trattamento termico sulle capsule ottenute. In questo modo la stabilità termica delle capsule è preservata. Sorprendentemente, il materiale reticolato accelera notevolmente il processo di vulcanizzazione, anche a basse temperature. Questo è in disaccordo con quanto aspettato. Tuttavia, possiamo ipotizzare che la polarità dell’etilcellulosa faccia fungere l’etilcellulosa stessa da centro di aggregazione per il pacchetto vulcanizzante. Questo farebbe sì che attorno alle capsule si crei una sovrassaturazione di agenti vulcanizzanti, rendendo immediato il processo. Questo ultimo comportamento è ancora oggetto di studio.Vulcanization is a process that converts rubber – natural or synthetic – into more durable objects with superior mechanical properties. Sulfur is the most used curing agent, but in the actual state-of-the-art processes new components – accelerators and activators – have been introduced to maximize the quality of the product and, meanwhile, decreasing the curing time. In tire industry is very common to work with polymer blends to achieve otherwise inaccessible properties. The main drawback is that the curatives can selectively diffuse into one phase, according to their partition coefficient. This result in a non-homogeneous vulcanization and in a gap between theoretical and real mechanical properties. Our project face this issue using a drug-delivery-inspired process. The accelerator is enclosed in a capsule made of a material that hinders its diffusion at temperature lower than the vulcanization one. We chose ethylcellulose as encapsulating material, since its softening point is compatible with the vulcanization temperatures. We used N-tert-butyl-benzothiazole-2-sulfenamide (TBBS) as accelerator. We optimized an emulsion process for the capsule production; in particular, this is a simple, easily scalable process, which can be extended to different core and encapsulating materials. However, the vulcanization test in rubber blends shows that the capsules are inefficient. In fact, there are no differences in terms of kinetics using the encapsulated accelerator or the pristine one. We recognized that the capsules are intrinsically thermally instable; in fact, the vulcanization temperatures are higher than the melting point of the accelerator, and its melting causes the capsules collapse. To overcome this problem we developed an innovative crosslinking procedure. Ethylcellulose is prefunctionalized with an epoxy; the obtained capsules are crosslinked with a thermal treatment, which complete the reaction of the epoxy with ethylcellulose. The crosslinked capsules are now thermally stable, and no collapse is observed when the temperature is increased. However, the crosslinked capsules cause a dramatic acceleration of the vulcanization kinetics in the rubber blends, even at low temperatures. We hypothesize that, due to its polarity, ethylcellulose dredges all the polar components around the capsules, saturating the surrounding region with curatives. When TBBS leaks out of the capsule, it reacts immediately. Currently, this effect is still under observation.
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Cheng, Hok Yan. "Morphology and mechanical properties of polystyrene/polyethylene blends and its toughening mechanism /". View Abstract or Full-Text, 2002. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202002%20CHENGH.
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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-100). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Ahmad, Aris Bin. "A study of the partition of plasticizer and filler for highly hysteretic rubber blends". Thesis, Open University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238370.
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Bizi, Claudia Maria Pena. "Efeito das condições de processamento e da adição de borracha trans-polioctenileno nas propriedades de blendas de borracha natural/estireno butadieno". Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-07012008-171742/.
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Blendas poliméricas são largamente utilizadas nas indústrias de pneus por causa de seu baixo custo e das melhores propriedades que podem ser obtidas. Quando os componentes da blenda não são miscíveis entre si, métodos de compatibilização química (utilizando agentes compatibilizantes) ou mecânica (aumentando o tempo de mistura dos elastômeros) são necessários para melhorar a compatibilidade dos componentes da mistura. Neste trabalho, o Trans-Polioctenileno (TOR) foi usado como agente compatibilizante da blenda de NR/SBR. A viscosidade Mooney, a Carga e o Alongamento na Ruptura de diversas blendas foram avaliados, utilizando um planejamento fatorial. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o TOR tem maior influência na alteração da viscosidade Mooney, seguido pelo tempo de premix e de repasse. No caso das propriedades dinamométricas, a carga e o alongamento na ruptura são mais sensíveis às alterações do tempo de processamento dos polímeros. O TOR leva a uma ligeira diminuição destas propriedades. Baseado nos resultados estatísticos, equações de regressão para avaliar as propriedades estudadas em função da concentração de TOR e do tempo de processamento foram propostos e posteriormente verificados, utilizando blendas que não estavam incluídas no planejamento original. Os resultados foram bastante satisfatórios, tanto na determinação dos efeitos das variáveis quanto na determinação das equações. Concluiu-se que a viscosidade Mooney é mais sensível às alterações da concentração de TOR do que às alterações do tempo de mistura dos elastômeros e que as propriedades dinamométricas são mais afetadas pelo tempo de processamento.Polymer blends are used in tyre industries because of their low cost and better properties. When the blend components are not miscible, chemical methods (using compatibilizing agents) or mechanical methods (increasing the mixture time of elastomers) of compatibilization are necessary to improve the compatibility of the components of the blend. In this work, Trans-Polyoctenylene Rubber (TOR) was used as a compatibilizing agent of the NR/SBR rubber blend. The Mooney viscosity, stress and elongation at break of different blends were evaluated, using a Factorial Design. The experimental results obtained showed that the Mooney viscosity is greatly affected by the addition of TOR whereas the dynamometric properties, the stress and elongation at break are more sensitive to the changes of processing time of polymers. Based on statistical results, regression equations to evaluate the properties studied as a function of TOR concentration and processing time were obtained and verified using blends which were not on the original design. The results were very satisfactory, either on the effects determination or on the regression equation determination. It was concluded that the Mooney viscosity is more sensitive to the alterations of TOR concentration than the changes in the processing time of the elastomers and the dynamometric properties are more affected by the processing time.
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Wunde, Matthias [Verfasser]. "Crack propagation in rubber blends : impact of blend morphology and energy dissipation mechanisms around the crack tip / Matthias Wunde". Hannover : Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1220422169/34.
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Voytyuk, Nazariy. "Recycling of Polypropylene and Polyamide Blends Using Thermomechanical Recycling". Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277883.
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The aim of the thesis was to recycle a common carpet waste containing polyamide 6 (PA6) and polypropylene (PP) polymers with thermomechanical recycling. The produced products were compared to neat polymer materials. The recycled material underwent the thermomechanical process which includes shredding and extruding. The created filament was analyzed using various analysis techniques including FTIR, SEM, DSC and tensile testing for the mechanical properties. The filament was later evaluated with a 3D printer to see if a product could be made from the material. Filament containing recycled carpet material was used to create a 3D printed product, thus the method seems promising. The results from the structural analysis techniques showed that degradation of the polymers occurred after multiple recycling cycles, mostly of the PA6 polymer. The mechanical properties with the addition of recycled carpet to a blend of neat materials show similar properties when compared to only neat material. In conclusion, it is possible to 3D print recycled carp inted product so the method seems viable for future applications.Syftet med avhandlingen var att återvinna en vanlig matta som innehåller polyamid-6- och polypropenpolymerer med termomekanisk återvinning och jämföra produkten med rena polymermaterial. Det återvunna materialet tillverkades med den termomekaniska processen som inkluderar malning och strängsprutning (extrudering). Filamentet analyseras med olika analystekniker inklusive FTIR, SEM, DSC och dragprovning för mekaniska egenskaper. Filamentet testas sedan med en 3D-skrivare för att se om en produkt kan tillverkas av materialet. Filamentet med återvunnen matta användes för att skapa en 3D-skriven produkt, därför verkar metoden lovande. Resultaten från analysteknikerna visade polymererna bröts ner efter flera återvinningscykler, mestadels av PA6-polymeren. De mekaniska egenskaperna med tillsats av återvunnet matta till en blandning av rena material visar liknande egenskaper jämfört med endast rena material. Sammanfattningsvis är det möjligt att 3D-skriva med återvunnet mattfilament för att skapa en 3D-skriven produkt, metoden verkar lovande.
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Tahir, Muhammad. "Development of Novel Blends based on Rubber and in-situ Synthesized Polyurethane-urea". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-232718.
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Polyurethane and the analogous ‘polyurethane-urea’ are high performance polymeric materials having remarkable properties such as high stiffness, abrasion and tear strengths. In many studies, the low strength rubbers have been blended with various types of polyurethanes for new and improved materials. However, until now, the reported heterogeneous blends offer only a narrow temperature range of application due to the high temperature softening of their polyurethane (-urea) phase. In addition, the conventional solution-or melt-blending methods are time and energy intensive, which tend to forfeit the economical realization of the reported blends. In contrast to earlier studies, a simplified reactive blending process is suggested to synthesize polyurethane-urea via a prepolymer route during blending with rubbers to obtain novel elastomeric materials having extended performance characteristics.
The reactive blending process is opted to prepare blends based on nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and in-situ synthesized polyurethane-urea (PUU). The blending is carried out in an internal mixer at a preset temperature of 100°C. The critical temperatures of the reactive blending process are determined from the chemo-rheological analysis of a premix, composed of a 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI)/polyether (PTMEG) based prepolymer admixed with 1,3-phenylene diamine (mPD). The prepared NBR/PUU blends exhibit highly improved mechanical properties. Contrary to previous reports, the reinforced dynamic-mechanical responses of the novel blends remain stable till very high temperatures (≥180°C).
The influence of diamine type on the in-situ synthesized polyurethane-urea and the performance of prepared blends are investigated. Four different diamines, namely 1,3-Phenylene diamine, 1,4-Bis(aminomethyl)benzene, 4,4′-Methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) and 4,4ʹ-(1,3-Phenylenediisopropylidene)bisaniline, are selected to chain extend the prepolymer to PUU during blending with NBR. The chemical and domain structure of the PUUs are found to greatly influence the reinforced tensile and dynamic-mechanical responses of the NBR/PUU 70/30 blends.
The PUU (based on MDI/PTMEG prepolymer and mPD) is blended with polar (CR, XNBR) and nonpolar (NR, EPDM, sSBR) rubbers. PUU compatibilizes with all the rubbers irrespective of their polarity and reinforces their tensile and dynamic-mechanical characteristics. The use of blends in industrial applications, for example, in a truck tire tread compound and as a roller covering material, is examined. In a simplified tire tread formulation, the carbon black for NR-CB composite is partially replaced with an equivalent quantity of PUU for NR/PUU-CB composite of similar hardness. The dynamic mechanical investigations reveal that the energy dissipation and strain dependent softening is high in NR-CB as compared to the NR/PUU-CB composite. In another application, NBR/PUU blend is successfully tested as a rubber roller covering material. The tested blend-covered roller retains its structural integrity and develops less heat build-up as compared to the silica filled NBR-covered roller. This shows a substantial suitability of the blend-covered rollers for film, printing and textile processing machinery.
These novel blends are considered to be the promising new materials for many commercial applications including wheels, rubber rollers, belts or pump impellers.
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Romaine, Jennifer. "The synthesis, characterisation and properties of novel blends based on natural rubber latex". Thesis, Lancaster University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357029.
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Jacob, Ricardo Francischetti. "\"Estudo das propriedades das blendas de amido termoplástico e látex natural\"". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75131/tde-26042007-090356/.
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Este trabalho tem como objetivos a preparação e a caracterização de blendas de amido termoplástico e borracha natural, obtidos a partir dos amidos de mandioca e milho e do látex de borracha natural utilizado diretamente como extraído da seringueira, sem nenhum tipo de tratamento prévio. Os amidos termoplásticos (TPS) foram processados em misturador intensivo em duas temperaturas diferentes (120oC e 150oC), utilizando como plasticizantes a glicerina, o etilenoglicol e o propilenoglicol na proporção de 30 % em massa na matriz, e teores de látex de borracha natural (NRL) variando na proporção de 2,5 a 10 % em massa na blenda. As propriedades das blendas foram avaliadas por difração de Raios-X, por termogravimetria (TG), ensaios mecânicos de resistência à tração, por ensaios de absorção de água e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM). O cisalhamento desenvolvido durante o processamento em misturador intensivo levou à perda da estrutura cristalina e à desestruturação dos grânulos de amido. A adição de látex diminuiu os valores de índice de cristalinidade dos TPS, não alterando, entretanto, o comportamento cristalográfico com relação ao tipo de padrão de cristalinidade apresentado pelos TPS. Com relação à estabilidade térmica, os TPS mostraram-se dependentes da fonte de amido utilizado, do tipo de plasticizante, da temperatura de processamento e do teor de látex presente. Quanto à resistência mecânica, o TPS de milho se mostrou mais resistente que o de mandioca, principalmente quando plasticizado com glicerina, tendo a temperatura de processamento pouca influência sobre os resultados. Com relação aos teores de látex adicionados, não foi observada nenhuma melhora significativa sobre a resistência mecânica dos TPS, exceto um pequeno aumento nos valores de alongamento à ruptura. A adição de látex proporcionou uma diminuição linear na absorção máxima de água no equilíbrio, assim como uma redução nos valores de coeficiente de difusão de água apresentado pelos TPS. Uma vez que o processo de mistura desempenha uma função importante na morfologia destas blendas, na maioria dos TPS plasticizados com glicerina, entretanto, para os TPS plasticizados com etilenoglicol e com propilenoglicol não houve uma boa dispersão dos componentes das misturas. Os TPS de milho plasticizados com glicerina à 150oC foram os que apresentaram uma melhor dispersão das partículas de látex quando comparado com os demais. A qualidade destas dispersões foi uma conseqüência da utilização do látex ao invés da borracha sólida, uma vez que o primeiro apresenta a presença de proteínas e lipídeos na superfície das partículas de borracha presentes no látex, atuando como um compatibilizante entre o amido, uma matriz polar, e a borracha, um material não-polar.The aim of the study reported here was to prepare and characterize blends of thermoplastic starch and natural rubber, based on manioc starch (tapioca), corn starch and natural rubber latex used directly as extracted from Hevea brasiliensis (Brazilian rubber tree), without prior treatment. The thermoplastic starch (TPS) matrices were prepared in a high-intensity mixer at two temperatures (120°C and 150°C), with 30% (w/w) glycerol, ethylene glycol or propylene glycol as plasticizer, and from 2.5% to 10% (w/w) natural rubber latex (NRL) was added to form the blends. The properties of the composite blends were assessed by XRD, TGA, tensile strength tests, water absorption tests and SEM. The shearing forces developed during mixing resulted in a loss of crystallinity and breakdown of the starch granule structure. The addition of NRL reduced the crystallinity index of the TPS, but did not change the type of crystal structure exhibited by this phase. The thermal stability of the TPS matrix was found to depend on the origin of the starch, the type of plasticizer, the processing temperature and the latex content. In the mechanical strength tests, the cornstarch TPS proved stronger than the manioc product, especially when plasticized with glycerol, while the mixing temperature had little influence. With the addition of NRL, no significant was observed in the mechanical properties, except for a small increase in the elongation of the material at breakpoint. As latex was added there was a linear decrease in the maximum absorption of water at equilibrium, as well as a reduction in the diffusion coefficient of water in the matrix. While the mixing process played an important part in producing an adequate blend morphology in most of the mixtures containing glycerol, the components of blends in which the TPS was plasticized with ethylene or propylene glycol were not well-dispersed. The TPS that afforded the best dispersion of latex particles was composed of cornstarch and glycerol and plasticized at 150°C. The highquality dispersion achieved was a consequence of using raw latex instead of solid rubber, since in the latex the rubber particles are coated with surface proteins and lipids that help to compatibilize the starch, a polar matrix, with the nonpolar rubber.
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Adewole, Akinlabi A. "Mixing, morphological structure and properties relationship for rubber-modified polypropylene-g-polystyrene copolymer blends". Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/32028.
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As produced reactor copolymer, obtained by in-reactor grafting polymerization technology is a two-phase rigid polymer, which combines the best attributes of semicrystalline polypropylene and those of amorphous polystyrene. In the process, the compatibilizer, PP-g-PS and the non-olefinic polymer component, PS are simultaneously generated from the monomer styrene. The reactor product which has higher modulus but lower impact resistance is further toughened by incorporation of EPR (ethylene propylene rubber) and SEBS (styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene) triblock copolymer, via intensive melt-mixing in a downstream compounding operation.
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Bhuana, Krishna Surya. "A study of extrudate swelling and melt fracture of natural rubber blends with EPDM and SBR". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394889.
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LIANG, TIAN. "Structure and properties of rubbers and their blends affected by ultrasonically assisted extrusion". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1502312081124254.
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Tang, Kangli. "Study Of Genistein /Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) Blends And Its Application For Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plasticization". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1430243580.
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venoor, varun. "Investigation of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/Natural Rubber blends and Polystyrene/Polybutadiene Silica Nano-Composites". The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492725718211967.
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Alvares, Daniela de Assis. "Estudo da influência da morfologia sobre as propriedades elétricas da blenda de PAni com EPDM desvulcanizado por microondas, proveniente do descarte da indústria de autopeças". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3140/tde-06112008-105348/.
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Blendas poliméricas de PAni dopada com ácido dodecilbenzeno sulfônico (PANI-DBSA) e copolímero etileno-propileno-monômero dieno desvulcanizado por microondas (dEPDM) foram obtidas por processo mecânico em diferentes concentrações. Caracterizações físico-químicas, morfológicas e elétrica foram realizadas para analisar as blendas. Um estudo sobre a desvulcanização da borracha EPDM foi descrito. Os ensaios de DSC mostraram temperaturas de transição vítrea diferentes nas blendas indicando que os componentes poliméricos não são totalmente miscíveis, o que permite a formação de uma rede condutora (PANI-DBSA) na matriz isolante (dEPDM). As análises de FTIR indicaram uma interação basicamente física entre o polímero PANI-DBSA e o copolímero dEPDM. As análises de raios-X confirmaram a presença de uma fase cristalina no interior das blendas atribuída à PANI-DBSA. Os ensaios de TGA mostraram que a PAni-DBSA diminuiu, significativamente, a estabilidade térmica do dEPDM. As análises de DMTA apresentaram a diminuição do amortecimento do sistema ocasionado pela presença da PAni, que é mais rígida, no segmento flexível do EPDM; ou seja, a mobilidade da cadeia fica mais limitada. Finalmente, o estudo de condutividade elétrica das blendas foi realizado e como esperado, esta aumenta com a concentração de PANIDBSA nas blendas, e um baixo limite de percolação pode ser observado devido à condutividade ocorrer para baixas concentrações de material condutor (<20%). A condutividade máxima alcançada foi de, aproximadamente, 102 S/cm para a composição de 50% de PANI-DBSA em massa.Polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PAni-DBSA) and ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer (EPDM) rubber devulcanizated by microwave (dEPDM) blends have been prepared by mechanical process. Flexible, free-standing and stretchable films have been obtained, which have been characterized by electrical conductivity measurements, FTIR, XRD, DSC, TGA, DMTA and SEM. Study about EPDM rubber devulcanization has been described. DSC analysis have showed different glass-transition temperatures in the blends and it has been observed that the compositions present enough compatibility to form a conductive network (PAni-DBSA) in the elastomeric matrix (dEPDM). By FTIR analysis, it has been noted that there was not modification about the spectrum of blends; therefore the interactions between the components were, basically, physics. X-ray analysis have confirmed the presence of a crystalline phase into the blends that is attributed by PAni-DBSA. TGA analysis have showed that the PAni-DBSA decreased significantly the rubber thermal stability. DMTA analysis have indicated that the system damping decreased according to the presence of PAni because of its stiffness. Finally, blends electric conductivity study has been carried out and as expected, the conductivity have increased with PAni-DBSA concentration in the blends and a low percolation threshold has been observed with the onset of conductivity occurring at lower concentrations of the conductive materials (<20%).
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Pantoja, Marcos. "Compounding and Processing Approaches for the Fabrication of Shape Memory Polymers". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1555666527682024.
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Ahmad, Azhar. "Functionalisation of ethylene-propylene rubber with glycidyl methacrylate in the presence of comonomer and in situ compatibilisation of PET/f-EPR blends". Thesis, Aston University, 2008. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/15263/.
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The main aim of this work was two fold, firstly to investigate the effect of a highly reactive comonomer, divinylbenzene (DVB), on the extent of melt grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) on ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) using 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-bis-(tert-butyl peroxy) hexane (Trigonox 101, T101) as a free radical initiator, and to compare the results with a conventional grafting of the same monomer on EPR. The effect of processing conditions and chemical composition including the concentration of peroxide, GMA and DVB on the extent of grafting was investigated. The presence of the comonomer (DVB) in the grafting process resulted in a significant increase in the extent of the grafting using only a small concentration of peroxide. The extent of grafting increased drastically with increasing the DVB concentration. Interestingly, in the comonomer system, the extent of the undesired side reaction, normally the homopolymerisation of GMA (polyGMA) was shown to have reduced tremendously and in most cases the level of polyGMA was immeasurable in the samples. Compared to a conventional EPR-g-GMACONV (in the absence of a comonomer), the presence of the comonomer DVB in the grafting system was shown to result in more branching and crosslinking and this was paralleled by an increase in DVB concentration. In contrast, the extent of grafting in conventional system increased with increasing the peroxide concentration but the level of grafting was much lower than in the case of DVB. Homopolymerisation of GMA and excessive crosslinking of EPR became dominant at high peroxide concentration and this reflects that the side reactions were favourable in the conventional grafting system. The second aim was to examine the effect of the in-situ functionalised EPR when used as a compatibiliser for binary blends. Blending PET with functionalised EPR (f-EPR) gave a significant improvement in terms of blend morphology as well as mechanical properties. Blending PET with f-EPRDVB (prepared with DVB) was much more effective compared to the corresponding PET/f-EPRCONV (without DVB) blends in which f-EPRDVB having optimum grafting level of 2.1 wt% gave the most pronounced effect on the morphology and mechanical properties. The presence of high polyGMA concentration in f-EPRCONV was found to create damaging effects on its morphology. However, the use of commercial terpolymers based on ethylene-methacrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (EM-GMA) or a copolymer of ethylene-glycidyl methacrylate (E-GMA) containing various GMA levels as compatibilisers in PET/EPR blends was more efficient compared to PET/EPR/f-EPR blends with the former blends showing finer morphology and high elongation at break.
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Tahir, Muhammad [Verfasser], Gert [Akademischer Betreuer] Heinrich, Gert [Gutachter] Heinrich i József [Gutachter] Karger-Kocsis. "Development of Novel Blends based on Rubber and in-situ Synthesized Polyurethane-urea / Muhammad Tahir ; Gutachter: Gert Heinrich, József Karger-Kocsis ; Betreuer: Gert Heinrich". Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1152943006/34.
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Salaeh, Subhan. "Élaboration des composites et mélanges à base de caoutchouc naturel : relations structure - propriétés". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10141/document.
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Le caoutchouc naturel (NR) et le caoutchouc époxydé (ENR) ont constitué la base de cette étude consacrée à l’étude des composites et mélanges de polymères. La présence du groupe époxyde a conduit à une amélioration des propriétés mécaniques de ces formulations en termes de module et de la résistance à la traction. De plus, l’utilisation de la spectroscopie diélectrique a révélé que les ENRs présentent une conductivité plus élevée que le NR à basse fréquence et à haute température. En particulier, le caoutchouc naturel époxidé contenant 50 mol% de groupes époxyde ENR-50 présente des conductivités et permittivités les plus élevées. Par conséquent, ce dernier a été choisi pour préparer des composites polymères en incorporant des particules de titanate de barium (BT) et de noir de carbone (CB). Les résultats montrent que la permittivité et conductivité des composites élaborés augmentent avec le taux d'incorporation de ces charges. Par exemple, les composites BT/ENR-50 atteignent une permittivité élevée 48.7 pour 50 vol% de BT. De plus, les composites CB/ENR-50 présentent un seuil de percolation de 6.3 vol% de CB. Enfin les mélanges à base de poly(fluorure de vinylidène) (PVDF) et d’ENR ont été étudiés. Il a été observé que la morphologie de ces mélanges dépend du degré d’époxydation du caoutchouc naturel et bien entendu de la composition du mélange. Une morphologie co-continue peut être observée dans l’intervalle 40 et 60% en masse d’ENR-50. En outre, les résultats issus d’analyses dynamiques mécanique et diélectrique montrent que ces mélanges présentent une miscibilité partielle. Enfin, des composites à base de ces mélanges binaires PVDF/ENR- 50 contenant BT ont été préparés. L’étude des morphologies a révélé que les particules de BT étaient dispersées dans la phase d’ENR-50 pour le mélange classique. Cependant, les particules de BT sont localisées à l'interface et dans la phase PVDF pour le mélange réticulé dynamiquement. En termes de propriétés, la permittivité plus élevée est obtenue pour le mélange PVDF/ENR 50 (80/20) ayant été réticulé dynamiquementNatural rubber (NR) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) were chosen to study the composites and blends of polymers. The presence of epoxide group caused to improve the mechanical properties in terms of modulus and tensile strength. Furthermore, dielectric spectroscopy revealed that ENR showed conductivity process at low frequency and high temperature. Epoxidized natural rubber containing 50 mol% of epoxide group or ENR-50 exhibited the highest dielectric permittivity and electrical conductivity. Therefore, ENR-50 was then selected to prepare polymer composite filled with barium titanate (BT) and carbon black (CB) particles. The permittivity and conductivity of the composites increased with the volume content of the fillers. The BT/ENR-50 composites reached a high permittivity of 4 8 . 7 for addition of 50 vol% BT. Meanwhile, CB/ENR-50 composite reached percolation threshold at 6. 3 vol% of CB. The phase development and miscibility of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/epoxidixed natural rubber (ENR) blends were then investigated. It was also found that phase structure depended on epoxidation level and blend compositions. The blend exhibited a co-continuous phase morphology in the region of 40 to 60 wt% of ENR-50. Furthermore, the results from dynamic mechanical and dielectric analysis revealed that these blends present a partial miscibility. Finally, the composites based on binary blends of PVDF/ENR-50 containing BT were prepared. The study of the morphologies revealed that BT was dispersed in ENR-50 phase in the case of simple blend. However, the addition of BT after dynamic vulcanization induced localization of BT in PVDF phase and at interface. The highest increment of permittivity can be observed for the composite based on dynamically cured PVDF/ENR-50 (80/20) blend
ศึกษาอิทธิพลของโครงสร้างโมกุลยางธรรมชาติ (NR) และยางธรรมชาติอิพอกไซด์ (ENR) ต่อสมบัติ พบว่าการมีหมู่อิพอกไซด์อยู่ในยาง ENR ทำให้มีการปรับปรุงสมบัติเชิงกล เช่น มอดุลัสและความต้านทานต่อแรงดึง นอกจากนี้สมบัติไดอิเล็กทริกได้แสดงให้เห็นถึงการนำ ไฟฟ้าที่ความถี่ต่ำและอุณหภูมิสูง ยางที่มีหมู่อิพอกไซด์ 50 โมล% (ENR-50) มีค่าการนำไฟฟ้า และค่า permittivity สูงที่สุด ดังนั้นจึงนำยาง ENR-50 ไปใช้ในการเตรียมคอมพอสิตที่ใช้แบเรียม ไททาเนตและเขม่าดำเป็นตัวเติม ซึ่งพบว่าค่า permittivity และค่าการนำไฟฟ้าสูงขึ้นตาม ปริมาณตัวเติมที่ใส่ลงไป ที่ปริมาณ 50%โดยปริมาตรของแบเรียมไททาเนตในยางให้ค่า permittivity สูงถึง 48.7 ในขณะเดียวกันก็พบว่าการเตรียม ENR-50 คอมพอสิตที่ใช้เขม่าดำมี percolation threshold ที่ 6.3 vol% ของเขม่าดำ สำหรับการศึกษาการเปลี่ยนแปลงของสัณฐาน วิทยาและความเข้ากันได้ของพอลิเมอร์เบลนด์ระหว่างพอลิไวนิลลิดีนฟลูออไรด์ (PVDF) กับยาง ENR พบว่า สัณฐานวิทยาของพอลิเมอร์ที่เตรียมได้ขึ้นอยู่กับปริมาณหมู่อิพอกไซด์ในยาง ENR และอัตราส่วนการเบลนด์ อัตราส่วนการเบลนด์ในช่วง 40 ถึง 60% โดยน้ำหนักของยาง ENR- 50 ให้ลักษณะสัณฐานวิทยาแบบวัฏภาคร่วม (co-continuous) นอกจากนี้ผลการทดสอบจาก สมบัติพลวัตเชิงกลและสมบัติไดอิเล็กทริกแสดงให้เห็นถึงความเข้ากันได้บางส่วน (partial miscibility) ท้ายที่สุดนี้ได้เตรียมคอมพอสิตจากพอลิเมอร์เบลนด์ที่เติมแบเรียมไททาเนต สัณฐานวิทยาของคอมโพสิทที่เตรียมได้นั้น พบว่าแบเรียมไททาเนตกระจายตัวในเฟสยางเป็น หลัก อย่างไรก็ตามการเติมแบเรียมไททาเนตหลังจากการวัลคาไนซ์แบบไดนามิกส์ทำให้ แบเรียมไททาเนตกระจายตัวในเฟสพอลิไวนิลลิดีนฟลูออไรด์ (PVDF) และที่ผิวประจัญ (interface) นอกจากนี้คอมพอสิตที่เตรียมจากเทอร์โมพลาสติกวัลคาไนซ์ของ PVDF/ENR 50 ที่ อัตราส่วนการเบลนด์ที่ 80/20 ให้ค่า permittivity ที่สูง
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Souza, Pricila Silva de. "Avaliação da biodegradabilidade de filmes de polihidroxibutirato com borracha natural". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9146.
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A modernidade exige materiais versáteis, resistentes e, durante um longo tempo os plásticos serviram a esse propósito. Entretanto, o acúmulo desses materiais ao serem descartados no meio ambiente tornou-se um problema Os polímeros biodegradáveis surgiram neste cenário como alternativa para evitar o acúmulo de resíduos plásticos no meio ambiente. O polihidroxibutirato (PHB) representa uma classe de polímeros biodegradáveis, mas que apresenta um alto custo e possui ainda propriedades térmicas limitadas. A borracha natural possui excelentes propriedades mecânicas, resistência ao envelhecimento, flexibilidade e apresenta melhor custo benefício se comparada com as borrachas sintéticas. Neste estudo, foram elaboradas misturas poliméricas de polihidroxibutirato (PHB) e látex de borracha natural em diferentes concentrações, por prensagem à quente. Os ensaios de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), espectrometria na região do infravermelho (FTIR), microscopia ótica (MO) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foram utilizados para caracterizar e avaliar as propriedades das misturas poliméricas. O PHB e as misturas com borracha natural foram submetidos ao ensaio de biodegradabilidade através do enterro em solo simulado, conforme a norma ASTM G 160-03, variando por um período de 2 a 17 semanas. Ao final de cada período foram determinadas a perda de massa, a morfologia dos corpos de prova e foram realizadas as análises de DSC, TGA e FTIR. As misturas poliméricas apresentaram menor resistência térmica do que o PHB. No ensaio de biodegradabilidade, as misturas foram consideradas biodegradáveis, segundo a norma ASTM G 160-03 e tiveram a porcentagem de cristalinidade reduzida, tendo o teor de borracha natural contribuído para aumentar a taxa de biodegradação. As análises por MEV comprovaram a existência de consórcios de microrganismos, responsáveis pela biodegradação do PHB e das misturas poliméricasModernity requires versatile , sturdy materials , and for a long time plastic served this purpose. However , the accumulation of these materials to be discarded in the environment has become a problem Biodegradable polymers have emerged in this scenario as an alternative to avoid the accumulation of plastic waste in the environment . The polyhydroxybutyrate ( PHB ) is a class of biodegradable polymers , but it is costly and still has limited thermal properties . Natural rubber has excellent mechanical properties , aging resistance , flexibility and presents best value compared to synthetic rubbers . In this study, polymer mixtures of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB ) and natural rubber latex in different concentrations were prepared by hot pressing . Tests of differential scanning calorimetry ( DSC ) , thermal gravimetric analysis ( TGA ) , infrared spectroscopy (FTIR ) , optical microscopy (OM ) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM ) were used to characterize and evaluate the properties of polymer blends . The PHB and blends with natural rubber were subjected to biodegradation test by simulated soil burial , according to ASTM G 160-03 , for a period ranging 2-17 weeks. At the end of each period were determined mass loss , the morphology of the specimens and the analysis of DSC , TGA and FTIR were performed . The blends showed lower thermal resistance than the PHB . In the biodegradability test , the mixtures were considered biodegradable according to ASTM G 160-03 and had reduced the percentage of crystallinity , and the content of natural rubber contributed to increase the rate of biodegradation. The SEM analysis confirmed the existence of consortia of microorganisms responsible for the biodegradation of PHB and the polymer blends
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Grau, Pauline. "Étude de la structuration de mélanges d'élastomères chargés silice ; influence sur leurs propriétés dissipatives et de renfort". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10056/document.
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Les mélanges de polymères sont fréquemment formulés en vue d'atteindre un compromis de propriétés bien spécifique. C'est notamment le cas dans les bandes de roulement d'un pneumatique, dans lesquelles l'utilisation de plusieurs élastomères permet de régler le comportement dissipatif du matériau, propriété clé au regard des performances d'adhérence et de résistance au roulement. Pour améliorer la rigidité et la tenue mécanique de la gomme, des particules minérales sont également ajoutées aux formulations de la bande de roulement, telles que la silice hautement dispersible qui permet d'améliorer les propriétés de résistance au roulement sans compromettre les propriétés d'adhérence et d'usure. Dans ce contexte, la problématique de ce travail de thèse est d'identifier les leviers permettant de modifier la localisation des charges dans un mélange d'élastomères, puis d'en comprendre l'impact sur les propriétés viscoélastiques et de renfort. La première partie s'attache donc à comprendre quels sont les paramètres influant sur la localisation de la charge dans des mélanges d'élastomères immiscible. Pour cela, l'effet des interactions entre constituants est étudié en modifiant l'état de surface de la charge, la nature de la charge ou encore la nature des élastomères. Puis l'incidence des effets cinétiques est analysée en faisant varier le ratio de viscosité des élastomères, ainsi que la procédure de mise en œuvre des mélanges. Grâce au développement d'une technique innovante en microscopie électronique permettant une caractérisation précise des morphologies de mélanges fortement chargés, le rôle dominant des interactions charge/élastomère sur la localisation finale des particules est mis en évidence dans le cas où charges et élastomères sont introduits simultanément lors du mélange, indépendamment des niveaux de viscosité des phases. Les effets cinétiques ont quant à eux un rôle essentiel sur les morphologies lorsque la silice est spécifiquement prémélangée à l'une des phases. Puis dans la seconde partie de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'impact des différentes morphologies obtenues sur les propriétés dissipatives et de renfort des matériaux. Les propriétés viscoélastiques dans le domaine linéaire des mélanges sont tout d'abord analysées. Une relation directe est établie entre la localisation de la charge entre les phases et les propriétés dissipatives et de renfort des matériaux proche de Tg. A plus hautes températures, l'état de dispersion des charges apparaît comme étant un paramètre clé sur les propriétés de renfort. Enfin, l'étude des propriétés mécaniques à plus hautes déformations (effet Payne et tests de traction) montrent une incidence de la localisation de la charge ainsi que de son état de dispersion lorsque des interactions fortes sont considérées. Ce travail a donc permis de mettre en évidence des critères de sélection des interactions et niveaux de viscosités dans des mélanges d'élastomères chargés pour contrôler la localisation des charges, et par extension modifier les propriétés dissipative et de renfort de ces mêmes matériauxThe tradeoff in tread properties is notably controlled by the dependence in frequency of rubber dissipation: a high dissipation of energy improves wet grip at high frequencies, while it may increase rolling resistance at low frequencies. Using silica instead of carbon black has enabled an improvement of this tradeoff, but the physical mechanisms responsible of these properties are still under discussion. Besides, using polymer blends is a well-known technique to obtain materials with tailored properties, allowing for example the tuning of dissipation range and mechanical properties. These unique properties depend not only on the miscibility state of rubbers, but also on rubber phase morphology and particles distribution between phases. In this context, the issue of this work is to understand which parameters enable the modification of filler location between phases, and then to identify the impact of the various morphologies on the viscoelastic and reinforcement properties. We first study the impact of fillers on blends structuration by first varying interactions parameters between the three components (polymer A, polymer B, silica) to obtain various morphologies. It also has been shown that final blends morphologies depend also on rheological parameters. Thus the impact of process and rubber viscosities is studied, in an attempt to decorrelate the influence of rheology and interactions on blend structuration. To study reinforced rubber blends morphologies, a new microscopy technique has been developed to obtain a very clear viewing of silica in the different rubber phases. Then, the blends viscoelastic properties in the linear regime are investigated. Close to Tg, a direct relationship between filler location and dissipative and reinforcement properties is established. At higher temperatures, the filler state of dispersion appears to be a key parameter on reinforcement properties. Finally, the investigation of blends mechanical properties at larger deformations shows and impact of filler location but also filler dispersion when strong interactions are involved. Thanks to the different tools developed, we define criteria to control filler location in immiscible rubber blends, which enables a modification of their dissipative and mechanical properties
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SILVA, Divânia Ferreira da. "Desenvolvimento de blendas de poliestireno/composto de resíduo de borracha da indústria calçadista". Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2018. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1037.
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Capes
O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver blendas de poliestireno/composto de resíduo de borracha de estireno-co-butadieno (PS/SBRr) da indústria calçadista visando tenacificar o PS e reaproveitar o SBRr. As blendas foram preparadas nas composições (70/30; 60/40 e 50/50%) em massa e com 5% do compatibilizante estireno-butadieno-estireno (SBS). A fim de se estudar o efeito da sequência de mistura, escolheu-se a composição 50/50% que apresentou o melhor resultado de resistência ao impacto. As sequências realizadas foram: PS/SBRr/SBS 47,5/47,5/5%; PS/SBRr + SBS 47,5/47,5 + 5% e PS/SBS + SBRr 47,5/5 + 47,5% em massa. As blendas foram preparadas por extrusão seguida de injeção e caracterizadas por reometria de torque, tração, impacto, flexão, temperatura de deflexão térmica (HDT), análise térmica dinâmico-mecânica (DMTA), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). Observou-se nos resultados dos ensaios mecânicos redução no módulo de elasticidade e na resistência à tração e um aumento significativo na resistência ao impacto quando comparados ao PS para todas as composições. A HDT das misturas reduziu pouco em relação ao PS. A sequência de mistura proporcionou bons resultados das propriedades mecânicas, principalmente na composição PS/SBS + SBRr 47,5/5 + 47,5% em massa. Por MEV e MET, pôde-se observar que as blendas compatibilizadas obtiveram uma melhor distribuição das partículas de borracha com uma morfologia mais estável que as não compatibilizadas. Estes resultados foram confirmados por meio dos maiores valores de resistência ao impacto, o que indica a ação do compatibilizante melhorando a adesão entre os componentes desta blenda. Por DMTA constatou-se que estas blendas são imiscíveis. Portanto, fica evidenciada a importância da reutilização dos resíduos de borracha tanto para a tenacificação do PS como também para a redução dos problemas causados ao meio ambiente, quando estes são descartados de forma indevida.
The aim of this study was to develop blends of polystyrene/compound of rubber waste (PS/SBRr) of the shoes industry aiming to tough the PS and to reuse the SBRr. The blends were prepared in the compositions (70/30; 60/40 and 50/50 wt.%) and with 5 wt.% of styrene-butadiene-styrene compatibilizer (SBS). In order to study the effect of mixing sequence, the 50/50 wt.% composition, which presented the best result in impact strength, was selected. The sequences were PS/SBRr/SBS 47.5/47.5/5%; PS/SBRr + SBS 47.5/47.5 + 5% and PS/SBS + SBRr 47.5/5 + 47.5 wt.%. The blends were prepared by co-rotational twin screw extruder and molded by injection and characterized by torque rheometer, mechanical properties, heat deflection temperature (HDT), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). From the mechanical tests, a reduction in elastic modulus and tensile strength and a significant increase in impact strength were observed in relation to PS. The HDT for all blends was reduced compared to the PS. The mixing sequence showed good results in mechanical properties, especially in composition PS/SBS + SBRr 47.5/ 5 + 47.5 wt.%. By SEM and TEM it can be seen that the compatibilized blends presented a better distribution of the rubber particles with a morphology that was more stable than the one that was not compatibilized. These results were confirmed by the highest impact strength values, indicating the compatibiliz er action that improves adhesion among the components of the blend. By DMTA it was possible to state that these blends are immiscible. Hence, the importance of the reusing of rubber wastes is evidenced both for toughening of the PS and for the reduction of problems caused to the environment, when they are discharged improperly.
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Merlin, Marie. "Structure et propriétés de mélanges d'élastomères chargés de noir de carbone : étude des coupages NR / SBR et BR / SBR". Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00952025.
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Les objectifs de cette thèse consistent à identifier les morphologies adoptées par des mélanges d'élastomères chargés en noir de carbone, à étudier l'influence de l'introduction de charges sur ces morphologies mais aussi de détecter la localisation de la charge dans ces mélanges. Dans une dernière partie, l'impact de ces différentes structures sur les défauts d'extrusion est abordé. Ces travaux concernent l'étude des coupages caoutchouc naturel / styrene-butadiene rubber (NR / SBR) et polybutadiène / styrene-butadiene rubber (BR / SBR) non vulcanisés. Dans un premier temps, les morphologies adoptées par ces mélanges non chargés ont été identifiées grâce à plusieurs protocoles expérimentaux. L'influence de l'introduction de noir de carbone ainsi que l'étude de la localisation de la charge dans ces mélanges ont constitué une seconde étape dans ces travaux. Aucune localisation préférentielle de la charge n'a été détectée pour ces mélanges. Un système ségrégé a donc été réalisé par la suite. Enfin, le comportement en extrusion de ces mélanges a été simulé par rhéométrie capillaire et des observations de défauts d'aspect ont été faites. La ségrégation du noir de carbone ne semble pas entraîner la création de défauts d'aspect, sauf dans le cas d'une localisation dans la matrice
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Barrera, Torres Giovanni [UNESP]. "Compósitos de termoplásticos com borracha natural reforçada com cinzas de bagaço de cana". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151278.
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Asociación Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado (AIUP)
A presente pesquisa foi projetada para promover o desenvolvimento de compósitos poliméricos a partir da mistura de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) com borracha natural (BN) reforçada com a cinza, resíduo da queima do bagaço, a cinza da cana de açúcar (CBC). Uma das propostas desta pesquisa foi direcionar uma aplicação ao resíduo, que é um material abundante e descartado, gerado no processo usual das usinas. A borracha natural empregada foi obtida a partir do látex de seringueira de Hevea Brasiliensis, Clone RRIM 600 muito cultivado no Brasil. A fim de se estudar separadamente a interação entre a CBC junto a BN e os agentes de vulcanização. Foi estudada numa primeira etapa: a mistura de borracha natural com a cinza de bagaço da cana até desenvolver uma mistura chamada de master, com boas propriedades de tensão e deformação. Foram produzidos compósitos elastoméricos aplicando agente silano como sistema de acoplamento. Numa segunda etapa o master compatibilizado foi misturado ao PEBD sem o uso de agentes de vulcanização; a finalidade destes compósitos foi de estudar a interação dos constituintes visando obter um compósito com o mínimo de agentes químicos e funcional para a indústria. Numa última etapa foram desenvolvidas blendas e compósitos termoplásticos vulcanizáveis (TPV); nesta etapa foram aplicados os agentes de vulcanização empregados na primeira etapa da pesquisa. As amostras foram estudadas por meio das técnicas de análises estruturais (FT-IR); físico-mecânicas (tensão e deformação; dinâmicas e mecânicas, DMA); térmicas (DSC e TG); dureza (Shore A). Foram obtidos resultados sobressalientes em comparação com as amostras sem agentes de vulcanização nas amostras com 50 % de master e 50 % de PEBD na resposta de elongação e tensão; a dureza acima do Shore A 85 obtida, foi produto da porcentagem da fase de PEBD presente nas amostras; nas análises térmicas foi possível observar degradação acima dos 160 oC resultando uma boa característica para aplicações industriais. Com os resultados obtidos tornou-se possível direcionar tanto a CBC como os compósitos para aplicações tecnológicas a fim de serem utilizados na fabricação de cabos de ferramentas, amortecedores, produtos para o lar, entre outros.
The present research was aimed to promote the development of polymeric composites from the mixture of low density polyethylene (LDPE) with natural rubber reinforced with ash, residue of the burning of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). One of the proposals of this research was to direct an application to the residue, which is an abundant and discarded material, generated in the usual process of the plants. The natural rubber used was obtained from rubber latex clone of Hevea Brasiliensis, Clone RRIM 600 widely cultivated in Brazil. In order to study separately the interaction between SCB with NR and vulcanization agents. It was developed in the first stage: the mixing of natural rubber with the sugarcane bagasse ash to develop a mixture called master, with good tensile and deformation properties. Elastomeric composites were produced by applying silane as a coupling agent. In a second stage the compatibilized master was mixed to the LDPE without the use of vulcanization agents; the purpose of these composites was to study the interaction of the constituents in order to obtain a composite with the minimum of chemical and functional agents for the industry. In the latter stage vulcanizable thermoplastic blends and thermoplastic composites were developed; In this stage the vulcanization agents used in the first stage of the research were applied. The samples were studied using structural analysis techniques (FT-IR); Physical-mechanical (tension and deformation, dynamic and mechanical, DMA); (DSC and TG); Hardness (Shore A). Sparing results were obtained in comparison with the samples without vulcanization agents in samples with 50 % of master and 50 % of LDPE in the strain and stress response; the hardness above Shore A 85, obtained was the product of the percentage of the LDPE phase present in the samples; In the thermal analyzes it was possible to observe degradation above 160 oC resulting in a good characteristic for industrial applications. With the results obtained, it became possible to target both SCB and composites for technological applications in order to be used in the manufacture of tool cables, shock absorbers, household products, among others.
AIUP: A0 185864
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Sousa, Fabiula de. "Étude des mélanges de polyéthylène renforcé avec des nanocharges et résidus de pneus régénérés par micro-ondes". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0083/document.
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Ces dernières années, la recherche de solutions au problème de l'élimination de déchets polymères, notamment les déchets issus de pneumatiques qui posent de graves problèmes environnementaux, connait un développement croissant. Dans ce contexte, ce projet de recherche a pour objectif de contribuer au développement et à la promotion de solutions innovantes qui font appel aux connaissances développées dans les domaines des nanotechnologies, de la science et l’ingénierie des matériaux nouveaux et du génie des procédés et des produits. Il s’agit plus particulièrement de d’étudier la possibilité de valoriser les déchets issus de pneumatiques en les utilisant comme matière première (en tant que agents de renfort ou agents de modification de la résistance aux chocs) pour l'élaboration de matériaux nanostructurés. Ce travail met l'accent sur l'étude des mélanges de polyéthylène haute densité (PEHD) contenant des particules d’argile (dispersées à l'échelle du nanomètre) et des déchets de caoutchouc issus de pneumatiques usagés (ou Ground Rubber Tire ou GRT). Il est attendu que ce matériau présente des propriétés typiques des mélanges de polymères appelés Vulcanisats Thermoplastiques (TPVs), résultant de la vulcanisation dynamique de la phase de caoutchouc pendant le traitement à l'état de fondu (extrusion). Dans le système étudié, la matrice est le PEHD et la phase dispersée de la poudrette de pneu, préalablement dévulcanisée par micro-ondes. L'argile dispersée dans la phase de la matrice, agit comme un agent compatibilisant entre les phases du mélange et comme agent de renforcement, apportant une amélioration des propriétés mécaniques des matériaux préparés. La caractérisation des mélanges met l'accent sur leur morphologie et leur structure ainsi que sur leurs propriétés rhéologiques, thermiques et mécaniques. Une étude approfondie de l'évolution de la morphologie du mélange au cours de l’extrusion a été effectuée car ce paramètre est la clé pour optimiser le procédé et obtenir les meilleures propriétés pour le matériau final. Ceci représente la contribution plus importante de ces travaux de rechercheThe main objective of this work was the production of dynamically revulcanized blends containing HDPE and GTR devulcanized by microwaves. It comes against a big global problem which is the waste disposal of vulcanized elastomers, especially tires, which bring with them serious environmental and public health problems, since these materials require long periods of time to degrade naturally due to their structure of cross-linkings, and the presence of stabilizers and other additives in its formulation. A way of using the GTR that has been widely studied by researchers is as polymer blends in which one of the phases is a thermoplastic polymer. In this context, the role of elastomers devulcanization is to increase the interaction between raw and recycled material, reducing the degradation of properties of the finished product with its incorporation and making it possible the increase of the recycled rubber amount in the compound recycled rubber/thermoplastic. The devulcanization transformes devulcanized elastomer into a fluid material, allowing a better control of the particle size during the mixing process of the blend by breaking processes in the application of high shear rates. In addition, by becoming a fluid material, it is possible the incorporation of a higher amount of elastomer to the thermoplastic without great damage to its processability. However, the literature does not have works in which the study of the processing parameters of dynamically revulcanized blends containing devulcanized elastomer, as well as the influence of addition of clays from different shapes (lamellar and tubular) on their final properties, especially on rheological properties, which sets out the present work. Summarizing, this work aims to propose a possible solution to the problem of solid waste disposing by producing a dynamically revulcanized blend containing HDPE and GTR devulcanized by microwaves, in addition to decrease some gaps observed currently in the literature from the obtained results
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Chumeka, Wannapa. "Improvement of compatibility of poly(lactic acid) blended with natural rubber by modified natural rubber". Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01018026.
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The aim of this research work was to improve the compatibility of polymer blends made from poly(lactic acid) and natural rubber (PLA/NR blends) by using modified natural rubber as a compatibilizer. Natural rubber was chemically modified into two categories: natural rubber grafted poly(vinyl acetate) copolymer (NR-g-PVAc) and block copolymers (PLA-NR diblock copolymer and PLA-NR-PLA triblock copolymer). PLA/NR blends were prepared by melting blending in a twin screw extruder and compression molded to obtain a 2-mm thick sheet. The blends contained 10-20 wt% of NR and modified NR, and the impact strength and tensile properties were investigated. The compatibilization effect was determined by DMTA, DSC and SEM. NR-g-PVAc was synthesized by emulsion polymerization to obtain different PVAc graft contents (1%, 5% and 12%). Characterization by DMTA showed an enhancement in miscibility of the PLA/NR-g-PVAc blends. NR-g-PVAc could be used as a toughening agent of PLA and as a compatibilizer of the PLA/NR blend. The block copolymers were synthesized following two routes: (1) hydroxyl telechelic natural rubber (HTNR) and lactide and (2) HTNR and PLA prepolymer. In the former route, lactide was in situ polymerized via a ring opening polymerization to be a PLA block segment during block copolymerization. In the latter route PLA prepolymer was synthesized by a condensation polymerization of L-lactic acid prior to block copolymerization. Both block copolymers acted as good compatibilizers for the PLA/NR blend by increasing the impact strength and decreasing the NR particle size. Triblock copolymers provided higher impact strength than diblock copolymers, and they were a less effective compatibilizer than NR-g-PVAc. In contrast to NR and NR-g-PVAc, the block copolymer was not a good toughening agent for PLA.
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Camargo, Felipe Filizzola. "Field and laboratory performance evaluation of a field-blended rubber asphalt". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3138/tde-01072016-111905/.
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Rubber asphalt has been used in Brazil as early as 2001. Among the fabrication processes of rubber asphalt, the most widely used in Brazil is the terminal blend. However, the use of field-blended rubber asphalt has been around in the United States for decades, especially in the state of Arizona. This process results in a highly viscous material with enhanced engineering properties, but requires specific equipment that is typically installed at the job site, or close to the supplying asphalt plant. Thus, keeping in mind the possible technological advantages of using a field blended rubber asphalt mixture and the lack of information regarding this technique in Brazil, there is a necessity to develop studies to assess the performance of this type of material in our environmental conditions and axle loading configurations. Therefore, a laboratory study was conducted to determine the rheological properties of a field-blended rubber asphalt and compare them to those of typical binders used in Brazil (an AC 30/45 penetration grade and a binder modified with SBS, an elastomeric polymer). Binder permanent deformation was determined using the Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) test, whereas binder fatigue behavior was determined using the Time Sweep and Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) tests. Subsequently, the permanent deformation and fatigue behavior of a gap-graded mixture using the field-blended rubber asphalt were assessed in the laboratory and in the field. The permanent deformation of the mixture was determined in the laboratory using the LCPC wheel track test, whereas the fatigue behavior was determined using the four point bending flexural test. A test section was built after the rehabilitation job of highway RJ-122, where a field-blended rubber asphalt mixture was first used in the country. The mixture performance was studied in situ through accelerated pavement tests using a full scale, large mobile traffic simulator. The results were used to model the performance of the structure with the rubber asphalt mixture by means of the Highway Development and Management Model (HDM-4) cracking and permanent deformation models, calibrated to local conditions. Accelerated pavement tests were validated through periodic pavement monitoring campaigns conducted for four years in a test section in Highway RJ-122. The field-blended rubber asphalt showed a good performance in terms of permanent deformation and fatigue determined in the laboratory at the binder and mixture levels, which confirms what was verified in the field.No Brasil, o asfalto-borracha vem sendo utilizado desde meados de 2001. Dentre os processos de fabricação do asfalto-borracha, o mais utilizado no Brasil é o asfalto-borracha estocável ou terminal blend. Contudo, o asfalto-borracha do tipo não estocável (field blend) vem sendo bastante difundido nos Estados Unidos há décadas, principalmente no estado do Arizona. Este processo resulta em um asfalto-borracha de alta viscosidade, com alto desempenho, porém requer um equipamento de fabricação de asfalto-borracha específico, instalado no canteiro de obras, ou muito próximo à usina de asfaltos fornecedora da obra. Tendo em vista as possíveis vantagens tecnológicas do asfalto-borracha field blend e o conhecimento ainda pequeno sobre esta técnica no Brasil, há a necessidade de desenvolver estudos para a avaliação deste tipo de material frente às condições climáticas e de solicitação pelas cargas viárias em nosso país. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo em laboratório para verificar as propriedades reológicas de um asfalto-borracha field blend e compará-las com as características de ligantes típicos empregados no Brasil (um CAP 30-45 e um ligante modificado por polímero elastomérico do tipo SBS). Elegeu-se o Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) para verificar a deformação permanente e o Time Sweep e Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) para verificar o comportamento na fadiga dos ligantes. Na sequência, determinou-se a deformação permanente e o comportamento à fadiga de uma mistura asfáltica descontínua (gap-graded) empregando o asfalto-borracha field blend em laboratório e no campo. A deformação permanente da mistura foi verificada por meio do simulador de tráfego LCPC, enquanto a vida de fadiga foi determinada utilizando o ensaio de flexão em viga (4 pontos). Por fim, foi construída uma seção teste após a conclusão da obra de restauração dos pavimentos da rodovia RJ-122, local onde se elegeu a utilização desta tecnologia pela primeira vez no país. O desempenho da mistura foi estudado in loco com o emprego de ensaios acelerados do pavimento utilizando-se o simulador de tráfego linear móvel em tamanho real. Os resultados obtidos foram utilizados para modelar o desempenho da estrutura com o revestimento asfáltico constituído pela mistura com o asfalto-borracha por meio dos modelos de trincamento e de deformação permanente do Highway Development and Management Model (HDM-4), podendo-se verificar o desempenho desta mistura calibrado para as condições locais. Os ensaios acelerados foram validados em campo por meio de campanhas de monitoramento periódicas realizadas ao longo de quatro anos na rodovia RJ-122. Pelos ensaios de laboratório no ligante e na mistura foi possível concluir que o asfalto-borracha field blend apresenta um bom desempenho quanto à deformação permanente e à fadiga, corroborando o que foi verificado no campo.
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Iqbal, Md Tanvir. "Evaluation of Asphalt Mixtures Incorporating Terminal Blend GTR (Ground Tire Rubber) Binders". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1462970773.
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Teruya, Marcia Yumi. "Blendas condutoras elétricas obtidas a partir do látex de seringueira Hevea Brasiliensis com polianilina". Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-01122014-113352/.
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É grande o interesse em combinar as propriedades mecânicas e elétricas de diferentes materiais poliméricos. Neste trabalho, filmes de Borracha Natural com camadas superficiais condutoras de polianilina (PANI) são preparados e caracterizados por diferentes técnicas. A PANI dopada foi depositada em ambos os lados do filme de borracha por polimerização química \"in situ\" da anilina a temperatura ambiente. O processo da polimerização da PANI \"in situ\" foi otimizado variando a concentração dos reagentes químicos com o objetivo de se obter uma camada de PANI com espessura desejada, boa adesão na borracha e que produzisse também aumento da condutividade elétrica na superfície. As amostras obtidas são caracterizadas usando-se Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, Microscopia Óptica, Difratometria de raios-X, análise por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura, análise Termo-Dinâmico-Mecânica, análise Termogravimétrica, Espectroscopia no FT-IR, Ensaio Mecânico e condutividade elétrica na superfície e no volume dos filmes preparados. Os resultados mostram que os filmes produzidos são do tipo multicamadas, pois não há uma interpenetração da PANI na borracha. A melhor condutividade e uniformidade é obtida com filmes preparados com três deposições, atingindo a ordem de 10-7 S/cmThe combination of properties of different polymeric materials in one sample is of great interest. In this work natural rubber films covered with a layer of conductive polyaniline (PANI) were prepared and studied by means of several experimental techniques. The doped PANI layer was deposited onto both rubber films surfaces by the \"in situ\" polymerization technique. The polymerization of PANI was performed at room temperature and the deposition process was optimized in order to obtain a PANI layer with an adequate thickness, good adhesion to the rubber and to promote the increase of its surface electric conductivity. Samples were characterized employing the scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermo gravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, mechanical analysis and surface/volume electric conductivity. Results showed that the formed films consisted of a PANI layer that did not penetrated in the rubber. The better uniformity of deposition and maximum electric conductivity of the order of 10-7 S/cm was obtained on films that were prepared by deposition of three PANl layers
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Sritragool, Kunlapaporn. "Modification of Rubber Particle filled Thermoplastic with High Energy Electrons". Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-201000954.
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In present study, high energy electrons were used to modify blends based on RP and PP under two conditions: stationary and in-stationary conditions. Modification of blend under stationary condition is a process which is established in industrial application and where required absorbed dose is applied to form parts (after molding) at room temperature and in solid state. On the contrary, the modification of blend with high energy electrons under in-stationary condition is a new process (electron induced reactive processing) where required absorbed dose is applied to a molten state during melt mixing process. The modification of blend based on RP and PP under stationary condition resulted in slightly enhancement of tensile properties while the modification of this blend under in-stationary condition resulted in deterioration of tensile properties due to degradation of the PP matrix. Thus, special grafting agent (GA) is required for improving the tensile properties. The effect of different GAs on tensile, thermal, dynamic mechanical as well as morphological properties and melt flow properties of blends based on RP and PP were determined. The optimum absorbed dose for modification of blend based on RP and PP under both conditions was evaluated. In addition, the effect of treatment parameters of electron induced reactive processing was investigated.
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Maier, Thomas Robert. "The effects of polymer microstructure and macrostructure on SBR/polybutadiene blend miscibility, phase morphology, and cured rubber properties". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1061908392.
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Simões, Rebeca Delatore [UNESP]. "Estudo das propriedades físicas de blendas de PVDF/Látex visando aplicação como biomaterial". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88469.
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simoes_rd_me_bauru.pdf: 3082806 bytes, checksum: b44fcfd386ae934a75a9814336462470 (MD5)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O principal objetivo deste trabalho de mestrado foi a obtenção e caracterização estrutural de um material com propriedades físico-químicas compatíveis com aquelas requeridas por um biomaterial. Filmes contendo diferentes volumes de látex de borracha natural em uma massa fixa de poli(fluoreto de vinilideno) (PVDF), na forma de pó foram fabricados por compressão/aquecimento de uma mistura de ambos os materiais sem o uso de qualquer solvente. Este é um fator importante considerando o uso destes filmes no futuro próximo como biomateriais em diferentes aplicações (indução do crescimento do tecido ósseo, por exemplo), uma vez que os solventes convencionais usados para dissolver o PVDF têm se mostrado tóxicos ao organismo humano. Os filmes foram submetidos a um tratamento via descarga corona de forma que amostras com e sem tal tratamento foram caracterizadas através das técnicas de espectroscopia vibracional via espalhamento Raman e absorção no infravermelho (FTIR), análise térmica via termogravimetria (TG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA) e microscopias ótica e eletrônica (MEV). As medidas termomecânicas mostraram que os filmes obtidos possuem características mecânicas similares àquelas encontradas no osso humano e boa estabilidade térmica considerando-se a aplicação desejada. As medidas via espectroscopia vibracional indicaram que o PVDF e o látex não interagem quimicamente, compondo uma blenda polimérica. Além disto, os resultados obtidos via micro-Raman mostraram que o aumento da quantidade de látex na blenda permite uma melhor dispersão deste látex na matriz de PVDF quando da produção dos filmes...
The main goal of this work was to obtain and characterize structurally a material with physical-chemical properties compatible with those required for a biomaterial. Films containing different volumes of latex of natural rubber in a fixed mass of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) powder were fabricated by compressing/annealing a mixture of both materials without using any solvent. This is an important issue having in mind to use these films in the future as biomaterials in different applications (growing of the bone tissue, for instance) once the solvents used to dissolve the PVDF are toxic to human being. The films were submitted to a corona discharge treatment in a way that samples with and without such treatment were characterized using micro-Raman scattering and Fourier transform infrared absorption (FTIR) spectroscopies, thermo-mechanical techniques using thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamical-mechanical analysis (DMA) and optical and scanning electron microscopies (SEM). The thermo-mechanical measurements revealed that the films present mechanical properties close to that found for the human bone and high thermal stability considering the desired applications. The vibrational spectroscopies showed that the latex and PVDF do not interact chemically leading to the formation of a polymeric blend. Besides, the results recorded using the micro-Raman technique revealed that the higher the amount of latex in the blend, the better the miscibility between both materials. In terms of morphology, the blend surface is formed by two domains: one is rougher and contains the latex well dispersed into the PVDF matrix while the other is smoother and contains both materials as well but in a less homogeneous dispersion. However, as the volume of latex is increased from 0.3 to 1.0 mL, the smoother domains become rarer to be found... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)
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Simões, Rebeca Delatore. "Estudo das propriedades físicas de blendas de PVDF/Látex visando aplicação como biomaterial /". Presidente Prudente, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88469.
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Orientador: Carlos José Leopoldo ConstantinoBanca: Neri Alves
Banca: Osvaldo Novais de Oliveira Júnior
O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp
Resumo: O principal objetivo deste trabalho de mestrado foi a obtenção e caracterização estrutural de um material com propriedades físico-químicas compatíveis com aquelas requeridas por um biomaterial. Filmes contendo diferentes volumes de látex de borracha natural em uma massa fixa de poli(fluoreto de vinilideno) (PVDF), na forma de pó foram fabricados por compressão/aquecimento de uma mistura de ambos os materiais sem o uso de qualquer solvente. Este é um fator importante considerando o uso destes filmes no futuro próximo como biomateriais em diferentes aplicações (indução do crescimento do tecido ósseo, por exemplo), uma vez que os solventes convencionais usados para dissolver o PVDF têm se mostrado tóxicos ao organismo humano. Os filmes foram submetidos a um tratamento via descarga corona de forma que amostras com e sem tal tratamento foram caracterizadas através das técnicas de espectroscopia vibracional via espalhamento Raman e absorção no infravermelho (FTIR), análise térmica via termogravimetria (TG), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA) e microscopias ótica e eletrônica (MEV). As medidas termomecânicas mostraram que os filmes obtidos possuem características mecânicas similares àquelas encontradas no osso humano e boa estabilidade térmica considerando-se a aplicação desejada. As medidas via espectroscopia vibracional indicaram que o PVDF e o látex não interagem quimicamente, compondo uma blenda polimérica. Além disto, os resultados obtidos via micro-Raman mostraram que o aumento da quantidade de látex na blenda permite uma melhor dispersão deste látex na matriz de PVDF quando da produção dos filmes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The main goal of this work was to obtain and characterize structurally a material with physical-chemical properties compatible with those required for a biomaterial. Films containing different volumes of latex of natural rubber in a fixed mass of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) powder were fabricated by compressing/annealing a mixture of both materials without using any solvent. This is an important issue having in mind to use these films in the future as biomaterials in different applications (growing of the bone tissue, for instance) once the solvents used to dissolve the PVDF are toxic to human being. The films were submitted to a corona discharge treatment in a way that samples with and without such treatment were characterized using micro-Raman scattering and Fourier transform infrared absorption (FTIR) spectroscopies, thermo-mechanical techniques using thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamical-mechanical analysis (DMA) and optical and scanning electron microscopies (SEM). The thermo-mechanical measurements revealed that the films present mechanical properties close to that found for the human bone and high thermal stability considering the desired applications. The vibrational spectroscopies showed that the latex and PVDF do not interact chemically leading to the formation of a polymeric blend. Besides, the results recorded using the micro-Raman technique revealed that the higher the amount of latex in the blend, the better the miscibility between both materials. In terms of morphology, the blend surface is formed by two domains: one is rougher and contains the latex well dispersed into the PVDF matrix while the other is smoother and contains both materials as well but in a less homogeneous dispersion. However, as the volume of latex is increased from 0.3 to 1.0 mL, the smoother domains become rarer to be found... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below)
Mestre
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Chen, Xiaocheng. "Synthesis of 10-Carboxy-N-Decyol-N, N’- Dimethyldecyl-1-Ammonium Bromide as Organogelator & Room temperature Shape Memory Programming of Stearic Acid/ Natural Rubber Bilayer Blend". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1500563824207268.
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Chang, Min-Yu, i 張銘宇. "Shape Memory Natural Rubber and Polycaprolactone Eco-blends". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89291325746360290723.
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碩士中國文化大學
材料科學與奈米科技研究所
99
Green thermoplastic elastomer based on polycaprolactone and epoxidized natural rubber blend was prepared by melt mixing process. Peroxide cured NR (Natural rubber, SVR-3L) and PCL (Polycaprolactone, Tone-787) has been prepared to form Eco-blends. NR and PCL were crosslinked with DCP (dicumyl peroxide) to form NR/PCL/DCP blends was premixed using an internal mixer. The results from SEM (scanning electron microscope) experiments revealed that NR/PCL blend were crosslinked with DCP. The results from DSC (Differential scanning calorimetry) experiments revealed that the Tm (Melting temperature) was reduced with increasing the DCP concentration. Tensile strength increasing with decreased the content of PCL and increasing the DCP. The important quantities to be determined for describing shape memory properties of a material are the strain recovery rate (Rr) and strain fixity rate (Rf). A description of a thermomechanical test with loading at 60 oC. Such NR/PCL/DCP blend networks possessing crystalline domains together with appreciable degree of crosslinking showed good shape retention and shape recovery, and the recovery temperatures were well matched with the crystalline melting temperature of each sample. The shape recovery ratio of the thermoplastic polyurethane SMP is usually in the range of 90–95 % within 20 shape recovery cycles. In this study, the shape recovery ratio of the NR-PCL blend SMP is 99 % within 30 shape recovery cycles.
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Chuang, Chih-Kuang, i 莊志光. "Low density polyethylene/ethylene-propylene rubber blends foam crosslinked by electron beam". Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90188846277831469903.
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碩士元智大學
化學工程與材料科學學系
94
LDPE (Low density polyethylene) has a simple chemical structure. It could be recycled and regenerated easily, most of its combustion products are carbon dioxide and water. This study, LDPE was blended with EPR (ethylene-propylene rubber) and irradiated by electron beam under heat to make foam materials. The mixing of amorphous rubber into LDPE resulted LDPE, a semi-crystal material, to have better resiliency. Seven LDPE/EPR blends with different EPR contents ranging from 0 to 100 weight percent were foamed. The microcellular morphology of the foam was investigated using a scanning electron microscope. The effects of decomposition promoter on chemical blowing agent were measured via thermo-gravimetric analysis. The density, tensile strength, elongation at break, compressive strength and compression set of foam were according to the ASTM D-3575 procedures. The LDPE/EPR blend with a weight ratio of 70/30 and a gel fraction ranging from 30% to 50% was found to be an optimum condition for making foam materials.
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Hsiao, Chen-Kuang, i 蕭晨光. "Characteristics of Polyviny acetate/Recycle-Rubber blends with Non-halogen Fire-retardant". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79765916137323676860.
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碩士萬能科技大學
材料科技研究所
99
This study was prepared for the polyethylene vinyl acetate/recycled rubber (EVA/R) blend, which has the mixing percentage from 5 to 30wt%; moreover, the EVA/R blends were mixing the effectively halogen flame retardants of 25phr for prepared the flame-retardant properties of EVA/R blends. The EVA/R blends and flame retardant- containing EVA/R blends on the flow property, phase transfer regions, tensile strength and degradation property were determine in here. The melt index (MI) is reduced as the recycling rubber was mixed in EVA, however, and the flame retardant was added in the EVA/R resulted in a reducing of MI value. The EVA/R and flame retardant containing-EVA/R blends were the two-phase structure including the non-crystalline and crystalline phases which were dispersed by recycling rubber particles and flame retardants. Because of these recycling rubber particles and flame retardants dispersed in the EVA matrix, the flame retardant and recycled rubber and is incompatible, EVA/R and flame retardant containing-EVA/R blends on the tensile strength deceased with the increase recycled rubber and flame retardant due to the rubber particles together and the flame retardant resulted in the interface defect in the EVA matrix. Moreover, the anti-friction property is increase for the EVA/R has 5~10wt% of recycled rubber content. The EVA/R blends have at least two steps of degradation, and the thermal stability of blends can be improved by the recycled rubber; however, flame retardant which added into the EVA R blends resulted in a low stability of degradation.